Stepanakert - Knowledge

785: 2273: 1990: 1638: 2328: 1650: 796: 925: 101: 2097: 1626: 2285: 2483:, who deferred the letter to Montebello mayor Bill Molinari since it concerned a local, not a state, issue. Molinari responded to Pashayev that the city would go ahead with its plans to inaugurate Stepanakert under the sister city program. Stepanakert's relationship with Montebello is aimed at revitalizing the capital's economic infrastructure and building cultural and educational ties, as well as developing trade and health care between the two cities. Azerbaijan has described this as a contradictory foreign policy of the United States that supports the NKR government and Armenian aggression against Azerbaijan. 9127: 9105: 147: 184: 705: 433: 2386: 832: 2242: 34: 2105: 9079: 8858: 9014: 8786: 2176: 630: 7564: 2136:. In 2009, facilities reconstruction and repair work began. Though originally scheduled to launch the first commercial flights on 9 May 2011, Karabakh officials postponed a new reopening date throughout the whole of 2011. In May 2012, the director of the NKR's Civil Aviation Administration, Tigran Gabrielyan, announced that the airport would begin operations in summer 2012. However, the airport still remains closed due to political reasons. The 4629: 8967: 8920: 8734: 8697: 8884: 9066: 8845: 2489:, Brazil: Since June 18, 2018, Law 3767/18 has made Eternal Armenia the name that declares Sister Cities the Municipalities of Mairiporã, State of São Paulo, and Stepanakert, capital of the self-declared Nagorno-Karabakh Republic which triggered an alert from Itamaraty, Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, on the attitude of the Municipality as Brazil does not recognize the independence of Nagorno-Karabakh. 191: 154: 4633: 1610:, between 1923 and 1991. With the self-declared independence of Artsakh in 1991, Stepanakert continued with its status as the political and cultural centre of the newly established republic, being home to all the national institutions: the Government House, the National Assembly, the Presidential Palace, the Constitutional Court, all ministries, judicial bodies and other government organizations. 9349: 6331: 2560: 6309: 100: 2342:, founded in 1969 as a branch of the Baku Pedagogical Institute. In 1973, it was renamed Stepanakert Pedagogical Institute and following the independence of Nagorno-Karabakh, in 1992, it received its current status. The university offered courses spread across seven departments and has 4,500 students. 745:

settlement, where the number of surviving buildings barely reached 10 to 15. Some of the buildings were completely destroyed, others lacked doors and windows, while only walls remained from a number of buildings. During the first years of the oblast, some of the buildings were restored and many were

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and ensure the safety of the Karabakh Armenian population. In 1847, Vararakn was a village of about 132 houses, consisting of 80 Armenian households, 52 Russian households, an Armenian church, and a cemetery. That same year, the village was renamed from Vararakn to Khankendi. By 1886, there were 52

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was launched on 19 July 2006. The cost of the project was expected to be around US$ 2 million and the architect of the church is Gagik Yeranosyan. However, the construction process was slow due to a lack of financial resources. The inauguration of the church was expected to take place in September

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undertook in 1985 saw a marked decentralization of Soviet authority. Armenians, in both the Armenian SSR and Nagorno-Karabakh, viewed Gorbachev's reform program as an opportunity to unite the two together. On 20 February 1988, tens of thousands of Armenians gathered to demonstrate in Stepanakert's

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Stepanakert is home to the Mesrop Mashtots Republican Library opened in 1924, Artsakh History Museum opened in 1939, Hovhannes Tumanyan Children's Library opened in 1947, Stepanakert National Gallery opened in 1982, and the Memorial Museum of the Martyred Liberators opened in 2002. A new cultural

757:. In 1960, the ensemble of the central square of Stepanakert was built with the building of the regional committee (now the NKR government). This square, then named after Lenin, became the arena of many rallies demanding the transfer of the NKAO to the Armenian SSR. By 1968, the first outbreak of 827:

After Azerbaijan declared its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, Stepanakert was renamed Khankendi by the Azerbaijani government. Fighting broke out over control of Nagorno-Karabakh, which, after three years of war, resulted in Armenian control of the region and a connecting corridor to

2143:, which mediates the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, stated that "operation of cannot be used to support any claim of a change in the status of Nagorno-Karabakh" and "urged the sides to act in accordance with international law and consistent with current practice for flights over their territory." 761:

occurred in Stepanakert. In the city, a trial was held over an Azerbaijani director of the city school who was accused of murdering an Armenian girl. The Armenians, who considered the verdict of the Azerbaijani judge too lenient, gathered outside the court building and burned the car which the

3904:...this morning, Armenia showed images of a map that allegedly includes "new Azerbaijani" names on "renamed" streets in Khankandi. Let me be clear on that. No streets in Khankandi have been renamed. The social media post on which Armenia relies was originally posted in August 2021... 482:, becoming a hub for economic and industrial activity. In addition, the city became a hotbed for political activity, serving as the center for Armenian demonstrations calling for the unification of Nagorno-Karabakh with Armenia. Stepanakert suffered extensive damage following the 1058:

system. In the month of January, the average temperature drops to 1 °C (34 °F). In July, it averages around 23 °C (73 °F). Extreme temperatures ranged from −15.0 °C (5 °F) on January 8, 1974, to 37.0 °C (99 °F) on July 11, 1978.

865:, that the ground bombardment ceased. The city, nevertheless, continued to suffer aerial bombardment until the end of the war. As a result, the majority of the city was in a severely damaged state. As of 2016, the city had not been completely restored from the war. 2210:. Inhabitants also engaged in producing furniture and footwear. The economy was severely damaged due to the 1988 earthquake in Armenia and the First Nagorno Karabakh war. In the years following, the economy was developed further, mainly due to investments from the 828:

Armenia to the west. Prior to the conflict, Stepanakert was the largest city of the NKAO, with a population of 70,000 out of a total 189,000 (Armenians at the time comprised 75% of the region's total population). By early 1992, that figure had dropped to 50,000.

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rebuilt, roads were improved, and electricity and telephone communications were installed in the city. In time, Stepanakert grew to become the region's most important city (a status it received in 1940). Its population rose from 10,459 in 1939 to 33,000 in 1978.

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The late-19th-century church of Vararakn was destroyed in the 1930s to build the Stepanakert Drama Theatre. Throughout the rest of the Soviet era, there were no traditional churches in Stepanakert, although most of the population of the city were members of the

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Stepanakert served as Nagorno-Karabakh's main economic hub, and by the mid-1980s there were nineteen factories in operation in the city, including an electrical and asphalt plant. By the end of the Soviet era, Stepanakert had an agricultural technical school, a

4173: 3885:"Public sitting held on Thursday 12 October 2023, at 4 p.m., at the Peace Palace, President Donoghue presiding, in the case concerning Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan)" 3831: 2083:

There was small community of Armenian Evangelicals with around 500 members. The only Armenian evangelical church in Artsakh is located in Stepanakert. The Evangelical community supported many schools, hospitals and other institutions through the help of the

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peacekeepers were deployed to the region. Following the war, the population of Stepanakert swelled to 75,000 residents as a result of some 10,000 to 15,000 displaced people who lost their homes elsewhere in the Republic of Artsakh during the war.

753:; two additional designs for expansion were approved in the 1930s and 1960s, both of which retained Tamanian's initial plan. Several schools and two polyclinics were established, and an Armenian drama theater was founded in 1932 and named after 966:

monument. From 1 October, Azerbaijani officials began working from the former Artsakh police headquarters, Azerbaijan took over responsibility for medical services in the city and its area was covered by the Azerbaijani mobile networks. An

2048:, there were 1,550 predominantly Tatar residents in Khankendi. According to the Azerbaijani agricultural census of 1921, Khankendi had a population of 1,208 residents, mostly Armenians. In 1973, Stepanakert had a population of 32,000. 2221:

Armenians from Russia, the United States and Australia. Artsakhbank was the largest banking services provider in Artsakh, while Karabakh Telecom was the leading provider of mobile telecommunications and other communication services.

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Under the Republic of Artsakh, the city of Stepanakert was governed by the Stepanakert City Council and the mayor of Stepanakert. The last local elections took place in September 2019. The most recent mayor was Davit Sargsyan.

784: 2040:—a statistical almanac published by the office of the viceroy—there were 362 residents in the village of Khankendy of the Shusha uezd of the Elizavetpol Governorate in 1908, predominantly Russians. The 1912 publication of the 4330:

Populated areas of the Russian Empire with 500 or more inhabitants, indicating the total population in them and the number of inhabitants of the predominant religions, according to the first general population census of

701:, hospitals, and a church, as well as several houses where officers' families and a small local population, who supplied the military units with food, lived. The local population consisted of Armenians and Azerbaijanis. 9298: 4181: 823:

took up positions in the city and announced a curfew three days later. In 1990 the army dispatched special forces units and various other elements to Stepanakert in order to prevent its takeover by Azerbaijani forces.

693:. The population was engaged in agriculture, as well as various crafts, carriage, the renting of apartments (mainly to military personnel), and so on. After 1898, the tsarist government turned Khankendi into a Russian 3823: 2272: 2119:

Stepanakert was served by a number of regular minibus lines. Old Soviet-era buses have been replaced with new modern buses. Regular trips to other provinces of Nagorno-Karabakh were also operated from the city.

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in March 1920, the city received an influx of Armenians; as a result, Armenians formed the majority of the population from that time onwards. In the summer of 1920, the city was occupied by part of the

4325:Населенные места Российской империи в 500 и более жителей с указанием всего наличного в них населения и числа жителей преобладающих вероисповеданий, по данным первой всеобщей переписи населения 1897 г. 992:

In the following months, Azerbaijani authorities dismantled monuments symbolizing Artsakh, including the Giant Cross and the Eagle Monument, and statues of prominent Armenians in the city, among them,

812:) to demand that the region be joined to Armenia. On the same day, the Supreme Soviet of Nagorno-Karabakh voted to join the Armenian SSR, a move strongly opposed by the Soviet Azerbaijani authorities. 551:'rapid spring'). In 1847, the village was officially renamed from Vararakn to Khankendi by the Russian authorities; however, Vararakn remained the local Armenian name for the town until 1923. 434: 8417: 8381: 5298: 3920: 7088: 1997:

According to the data of the Transcaucasian Statistical Committee, extracted from the family lists of 1886, there were 71 houses and 279 residents registered in Khankendi (recorded as Ханкенды,

5926: 3800: 3618: 2479:, Hafiz Pashayev, who sent a letter to California leaders, stating that the decision jeopardized peace talks between his country and Armenia. The letter was sent to then-California governor 2228:

Construction was also one of the leading sectors in the city. Artsakh Hek is the leading construction firm, while Base Metals was the leader in mining and production of building materials.

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is a popular sport in Nagorno-Karabakh and the city has a renovated football stadium. Since the mid-1990s, football teams from Karabakh started taking part in some domestic competitions in

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President Ilham Aliyev visited the city on 15 October and officially raised the flag of Azerbaijan at the building that was previously used as the Artsakh Presidential Palace.

7067: 4760: 1649: 3710: 2893:…the Nagorno-Karabakh city of Stepanakert, also known as Khankendi, a ghost town after its ethnic Armenian residents fled in fear as Azerbaijani troops captured the area. 2202:

Stepanakert was the center of the economy of Artsakh. Prior to the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, the economy of Stepanakert was mainly based on food-processing industries,

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The few images that have emerged from Khankendi since the takeover show a ghost town, where possessions appear to have been abandoned in the streets as residents fled.

4133: 2734: 7219: 5629: 2475:, United States: On 25 September 2005, Montebello, California and Stepanakert became sister cities. This prompted a complaint by the ambassador of Azerbaijan to the 3466: 8175: 4272: 3488: 5228: 3854: 9180: 5539: 8484: 5115: 7177: 2225:

Stepanakert was also home to many large industrial firms, including Stepanakert Brandy Factory, Artsakh Berry food products and Artsakh Footwear Factory.

4156: 3916: 8587: 8003: 5896: 5295: 4397: 3855:"Azerbaijan eyes Iran, Armenia borderlands after 'voluntary' exodus from Nagorno-Karabakh - Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East" 3648: 6616: 6395: 815:

Relations between Stepanakert's Armenians and Azerbaijanis, who supported the Azerbaijani government's position, deteriorated in the following years.

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After the offensive and Armenian exodus, sources reported that Azerbaijani authorities issued a map of Stepanakert renaming one of the streets after

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Saparov, Arsène (2017). "Contested spaces: the use of place-names and symbolic landscape in the politics of identity and legitimacy in Azerbaijan".

5918: 4538:Азербайджанская сельскохозяйственная перепись 1921 года. Итоги. Т. I. Вып. VIII. Шушинский уезд. Baku: Izdanie Az. Ts.S.U, 1922, pp. 12—13, 21. 4242: 3792: 9374: 6578: 5508: 6983: 6796: 6190: 5801: 7170: 4378: 4207: 4177: 3432: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9303: 8554: 5322: 4453: 941: 456: 183: 8534: 8512: 3313: 2817: 2183:

During the Artsakh control, the city was a regional center of education and culture, being home to Artsakh University, musical schools, and a

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news crew reported from the city later that day, showing deserted streets in what the reporter described as "A ghost town with no soul left".

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in the city in September 1988, encompassing physical attacks and burning of property, forced nearly all Azerbaijanis to flee the city. The

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The most developed sectors of Stepanakert and the rest of the Republic of Artsakh are tourism and services. Several hotels were opened by

2214:. However, following the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, the economy once again experienced severe damage, particularly in the tourism sector. 9198: 8402: 6933: 5659: 5176: 4038: 3549:"Statement by President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia and President of the Russian Federation" 6041: 3990: 8366: 6136: 5561: 4524:] (in Russian) (70th ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1915. p. 195. Archived from 4500:] (in Russian) (67th ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1912. p. 215. Archived from 4476:] (in Russian) (65th ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1910. p. 393. Archived from 2425:

on 17 September 2012. The match ended with a 1–1 draw. The following month, on 21 October 2012, Artsakh played the return match at the

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noted in an April 1992 article that "scarcely a single building escaped damage in Stepanakert." It was not until 9 May 1992, with the

146: 8106: 5599: 4864: 3526: 3357: 3339: 9404: 9232: 9190: 8818: 3770: 2327: 2288: 2076: 908: 107: 4012: 8043: 6535: 2304:. After the independence of Armenia, many cultural and youth centres were reopened. The cultural palace of the city is named after 6742: 4750: 3680: 3588: 2874: 9379: 8131: 7996: 5274: 4599: 4064: 1874: 816: 3702: 2068:) was opened in 2007; it remained the only open church in the city until 2019. The church was financed by Nerses Yepremian from 9218: 8441: 8278: 7201: 7193: 5477: 5044: 4899: 4581: 4211: 2842: 949: 779: 689:

houses in the settlement. The population of Khankendi consisted of retired soldiers and their descendants, who belonged to the

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Wright, Pam. "Montebello's newest Sister City program has come under fire from an ambassador for the Republic of Azerbaijan."

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The Vahram Papazyan Drama Theater of Stepanakert was founded in 1932. In 1967, the monumental complex of Stepanakert known as

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It was once the seat of a de facto government. Now it's a ghost town that plays host to projections of its conquerors' power

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As an unrecognized entity, the athletes of Artsakh compete in international sports competitions under the flag of Armenia.

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Most Azerbaijani sources claim that the settlement was built in late 18th century, as a place of rest for the heads of the

521: 6969: 6000: 5621: 2072:. The church was consecrated on 9 May 2007, in honor of the 15th anniversary of the capture of Shusha by Armenian forces. 8193: 8188: 8170: 3458: 2597: 2406:

is the football club that represents the city of Stepanakert. The Artsakh national football league was launched in 2009.

737:. The former regional capital was Shusha. However, following the depopulation of Armenians in Shusha, the capital of the 4408: 924: 9399: 8154: 7989: 4264: 1625: 1603: 738: 479: 8240: 5866: 2335:

Stepanakert was the center of higher education in Artsakh. Five higher educational institutions operated in the city:

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was erected to the north of Stepanakert, It is widely regarded as a symbol of the Armenian heritage of the historic

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Rediscovering Armenia: an archaeological/touristic gazetteer and map set for the historical monuments of Armenia

2906: 566:) because only the khan's family and his relatives lived there. By the 19th century, the settlement was renamed 9258: 8569: 8343: 7972: 5797: 5737: 2760: 2426: 2414: 2389: 1012: 983: 708:

The Presidential Palace, formerly the building of the Supreme Soviet of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast.

263: 5888: 5790:"Mosfilm Fəxrəddin Manafovu killer roluna çəkir Azərbaycanda isə o bu yaxınlarda İbrahim xan obrazını yaradıb" 5767: 4515: 4491: 4467: 4323: 3640: 8315: 6916: 6668: 4869: 4042: 953: 4125: 2514:, Armenia, the capitals of the two Armenian republics, became friends after signing a partnership agreement. 497:

During the control by the Armenians, the city was a regional center of education and culture, being home to

9253: 9110: 8549: 7464: 6625: 6377: 5833: 3824:"Azerbaijan reissues Nagorno-Karabakh map with street named after Turkish leader of 1915 Armenian genocide" 4811: 637:

According to medieval Armenian sources, the settlement was originally an Armenian village named Vararakn (

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Reporting from the regional capital Stepanakert, Al Jazeera describes a 'ghost town' with no one left.

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throughout the war, starting on the first day of fighting, and residents were urged to use the city's

9384: 8376: 8012: 7785: 7020: 6729: 6523: 2164: 2058: 2022: 2009:), who were respectively Orthodox, Armenian Gregorian and Sunni Muslim by religion. According to the 1035: 5319: 4648:"Official ceremony of consecration and opening Cathedral of Intercession takes place in Stepanakert" 4427:Свод статистических данных о населении Закавказского края, извлечённых из посемейных списков 1886 г. 4333:] (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Tipografiya Obshchestvennaya polza. p. 32. Archived from 2679:

The city has been described as a 'Ghost Town' by several sources following the Azerbaijani takeover.

8283: 8273: 7764: 6170: 5229:"Football and hope in the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic – a forgotten region fighting Fifa's sanctions" 3317: 2810: 2373:

was opened in September 2015, as a result of continued cooperation between the Tumo Centre and the

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based in Stepanakert, has an important collection of ancient artifacts and Christian manuscripts.

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registered 1,076 residents, also predominantly Russians. According to the 1915 publication of the

8469: 8213: 8126: 8077: 8065: 6629:(in Armenian). Vol. 11. Yerevan: Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR. pp. 124–125. 4678: 4129: 4016: 3518: 2774: 2284: 877: 690: 669: 646: 289: 8899: 6026: 8559: 8544: 8320: 8304: 8288: 8255: 5138: 4956: 2472: 6911: 6598: 5651: 5172: 4897:

Recovery and Concern: Regional Unrest Reminds of NKR's Years of Progress While Raising Anxiety

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Many new schools in Stepanakert were opened from the late 1990s to 2010 with the help of the

2010: 741:(NKAO) was sited in Stepanakert. At the time of the formation of the NKAO, Stepanakert was a 650: 7620: 6590: 5569: 2803: 9369: 9263: 8427: 8180: 7603: 7114: 7052: 7013: 6854: 5688:. Official website of the National Assembly of the Republic of Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh). 5591: 5072:. Official website of the National Assembly of the Republic of Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh). 4554: 4398:"Table 1.6 NKR urban and rural settlements grouping according to de jure population number" 3965:"Azerbaijan destroys Karabakh capital Stepanakert's Eagle Monument built during Soviet era" 3353: 2624: 2395: 2316: 2296: 2277: 1001: 962: 848: 571: 559: 427: 415: 132: 123: 9165: 6498: 3762: 8: 9137: 8972: 8935: 8774: 8739: 8707: 7162: 7151: 7135: 7104: 6987: 6804: 6720: 6620: 6271: 5953: 5413:"Leis aprovadas em SP levam Itamaraty a alertar cidades sobre mal-estar com o Azerbaijão" 5378: 2653: 2593: 2531:

On 3 February 2016, Stepanakert signed a Friendship Declaration with the municipality of

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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On 29 September 2023, Azerbaijani authorities took control of the city, with almost the

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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rocket artillery in Shusha and rained down missiles over Stepanakert. A journalist for

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19th century Russian postcard of Shusha with the garrison of Khankendi in the distance.

498: 128: 6645:; Chorbajian, Levon; Donabédian, Patrick (1994). "Karabagh In The Twentieth Century". 5271: 4607: 4387:

Statistics in NKR, 2010. The National Statistical Service of Nagorno-Karabakh Republic

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was formed in 2012 and played their first competitive match against the unrecognized

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In February 1920, after a body thought to be of an Azerbaijani soldier was found, an

638: 602: 590: 537: 502: 406: 379: 5473: 5037: 4585: 2581: 9353: 9175: 9160: 9044: 9024: 8833: 8801: 8759: 8749: 8712: 8671: 8617: 8597: 8464: 8459: 8250: 8203: 8136: 8026: 7936: 7877: 7708: 7538: 7513: 7496: 7480: 7474: 7458: 7437: 7406: 7390: 7360: 7311: 7296: 7286: 7256: 7234: 6961: 6895:] (in Russian). Yerevan: GNO "Center for Geodesy and Cartography". p. 45. 6817: 6767: 6564: 6460: 6446: 6312:[Russian settlements in Transcaucasia in the 30s–80s of the 19th century]. 6206: 6057: 3671:"Azerbaijani authorities provide social, migration services for Karabakh Armenians" 3581:"So-called "police" of separatists, abandons weapons in Khankendi, leaves Karabakh" 3548: 3444: 2620: 2614: 2305: 2014: 2002: 1024: 997: 993: 881: 730: 673: 654: 582: 555: 470:

The area that would become Stepanakert was originally an Armenian settlement named

444: 400: 8149: 7872: 6771: 5989:(in Russian). Vol. 31. Moscow: Большая Российская энциклопедия. p. 225. 4369:

Census in NKR, 2005. The National Statistical Service of Nagorno-karabakh Republic

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De facto and De Jure Population by Administrative Territorial Distribution and Sex

4305: 3489:"Armenia/Azerbaijan: Civilians must be protected from use of banned cluster bombs" 2518: 729:. In 1923, Khankendi was renamed Stepanakert by the Soviet government in honor of 9049: 9039: 8992: 8945: 8930: 8828: 8796: 8744: 8722: 8664: 8659: 8644: 8639: 8627: 8602: 8208: 7951: 7852: 7775: 7723: 7698: 7553: 7518: 7508: 7502: 7469: 7447: 7422: 7412: 7375: 7301: 7281: 7244: 7224: 6973: 6821: 6694: 6672: 6642: 6314: 6021: 5715: 5447: 5326: 5302: 5278: 5233: 5119: 5048: 4903: 4815: 4792: 4384: 4366: 3439: 3401: 2532: 2385: 2188: 2021:), had a population of 1,495 consisting of 801 men and 694 women; there were 628 1047: 893: 831: 758: 717: 716:

riot took place in the village that claimed several hundred lives. Following the

704: 506: 7718: 5960:(2 ed.). Lanham, Toronto, Plymouth: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 553. 3611:"Presidential consultant in Karabakh shares picture from Azerbaijan's Khankendi" 2443:

Artsakh athletes also take part with the representing teams and athletes in the

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being the most important. As of 2021, the population of Stepanakert was 75,000.

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being the most important. As of 2021, the population of Stepanakert was 75,000.

9115: 9093: 9054: 9034: 8977: 8955: 8872: 8823: 8717: 8159: 8116: 7790: 7743: 7728: 7523: 7486: 7442: 7400: 7385: 7355: 7332: 7261: 7250: 7214: 6966: 6593:

Ethnic Conflict and International Politics: Explaining Diffusion and Escalation

6373: 6347: 6219:] (in Armenian). Vol. 4. Yerevan State University Press. p. 773. 6109: 5976: 2929:"Deserted Nagorno-Karabakh reveals aftermath of lightning-fast Armenian defeat" 2647: 2641: 2602: 2571: 2563: 2525: 2133: 684:, who had invaded Karabakh with his army, in the village to reconcile with the 658: 8894: 7825: 6507:(in Azerbaijani). Vol. 10. Baku: Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences. 2104: 9363: 9088: 9029: 8867: 8806: 8764: 8121: 8111: 7956: 7941: 7926: 7733: 7713: 7528: 7417: 7239: 6929: 6914:[Power and Development of the Ethno-Conflict Situation in the USSR]. 6871: 6779: 6531: 6411: 6327: 6244: 6224: 6083: 5242: 3406: 2888: 2659: 2476: 1466: 857: 234: 221: 7981: 6992: 6738: 6634: 3793:"UN team in Nagorno-Karabakh, a first in 30 years, as ethnic Armenians flee" 505:. The economy was based on the service industry and had varied enterprises, 459:

in the region. The city is located in a valley on the eastern slopes of the

8811: 7867: 7682: 5858: 5146: 4786:«Հայկական ժամանակ».Ստեփանակերտի օդանավակայանը վերջապես շահագործման կհանձնվի 2608: 2587: 2543: 2500: 2187:. The economy is based on the service industry and has varied enterprises, 2006: 952:

left all their weapons in Stepanakert and completely abandoned the region.

929: 885: 770:, a medical and music school, a local history museum, and a drama theater. 742: 645:). From the 10th–16th centuries, the settlement was a part of the Armenian 490:

and passed into the hands of local Armenians with the establishment of the

475: 7758: 7703: 6797:"Why Autonomy? The Making of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region 1918–1925" 2486: 464: 9155: 9132: 8144: 7904: 7842: 7671: 7598: 5980: 5733: 3917:"Azerbaijan's president raises national flag in Nagorno-Karabakh capital" 2688:

Mentioned as "Muslims" in the 1897 census and "Turks" in the 1926 census.

2465: 2366:. Existing schools were also renovated with donations from the diaspora. 2140: 2069: 975: 820: 754: 681: 665: 7820: 7795: 6879: 6450: 4359: 3027: 2843:"Nagorno-Karabakh's abandoned capital transforms under Azerbaijani rule" 9019: 8791: 8539: 6677:. Vol. 29. United States: Scripta Publishing Company. p. 80. 6435: 5348: 5344: 5012: 4947:"Artsakh president attends Aznavour commemoration event in Stepanakert" 4647: 4086: 3964: 3553: 3035: 2847: 2437: 2433: 2207: 2192: 2175: 2005:), of which 276 were Russians, 2 Armenians and 1 Tatar (later known as 852: 649:. Over the centuries, it would successively pass into the hands of the 629: 510: 451:. The city was under the control and the capital city of the breakaway 448: 440: 256: 7815: 7688: 2542:

On 23 July 2019, Stepanakert signed a Friendship Declaration with the

532:

Medieval Armenian sources attest to a settlement in the locale called

7748: 7738: 7661: 7563: 6813: 6650: 6647:

The Caucasian Knot: The History & Geopolitics of Nagorno-Karabagh

5296:

Armenia's newly formed second national football team to face Abkhazia

2575: 2547: 1066:

Climate data for Stepanakert (1961–1990 normals, extremes 1959–1991)

1028: 749:

In 1926, municipal authorities adopted a new city layout designed by

342: 7893: 7887: 5824: 5729: 3703:"Azerbaijan takes measures to arrange medical services in Khankendi" 41:

Parts of this article (those related to the Artsakh era) need to be

7946: 7899: 7800: 7770: 7753: 7593: 6030:. Vol. I (3 ed.). New York: Routledge. pp. 285–286. 5759: 5393: 4525: 4501: 4477: 4334: 3065:"Armenians describe journey to safety after fall of their homeland" 3028:"Drought leads to "unprecedented" water crisis in Stepanakert city" 2910: 2312:

complex of the Armenian heritage of Artsakh is under construction.

2218: 767: 726: 698: 694: 685: 581:("city of Stepan") in 1923, after Armenian Bolshevik revolutionary 460: 6464: 5391:"Azeri pressure group appeals to US envoy over twinning reports." 5199:"Stepanakert "Tumo" Center is planned to be launched in September" 5011:. Tourism department of ministry of economy of NKR. Archived from 4630:"The construction of Stepanakert Cathedral is at its final stages" 4157:"Appendix D: Koppen-Trewartha Climate Classification Descriptions" 3991:"Azerbaijanis Vandalize Statue of Stepan Shahumyan in Stepanakert" 773: 8925: 8702: 8058: 7921: 7862: 7831: 7666: 7651: 7630: 7625: 6912:"Власть и развитие этноконфликтной ситуации в СССР. 1953-1985 гг" 6205: 5124: 4951: 4751:"Nagorno-Karabakh Flights On Hold Despite Airport Reconstruction" 4090: 3968: 3190: 2511: 2422: 2399: 2160: 2152: 2151:

Stepanakert used to be connected through a railway line with the

2026: 6209:; Melik-Bakhshyan, Stepan T.; Barseghyan, Hovhannes Kh. (1998). 4039:"Azerbaijan Destroys Alexander Myasnikyan Statue in Stepanakert" 4013:"Azerbaijan dismantles Charles Aznavour monument in Stepanakert" 9071: 8889: 8850: 7916: 7910: 7837: 7805: 7646: 6441:. Baku: Society for Survey and Study of Azerbaijan. p. 46. 5730:"Former Armenian PM Karen Karapetyan Urges Pashinyan to Resign" 4865:"Artsakh's Economy: The Post-war Syndrome and Recovery Efforts" 4808: 3433:

Karabakh Main City Struck as Armenia Says 'Ready' for Mediation

2536: 2504: 2460:

List of twin towns and sister cities in the Republic of Artsakh

2080:

2016. Construction finished and the church was opened in 2019.

912: 889: 721: 351: 347: 7005: 5681: 5272:Աբխազիայի ու Արցախի հավաքականները բաժանվեցին խաղաղությամբ՝ 1:1 5065: 4785: 7847: 7780: 6310:"Русские поселения в Закавказье в 30-х — 80-х годах XIX века" 5712:"Balayan's page at the Armenian Writer's Union official site" 3026:

Khachatryan, Karen (13 August 2021). Stepan Kocharyan (ed.).

1027:, at an average altitude of 813 m (2,667 ft) above 982:. An Azerbaijani official disputed this during a case at the 677: 6641: 2998: 1007:

In early March 2024, Azerbaijani authorities demolished the

851:, especially in early 1992 when the Azerbaijanis positioned 7857: 7578: 4978: 2410: 2203: 2196: 2156: 2137: 1599: 1584: 986:, saying that "No streets in Khankandi have been renamed". 956:

vehicles began patrolling the area on 29 September and the

836: 514: 7192: 6217:

Dictionary of Toponyms of Armenia and Adjacent Territories

6114:

Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War

6062:

The Making of Nagorno-Karabagh: From Secession to Republic

4979:"Ստեփանակերտի մէջ նոր յուշահամալիր կը կառուցուի – Azat Or" 4685:. Center for the Armenian Studies, "Noravank" Foundation. 1983:

September 2023: Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh

803:

The political and economic reforms that General Secretary

5762:[RA 2nd president Robert Kocharyan's biography]. 5532:"Australia's Ryde Forms Friendship City with Stepanakert" 5345:"Artsakh ready for the opening of 7th Pan-Armenian Games" 5237:. Stepanakert: Independent Digital News & Media Ltd. 4065:"Azerbaijanis Destroy Artsakh National Assembly Building" 3891: 2932: 2907:"UN mission arrives to empty streets in Nagorno-Karabakh" 8176:

Law on Abolishment of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast

6956: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4282: 3459:"Azerbaijan: Cluster Munitions Used in Nagorno-Karabakh" 2559: 2521:, Spain, and Stepanakert signed a cooperation agreement. 2377:, with the support of mobile operator Karabakh Telecom. 876:

in 2020. Residential areas were continuously hit by the

558:. In the first years, it was known as "Khan's village" ( 166:

Location of Stepanakert/Khankendi in Azerbaijan and its

9208: 6699:

The History of Armenia: From the Origins to the Present

6459:]. Milan: Guerini e Associati. pp. 1000–1005. 6142:(5 ed.). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 2905:

Barseghyan, Arshaluys; Aghayev, Ismi (2 October 2023).

6449:(2003). "Capitolo ottavo : La città di Stefano". 3519:"Stepanakert prepares for the last stand | Eurasianet" 948:

a few days later. By 29 September 2023, police of the

847:

During the war, the city suffered immense damage from

393: 9337: 6251:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 265. 6169:

Hagobian, Hagob Melik; Melkonian, Ara Stepan (2020).

4279: 4124:

Peel, M. C.; Finlayson, B. L.; McMahon, T. A (2016).

2163:

railway. However, trips were discontinued due to the

911:

was signed on 10 November. As part of the agreement,

5113:

Armenia Fund Opens 600-Student School in Stepanakert

4123: 3059: 3057: 2638:– Azerbaijani theatrical figure, actor and director. 1955:

September–November 2020:Second Nagorno-Karabakh War

733:, a fallen Bolshevik party member and leader of the 8588:

Administrative divisions of the Republic of Artsakh

6352:

Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War

5925:. Big biographical encyclopedia. 2009. p. 13. 4087:"Azerbaijanis destroy Karabakh parliament building" 2429:against Abkhazia, winning it with a result of 3–0. 799:

Freedom Fighters' Boulevard in central Stepanakert.

6434: 6212:Հայաստանի և հարակից շրջանների տեղանունների բառարան 6135: 6088:Beneath Another Sky: A Global Journey Into History 5760:"ՀՀ 2-րդ նախագահ Ռոբերտ Քոչարյանի կենսագրությունը" 5501:"Stepanakert, Donostia sign cooperation agreement" 5320:Asbarez.com Artsakh Soccer Team Beats Abkhazia 3-0 4679:"Activity of the Armenian Evangelicals in Artsakh" 4204:"Xankandi (Stepanakert) Climate Normals 1961–1990" 3641:"Azerbaijani police takes up serving in Khankendi" 2432:There is also interest in other sports, including 940:On 19–20 September 2023 Azerbaijan launched a new 664:In the Russian Empire, the town was a part of the 203:Stepanakert / Khankendi (Karabakh Economic Region) 6733:(3 ed.). Moscow: Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya. 6168: 5622:"Noted Artsakh filmmaker Don Askarian dies at 69" 3354:"The collapse of the USSR. Black January in Baku" 3332:"Заключение Комитета ВС РСФСР по правам человека" 3178: 3111: 3109: 3054: 2904: 80: 9361: 6452:Giardino di tenebra: viaggio in Nagorno Karabagh 5598:(in Armenian). Armenia: "AV Production" center. 888:. As Azerbaijani forces advanced on the city of 6457:Garden of Darkness: Journey to Nagorno Karabakh 5128:. 14 September 2010. Retrieved 4 December 2010. 4208:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 4178:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 3191:Hakobyan, Melik-Bakhshyan & Barseghyan 1998 2524:On 17 May 2015, Stepanakert and the commune of 2499:On 22 May 1998, Stepanakert and the commune of 774:First Nagorno-Karabakh War and Armenian control 190: 153: 19:"Xankəndi" redirects here. For other uses, see 6372: 5652:"Minsk 2010/Participants: Vladimir Arzumanyan" 4713: 4567: 4235:"Artsakh Elects Mayors and Municipal Councils" 3106: 2358:Gyurjyan Institute for Applied Arts (private). 2013:of 1897, the village, labelled as Khan-kendy ( 74: 8011: 7997: 7178: 7021: 6997: 6588: 6130: 5822: 5372: 5370: 5285:25 September 2012. Retrieved 7 November 2012. 5055:. 29 August 2006. Retrieved 4 September 2009. 3943:"Azerbaijan Toppled the Cross in Stepanakert" 3733:"Azercell extends its coverage to Khankendi!" 3378: 3320:on 10 August 2011 – via news.bbc.co.uk. 3115: 2982: 2453: 907:15 km (9.3 mi) from the capital, a 478:period, the city was made the capital of the 369:Sources: Stepanakert city area and population 6589:Lobell, Steven E.; Mauceri, Phillip (2004). 6307: 6265: 5401:. 24 November 2005. Retrieved 2 August 2007. 5382:. 19 November 2005. Retrieved 2 August 2007. 5226: 4839: 3202: 2872: 1873:September 1988: First Nagorno-Karabakh War: 524:to Armenia ahead of their advancing forces. 6852:Uhlig, Mark A. (1993). "The Karabakh war". 6138:The Concise Dictionary of World Place Names 5974: 5342: 4809:Statement of the OSCE Minsk Group Co-Chairs 4676: 4582:"ST JAMES CHURCH WAS OPENED IN STEPANAKERT" 4372: 4168: 4166: 3025: 3006: 2978: 2976: 2967: 2875:"What's Left When a Long War Suddenly Ends" 1602:, Stepanakert served as the capital of the 8004: 7990: 7185: 7171: 7028: 7014: 6962:360 Panoramic view of the City Center (en) 6669:New York, American Geographical Society of 6550: 6410: 6056: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5367: 5222: 5220: 4933: 4862: 4452:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4321: 4298:"население нагорно-карабахской республики" 4174:"Global Surface Summary of the Day – GSOD" 4111: 3238: 2999:Mutafian, Chorbajian & Donabédian 1994 2528:in France signed a Friendship Declaration. 2493: 1593: 944:, which ended in a ceasefire and led to a 624: 8819:Azerbaijani Community of Nagorno-Karabakh 8503:Azerbaijan's construction in gained areas 6886: 6719: 6693: 6615: 6445: 6432: 6418:. New York: Cavendish Square. p. 7. 6358:Studies in Security Affairs. p. 61. 5099: 4912:. Vol. 18, № 2, November 2008, pp. 34–37. 4579: 3410:. 13 April 1992. Retrieved 2 August 2007. 3277: 3262: 3214: 3135: 3100: 3002: 2994: 2767: 2036:According to the 1910 publication of the 8326:2012 Armenian–Azerbaijani border clashes 8044:Deportation of Azerbaijanis from Armenia 6667: 6597:. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. p. 5891:[In art I look for dissidents]. 5165: 4827: 4721:"Karabakh To Reopen Stepanakert Airport" 4407:. Population Census 2015. Archived from 4390: 4265:"Ստեփանակերտի քաղաքապետարան – Քաղաքապետ" 4232: 4163: 4154: 3184: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 2973: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2558: 2384: 2326: 2283: 2271: 2174: 2103: 2095: 1988: 1018: 923: 919: 830: 794: 783: 703: 628: 463:mountain range, on the left bank of the 9375:Subdivisions of the Republic of Artsakh 6909: 6794: 6757: 6511: 6346: 6288: 6108: 5952: 5435: 5411:LLC, Helix Consulting (February 2019). 5217: 5095: 5093: 5091: 4921: 4851: 4707: 4347: 3821: 3389: 3387: 3300: 3288: 3250: 3226: 3139: 2990: 2873:Nechepurenko, Ivan (17 November 2023). 2100:A routed taxicab minibus in Stepanakert 1655:Government building, 20 February Street 1617: 950:Ministry of Internal Affairs of Artsakh 672:. According to the 19th-century author 657:before coming under the control of the 9362: 9195:2020–2024 monitoring and peacekeeping 8418:Allegations of third-party involvement 8367:July 2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes 8312:September 2009 Agdam military incident 8279:1994 Iranian Air Force C-130 shootdown 7194:Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan 7089:Holy Protector Mother of God Cathedral 6681:from the original on 23 September 2023 6584:from the original on 20 February 2022. 6522:. Vol. 1 (6 ed.). New York: 6493: 6243: 6193:from the original on 23 September 2015 6082: 5859:"Official biography of Serzh Sargsyan" 5511:from the original on 24 September 2015 5448:"International Cooperation | NKR" 3651:from the original on 30 September 2023 3621:from the original on 30 September 2023 3591:from the original on 30 September 2023 3273: 3271: 3154: 3131: 3119: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3075:from the original on 30 September 2023 2986: 2926: 2823:from the original on 29 September 2015 2791:from the original on 12 September 2020 2721: 2656:– Soviet Armenian chemist, academician 2510:On 28 September 2012, Stepanakert and 2352:Grigor Narekatsi University (private). 978:, one of the main perpetrators of the 780:Stepanakert in the Republic of Artsakh 8083:Anti-Armenian sentiment in Azerbaijan 7985: 7166: 7009: 6996: 6936:from the original on 18 December 2021 6851: 6839:from the original on 24 December 2021 6745:from the original on 18 December 2021 6538:from the original on 18 December 2021 6398:from the original on 17 December 2021 6334:from the original on 15 December 2021 6231:from the original on 27 November 2021 6156:from the original on 14 December 2021 6044:from the original on 15 December 2021 6015: 5929:from the original on 20 December 2021 5899:from the original on 20 December 2021 5839:from the original on 29 November 2021 5804:from the original on 27 November 2021 5740:from the original on 20 December 2021 5692:from the original on 20 December 2021 5602:from the original on 20 December 2021 5249:from the original on 20 December 2021 5205:from the original on 18 November 2015 5153:from the original on 21 December 2021 5076:from the original on 20 December 2021 4877:from the original on 22 December 2021 4863:Nahapetyan, Haykaram (10 July 2021). 4689:from the original on 18 December 2021 4317: 4315: 3993:. Monumentwatch.org. 21 November 2024 3945:. Monumentwatch.org. 19 November 2023 3852: 3561:from the original on 11 November 2020 3419: 3166: 3150: 3148: 3012: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2702: 2371:Tumo Center for Creative Technologies 2355:Mesrop Mashtots University (private). 2347:Armenian National Agrarian University 2331:The Union of Artsakh Freedom Fighters 2132:, north of the city near the town of 2128:Stepanakert was served by the nearby 1676: 1673: 1670: 1608:Azerbaijani Soviet Socialist Republic 426: 405: 308:29.12 km (11.24 sq mi) 8565:Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians 8309:January 2009 Agdam military incident 8039:Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920) 6889:Атлас Нагорно-Карабахской Республики 6563:(1st ed.). Cambridge, Toronto: 6519:The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia 6266:Holding, Deidre; Allen, Tom (2019). 5770:from the original on 2 February 2021 5343:Harutyunyan, Aneta (2 August 2019). 5088: 4889: 4731:from the original on 17 January 2013 4196: 4136:from the original on 10 January 2022 3923:from the original on 16 October 2023 3822:Vincent, Faustine (4 October 2023). 3529:from the original on 9 November 2020 3499:from the original on 26 January 2021 3469:from the original on 23 October 2020 3384: 2811:"General Characteristics of the NKR" 2235: 585:. The name is formed from the words 206:Show map of Karabakh Economic Region 27: 16:City in Nagorno-Karabakh, Azerbaijan 8194:Capture of Gushchular and Malibeyli 8189:1992 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown 8171:1991 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown 7110:Vahram Papazyan State Drama Theatre 5529: 5480:from the original on 19 August 2014 5423:from the original on 1 January 2020 5410: 5179:from the original on 6 October 2017 4677:Ghanalanyan, Tigran (9 June 2012). 4561: 4275:from the original on 14 April 2023. 4233:Sanamyan, Emil (9 September 2019). 4067:. The Armenian Report. 4 March 2024 3865:from the original on 5 October 2023 3834:from the original on 4 October 2023 3803:from the original on 2 October 2023 3773:from the original on 5 October 2023 3743:from the original on 5 October 2023 3713:from the original on 6 October 2023 3683:from the original on 2 October 2023 3268: 3087: 2598:Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2010 2289:Cathedral of the Holy Mother of God 1875:Expulsion of Azerbaijani population 996:(after whom Stepanakert is named), 718:massacre of the Armenian population 13: 5889:""У мистецтві я шукаю іншодумців"" 5227:O'Connor, Robert (20 April 2017). 5173:"Tumo Center Opens in Stepanakert" 4985:from the original on 22 March 2017 4434:from the original on 28 April 2021 4312: 3360:from the original on 15 April 2020 3208: 3145: 3125: 2942: 1604:Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast 739:Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast 680:met with the Persian crown prince 522:entire Armenian population fleeing 480:Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast 14: 9416: 8359:2018 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes 8336:2014 Armenian Mil Mi-24 shootdown 8331:2014 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes 8141:Il-76 crash near Leninakan (1988) 6979:Stepanakert on Lonely Planet (en) 6950: 6003:from the original on 30 June 2023 5662:from the original on 8 April 2022 5542:from the original on 24 July 2019 5454:from the original on 1 March 2021 4873:. Watertown: Baikar Association. 4658:from the original on 8 April 2019 4245:from the original on 17 June 2023 4239:USC Institute of Armenian Studies 3853:Zaman, Amberin (3 October 2023). 2596:– Armenian singer, winner of the 2554: 2375:Armenian General Benevolent Union 9405:Forcibly depopulated communities 9347: 9125: 9103: 9077: 9064: 9012: 8965: 8918: 8882: 8856: 8843: 8784: 8732: 8695: 8227:Mardakert and Martuni Offensives 7562: 6910:Zubkova, Elena Yurievna (2004). 6481:from the original on 6 July 2022 5958:Historical Dictionary of Armenia 5919:"Enikolopov, Nikolay Sergeevich" 5911: 5881: 5851: 5816: 5782: 5752: 5722: 5704: 5674: 5644: 5614: 5584: 5554: 5523: 5492: 5466: 5404: 5385: 5355:from the original on 2 July 2022 5336: 5312: 5288: 5261: 5191: 5131: 5105: 5058: 5027: 4997: 4955:. 6 October 2018. Archived from 4763:from the original on 18 May 2011 4580:Grigorian, Laura (10 May 2007). 4517:Кавказский календарь на 1915 год 4493:Кавказский календарь на 1912 год 4469:Кавказский календарь на 1910 год 4155:Millison, Andrew (August 2019). 3763:"Nar network in Khankandi city!" 3316:. 29 August 2005. Archived from 3042:from the original on 2 July 2022 2617:– 14th Prime Minister of Armenia 2507:signed a Friendship Declaration. 2240: 1648: 1636: 1624: 1056:Trewartha climate classification 936:over the city on 15 October 2023 189: 182: 152: 145: 99: 32: 8348:2017 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 8049:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 7035: 6893:Atlas Nagorno-Karabakh Republic 6504:Azerbaijani Soviet Encyclopedia 5945: 5869:from the original on 3 May 2018 5832:. 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Armenpress. 13 August 2015. 2920: 2898: 2866: 2835: 2741:(in Azerbaijani). 7 March 2024 2727: 2673: 2427:Stepanakert Republican Stadium 2415:Artsakh national football team 2390:Stepanakert Republican Stadium 1023:Stepanakert is located on the 1013:Artsakh Freedom Fighters Union 984:International Court of Justice 870:came under intense bombardment 676:, in 1826, the local Armenian 1: 8635:Armenian-occupied territories 8316:2010 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes 6957:Stepanakert Municipality (hy) 6772:10.1080/02634937.2017.1350139 6293:(2 ed.). London: Bradt. 6291:Armenia with Nagorno Karabagh 5800:. 21 April 2007. p. 14. 5626:The Armenian Mirror-Spectator 5530:LLC, Asbarez (23 July 2019). 5175:. Asbarez. 1 September 2015. 4870:The Armenian Mirror-Spectator 4271:(in Armenian). 17 June 2023. 4126:"World Köppen Classification" 4043:The Armenian Mirror-Spectator 3179:Hagobian & Melkonian 2020 2695: 2650:– theatre director in Ukraine 2566:; third President of Armenia. 2064:The church of Surp Hakob (or 1044:Köppen climate classification 119: • Stepanakert skyline 114: • Downtown Stepanakert 9254:Nagorno-Karabakh Declaration 9111:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 8550:Blockade of Nagorno-Karabakh 8241:1993 Azerbaijani coup d'état 8088:Armenia–Azerbaijan relations 6822:10.1080/09668136.2011.642583 6626:Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia 5568:(in Russian). Archived from 5040:Arts'akhi Petakan Hamalsaran 2644:– third President of Armenia 2322: 2091: 2077:Holy Mother of God Cathedral 1009:National Assembly of Artsakh 762:criminal and judge were in. 697:. The garrison consisted of 527: 108:Holy Mother of God Cathedral 64:City in Karabakh, Azerbaijan 7: 8508:2020–2021 Armenian protests 8475:Russian Mil Mi-24 shootdown 7063:Freedom Fighters' Boulevard 6967:Artsakh tourism Office (en) 6320:Russian Academy of Sciences 6249:Armenia: A Historical Atlas 5594:[André Hovnanyan]. 5399:BBC Monitoring Central Asia 5139:"No. 9 School, Stepanakert" 5042:, Artsakh State University) 5038:ԱՐՑԱԽԻ ՊԵՏԱԿԱՆ ՀԱՄԱԼՍԱՐԱՆ ( 5005:"MUSEUMS – Karabakh Travel" 4600:"The church of Stepanakert" 4522:Caucasian calendar for 1915 4498:Caucasian calendar for 1912 4474:Caucasian calendar for 1910 2605:– Armenian military general 2051: 1539:Average precipitation days 1325:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1185:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 874:Second Nagorno-Karabakh War 394: 337:2,600/km (6,700/sq mi) 121:Park Hotel Artsakh • 10: 9421: 8555:2023 Azerbaijani offensive 8513:Chaylaggala and Hin Tagher 8485:Treatment of Armenian POWs 6920:(in Russian) (4). Moscow: 6619:(1985). "Stepanakert". In 6289:Holding, Nicholas (2006). 6018:"ABU'L-FATḤ KHAN JAVĀNŠĪR" 5986:Great Russian Encyclopedia 5975:Baranchikov, E.V. (2016). 4604:www.stepanakert-church.org 4568:Kiesling & Kojian 2005 4553:. Vol. 17. New York: 4322:Troinitsky, N. A. (1905). 2759:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 2457: 2454:Twin towns – sister cities 2369:The Stepanakert branch of 2345:Stepanakert campus of the 2231: 2179:Stepanakert Bazaar (Shuka) 2170: 2146: 1582: 1065: 777: 619: 570:("village of the khan" in 488:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 457:2023 Azerbaijani offensive 316:813 m (2,667 ft) 18: 9400:Ghost towns in Azerbaijan 9241: 9148: 8910: 8687: 8580: 8523:September 2022 escalation 8495: 8392: 8297: 8096: 8019: 8013:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 7965: 7639: 7571: 7560: 7200: 7144: 7123: 7097: 7076: 7045: 7003: 6998:Links to related articles 6887:Vardanian, Manuk (2009). 6730:Great Soviet Encyclopedia 6649:. London and New Jersey: 6524:Columbia University Press 6433:Kocharyan, G. A. (1925). 6414:; Nevins, Debbie (2020). 6308:Ismail-Zadeh, D. (1976). 5047:27 September 2011 at the 4902:22 September 2010 at the 4550:Great Soviet Encyclopedia 4383:29 September 2015 at the 4302:www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru 3379:Lobell & Mauceri 2004 2662:– professional footballer 2249:This article needs to be 2165:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 2059:Armenian Apostolic Church 2018: 1982: 1954: 1872: 1679: 1667: 1598:During the period of the 1538: 1464: 1394: 1324: 1254: 1184: 1114: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1036:humid subtropical climate 960:was placed on the city's 642: 606: 594: 541: 501:, musical schools, and a 383: 368: 358: 341: 333: 325: 320: 312: 304: 299: 287: 282: 274: 262: 250: 215: 139: 98: 89: 75: 69: 21:Xankəndi (disambiguation) 9233:2023 ceasefire agreement 9191:2020 ceasefire agreement 9171:Zheleznovodsk Communiqué 8442:Ghazanchetsots Cathedral 8284:1994 Bagratashen bombing 8274:1994 Baku Metro bombings 6795:Saparov, Arséne (2012). 6376:; Kojian, Raffi (2005). 5325:25 December 2012 at the 4840:Holding & Allen 2019 4426: 3400:30 November 2008 at the 2666: 2447:, organized in Armenia. 2380: 2340:Artsakh State University 2075:The construction of the 486:and the outbreak of the 168:Karabakh Economic Region 9395:Elizavetpol Governorate 9390:Districts of Azerbaijan 9242:International documents 9219:EUPAT Dec 2022–Jan 2023 8413:International reactions 8363:2019 clash near Chinari 8127:Zvartnots Airport clash 8078:Azerbaijanis in Armenia 8066:Armenians in Azerbaijan 6972:24 October 2020 at the 5826:Azərbaycan teatr tarixi 5499:LLC, Helix Consulting. 5301:17 October 2017 at the 5277:8 November 2014 at the 4814:22 January 2013 at the 4130:University of Melbourne 4017:Public Radio of Armenia 2494:Friendship declarations 1594:Politics and government 942:offensive in the region 849:Azerbaijani bombardment 839:tank memorial from the 691:Russian Orthodox Church 670:Elizavetpol Governorate 647:Principality of Khachen 625:Founding and Soviet era 407:[stɛpʰɑnɑˈkɛɾt] 197:Stepanakert / Khankendi 160:Stepanakert / Khankendi 71:Stepanakert / Khankendi 9294:UNGA Resolution 62/243 9289:UNGA Resolution 60/285 9284:UNGA Resolution 48/114 8545:2022 Armenian protests 8377:Protests in Azerbaijan 8321:2010 Mardakert clashes 8305:2008 Mardakert clashes 8289:Refugees in Azerbaijan 8256:1993 Summer Offensives 7971:indicate parts of the 6512:Lagasse, Paul (2000). 6318:(in Russian). Moscow: 4791:2 January 2014 at the 4112:King & Nevins 2020 3438:5 October 2020 at the 2567: 2517:On 15 September 2014, 2392: 2332: 2291: 2281: 2180: 2123: 2114: 2111: 2101: 1994: 937: 872:once again during the 844: 800: 792: 709: 634: 563: 419: 292:special representative 173:Show map of Azerbaijan 81: 9249:Astrakhan Declaration 9224:EUMA Feb 2023–present 8988:Arkady Ter-Tadevosyan 8941:Norat Ter-Grigoryants 8496:Post-ceasefire events 8218:Capture of Artsvashen 8199:Capture of Garadaghly 7124:Sports and recreation 7098:Education and culture 6864:Duke University Press 6552:Libaridian, Gerard J. 6207:Hakobyan, Tadevos Kh. 6092:Penguin Books Limited 5066:"VALERY A. ALEXANYAN" 4570:, p. Stepanakert 4308:on 16 September 2011. 3647:. 29 September 2023. 3617:. 29 September 2023. 3587:. 29 September 2023. 3071:. 29 September 2023. 2562: 2481:Arnold Schwarzenegger 2388: 2330: 2287: 2275: 2178: 2107: 2099: 2011:Russian Empire Census 1992: 1631:The National Assembly 1019:Geography and climate 927: 920:Control by Azerbaijan 834: 798: 787: 768:pedagogical institute 707: 632: 577:The town was renamed 235:39.81528°N 46.75194°E 9279:PACE Resolution 2085 9274:PACE Resolution 1416 9269:OIC Resolution 10/37 9264:OIC Resolution 10/11 8900:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 8428:Aras Valley campaign 8340:2016 Odundağ clashes 8260:Operation Geghamasar 8181:Siege of Stepanakert 7115:Artsakh State Museum 7053:We Are Our Mountains 6855:World Policy Journal 6760:Central Asian Survey 6721:Prokhorov, Alexander 6027:Encyclopædia Iranica 5954:Adalian, Rouben Paul 5895:. 19 February 2021. 5736:. 15 December 2020. 5118:23 July 2011 at the 4636:on 19 November 2015. 4557:. 1973. p. 301. 4504:on 11 December 2021. 4365:2 March 2011 at the 3557:. 10 November 2020. 3336:karabakhrecords.info 2997:, pp. 124–125; 2654:Nikolay Yenikolopyan 2625:President of Armenia 2590:– Armenian filmmaker 2317:Artsakh State Museum 2297:We Are Our Mountains 2278:We Are Our Mountains 1618:Government buildings 1115:Record high °C (°F) 1002:Alexander Myasnikyan 963:We Are Our Mountains 616:'created'). 334: • Density 133:Stepanakert Memorial 124:We Are Our Mountains 9214:EUMCAP Oct–Dec 2022 9138:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar 8973:Republic of Artsakh 8936:Gurgen Dalibaltayan 8775:Samvel Shahramanyan 8740:Republic of Artsakh 8708:Levon Ter-Petrosyan 8560:Protests in Armenia 8352:Shelling of Alxanlı 8231:Operation Həsənqaya 7152:Stepanakert Airport 7136:Lernayin Artsakh FC 7105:Garabagh University 6988:GEOnet Names Server 6805:Europe-Asia Studies 6621:Viktor Ambartsumian 6132:Everett-Heath, John 5718:on 24 January 2010. 5682:"SAMVEL A. BABAYAN" 5656:junioreurovision.tv 5628:. 11 October 2018. 5379:Whittier Daily News 4959:on 20 December 2021 4895:Hayrumyan, Naira. " 4528:on 4 November 2021. 3919:. 15 October 2023. 3465:. 23 October 2020. 3395:Carnage in Karabakh 3342:on 10 October 2019. 2632:– Azerbaijani actor 2594:Vladimir Arzumanyan 2130:Stepanakert Airport 2109:Stepanakert Airport 2023:Armenian Apostolics 1993:Saint James' Church 1395:Record low °C (°F) 1255:Daily mean °C (°F) 1054:) according to the 1042:) according to the 909:ceasefire agreement 817:Inter-ethnic strife 492:Republic of Artsakh 453:Republic of Artsakh 428:[xɑncænˈdi] 231: / 117:Stepanakert Airport 9084:Viktor Polyanichko 8770:Arayik Harutyunyan 8623:Shahumyan Province 8613:Martakert Province 8608:Kashatagh Province 8269:Operation Kalbajar 8246:Battle of Kalbajar 8222:Operation Goranboy 8185:Operation Dashalty 7058:Renaissance Square 6703:Palgrave Macmillan 6090:. United Kingdom: 6066:Palgrave Macmillan 6016:Busse, H. (1983). 5592:"Անդրեյ Հովնանյան" 5333:. 22 October 2012. 5309:14 September 2012. 4727:. 5 October 2010. 4337:on 10 August 2022. 4269:www.stepanakert.am 4045:. 29 February 2024 4019:. 28 February 2024 3971:. 15 February 2024 3859:www.al-monitor.com 3799:. 1 October 2023. 3769:. 1 October 2023. 3739:. 1 October 2023. 3709:. 1 October 2023. 3679:. 1 October 2023. 3495:. 5 October 2020. 3463:Human Rights Watch 3169:, pp. 285–286 3116:Everett-Heath 2019 3103:, pp. 124–125 2983:Everett-Heath 2019 2880:The New York Times 2636:Bakhshi Galandarli 2630:Fakhraddin Manafov 2568: 2445:Pan-Armenian Games 2393: 2333: 2292: 2282: 2181: 2112: 2102: 2046:Caucasian Calendar 2042:Caucasian Calendar 2038:Caucasian Calendar 1995: 954:Azerbaijani police 938: 934:Flag of Azerbaijan 905:Azerbaijani forces 845: 841:First Karabakh War 810:Renaissance Square 808:Lenin Square (now 801: 793: 789:Renaissance Square 751:Aleksandr Tamanian 735:26 Baku Commissars 710: 651:meliks of Karabakh 635: 499:Artsakh University 326: • Total 305: • Total 240:39.81528; 46.75194 129:Artsakh University 112:Renaissance Square 9335: 9334: 9329: 9328: 9186:Madrid Principles 9166:Tehran Communiqué 9003:Mikael Arzumanyan 8998:Jalal Harutyunyan 8983:Kristapor Ivanyan 8951:Tiran Khachatryan 8863:Mikhail Gorbachev 8755:Leonard Petrosyan 8688:Political leaders 8677:Zangilan District 8655:Kalbajar District 8650:Jabrayil District 8423:Madagiz offensive 8264:Operation Horadiz 8237:Operation Qazançı 8214:Capture of Shusha 8164:Voskepar massacre 8071:Armenians in Baku 8054:Karabakh movement 7979: 7978: 7160: 7159: 7131:Khankendi Stadium 7084:Surp Hakob Church 7077:Places of worship 6902:978-99941-0-336-2 6712:978-0-230-60858-0 6660:978-1-85649-288-1 6617:Mkrtchyan, Shahen 6557:The Karabagh File 6474:978-88-8195-285-4 6447:Kuciukian, Pietro 6425:978-1-5026-5871-5 6281:978-1-78477-079-2 6245:Hewsen, Robert H. 6186:978-1-909382-60-2 6177:Gomidas Institute 6149:978-0-19-255646-2 6123:978-0-8147-8578-2 6101:978-1-84614-832-3 6075:978-0-230-50896-5 6058:Chorbajian, Levon 6037:978-0-7100-9092-8 5996:978-5-85270-367-5 5967:978-0-8108-7450-3 4981:. 17 March 2017. 4797:Yelaket Lratvakan 4610:on 7 October 2018 4480:on 15 March 2022. 3894:. 12 October 2023 3676:Trend News Agency 3615:Businesselend.com 3585:Trend News Agency 3448:. 2 October 2020. 3356:. 15 April 2020. 3203:Ismail-Zadeh 1976 2851:. 11 January 2024 2611:– Armenian writer 2584:– Armenian singer 2364:Armenian diaspora 2270: 2269: 2212:Armenian diaspora 2185:palace of culture 2086:Armenian Diaspora 1987: 1986: 1590: 1589: 1011:Building and the 980:Armenian genocide 896:was shut down by 882:cluster munitions 863:capture of Shusha 805:Mikhail Gorbachev 695:military garrison 615: 550: 503:palace of culture 404: 392: 373: 372: 62: 61: 9412: 9385:Capitals in Asia 9352: 9351: 9350: 9343: 9299:UNSC resolutions 9176:OSCE Minsk Group 9161:Bishkek Protocol 9131: 9129: 9128: 9109: 9107: 9106: 9082: 9081: 9080: 9070: 9068: 9067: 9045:Mais Barkhudarov 9025:Isgandar Hamidov 9018: 9016: 9015: 8971: 8969: 8968: 8924: 8922: 8921: 8911:Military leaders 8888: 8886: 8885: 8861: 8860: 8859: 8849: 8847: 8846: 8834:Tural Ganjaliyev 8802:Abulfaz Elchibey 8790: 8788: 8787: 8760:Arkadi Ghukasyan 8750:Robert Kocharyan 8738: 8736: 8735: 8713:Robert Kocharyan 8701: 8699: 8698: 8672:Qubadli District 8618:Martuni Province 8598:Askeran Province 8470:Battle of Shusha 8465:Lachin offensive 8460:Battle of Hadrut 8298:Interwar clashes 8251:Battle of Aghdam 8234:Battle of Lachin 8204:Khojaly massacre 8137:Kirovabad pogrom 8027:Nagorno-Karabakh 8006: 7999: 7992: 7983: 7982: 7566: 7187: 7180: 7173: 7164: 7163: 7039: 7030: 7023: 7016: 7007: 7006: 6994: 6993: 6945: 6943: 6941: 6906: 6883: 6848: 6846: 6844: 6838: 6801: 6791: 6754: 6752: 6750: 6716: 6695:Payaslian, Simon 6690: 6688: 6686: 6674:Soviet Geography 6664: 6643:Mutafian, Claude 6638: 6612: 6596: 6585: 6583: 6565:Zoryan Institute 6562: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6508: 6490: 6488: 6486: 6442: 6440: 6437:Nagorno-Karabakh 6429: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6369: 6343: 6341: 6339: 6304: 6285: 6262: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6141: 6127: 6105: 6079: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6012: 6010: 6008: 5971: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5915: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5885: 5879: 5878: 5876: 5874: 5855: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5838: 5831: 5820: 5814: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5794:Daily Azerbaijan 5786: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5766:. 28 July 2018. 5756: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5726: 5720: 5719: 5714:. 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Stepanakert: 3024: 3013: 3001:, p. 139; 2993:, p. 553; 2989:, p. 265; 2981: 2974: 2966: 2943: 2925: 2921: 2903: 2899: 2871: 2867: 2854: 2852: 2841: 2840: 2836: 2826: 2824: 2820: 2813: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2777: 2773: 2772: 2768: 2752: 2751: 2744: 2742: 2733: 2732: 2728: 2720: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2692: 2687: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2557: 2533:Franco da Rocha 2496: 2464:Stepanakert is 2462: 2456: 2383: 2325: 2266: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2245: 2241: 2234: 2189:food processing 2173: 2155:station on the 2149: 2126: 2117: 2094: 2054: 1663: 1656: 1653: 1644: 1641: 1632: 1629: 1620: 1596: 1591: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1179: 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(1988). 6548: 6509: 6491: 6473: 6443: 6430: 6424: 6412:King, David C. 6408: 6390: 6370: 6364: 6344: 6305: 6299: 6286: 6280: 6263: 6257: 6241: 6203: 6185: 6166: 6148: 6128: 6122: 6106: 6100: 6084:Davies, Norman 6080: 6074: 6054: 6036: 6013: 5995: 5972: 5966: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5941: 5940: 5910: 5880: 5850: 5815: 5781: 5751: 5721: 5703: 5673: 5643: 5613: 5583: 5572:on 23 May 2009 5553: 5522: 5491: 5465: 5434: 5403: 5384: 5366: 5335: 5311: 5287: 5260: 5216: 5190: 5164: 5130: 5104: 5100:Vardanian 2009 5087: 5057: 5026: 5009:artsakh.travel 4996: 4970: 4938: 4926: 4914: 4888: 4855: 4844: 4832: 4820: 4801: 4799:. 30 May 2012. 4774: 4742: 4712: 4700: 4669: 4639: 4621: 4591: 4572: 4560: 4540: 4531: 4507: 4483: 4459: 4417: 4389: 4371: 4352: 4340: 4311: 4278: 4256: 4225: 4214:on 13 May 2023 4195: 4184:on 13 May 2023 4162: 4147: 4116: 4104: 4093:. 4 March 2024 4078: 4056: 4030: 4004: 3982: 3956: 3934: 3908: 3876: 3845: 3814: 3784: 3754: 3724: 3694: 3662: 3632: 3602: 3572: 3540: 3523:eurasianet.org 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NYU Press. 6115: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6043: 6039: 6033: 6029: 6028: 6023: 6019: 6014: 6002: 5998: 5992: 5988: 5987: 5982: 5978: 5977:"STEPANAKERT" 5973: 5969: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5950: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5914: 5898: 5894: 5893:m.day.kyiv.ua 5890: 5884: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5854: 5835: 5828: 5827: 5819: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5785: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5755: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5725: 5717: 5713: 5707: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5677: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5647: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5617: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5587: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5557: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5526: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5495: 5479: 5475: 5469: 5453: 5449: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5422: 5418: 5417:www.g1.com.br 5414: 5407: 5400: 5396: 5395: 5388: 5381: 5380: 5373: 5371: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5339: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5321: 5315: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5297: 5291: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5273: 5268:(in Armenian) 5264: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5235: 5230: 5223: 5221: 5204: 5200: 5194: 5178: 5174: 5168: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5134: 5127: 5126: 5121: 5117: 5114: 5108: 5101: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5061: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5034:(in Armenian) 5030: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5000: 4984: 4980: 4974: 4958: 4954: 4953: 4948: 4942: 4936:, p. 140 4935: 4930: 4924:, p. 210 4923: 4918: 4911: 4910: 4909:AGBU Magazine 4905: 4901: 4898: 4892: 4876: 4872: 4871: 4866: 4859: 4853: 4848: 4842:, p. 341 4841: 4836: 4829: 4828:New York 1988 4824: 4817: 4813: 4810: 4805: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4787: 4782:(in Armenian) 4778: 4762: 4758: 4757: 4752: 4746: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4716: 4710:, p. 208 4709: 4704: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4673: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4643: 4635: 4631: 4625: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4595: 4587: 4583: 4576: 4569: 4564: 4556: 4552: 4551: 4544: 4535: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4518: 4511: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4494: 4487: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4470: 4463: 4455: 4449: 4433: 4429: 4421: 4410: 4406: 4399: 4393: 4386: 4382: 4379: 4375: 4368: 4364: 4361: 4356: 4349: 4344: 4336: 4332: 4327: 4326: 4318: 4316: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4260: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4229: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4199: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4169: 4167: 4158: 4151: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4120: 4113: 4108: 4092: 4088: 4082: 4066: 4060: 4044: 4040: 4034: 4018: 4014: 4008: 3992: 3986: 3970: 3966: 3960: 3944: 3938: 3922: 3918: 3912: 3905: 3893: 3886: 3880: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3849: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3818: 3802: 3798: 3797:Aljazeera.com 3794: 3788: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3758: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3728: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3682: 3678: 3677: 3672: 3666: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3636: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3606: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3576: 3560: 3556: 3555: 3550: 3544: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3514: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3484: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3454: 3447: 3446: 3441: 3437: 3434: 3428: 3421: 3416: 3409: 3408: 3403: 3399: 3396: 3390: 3388: 3380: 3375: 3359: 3355: 3349: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3327: 3319: 3315: 3309: 3302: 3297: 3290: 3285: 3279: 3274: 3272: 3264: 3259: 3253:, p. 553 3252: 3247: 3240: 3235: 3229:, p. 291 3228: 3223: 3216: 3211: 3204: 3199: 3193:, p. 773 3192: 3187: 3180: 3175: 3168: 3163: 3156: 3151: 3149: 3142:, p. 539 3141: 3137: 3133: 3128: 3122:, p. 265 3121: 3118:, p. 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