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all-in-one boombox units and the like, are incapable of recreating a realistic stereo image. Originally, in the late 1950s and 1960s, stereophonic sound was marketed as seeming "richer" or "fuller-sounding" than monophonic sound, but these sorts of claims were and are highly subjective, and again, dependent on the equipment used to reproduce the sound. In fact, poorly recorded or reproduced stereophonic sound can sound far worse than well-done monophonic sound. Nevertheless, many record companies released stereo "demonstration" records to help promote stereo. These records often included instructions for setting up a stereo system, 'balancing' the speakers, and a variety of ambient recordings to show off the stereo effect. When playing back stereo recordings, the best results are obtained by using two identical speakers, in front of and equidistant from the listener, with the listener located on a center line between the two speakers. In effect, an
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693:) was developed. As in the Carnegie Hall demonstrations six months earlier, Fantasound used a separate film containing four optical soundtracks. Three of the tracks were used to carry left, center and right audio, while the fourth track carried three tones which individually controlled the volume level of the other three. The film was not initially a financial success, however, after two months of road-show exhibition in selected cities, its soundtrack was remixed into mono sound for general release. It was not until its 1956 re-release that stereo sound was restored to the film.
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rumble – but only in the lateral plane. So, even though with all other factors being equal, the vertical plane of recording on disc had the higher fidelity, it was decided to record vertically to produce higher-fidelity recordings on these new materials, for two reasons, the increase in fidelity by avoiding the lateral rumble and to create incompatibility with home phonographs which, with their lateral-only playback systems, would only produce silence from a vertically modulated disc.
2348:"45/45" single-groove system. Whereas the stylus moves horizontally when reproducing a monophonic disk recording, on stereo records, the stylus moves vertically as well as horizontally. One could envision a system in which the left channel was recorded laterally, as on a monophonic recording, with the right channel information recorded with a "hill and dale" vertical motion; such systems were proposed but not adopted due to their incompatibility with existing phono pickup designs (see below).
59:
1789:. It had a high level of channel separation and could even be used to broadcast two separate mono signals – for example for language studies (with two languages at the same time). But tuners and receivers with the pilot-tone system were sold so people in southern Sweden could listen to, for example, Danish radio. At last Sweden (the Televerket) decided to start broadcasting in stereo according to the pilot-tone system in 1977.
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techniques use a spacing of at least 17 cm or more. 17 cm roughly equals the human ear distance and therefore provides the same interaural time difference (ITD) or more, depending on the spacing between microphones. Although the recorded signals are generally intended for playback over stereo loudspeakers, reproduction over headphones can provide remarkably good results, depending on the microphone arrangement.
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coupled with the lack of vertical compliance of the mono cartridges available in the first ten years of stereo. These factors would result in the stylus 'digging into' the stereo vinyl and carving up the stereo portion of the groove, destroying it for subsequent playback on stereo cartridges. This is why one often notices the banner PLAY ONLY WITH STEREO CARTRIDGE AND STYLUS on stereo vinyl issued between 1958 and 1964.
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capable of counter-clockwise as well as conventional clockwise recording. Each master was run separately through the plating process, lined up to match, and subsequently mounted in a press. The dual-sided stereo disc was then played vertically, first in a system that featured two tonearms on the same post facing one another. The system had trouble keeping the two tonearms in their respective synchronous revolutions.
2083:(24 in), the time delay (time-of-arrival difference) for a signal reaching the first microphone and then the other one from the side is approximately 1.5 ms (1 to 2 ms). If you increase the distance between the microphones, you effectively decrease the pickup angle. At a 70 cm (28 in) distance, it is approximately equivalent to the pickup angle of the near-coincident ORTF setup.
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Century. In this system all the low-frequency rumble was in the left channel and all the high-frequency distortion was in the right channel. Over a quarter of a century later, it was decided to tilt the recording head 45 degrees off to the right side so that both the low-frequency rumble and high-frequency distortion were shared equally by both channels, producing the 45/45 system we know today.
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monophonic system since a stereo system contains two preamplifiers, two amplifiers, and two speaker systems. In addition, the user would need an FM stereo tuner, to upgrade any tape recorder to a stereo model, and to have their phonograph fitted with a stereo cartridge. In the early days, it was not clear whether consumers would think the sound was so much better as to be worth twice the price.
1663: – with 5XX transmitting nationally the right channel, and local BBC stations broadcasting the left channel on mediumwave. The BBC repeated the experiment in 1926, using 2LO in London and 5XX at Daventry. On June 12, 1946 a similar experimental broadcast using two stations was conducted in Holland, which was mistakenly thought to be the first in Europe and possibly the world.
2496:). The end product using this process often bears little or no resemblance to the actual physical and spatial relationship of the musicians at the time of the original performance; indeed, it is not uncommon for different tracks of the same song to be recorded at different times (and even in different studios) and then mixed into a final two-channel recording for commercial release.
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2.7 mils (69 μm), the disc size was increased from 12 inches (30 cm) to the same 16 inches (41 cm) as those used in early talking pictures in order to create further incompatibility. Now, not only could the records not be played on home equipment due to incompatible recording format and speed, they would not even fit on the player, which suited the copyright holders.
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1566:, another small label, produced its own stereophonic demonstration disc on multicolored vinyl so that stereo dealers would have more than one choice for demonstration. With the supplied special turntables featuring a clear platter lighted from underneath to show off the color as well as the sound, the stunt worked even better for Bel Canto, whose roster of jazz, easy listening and
447:, which used an enormous array of microphones hung in a line across the front of an orchestra. Up to 80 microphones were used, and each fed a corresponding loudspeaker, placed in an identical position, in a separate listening room. Several stereophonic test recordings, using two microphones connected to two styli cutting two separate grooves on the same wax disc, were made with
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loudspeaker systems (rather than headphones), each ear, of course, hears sound from both speakers. The audio engineer may, and often does, use more than two microphones (sometimes many more) and may mix them down to two tracks in ways that exaggerate the separation of the instruments, in order to compensate for the mixture that occurs when listening via speakers.
999:. Essentially, although Todd-AO was also available to others, the format became Fox's premier origination and presentation apparatus, replacing the CinemaScope 55 mm system. Current DVDs of the two CinemaScope feature titles were transferred from the original 55 mm negatives, often including the separate 35 mm films as extras for comparison.
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three times the cost of monaural recordings, which retailed for around $ 2.95 to $ 3.95 apiece for a standard monaural LP. Even two-track monaural tape which had to be flipped over halfway through and carried exactly the same information as the monaural LP – but without the crackles and pops – were being sold for $ 6.95.
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results in loss of separation, instead used the left center and right center channels for LFE (low-frequency enhancement) utilizing the bass units of the otherwise redundant intermediate front speakers, and later the unused HF capacity of these channels to provide for stereo surround in place of the mono surround.
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Due to the lack of differences in time-of-arrival/phase ambiguities, the sonic characteristic of X-Y recordings has less sense of space and depth when compared to recordings employing an A-B setup. When two figure-eight microphones are used, facing ±45° with respect to the sound source, the X-Y setup is called a
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various elements; this left noticeable and unsatisfactory artifacts in the sound, typically sounding "phasey". However, as multichannel recording became increasingly available, it has become progressively easier to master or remaster more plausible stereo recordings out of the archived multitrack master tapes.
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featured railroad and other sound effects designed to engage and envelop the listener. This demonstration disc was introduced to the public on
December 13, 1957 at the Times Auditorium in New York City. Only 500 copies of this initial demonstration record were pressed and three days later, Frey advertised in
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is formed, with the angle between the two speakers around 60 degrees as seen from the listener's point of view. Many higher quality multichannel (two-channel and beyond) speaker systems, then and now, include detailed instructions specifying the ideal angles and distances between the speakers and the
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Descriptions of stereophonic sound tend to stress the ability to localize the position of each instrument in space, but this would only be true in a carefully engineered and installed system, where speaker placement and room acoustics are taken into account. In reality, many playback systems, such as
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label released the first mass-produced stereophonic disc. Sidney Frey, founder and president, had
Westrex engineers, owners of one of the two rival stereo disk-cutting systems, cut a disk for release before any of the major record labels could do so. Side 1 featured the Dukes of Dixieland, and Side 2
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had been recording in a side-to-side (lateral) format since shortly thereafter. Each format developed on its own trajectory until the late 1920s when electric recording on disc, utilizing a microphone, surpassed acoustic recording which required a loud performance into what amounted to a megaphone in
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was often used to synthesize Left Center and Right Center from a combination of Left and Center and Right and Center, respectively, or, for effects, the effect could be "panned" anywhere across the five stage speakers using a one-in/five-out pan pot. Dolby, who did not approve of this practice, which
797:, utilized seven discrete sound tracks on full-coat magnetic 35 mm film. The system featured five main channels behind the screen, two surround channels in the rear of the theater, plus a sync track to interlock the four machines, which were specially outfitted with aircraft servo-motors made by
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Blumlein lodged the patent for 'binaural sound', in 1931, in a paper which patented stereo records, stereo films and also surround sound. He and his colleagues then made a series of experimental recordings and films to demonstrate the technology, and see if there was any commercial interest from the
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groove. The
Westrex system provided for the polarity of one channel to be inverted: this way large groove displacement would occur in the horizontal plane and not in the vertical one. The latter would require large up-and-down excursions and would encourage cartridge skipping during loud passages.
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of the
Nederlandse Omroep Stichting (Dutch Broadcasting Organisation), the total angle between microphones is 90° and the distance is 30 cm, thus capturing time-of-arrival stereo information as well as level information. It is noteworthy that all spaced microphone arrays and all near-coincident
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in New Haven, Connecticut, which was temporarily authorized to concurrently operate a second transmitter. Left and right audio was distributed to the two transmitters by dual microphones, placed about 7 inches (18 cm) apart in order to mimic the distance between a person's ears. Doolittle ended
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At that time, AM radio had been around for roughly a decade, and broadcasters were looking for better materials from which to make phonograph records as well as a better format in which to record them to play over the narrow and thus inherently noisy radio channel. As radio had been playing the same
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was released on
September 30, 1952. The format was a widescreen process featuring three separate 35 mm motion picture films plus a separate sound film running in synchronization with one another at 26 fps, adding one picture panel each to the viewer's left and right at 45-degree angles, in
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on April 9 and 10, 1940, used three huge speaker systems. Synchronization was achieved by making the recordings in the form of three motion picture soundtracks recorded on a single piece of film with a fourth track being used to regulate volume expansion. This was necessary due to the limitations of
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in the late summer of 1931. His earliest notes on the subject are dated 25 September 1931, and his patent had the title "Improvements in and relating to Sound-transmission, Sound-recording and Sound-reproducing
Systems". The application was dated 14 December 1931, and was accepted on 14 June 1933 as
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invariably only had a single set of speakers – which could lead to the somewhat disconcerting effect of the actor being on one side of the screen whilst his voice appeared to come from the other. Blumlein declared to his wife that he had found a way to make the sound follow the actor
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Grammy pulse – Volumes 2 à 3 – Page vi
National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences (U.S.) – 1984 "After all, stereo sound was developed in 1931, but it took until 1958 for the first stereo LPs to be sold. Keeping in mind corporate and bureaucratic red tape, we could easily be in for a long haul
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In the
Westrex system, each channel drives the cutting head at a 45-degree angle to the vertical. During playback, the combined signal is sensed by a left-channel coil mounted diagonally opposite the inner side of the groove and a right-channel coil mounted diagonally opposite the outer side of the
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in
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania during July and August 1960. In April 1961 the FCC adopted stereophonic FM technical standards, largely based on a Zenith-General Electric proposal, with licensed regular stereophonic FM radio broadcasting set to begin in the United States on June 1, 1961. At midnight in
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began recording sessions in stereo in mid-1954, and by that time even smaller labels in the U.S. such as
Concertapes, Bel Canto and Westminster along with major labels such as RCA Victor began releasing stereophonic recordings on two-track prerecorded reel-to-reel magnetic tape, priced at twice or
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process; but soon afterward, the demand for such recordings and the equipment to play them grew, and Cook's company, Cook Records, began to produce such records commercially. Cook recorded a vast array of sounds, ranging from railroad sounds to thunderstorms. By 1953, Cook had a catalog of about 25
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Every one who has been fortunate enough to hear the telephones at the Palais de l'Industrie has remarked that, in listening with both ears at the two telephones, the sound takes a special character of relief and localization which a single receiver cannot produce... This phenomenon is very curious,
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would be. The recording is then played back through headphones, so that each channel is presented independently, without mixing or crosstalk. Thus, each of the listener's eardrums is driven with a replica of the auditory signal it would have experienced at the recording location. The result is an
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are at the same place, typically pointing at an angle between 90° and 135° to each other. The stereo effect is achieved through differences in sound pressure level between two microphones. A difference in levels of 18 dB (16 to 20 dB) is needed for hearing the direction of a loudspeaker.
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It was eventually determined that the bandwidth assigned to individual FM stations was sufficient to support stereo transmissions from a single transmitter. In the United States, the FCC oversaw comparison tests, conducted by the National Stereophonic Radio Committee, of six proposed FM standards.
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on the market capable of playing it. After the release of other demonstration discs and the respective libraries from which they were culled, the other spur to the popularity of stereo discs was the reduction in price of a stereo cartridge, for playing the discs–from $ 250 to $ 29.95 in June 1958.
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RPM recording had been perfected for the movies in 1927, the speed of radio program transcriptions was reduced to match, once again to inhibit playback of the discs on normal home consumer equipment. Even though the stylus size remained the same as consumer records at either 3 mils (76 μm) or
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started using three tracks instead of one to record the musical selections of movie soundtracks, and very quickly upgraded to four. One track was used for dialogue, two for music, and one for sound effects. The very first two-track recording MGM made (although released in mono) was "It Never Rains
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techniques, which artificially separate signals into several tracks. The individual tracks (of which there may be hundreds) are then "mixed down" into a two-channel recording. The audio engineers determine where each track will be placed in the stereo "image", by using various techniques that may
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Even though a monophonic cartridge will technically reproduce an equal blend of the left and right channels, instead of reproducing only one channel, this was not recommended in the early days of stereo due to the larger stylus (1.0 mil or 25 micrometres vs. 0.7 mils or 18 micrometres for stereo)
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The left and right channels are produced through a simple matrix: Left = Mid + Side; Right = Mid − Side (the polarity-reversed side signal). This configuration produces a completely mono-compatible signal and, if the Mid and Side signals are recorded (rather than the matrixed Left and Right), the
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Five years later, Bell Labs was experimenting with a two-channel lateral-vertical system, where the left channel was recorded laterally and the right channel was recorded vertically, still utilizing a standard 3-mil 78-RPM groove, over three times larger than the modern LP stylus of the late 20th
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An experimental format in the 1920s split the signal into two parts, bass and treble, and recording the treble on its own track near the edge of the disc in a lateral format minimizing high-frequency distortion, and recording the bass on its own track in a vertical fashion to minimize rumble. The
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was created by the same company in order to use a larger form of the system (55 mm instead of 35 mm) to allow for greater image clarity onscreen, and was supposed to have had 6-track stereo instead of four. However, because the film needed a new, specially designed projector, the system
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in London using his vertical-lateral technique. Much of the development work on this system for cinematic use did not reach completion until 1935. In Blumlein's short test films (most notably, "Trains at Hayes Station", which lasts 5 minutes 11 seconds, and, "The Walking & Talking Film"), his
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In the 1960s, it was common practice to generate stereo versions of music from monophonic master tapes, which were normally marked "electronically reprocessed" or "electronically enhanced" stereo on track listings. These were generated by a variety of processing techniques to try to separate out
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Conversely, and with the benefit of no damage to any type of disc even from the beginning, a stereo cartridge reproduces the lateral grooves of monophonic recording equally through both channels, rather than through one channel. Also, it gives a more balanced sound, because the two channels have
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The combined stylus motion is, in terms of the vector, the sum and difference of the two stereo channels. Effectively, all horizontal stylus motion conveys the L+R sum signal, and vertical stylus motion carries the L−R difference signal. The advantages of the 45/45 system are that it has greater
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Another failed experiment in the late 1920s and early '30s involved recording the left channel on one side of the disc and recording the right channel on the other side of the disc. These were manufactured on twin film-company recording lathes which ran in perfect sync with one another, and were
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Blumlein began binaural experiments as early as 1933, and the first stereo discs were cut later the same year, twenty-five years before that method became the standard for stereo phonograph discs. These discs used the two walls of the groove at right angles in order to carry the two channels. In
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There have been cases in which two recording lathes (for the sake of producing two simultaneous masters) were fed from two separate microphones; when both masters survive, modern engineers have been able to synchronize them to produce stereo recordings from a time before intentional stereophonic
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The special pseudo-stereo circuit – invented by Kishii and Noro, from Japan – was patented in the United States in 2003, with already previously issued patents for similar devices. Artificial stereo techniques have been used to improve the listening experience of
2004:
reported, "What has prompted the industry to embark on establishing high-fidelity standards now, according to engineering executives involved in the project, is chiefly the rapid march of the new television technologies, especially those that are challenging broadcast television, such as the
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Numerous early two-track-stereo reel-to-reel tapes as well as several experimental stereo disc formats of the early 1950s branded themselves as binaural, however they were merely different incarnations of the above-described stereo or two-track mono recording methods (lead vocal or instrument
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that would have been experienced by the listener had he or she been in the same place as the model head. Because of the inconvenience of wearing headphones, true binaural recordings have remained laboratory and audiophile curiosities. However "loudspeaker-binaural" listening is possible with
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The development of acetate, bakelite, and vinyl, and the production of radio broadcast transcriptions helped to solve this. Once these considerably quieter compounds were developed, it was discovered that the rubber-idler-wheel-driven turntables of the period had a great deal of low-frequency
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The progress of stereophonic sound was paced by the technical difficulties of recording and reproducing two or more channels in synchronization with one another and by the economic and marketing issues of introducing new audio media and equipment. A stereo system cost up to twice as much as a
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Stereophonic sound attempts to create an illusion of location for various sound sources (voices, instruments, etc.) within the original recording. The recording engineer's goal is usually to create a stereo "image" with localization information. When a stereophonic recording is heard through
2082:
This uses two parallel omnidirectional microphones some distance apart, capturing time-of-arrival stereo information as well as some level (amplitude) difference information – especially if employed in close proximity to the sound source(s). At a distance of about 60 cm
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in Washington, D.C. over multiple Class A telephone lines. Leopold Stokowski, normally the orchestra's conductor, was present in Constitution Hall to control the sound mix. Five years later, the same system would be expanded onto multichannel film recording and used from the concert hall in
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are placed in strategically chosen locations relative to the sound source, with both recording simultaneously. The two recorded channels will be similar, but each will have distinct time-of-arrival and sound-pressure-level information. During playback, the listener's brain uses those subtle
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between 1974 and around 1990. The first such transmission was in 1974 when the BBC broadcast a recording of Van Morrison's London Rainbow Concert simultaneously on BBC2 TV and Radio 2. After that it was used for many other music programmes, live and recorded, including the annual BBC
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Each groove needed its own monophonic needle and cartridge on its own branch of the tonearm, and each needle was connected to a separate amplifier and speaker. This setup was intended to demonstrate Cook's cutter heads at a New York audio fair. It was not intended to promote the
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reproducers were completed and delivered by Century and Ampex, respectively, and 55 mm release print sound equipment was delivered by Western Electric. Several samples of 55 mm sound prints can be found in the Sponable Collection at the Film and Television Archives at
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recordings are a notable exception. They are more likely to be recorded without having tracks dubbed in later as in pop recordings, so that the actual physical and spatial relationship of the musicians at the time of the original performance can be preserved on the recording.
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Following experimental FM stereo transmissions in the London area in 1958 and regular Saturday morning demonstration transmissions using TV sound and medium wave (AM) radio to provide the two channels, the first regular BBC transmissions using an FM stereo signal began on the
209:) sound is reproduced over multiple loudspeakers. By varying the relative amplitude of the signal sent to each speaker, an artificial direction (relative to the listener) can be suggested. The control which is used to vary this relative amplitude of the signal is known as a
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to 70 mm so that they could be shown on a giant screen with six-track stereophonic sound. Unfortunately however, many of these presentations were only pseudo stereo, utilizing a somewhat artificial six-track panning method. A process known somewhat derogatorily as the
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record out of it. This consisted of two separate channels cut into two separate groups of grooves running next to each other, one running from the edge of the disc to halfway through and the other starting at the halfway point and ending up towards the label. He used two
570:; i.e., the artistic adjustment of overall volume and the relative volume of each track in relation to the others. Stokowski, who was always interested in sound reproduction technology personally participated in the enhancement of the sound at the demonstration.
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the experiments primarily because a lack of available frequencies on the congested AM broadcast band which meant that it was not practical for stations to occupy two frequencies, plus it was cumbersome and expensive for listeners to operate two radio receivers.
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matrixing technology licensed to Dolby Labs from Sansui, this system can produce the same left, center, right and surround sound of the original CinemaScope system of 1953 by using a single standard-width optical track. This important development, marketed as
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release prints, and productions shot in either 65 mm or to save money, in 35 mm and then blown up to 70 mm. In these instances, the 70 mm prints would be mixed for stereo, while the 35 mm reduction prints would be remixed for mono.
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The term "binaural" that Cook used should not be confused with the modern use of the word, where "binaural" is an inner-ear recording using small microphones placed in the ear. Cook used conventional microphones, but used the same word, "binaural", that
1965:
For analog TV (PAL and NTSC), various modulation schemes are used in different parts of the world to broadcast more than one sound channel. These are sometimes used to provide two mono sound channels that are in different languages, rather than stereo.
830:
and produced by Warner Bros. Unlike the 4-track mag release-print stereo films of the period which featured four thin strips of magnetic material running down the length of the film, inside and outside the sprocket holes, the sound system developed for
1953:
Japanese television began multiplex (stereo) sound broadcasts in 1978, and regular transmissions with stereo sound came in 1982. By 1984, about 12% of the programming, or about 14 or 15 hours per station per week, made use of the multiplex technology.
804:
The advent of multitrack magnetic tape and film recording of this nature made high-fidelity synchronized multichannel recording more technically straightforward, though costly. By the early 1950s, all of the major studios were recording on 35 mm
990:
After this disappointing experience with their proprietary CinemaScope 55 mm system, Fox purchased the Todd-AO system and re-engineered it into a more modern 24 fps system with brand-new 65 mm self-blimped production cameras
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that he would send a free copy to anyone in the industry who wrote to him on company letterhead. The move generated such a great deal of publicity that early stereo phonograph dealers were forced to demonstrate on Audio Fidelity Records.
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directed the construction of a sound stage equipped for multichannel recording for 20th Century Fox studios. Several soundtracks from this era still exist in their multichannel elements, some of which have been released on DVD, including
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Additionally, surface noise tends to be picked up in a greater capacity in the vertical channel, therefore a mono record played on a stereo system can be in worse shape than the same record in stereo and still be enjoyable. (See
2322:
2837:, Alan Dower Blumlein, "Improvements in and relating to Sound-transmission, Sound-recording and Sound-reproducing Systems.", issued 1933-06-14, assigned to Alan Dower Blumlein and Musical Industries, Limited
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Most multichannel recordings are stereo recordings only in the sense that they are stereo "mixes" consisting of a collection of mono and/or true stereo recordings. Modern popular music, in particular, is usually recorded using
1721:
The revived dual transmitter tests were of limited success, because they still required two receivers, and with AM-FM pairings the sound quality of the AM transmissions was generally significantly inferior to the FM signals.
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1814:, which allows the transmission of stereo sound on AM stations; HD Radio's lack of compatibility with C-QUAM along with other interference issues has hindered HD Radio's use on the AM dial. For Digital Audio Broadcasting,
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1818:
audio streams are used. DAB is one of the Digital Radio formats that is used to broadcast Digital Audio over terrestrial broadcast networks or satellite networks. DAB is extended to video, and the new format is called
1458:
In the US, stereo magnetic tape recording was demonstrated on standard 1/4-inch tape for the first time in 1952, using two sets of recording and playback heads, upside-down and offset from one another. A year later,
1007:
Beginning in 1957, films recorded in stereo (except for those shown in Cinerama or Todd-AO) carried an alternate mono track for theatres not ready or willing to re-equip for stereo. From then until about 1975, when
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This coincident technique employs a bidirectional microphone facing sideways and another microphone at an angle of 90°, facing the sound source. The second microphone is generally a variety of cardioid, although
1797:
For AM broadcasting very few stations transmit in stereo, in part due to the limited audio quality of the majority of receivers, and the scarcity of AM stereo receivers. Various modulation schemes are used for
890:, was developed by Broadway promoter Michael Todd with financial backing from Rodgers and Hammerstein, to use a single 70 mm film running at 30 frames per second with 6 magnetic soundtracks, for their
73:, is a method of sound reproduction that recreates a multi-directional, 3-dimensional audible perspective. This is usually achieved by using two independent audio channels through a configuration of two
3927:
334:
it approximates to the theory of binauricular audition, and has never been applied, we believe, before to produce this remarkable illusion to which may almost be given the name of auditive perspective.
850:. Unfortunately, as of 2012, the stereo magnetic tracks to both these films are considered lost forever. In addition, a large percentage of 3-D films carried variations on three-track magnetic sound:
54:
How stereophonic sound systems work. The main diagram shows a simplified situation in nature. The inset shows the electronic simulation. Notably, such electronic systems require more than one speaker.
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equal fidelity as opposed to providing one higher-fidelity laterally recorded channel and one lower-fidelity vertically recorded channel. Overall, this approach may give higher fidelity, because the
2024:
1666:
1952 saw a renewed interest in the United States in stereo broadcasting, still using two stations for the two channels, in part in reaction to the development of two-channel tape recordings. The
2415:
a reproducing means.) EMI cut the first stereo test discs using this system in 1933, but it was not applied commercially until a quarter of a century later, and by another company entirely (
1627:) radio used two separate transmissions to individually send the left and right audio channels, which required listeners to operate two receivers in order to hear the stereo effect. In 1924
835:, dubbed WarnerPhonic, was a combination of a 35 mm fully coated magnetic film that contained the audio tracks for left, center and right speakers, interlocked with the two dual-strip
2459:
In common usage, a "stereo" is a two-channel sound reproduction system, and a "stereo recording" is a two-channel recording. This is cause for much confusion, since five (or more)-channel
2222:) or, more recently, a combination of hardware and software. Multitrack Studio, from Bremmers Audio Design (The Netherlands), uses special filters to achieve a pseudo-stereo effect: the
995:
BFC ... "Blimped Fox Camera") and brand-new 65 mm MOS cameras (Mitchell FC ... "Fox Camera") and brand-new Super Baltar lenses in a wide variety of focal lengths, first employed on
1440:
1674:
rule limited station owners to one AM station per market. But many station owners now had access to a co-owned FM station, and most of these tests paired AM and FM stations. On May 18
1631:
was issued U.S. patent 1,513,973 for the use of dual radio transmissions to create stereo reception. That same year Doolittle began a year-long series of test transmissions, using his
2315:
2443:
specification includes two channels by default, and so a mono recording on CD either has one empty channel, or else the same signal being relayed to both channels simultaneously.
2427:
Company), and dubbed StereoDisk. Stereo sound provides a more natural listening experience, since the spatial location of the source of a sound is (at least in part) reproduced.
3690:
3257:
1381:(1913–2002), who already had become famous by designing new feedback disk-cutter heads to improve sound from tape to vinyl, took the two-channel high-fidelity system described
366:, who patented stereo records, stereo films, and also surround sound. In early 1931, Blumlein and his wife were at a local cinema. The sound reproduction systems of the early
1643:
In 1925 it was reported that additional experimental stereo transmissions had been conducted in Berlin, again with two mediumwave transmissions. In December of that year the
573:
The speakers produced sound levels of up to 100 decibels, and the demonstration held the audience "spellbound, and at times not a little terrified", according to one report.
683:
began experimenting with multichannel sound in the early 1930s as noted above. The first commercial motion picture to be exhibited with stereophonic sound was Walt Disney's
566:
dynamic range on optical motion picture film of the period, however, the volume compression and expansion were not fully automatic, but were designed to allow manual studio
390:
circuit, which aimed to preserve the directional effect when sound from a spaced pair of microphones was reproduced via stereo headphones instead of a pair of loudspeakers;
1080:, and was no more expensive to manufacture in stereo than it was for mono. The format employs the same Western Electric/Westrex/Nuoptix RA-1231 recorder, and coupled with
3613:, April 25, 1925, pages 867–870. The transmitting wavelengths of 268 and 227 meters correspond to frequencies of 1120 (WPAJ's normal frequency) and 1320 kHz respectively.
2710:
2688:
2242:
monophonic recordings or to make them more "saleable" in today's market, where people expect stereo. Some critics have expressed concern about the use of these methods.
928:
system featured only a monaural track, but through subaudible tones, it could change the direction of the sound to come from the left, right or both directions at once.
595:
in New York City gave a demonstration of two-channel stereophonic motion pictures, developed by Bell Labs and Electrical Research Products, Inc. Once again, conductor
3622:
2403:
by the inventor as was a requirement for patenting in the U.S. and elsewhere at that time. (Blumlein was killed in a plane crash while testing radar equipment during
3602:
1527:
Stereophonic sound came to at least a select few living rooms of the mid-1950s. Stereo recording became widespread in the music business by the 3rd quarter of 1957.
3990:
3836:
2665:
1597:
Although both monaural as well as stereo LP records were manufactured for the first ten years of stereo on disc, the major record labels issued their last monaural
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2185:
1894:, in which the audio portion of the show was carried over a local FM stereo station. In the 1960s and 1970s, these shows were usually manually synchronized with a
4335:
3713:
1902:
delivery of both television and radio programs made this fairly tedious process of synchronization unnecessary. One of the last of these simulcast programs was
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2172:
2156:
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system projectors, one of which carried a mono optical surround track and one that carried a mono backup track use in the event anything should go wrong.
2871:
1563:
3766:
2737:
1519:, on stereophonic magnetic tape, however, they were never officially released, though they have long been available on pirated LPs and CDs. In the UK,
1394:
grooves with a 500 Hz crossover in the inner track to try and compensate for the lower fidelity and high-frequency distortion on the inner track.
809:
for mixing purposes, and many of these so-called individual angles still survive, allowing for soundtracks to be remixed into stereo or even surround.
786:
addition to the usual front and center panel, creating a truly immersive panoramic visual experience, comparable in some ways to today's curved screen
323:
to a suite of rooms at the Paris Electrical Exhibition, where listeners could hear a live transmission of performances through receivers for each ear.
4053:
3585:
1890:
After the advent of FM stereo broadcasts in 1962, a small number of music-oriented TV shows were broadcast with stereo sound using a process called
1012:
was used for the first time in films, most motion pictures – even some from which stereophonic soundtrack albums were made, such as
2895:
1706:. By 1954, WQXR was broadcasting all of its live musical programs in stereophonic sound, using its AM and FM stations for the two audio channels.
3678:, October 1925, pages 416, 544–546. The transmitting wavelengths of 430 and 505 meters correspond to approximately 698 and 594 kHz respectively.
2218:
have been used to create the impression that the sound was originally recorded in stereo. These techniques first involved hardware methods (see
402:
Recording two channels in the single groove of a record using the two groove walls at right angles to each other and 45 degrees to the vertical;
1682:
and its sister FM station, WGNB, collaborated on an hourlong stereophonic demonstration. On October 23, 1952 two Washington, D.C. FM stations,
931:
Because of the standard 35 mm-size film, CinemaScope and its stereophonic sound was capable of being retrofitted into existing theaters.
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4204:
4119:
1378:
319:
demonstrated the first two-channel audio system in Paris in 1881, with a series of telephone transmitters connected from the stage of the
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4266:
577:, who was present at the demonstration, commented that it was "marvellous" but "somehow unmusical because of the loudness." "Take that
3687:
1312:
shellac discs available to the public, it was found that, even though the playback system was now electric rather than acoustic, the
650:
4076:
2662:
1022: – were still released in monaural sound, stereo being reserved almost exclusively for expensive musicals such as
2230:
adds a small delay in signal timing between the two channels, a delay barely noticeable by ear, but contributing to an effect of
2053:
1594:(AFSD 5851). By the end of March, the company had four more stereo LPs available, interspersed with several Bel Canto releases.
4224:
2685:
2340:
in stereo, it took four years for the first stereo LPs to be sold. In 1958, the first group of mass-produced stereo two-channel
1986:
is the audio standard used for Digital TV in North America, with the capability for anywhere between 1 and 6 discrete channels.
107:
Stereo sound has been in common use since the 1970s in entertainment media such as broadcast radio, recorded music, television,
2808:
4182:
3471:
3304:
2136:
stereo width can be manipulated after the recording has taken place. This makes it especially useful for film-based projects.
485:
Bell Laboratories gave a demonstration of three-channel stereophonic sound on April 27, 1933, with a live transmission of the
393:
The use of a coincident pair of velocity microphones with their axes at right angles to each other, which is still known as a
2485:
2160:
1578:
The first four mass-produced stereophonic discs available to the buying public were released in March 1958 –
1197:
5.1 in the cinema, which retained the Dolby Stereo 70 mm 5.1 channel layout, and more recently with the introduction of
468:, is the earliest known surviving intentional stereo recording. The performance was part of an all-Russian program including
4018:
3382:
3258:"Waler Gieseking plays Beethoven: Piano Concerto No. 1 in C, Op. 15 & Piano Concerto No. 5 in E-flat, Op. 73, "Emperor""
4244:
3544:
2528:
of gain for both channels and will attenuate one channel as the control is turned, leaving the other channel at 0 dB.
2183:
placed 17 cm apart at a total angle between microphones of 110°, which results in a stereophonic pickup angle of 96° (
443:
was also investigating techniques for stereophonic recording and reproduction. One of the techniques investigated was the
3360:
1260:
1128:
728:
1810:, the official method for most countries in the world that transmit in AM stereo. More AM stations are adopting digital
1838:
4371:
583:", he said. "I didn't know what it was until they got well into the piece. Too much 'enhancing', too much Stokowski."
4327:
3710:
2048:
2040:
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and KOMO-FM in Seattle, Washington conducted an experimental broadcast, and four days later Chicago AM radio station
1667:
1282:
1150:
754:
343:
816:
was still playing only in New York City, most moviegoing audiences heard stereophonic sound for the first time with
736:
346:. Both were services available by coin-operated receivers at hotels and cafés, or by subscription to private homes.
3192:
3088:
1707:
644:
3590:"Radiotelephony". Patent issued November 4, 1924 to Franklin M. Doolittle for application filed February 21, 1924.
3218:
3166:
3140:
3114:
3062:
1820:
976:. The subsequently abandoned 55/35 mm Century projector eventually became the Century JJ 70/35MM projector.
600:
456:
253:
2304:
listening position to maximize the effect based on, often extensive, testing of the particular system's design.
1863:, with one audio channel broadcast via television and the other over the ABC radio network. By the same method,
192:. The signal is then reproduced over multiple loudspeakers to recreate, as closely as possible, the live sound.
4397:
2852:
Robert Alexander (2013). "The Inventor of Stereo: The Life and Works of Alan Dower Blumlein". p. 83. CRC Press,
1303:
had been recording in a hill-and-dale (vertically modulated) format on his cylinders and discs since 1877, and
1264:
1132:
732:
638:
599:
was on hand to try out the new technology, recording onto a special proprietary nine-track sound system at the
300:"Wandering Dragon Plays with Phoenix" Part One of Twelve, possibly the earliest "accidental stereo", made as a
2863:
382:. The patent covered many ideas in stereo, some of which are used today and some not. Some 70 claims include:
3879:
3763:
2734:
1995:
1967:
1909:
1856:
1468:
129:
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1841:
in New York City to 31 theaters across the United States, included a stereophonic sound system developed by
4156:
3857:
2440:
1018:
81:) in such a way as to create the impression of sound heard from various directions, as in natural hearing.
17:
3908:
3892:
3732:
3648:
4424:
3799:
3747:
1883:
1024:
886:, the movie industry moved quickly to create simpler and cheaper widescreen systems, the first of which,
1938:
systems delivered many stereo programs utilizing this method for many years until prices for MTS stereo
1898:
tape recording mailed to the FM station (unless the concert or music originated locally). In the 1980s,
1652:
944:
605:
3581:
2226:
filter directs low frequencies to the left channel and high frequencies to the right channel, and the
948:, were released in 35 mm CinemaScope reduction prints. To compensate, the premiere engagement of
4434:
2834:
1887: – by using ABC-affiliated AM and FM stations for the left and right audio channels.
1770:
in Los Angeles became the first three stations to begin broadcasting using the new stereo standards.
1501:
1497:
996:
579:
474:
2481:
4429:
2499:
1570:, pressed onto their trademark Caribbean-blue vinyl sold well throughout 1958 and early into 1959.
1419:
recorders. Around 300 recordings were made of various symphonies, most of which were seized by the
852:
818:
717:
632:
464:
379:
229:
4304:
2256:
Engineers make a technical distinction between "binaural" and "stereophonic" recording. Of these,
408:
Using hybrid transformers to matrix between left and right signals and sum and difference signals;
268:
microphone arrangements produce stereo recordings with minimal phase difference between channels.
4208:
4126:
2335:
1925:
1253:
1121:
721:
42:
2590:
1851:
1548:
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1516:
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in 1937, after which the tracks were mixed down to one for the final soundtrack. A year later,
544:
511:
486:
452:
3664:
3599:
3283:
2925:
1710:
began a weekly series of live stereophonic broadcasts in November 1952 using two AM stations,
1415:
The first stereo recordings using magnetic tape were made in Germany in the early 1940s using
4270:
3987:
3970:
3833:
3531:
Sylvan Fox, "Disks Today: New Sounds and Technology Spin Long-Playing Record of Prosperity",
3498:
3441:
3424:
3408:
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3240:
3008:
2168:
1815:
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1048:
914:
891:
624:
3557:
3515:
2761:(London), Nov. 6, 1895, p. 7. "Post Office Electrical Engineers. The Electrophone Service",
2057: – although at the time, only the network's New York City flagship station,
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2585:
2489:
2300:
2190:
2051:
in 1984. Sporadic network transmission of stereo audio began on NBC on July 26, 1984, with
1899:
1873:
1867:
Television and the NBC Radio Network offered stereo sound for two three-minute segments of
870:
842:
Only two other films featured this unique hybrid WarnerPhonic sound: the 3-D production of
836:
685:
553:
532:
528:
524:
500:
2061:, had stereo broadcast capability. Regular stereo transmission of programs began in 1985.
1946:, though the most popular cable TV station that drove up usage of stereo simulcasting was
1573:
When Audio Fidelity released its stereophonic demonstration disc, there was no affordable
1347:
overhead in this scheme limited the playing time to slightly longer than a single even at
338:
This two-channel telephonic process was commercialized in France from 1890 to 1932 as the
8:
4073:
3036:
2969:
2368:
signal is usually of low power, and is thus less affected by the intrinsic distortion of
2274:
2180:
1904:
1782:
1775:
1718:
station, which meant the stereo listening area did not extend beyond the college campus.
1436:
1304:
1221:
1042:
1030:
973:
902:
898:
897:. Major Hollywood studios immediately rushed to create their own unique formats, such as
656:
614:
574:
520:
325:
257:
217:
mono signals together, a complete, yet entirely artificial, sound field can be created.
141:
2569:
2543:
2257:
2251:
1574:
1554:
1492:
1452:
1202:
906:
610:
460:
428:
261:
97:
1655:, participated in the first British stereo broadcast – a concert from
1504:, the success of which led to the practice of regularly recording sessions in stereo.
4221:
3873:
3026:"Fantasound" by W.E, Garity and J.N.A.Hawkins. Journal of the SMPE Vol 37 August 1941
2548:
2493:
2420:
2377:
1943:
1475:
1460:
1081:
596:
592:
562:
548:
490:
469:
448:
440:
373:
across the screen. The genesis of these ideas is uncertain, but he explained them to
339:
172:
Two microphones set up to record a piano simultaneously, which creates a stereo sound
168:
2798:
1217:
4178:
3300:
2424:
1512:
1508:
1444:
794:
781:
419:
276:
151:
1097:) widescreen films, most commonly projected at aspect ratios of 1.75:1 or 1.85:1.
4228:
4080:
4057:
4022:
4015:
3994:
3931:
3860:. Radio World. February 1, 2007. Archived from the original on September 10, 2012
3840:
3770:
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3013:
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2741:
2692:
2669:
2538:
2521:
2512:
2477:
2473:
2331:
2164:
2086:
This technique can produce phase issues when the stereo signal is mixed to mono.
2044:
1746:
1715:
1535:
992:
938:
494:
Philadelphia to the recording labs at Bell Labs in New Jersey in order to record
436:
374:
305:
301:
201:
31:
4240:
316:
281:
3711:"Dutch Regard 'Stereophonic Broadcasting' Experiment as Significant for Future"
2564:
1660:
1432:
1198:
1036:
932:
424:
320:
124:
93:
3356:
2967:
Nelson B. Bell, "Rapid Strides are Being Made in Development of Sound Track",
2451:
1463:
began recording a number of its sessions in stereo, including performances by
952:
used a six-track magnetic full-coat in an interlock, and a 1961 re-release of
50:
4418:
2618:
2388:
2132:
described the usage of an omnidirectional transducer in his original patent.
2129:
2108:
2028:
1983:
1520:
1483:
1424:
1313:
1300:
1194:
1163:
Producers often took advantage of the six magnetic soundtracks available for
827:
806:
772:
558:
479:
395:
359:
358:
Modern stereophonic technology was invented in the 1930s by British engineer
265:
249:
241:
185:
38:
2463:
systems are not popularly described as "stereo", but instead as "surround".
924:
VistaVision took a simplified, low-cost approach to stereophonic sound; its
4367:
2640:
2468:
2404:
2341:
2279:
2176:
2036:
1975:
1955:
1939:
1895:
1881: – including scenes from Disney's latest animated feature,
1860:
1742:
1567:
1464:
1086:
1071:
1058:
1009:
665:
619:
156:
108:
89:
244:
the positions of the recorded objects. Since each microphone records each
84:
Because the multi-dimensional perspective is the crucial aspect, the term
2574:
2460:
2407:, and he, therefore, never reduced the system to actual practice through
2268:
that includes external ears and ear canals; each microphone is where the
2261:
2227:
1737:
Model 350, ca. 1961: the first FM multiplex stereo tuner sold in the U.S.
1632:
1455:
audible in the background) are the only recordings still known to exist.
1416:
1206:
967:
Eventually, 50 complete sets of combination 55/35 mm projectors and
918:
910:
680:
519:
Later that same year, Bell Labs also demonstrated binaural sound, at the
495:
432:
original intent of having the sound follow the actor was fully realized.
236:
74:
3623:"Stereoscopic or Binaural Broadcasting in Experimental Use at New Haven"
3214:
3188:
3162:
3136:
3110:
3084:
3058:
88:
also applies to systems with more than two channels or speakers such as
2553:
2520:
can mean the amount of signal from each channel reproduced in a stereo
2103:
1979:
1656:
1479:
1474:
Later in 1952, more experimental stereo recordings were conducted with
1404:
1267: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1164:
1135: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1094:
1053:
1013:
690:
505:
309:
189:
78:
2911:
B.B. Bauer, "Some Techniques Toward Better Stereophonic Perspective",
2630:
Franklin Doolittle's former WPAJ, now located in Hartford, Connecticut
2344:
was issued, by Audio Fidelity in the US and Pye in Britain, using the
1690:, conducted their own demonstration. Later that month New York City's
58:
2893:
Stokowski, Harvey Fletcher, and the Bell Labs Experimental Recordings
2621:
had used for his experimental stereo records almost 20 years earlier.
2579:
2559:
2265:
2219:
2006:
1921:
1916:
1891:
1799:
1767:
1711:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1675:
1648:
1602:
1448:
925:
921:, the latter of which used up to four separate magnetic soundtracks.
776:
669:
245:
4393:
4153:"Forum für Mikrofonaufnahme und Tonstudiotechnik. Eberhard Sengpiel"
1382:
1242:
1110:
706:
689:, released in November 1940, for which a specialized sound process (
3786:"Two WDRC Stations Will Present 'Binaural' System Demonstrations",
2203:
1982:, MP2 audio streams are widely used within MPEG-2 program streams.
1935:
1811:
1803:
1734:
1698:, initiated its first stereophonic broadcast, which was relayed to
1679:
1420:
883:
823:
768:
256:
can occur if both tracks are played back on the same speaker. This
206:
2941:"Sound Waves 'Rock' Carnegie Hall as 'Enhanced Music' is Played",
2524:. Typically, a balance control in its center position will have 0
1341:
1076:
The Westrex Stereo Variable-Area system was developed in 1977 for
284:
prototype at the Opera during the World Exhibition in Paris (1881)
3476:
2525:
2416:
2345:
2269:
1695:
1683:
1487:
1428:
985:
887:
368:
232:
to encode the relative positions of objects and events recorded.
176:
Stereo sound systems can be divided into two forms: the first is
4152:
1978:
is used. The EIAJ FM/FM subcarrier system is used in Japan. For
4045:
4043:
2639:
The comb filter allows range of manipulation between 0 and 100
2286:
isolated on one channel and orchestra on the other sans lead.)
2264:. In binaural recording, a pair of microphones is put inside a
2139:
1859:(America) network were broadcast with stereophonic sound in 75
1833:
1807:
482:
orchestration, excerpts of which were also recorded in stereo.
414:
62:
Time difference in a stereophonic recording of a car going past
4033:
For example: Jack Gould, "TV: Happy Marriage With FM Stereo",
3956:"A Television First! Welk Goes Stereophonic" (advertisement),
3764:"2 Stations, 2 Mikes, 2 Radios Give Broadcast Realistic Sound"
2598: – the physical reconstruction of the spatial sonic field
2356:
compatibility with monophonic recording and playback systems.
2144:
1423:
at the end of World War II. The recordings were of relatively
2069:
2027:
that created it), is the method of encoding three additional
1971:
1929:
1831:
A December 11, 1952 closed-circuit television performance of
1486:. In February 1954, the label also recorded a performance of
961:
798:
37:"Stereo" and "Stereophonic" redirect here. For the band, see
4040:
2119:
2094:
2074:
1605:
and radio promotional materials which continued until 1975.
4326:
Borgerson, Janet; Schroeder, Jonathan (December 12, 2018).
3457:
Alfred R. Zipser, "Stereophonic Sound Waiting for a Boom",
2148:
2058:
2032:
1785:
invented a different stereo broadcasting system called the
1763:
1759:
1754:
1730:
1703:
1636:
936:
proved impractical, and the two films made in the process,
787:
184:
stereo in which a live sound is captured, with any natural
1758:
their respective time zones on June 1, General Electric's
1056:
with a strong reliance on sound effects or music, such as
2803:
2392:
1959:
1947:
1864:
1842:
1644:
1316:
on the disc would mask the music after just a few plays.
363:
3925:
Start of experimental stereo broadcasting 28 August 1962
248:
at a slightly different time, the wavefronts are out of
2998:, Second Edition, Elsevier, Focal Press (2008), 240 pp.
2089:
1175:, featured four-track stereophonic sound and were then
793:
The Cinerama audio soundtrack technology, developed by
228:
means sound recording and sound reproduction that uses
2711:"Stereo Microphone Techniques: Are the Purists Wrong?"
2114:
1623:
The earliest approach to stereo (then commonly called
459:
in March 1932. The first (made on March 12, 1932), of
4092:
Les Brown, "Hi-fi Stereo TV Coming in 2 to 4 Years",
4010:
Sedman, David. The Legacy of Broadcast Stereo Sound.
150:, "sound, tone, voice") and it was coined in 1927 by
27:
Method of sound reproduction using two audio channels
1942:
dropped. One of the first stereo cable stations was
1507:
Shortly afterward, RCA Victor recorded the last two
4357:
before stereo TV is as natural as having two ears."
2833:
1974:is widely used in Europe, except in Germany, where
1845:. The first several shows of the 1958–59 season of
1592:
Marching Along with the Dukes of Dixieland Volume 3
4325:
2765:(London), Jan. 15, 1913, p. 24. "Wired Wireless",
1601:in 1968, relegating the format to 45 RPM singles,
664:, feature the only stereophonic recordings of the
4328:"How stereo was first sold to a skeptical public"
2556: – generalized MS-Stereo to three dimensions
2476:) to more sophisticated and extensively based on
1295:
213:(panoramic potentiometer). By combining multiple
4416:
3858:"Commentary: Dick Burden on FM Stereo Revisited"
2155:These techniques combine the principles of both
1932:stereo sound with TV rendered this unnecessary.
1871:on October 21, 1958. On January 30, 1959, ABC's
603:in Philadelphia, during the making of the movie
515:Bell Labs binaural demonstration at World's Fair
3943:"Theater to Have Special Sound System for TV",
2202:In the course of restoration or remastering of
1342:Two-channel high fidelity and other experiments
4016:http://journal.sonicstudies.org/vol03/nr01/a03
3819:, Oct. 26, 1952, p. X-11. "Binaural Devices",
1745:stereo system is used throughout the world by
1588:Lionel – Lionel Hampton and his Orchestra
1543:' second stereo demonstration record, ca. 1958
1212:
538:
4222:A Review and an Extension of Pseudo-Stereo...
4205:"Hyperprism-DX Stereo Processes—Quasi stereo"
4150:
4120:""The Stereophonic Zoom" by Michael Williams"
3632:(correspondence from Franklin M. Doolittle),
3472:"Bel Canto Stereophonic Demonstration Record"
2380:for more on lateral and vertical recording.)
2173:Office de Radiodiffusion Télévision Française
1989:
1714:in conjunction with a very low-powered local
1232:
668:Orchestra as it was during its heyday of the
551:, intended for but not used in Walt Disney's
3545:RCA Victor Red Seal Labelography (1950–1967)
2472:vary from very simple (such as "left-right"
2140:Near-coincident technique: mixed stereophony
1580:Johnny Puleo and his Harmonica Gang Volume 1
1478:and a group of New York studio musicians at
1089:, finally brought stereo sound to so-called
353:
252:; as a result, constructive and destructive
4267:"Psycho acoustic pseudo-stereo fold system"
4243:. Freepatentsonline.com. October 21, 2003.
3644:
3642:
2864:"A hundred years of stereo: fifty of hi-fi"
735:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
622:, recorded on June 21, 1938, for the movie
139:
127:
3909:"Three fms meet date for multiplex stereo"
3499:Audio Fidelity Bombshell Had Industry Agog
2793:
2791:
2070:A-B technique: time-of-arrival stereophony
1962:, began offering stereo programs in 1984.
1410:
342:, and in England from 1895 to 1925 as the
4297:, Time magazine, Jan. 20, 1961"
3442:Mass Produced Stereo Disk is Demonstrated
3409:Mass Produced Stereo Disc is Demonstrated
3385:. Thedukesofdixieland.com. Archived from
2902:, stokowski.org, accessed March 1, 2012.
2708:
2111:. The sonic image produced is realistic.
1584:Railroad – Sounds of a Vanishing Era
1283:Learn how and when to remove this message
1151:Learn how and when to remove this message
755:Learn how and when to remove this message
240:differences in timing and sound level to
235:During two-channel stereo recording, two
3639:
2718:Journal of the Audio Engineering Society
2450:
2143:
2118:
2093:
2073:
1729:
1618:
1534:
1216:
510:
292:
275:
167:
111:, cinema, computer audio, and internet.
57:
49:
4394:"AES Professional Audio Reference Home"
4374:from the original on September 25, 2006
3971:Dealers: Lawrence Welk Leads in Stereo!
3363:from the original on September 27, 2011
2788:
2709:Lipschitz, Stanley (November 9, 1986).
2054:The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson
1171:Some films shot in 35 mm, such as
631:In the early 1940s, composer-conductor
14:
4417:
4338:from the original on December 24, 2018
4241:"Pseudo-stereo circuit—Patent 6636608"
3264:from the original on February 27, 2024
3143:from the original on December 16, 2016
3117:from the original on November 25, 2015
3091:from the original on November 23, 2016
3065:from the original on December 22, 2016
2954:"New Sound Effects Achieved in Film",
2695:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
2672:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
2399:in the U.K. the same year, it was not
2025:Broadcast Television Systems Committee
1511:broadcast concerts by famed conductor
915:Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corporation
525:dummy with microphones instead of ears
4159:from the original on October 17, 2011
3241:Commercial Binaural Sound Not Far Off
3221:from the original on November 8, 2020
3195:from the original on December 3, 2003
2245:
586:
543:Utilizing selections recorded by the
4400:from the original on October 2, 2017
4185:from the original on October 4, 2011
3636:, March 22, 1925, Section 6, page 6.
2123:Mid-Side stereo microphone technique
2090:X-Y technique: intensity stereophony
2064:
1265:adding citations to reliable sources
1236:
1133:adding citations to reliable sources
1104:
733:adding citations to reliable sources
700:
3307:from the original on April 27, 2019
3169:from the original on April 12, 2007
2874:from the original on March 29, 2023
2862:Fox, Barry (December 24–31, 1981).
2861:
2855:
2811:from the original on August 7, 2008
2115:M/S technique: mid/side stereophony
1762:in Schenectady, New York, Zenith's
1100:
205:stereo, in which a single-channel (
24:
4303:. January 20, 1961. Archived from
4247:from the original on June 15, 2011
3701:, September 26, 1925, pages 55–56.
2822:fledgling film and audio industry.
2799:"Early stereo recordings restored"
2748:, December 31, 1881, pages 422–23.
2735:"The Telephone at the Paris Opera"
2325:A compilation of LP stereo banners
1224:stereo system, having two speakers
25:
4446:
3327:Tape Trade Group to Fix Standards
1668:Federal Communications Commission
1530:
1441:Orchester der Berliner Staatsoper
4269:. Patentstorm.us. Archived from
4207:. March 31, 2008. Archived from
3748:"Binaural Feature at Parts Show"
3342:"Hi-Fi: Two-Channel Commotion",
2314:
2307:
2197:
1970:is used mainly in the Americas.
1708:Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
1443:and a 1944 or 1945 recording of
1241:
1188:
1109:
705:
4386:
4360:
4350:
4319:
4285:
4259:
4233:
4215:
4197:
4171:
4144:
4112:
4109:, July 28, 1984, sec. 1, p. 46.
4099:
4086:
4067:
4027:
4004:
3988:Expect Giant TV Stereo Audience
3980:
3963:
3950:
3937:
3918:
3902:
3886:
3850:
3826:
3809:
3793:
3780:
3757:
3741:
3726:
3704:
3681:
3658:
3616:
3593:
3574:
3550:
3538:
3525:
3508:
3491:
3464:
3451:
3434:
3418:
3401:
3375:
3349:
3336:
3319:
3293:
3276:
3250:
3233:
3207:
3181:
3155:
3129:
3103:
3077:
3051:
3029:
3020:
3001:
2988:
2976:
2961:
2948:
2935:
2918:
2905:
2886:
2785:Pristine Classical CD PASC422).
2633:
2624:
2610:
2446:
2434:
2206:records, various techniques of
2167:) techniques. For example, the
2098:X-Y stereo microphone placement
2078:A-B stereo microphone placement
1792:
1725:
1608:
1252:needs additional citations for
1209:in 2010 and 2012 respectively.
1120:needs additional citations for
1065:
1052:. Stereo was also reserved for
1002:
964:with a six-channel soundtrack.
3899:, April 24, 1961, pages 65–66.
3777:, October 24, 1952, page A-24.
3775:Washington (D.C.) Evening Star
2996:Surround Sound: Up and Running
2846:
2827:
2772:
2769:(London), June 22, 1925, p. 8.
2751:
2728:
2702:
2679:
2656:
1958:'s second television network,
1915:The BBC made extensive use of
1753:These tests were conducted by
1451:'s Piano Concerto No. 5 (with
1435:'s Symphony No. 8 directed by
1296:Lateral and vertical recording
1193:Dolby Stereo was succeeded by
350:recording technology existed.
163:
13:
1:
4105:Peter W. Kaplan, "TV Notes",
3960:, September 10, 1958, p. A-7.
2650:
2013:Multichannel television sound
1996:Multichannel television sound
1968:Multichannel television sound
1826:
1802:, of which the best-known is
1469:Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra
1427:, thanks to the discovery of
1372:
877:
675:
651:The Day the Earth Stood Still
504:(1940) in what Disney called
288:
3834:Binaural Music on the Campus
3790:, October 29, 1952, page 26.
3655:, November 3, 1952, page 97.
3425:Audio Fidelity advertisement
3346:, November 17, 1957, p. XX1.
2985:, September 11, 1937, p. 40.
2699:, on Perseus Digital Library
2676:, on Perseus Digital Library
2455:Label for 2.0 sound (stereo)
2273:accurate duplication of the
1778:network on August 28, 1962.
1547:In November 1957, the small
531:were sent out over separate
114:
7:
4079:September 22, 2009, at the
3893:"Finally, FCC Okays Stereo"
3806:, December 8, 1952, page 9.
3723:, August 24, 1946, page 16.
3688:"Stereoscopic Broadcasting"
3357:"Jazzbeat October 26, 2007"
3009:Mickey Mouse Goes Classical
2531:
2289:
2151:stereo microphone technique
1879:The Peter Tchaikovsky Story
1877:made a stereo broadcast of
1403:stereo records for sale to
1213:Modern home audio and video
844:The Charge at Feather River
696:
539:Carnegie Hall demonstration
405:A stereo disc-cutting head;
154:, by analogy with the word
10:
4451:
3930:November 19, 2018, at the
3823:, March 21, 1954, p. XX-9.
3651:by Franklin M. Doolittle,
3634:Cincinnati (Ohio) Enquirer
3301:"Thor Johnson (1913-1975)"
2926:Radio Adds Third Dimension
2913:IEEE Transactions on Audio
2898:November 28, 2010, at the
2740:February 25, 2021, at the
2510:
2506:
2334:'s May 1954 conducting of
2249:
1993:
1990:MTS: Stereo for television
1653:Daventry, Northamptonshire
1233:Stereo experiments on disc
1069:
983:
979:
606:One Hundred Men and a Girl
280:Diagram of Clément Ader's
271:
36:
29:
4227:December 6, 2007, at the
4096:, Oct. 25, 1979, p. C-18.
4021:October 15, 2014, at the
3878:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3535:, August 28, 1967, p. 35.
3516:CBS Discloses Stereo Step
3461:, August 24, 1958, p. F1.
3383:"Harry R. Porter history"
3290:, September 1952, p. 216.
2973:, April 11, 1937, p. TR1.
2423:Inc, as the successor to
2383:Although this system was
1912:was approved by the FCC.
1498:Boston Symphony Orchestra
645:Anna and the King of Siam
580:Pictures at an Exhibition
547:, under the direction of
475:Pictures at an Exhibition
354:Modern stereophonic sound
140:
128:
4181:. Multitrackstudio.com.
4051:Japan's Stereo TV System
4012:Journal of Sonic Studies
3915:, June 5, 1961, page 58.
3815:"News of TV and Radio",
3754:, May 26, 1952, page 73.
3738:, June 2, 1952, page 46.
3697:by Captain H. J. Round,
3628:January 7, 2022, at the
3037:"The CinemaScope Wing 5"
2945:, April 10, 1940, p. 25.
2668:August 28, 2023, at the
2603:
2330:Although Decca recorded
2262:stereoscopic photography
2039:. It was adopted by the
1839:Metropolitan Opera House
1613:
853:It Came from Outer Space
465:Prometheus: Poem of Fire
413:1934, Blumlein recorded
380:UK patent number 394,325
230:stereographic projection
188:present, by an array of
30:Not to be confused with
4368:"Stereo disc recording"
4037:, Dec. 26, 1967, p. 67.
4001:, Oct. 20, 1958, p. 12.
3993:August 6, 2024, at the
3977:, Oct. 13, 1958, p. 23.
3947:, Dec. 5, 1952, p. B-8.
3839:August 6, 2024, at the
3769:March 16, 2021, at the
3721:Foreign Commerce Weekly
3716:March 11, 2021, at the
3693:March 10, 2021, at the
3649:"Binaural Broadcasting"
3605:August 6, 2024, at the
3600:"Binaural Broadcasting"
3563:August 6, 2024, at the
3558:Mfrs. Strangle Monaural
3522:, March 31, 1958, p. 9.
3505:, Dec. 22, 1962, p. 36.
3448:, Dec. 16, 1957, p. 27.
3431:, Dec. 16, 1957, p. 33.
3415:, Dec. 16, 1957, p. 27.
3333:, July 10, 1954, p. 34.
3247:, Oct. 24, 1953, p. 15.
2958:, Oct. 12, 1937, p. 27.
2915:, May–June 1963, p. 89.
2697:A Greek-English Lexicon
2674:A Greek-English Lexicon
1926:Eurovision Song Contest
1562:Also in December 1957,
1500:under the direction of
1411:Magnetic tape recording
1361:RPM on a 12-inch disc.
892:screen presentation of
862:The Stranger Wore a Gun
639:How Green Was My Valley
100:sound systems are also
43:Stereo (disambiguation)
3670:June 25, 2024, at the
3017:, January 1941, p. 65.
2691:March 9, 2021, at the
2591:Sweet spot (acoustics)
2456:
2186:Stereo Recording Angle
2179:) calls for a pair of
2152:
2124:
2102:Here, two directional
2099:
2079:
2047:for stereo television
1852:The Lawrence Welk Show
1738:
1635:broadcasting station,
1549:Audio Fidelity Records
1544:
1541:Audio Fidelity Records
1539:Label and sleeve from
1517:NBC Symphony Orchestra
1431:. A 1944 recording of
1225:
771:demonstration film by
618:But What It Pours" by
545:Philadelphia Orchestra
516:
487:Philadelphia Orchestra
453:Philadelphia Orchestra
435:In the United States,
336:
313:
285:
173:
63:
55:
41:. For other uses, see
4155:. Sengpielaudio.com.
4056:July 1, 2017, at the
3571:, Jan. 6, 1968, p. 1.
3217:. December 22, 1967.
3113:. December 25, 1964.
3087:. December 23, 1961.
2983:Motion Picture Herald
2454:
2266:model of a human head
2250:Further information:
2169:ORTF stereo technique
2147:
2122:
2097:
2077:
2043:as the United States
1869:The George Gobel Show
1733:
1629:Franklin M. Doolittle
1619:Early experimentation
1538:
1220:
1101:70 mm projection
812:In April 1953, while
625:Love Finds Andy Hardy
514:
489:from Philadelphia to
331:
299:
279:
171:
61:
53:
3847:, April 1953, p. 20.
3674:by Ludwig Kapeller,
3609:by F. M. Doolittle,
3165:. January 29, 1960.
3139:. October 25, 1967.
2932:, Jan. 1953, p. 106.
2835:GB patent 394325
2596:Wave field synthesis
2586:Summing localization
2482:channel equalization
2301:equilateral triangle
2191:NOS stereo technique
2181:cardioid microphones
1908:on NBC, just before
1874:Walt Disney Presents
1261:improve this article
1129:improve this article
956:, featured the film
729:improve this section
521:Chicago World's Fair
220:In technical usage,
4273:on December 4, 2008
4151:Eberhard Sengpiel.
3973:" (advertisement),
3665:"Radio Stereophony"
3389:on January 26, 2004
3284:Adventures in Sound
3061:. October 8, 1968.
3039:. Widescreen Museum
2970:The Washington Post
2746:Scientific American
2582:(stereo separation)
2486:mid-side processing
2401:reduced to practice
2275:auditory spatiality
2238:of mono recording.
1905:Friday Night Videos
1776:BBC Third Programme
1437:Herbert von Karajan
1040:, or epics such as
974:Columbia University
874:; and many others.
657:Sun Valley Serenade
575:Sergei Rachmaninoff
326:Scientific American
138:, "firm, solid") +
69:, or more commonly
4425:Stereophonic sound
4211:on March 31, 2008.
4094:The New York Times
4062:The New York Times
4035:The New York Times
3821:The New York Times
3817:The New York Times
3533:The New York Times
3459:The New York Times
3344:The New York Times
3059:"Romeo and Juliet"
3007:Andrew R. Boone, "
2956:The New York Times
2943:The New York Times
2807:. August 1, 2008.
2783:Accidental Stereo,
2757:"Court Circular",
2570:Sound localization
2544:5.1 surround sound
2480:research (such as
2457:
2372:-style recording.
2258:binaural recording
2252:Binaural recording
2246:Binaural recording
2216:rechanneled stereo
2189:, or SRA). In the
2153:
2125:
2100:
2080:
2015:, better known as
2002:The New York Times
1922:Promenade concerts
1739:
1661:Sir Hamilton Harty
1575:magnetic cartridge
1555:Billboard Magazine
1545:
1493:Damnation of Faust
1490:' masterpiece The
1453:anti-aircraft fire
1226:
1203:Dolby Surround 7.1
907:Paramount Pictures
660:which, along with
611:Universal Pictures
587:Motion picture era
517:
455:at Philadelphia's
429:Abbey Road Studios
314:
286:
262:phase cancellation
174:
67:Stereophonic sound
64:
56:
4074:Chronomedia: 1982
3958:Los Angeles Times
3945:Los Angeles Times
3802:(advertisement),
3359:. Jazzology.com.
3288:Popular Mechanics
3229:– via IMDb.
3203:– via IMDb.
3191:. July 31, 1963.
3177:– via IMDb.
3151:– via IMDb.
3125:– via IMDb.
3099:– via IMDb.
3085:"West Side Story"
3073:– via IMDb.
2781:Somm CD 261, and
2779:Elgar Remastered,
2549:Acoustic location
2494:precedence effect
2488:, and the use of
2421:Litton Industries
2378:Gramophone record
2065:Recording methods
1944:The Movie Channel
1847:The Plymouth Show
1564:Bel Canto Records
1476:Leopold Stokowski
1461:Remington Records
1293:
1292:
1285:
1161:
1160:
1153:
848:Island in the Sky
765:
764:
757:
597:Leopold Stokowski
593:Bell Laboratories
563:Bell Laboratories
561:demonstration by
549:Leopold Stokowski
491:Constitution Hall
449:Leopold Stokowski
441:Bell Laboratories
423:conducted by Sir
297:
123:derives from the
16:(Redirected from
4442:
4435:Music technology
4410:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4364:
4358:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4332:The Conversation
4323:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4307:on March 8, 2008
4289:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4263:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4237:
4231:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4131:
4125:. Archived from
4124:
4116:
4110:
4103:
4097:
4090:
4084:
4071:
4065:
4064:, June 16, 1984.
4047:
4038:
4031:
4025:
4008:
4002:
3984:
3978:
3967:
3961:
3954:
3948:
3941:
3935:
3922:
3916:
3906:
3900:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3877:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3854:
3848:
3830:
3824:
3813:
3807:
3797:
3791:
3788:Hartford Courant
3784:
3778:
3761:
3755:
3745:
3739:
3730:
3724:
3708:
3702:
3685:
3679:
3662:
3656:
3646:
3637:
3620:
3614:
3611:Electrical World
3597:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3578:
3572:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3529:
3523:
3512:
3506:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3468:
3462:
3455:
3449:
3438:
3432:
3422:
3416:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3353:
3347:
3340:
3334:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3297:
3291:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3254:
3248:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3018:
3005:
2999:
2992:
2986:
2980:
2974:
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2959:
2952:
2946:
2939:
2933:
2922:
2916:
2909:
2903:
2890:
2884:
2883:
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2879:
2859:
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2850:
2844:
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2825:
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2818:
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2795:
2786:
2776:
2770:
2755:
2749:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2715:
2706:
2700:
2683:
2677:
2660:
2644:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2622:
2614:
2474:panning controls
2425:Western Electric
2395:in 1931 and was
2318:
2260:is analogous to
2019:(often still as
1928:. The advent of
1787:Compander System
1766:in Chicago, and
1651:station, 5XX in
1590:(AFSD 5849) and
1513:Arturo Toscanini
1509:NBC Blue Network
1445:Walter Gieseking
1385:and developed a
1360:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1288:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1268:
1245:
1237:
1156:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1136:
1113:
1105:
1019:Romeo and Juliet
814:This is Cinerama
795:Hazard E. Reeves
782:This is Cinerama
760:
753:
749:
746:
740:
709:
701:
601:Academy of Music
523:in 1933 using a
457:Academy of Music
420:Jupiter Symphony
298:
226:
225:
152:Western Electric
145:
144:
133:
132:
21:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4430:Sound recording
4415:
4414:
4413:
4403:
4401:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4377:
4375:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4355:
4351:
4341:
4339:
4324:
4320:
4310:
4308:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4276:
4274:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4250:
4248:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4229:Wayback Machine
4220:
4216:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4188:
4186:
4179:"Pseudo-Stereo"
4177:
4176:
4172:
4162:
4160:
4149:
4145:
4135:
4133:
4132:on May 31, 2011
4129:
4122:
4118:
4117:
4113:
4104:
4100:
4091:
4087:
4081:Wayback Machine
4072:
4068:
4058:Wayback Machine
4048:
4041:
4032:
4028:
4023:Wayback Machine
4014:. Oct. 2012 at
4009:
4005:
3995:Wayback Machine
3985:
3981:
3968:
3964:
3955:
3951:
3942:
3938:
3932:Wayback Machine
3923:
3919:
3907:
3903:
3891:
3887:
3871:
3870:
3863:
3861:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3845:Popular Science
3841:Wayback Machine
3831:
3827:
3814:
3810:
3798:
3794:
3785:
3781:
3771:Wayback Machine
3762:
3758:
3746:
3742:
3733:"KOMO Binaural"
3731:
3727:
3718:Wayback Machine
3709:
3705:
3695:Wayback Machine
3686:
3682:
3672:Wayback Machine
3663:
3659:
3647:
3640:
3630:Wayback Machine
3621:
3617:
3607:Wayback Machine
3598:
3594:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3565:Wayback Machine
3555:
3551:
3543:
3539:
3530:
3526:
3513:
3509:
3496:
3492:
3482:
3480:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3456:
3452:
3439:
3435:
3423:
3419:
3406:
3402:
3392:
3390:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3366:
3364:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3341:
3337:
3324:
3320:
3310:
3308:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3281:
3277:
3267:
3265:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3238:
3234:
3224:
3222:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3198:
3196:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3172:
3170:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3146:
3144:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3120:
3118:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3094:
3092:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3068:
3066:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3042:
3040:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3014:Popular Science
3006:
3002:
2993:
2989:
2981:
2977:
2966:
2962:
2953:
2949:
2940:
2936:
2930:Popular Science
2923:
2919:
2910:
2906:
2900:Wayback Machine
2891:
2887:
2877:
2875:
2870:. p. 911.
2860:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2832:
2828:
2814:
2812:
2797:
2796:
2789:
2777:
2773:
2756:
2752:
2742:Wayback Machine
2733:
2729:
2713:
2707:
2703:
2693:Wayback Machine
2684:
2680:
2670:Wayback Machine
2661:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2647:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2539:3D audio effect
2534:
2522:audio recording
2515:
2513:Panning (audio)
2509:
2500:Classical music
2492:to exploit the
2449:
2437:
2332:Ernest Ansermet
2328:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2319:
2310:
2292:
2254:
2248:
2200:
2165:coincident pair
2142:
2117:
2092:
2072:
2067:
1998:
1992:
1884:Sleeping Beauty
1829:
1795:
1747:FM broadcasting
1728:
1716:carrier current
1659:, conducted by
1621:
1616:
1611:
1533:
1413:
1375:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1298:
1289:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1258:
1246:
1235:
1215:
1191:
1182:Columbia Spread
1165:70 mm film
1157:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1126:
1114:
1103:
1082:QS quadraphonic
1074:
1068:
1025:West Side Story
1005:
988:
982:
880:
761:
750:
744:
741:
726:
710:
699:
678:
662:Orchestra Wives
589:
541:
535:station bands.
437:Harvey Fletcher
375:Isaac Shoenberg
356:
306:Berthold Laufer
302:field recording
293:
291:
274:
266:Coincident-pair
223:
222:
166:
117:
46:
35:
32:Duophonic sound
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4448:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4412:
4411:
4385:
4359:
4349:
4318:
4284:
4258:
4232:
4214:
4196:
4170:
4143:
4111:
4107:New York Times
4098:
4085:
4066:
4039:
4026:
4003:
3979:
3962:
3949:
3936:
3917:
3901:
3885:
3849:
3825:
3808:
3792:
3779:
3756:
3740:
3725:
3703:
3680:
3657:
3638:
3615:
3592:
3573:
3549:
3537:
3524:
3507:
3490:
3463:
3450:
3433:
3417:
3400:
3374:
3348:
3335:
3318:
3292:
3275:
3249:
3232:
3215:"The Graduate"
3206:
3180:
3154:
3128:
3111:"My Fair Lady"
3102:
3076:
3050:
3028:
3019:
3000:
2987:
2975:
2960:
2947:
2934:
2917:
2904:
2885:
2854:
2845:
2826:
2787:
2771:
2750:
2727:
2701:
2678:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2632:
2623:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2565:Joint encoding
2562:
2557:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2508:
2505:
2478:psychoacoustic
2448:
2445:
2436:
2433:
2321:
2320:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2291:
2288:
2247:
2244:
2199:
2196:
2141:
2138:
2116:
2113:
2091:
2088:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2035:-format audio
2029:audio channels
1994:Main article:
1991:
1988:
1828:
1825:
1794:
1791:
1741:The Zenith-GE
1727:
1724:
1694:, paired with
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1532:
1531:Stereo on disc
1529:
1433:Anton Bruckner
1412:
1409:
1374:
1371:
1343:
1340:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1249:
1247:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1214:
1211:
1199:digital cinema
1190:
1187:
1159:
1158:
1117:
1115:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1070:Main article:
1067:
1064:
1004:
1001:
984:Main article:
981:
978:
954:The King and I
945:The King and I
933:CinemaScope 55
879:
876:
763:
762:
713:
711:
704:
698:
695:
677:
674:
588:
585:
540:
537:
425:Thomas Beecham
410:
409:
406:
403:
400:
391:
355:
352:
290:
287:
273:
270:
165:
162:
116:
113:
94:surround sound
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4447:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4399:
4395:
4389:
4373:
4369:
4363:
4353:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4322:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4296:
4295:Pseudo Stereo
4288:
4272:
4268:
4262:
4246:
4242:
4236:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4218:
4210:
4206:
4200:
4184:
4180:
4174:
4158:
4154:
4147:
4128:
4121:
4115:
4108:
4102:
4095:
4089:
4082:
4078:
4075:
4070:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4052:
4046:
4044:
4036:
4030:
4024:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4007:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3989:
3983:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3959:
3953:
3946:
3940:
3933:
3929:
3926:
3921:
3914:
3910:
3905:
3898:
3894:
3889:
3881:
3875:
3859:
3853:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3829:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3805:
3801:
3796:
3789:
3783:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3760:
3753:
3749:
3744:
3737:
3734:
3729:
3722:
3719:
3715:
3712:
3707:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3684:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3661:
3654:
3650:
3645:
3643:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3619:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3601:
3596:
3583:
3577:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3553:
3546:
3541:
3534:
3528:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3504:
3500:
3494:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3467:
3460:
3454:
3447:
3443:
3437:
3430:
3426:
3421:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3345:
3339:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3246:
3242:
3236:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3038:
3032:
3023:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3004:
2997:
2991:
2984:
2979:
2972:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2951:
2944:
2938:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2914:
2908:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2889:
2873:
2869:
2868:New Scientist
2865:
2858:
2849:
2836:
2830:
2823:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2794:
2792:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2731:
2724:(9): 716–743.
2723:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2682:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2642:
2636:
2627:
2620:
2619:Alan Blumlein
2613:
2609:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2464:
2462:
2453:
2444:
2442:
2432:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2389:Alan Blumlein
2386:
2381:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2370:hill and dale
2367:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2342:vinyl records
2339:
2338:
2333:
2323:
2317:
2308:Vinyl records
2305:
2302:
2296:
2287:
2283:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2208:pseudo-stereo
2205:
2198:Pseudo-stereo
2195:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2150:
2146:
2137:
2133:
2131:
2130:Alan Blumlein
2121:
2112:
2110:
2109:Blumlein Pair
2105:
2096:
2087:
2084:
2076:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1987:
1985:
1984:Dolby Digital
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1861:media markets
1858:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1824:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1723:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1586:(AFSD 5843),
1585:
1582:(AFSD 5830),
1581:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1550:
1542:
1537:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1521:Decca Records
1518:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1502:Charles Munch
1499:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1484:New York City
1481:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1425:high fidelity
1422:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1401:
1395:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1339:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1314:surface noise
1309:
1306:
1302:
1301:Thomas Edison
1287:
1284:
1276:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1250:This section
1248:
1244:
1239:
1238:
1230:
1223:
1219:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1195:Dolby Digital
1189:Dolby Digital
1186:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1166:
1155:
1152:
1144:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1118:This section
1116:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1000:
998:
997:South Pacific
994:
987:
977:
975:
970:
965:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
946:
941:
940:
934:
929:
927:
922:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
895:
889:
885:
875:
873:
872:
871:Kiss Me, Kate
867:
863:
859:
855:
854:
849:
845:
840:
838:
834:
829:
828:Vincent Price
825:
821:
820:
815:
810:
808:
807:magnetic film
802:
800:
796:
791:
789:
784:
783:
778:
774:
773:Lowell Thomas
770:
759:
756:
748:
738:
734:
730:
724:
723:
719:
714:This section
712:
708:
703:
702:
694:
692:
688:
687:
682:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
658:
653:
652:
647:
646:
641:
640:
634:
633:Alfred Newman
629:
627:
626:
621:
616:
612:
608:
607:
602:
598:
594:
584:
582:
581:
576:
571:
569:
564:
560:
559:Carnegie Hall
556:
555:
550:
546:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
513:
509:
507:
503:
502:
497:
492:
488:
483:
481:
477:
476:
471:
467:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
445:wall of sound
442:
438:
433:
430:
426:
422:
421:
416:
407:
404:
401:
398:
397:
396:Blumlein Pair
392:
389:
385:
384:
383:
381:
376:
371:
370:
365:
361:
360:Alan Blumlein
351:
347:
345:
341:
335:
330:
328:
327:
322:
318:
311:
307:
303:
283:
278:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
238:
233:
231:
227:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
203:
198:
193:
191:
187:
186:reverberation
183:
179:
170:
161:
159:
158:
153:
149:
143:
137:
131:
126:
122:
112:
110:
109:video cameras
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
60:
52:
48:
44:
40:
39:Stereophonics
33:
19:
4402:. Retrieved
4388:
4376:. Retrieved
4362:
4352:
4342:December 23,
4340:. Retrieved
4331:
4321:
4309:. Retrieved
4305:the original
4300:
4294:
4287:
4275:. Retrieved
4271:the original
4261:
4249:. Retrieved
4235:
4217:
4209:the original
4199:
4187:. Retrieved
4173:
4161:. Retrieved
4146:
4134:. Retrieved
4127:the original
4114:
4106:
4101:
4093:
4088:
4069:
4061:
4034:
4029:
4011:
4006:
3998:
3982:
3974:
3965:
3957:
3952:
3944:
3939:
3920:
3913:Broadcasting
3912:
3904:
3897:Broadcasting
3896:
3888:
3864:February 10,
3862:. Retrieved
3852:
3844:
3828:
3820:
3816:
3811:
3804:Broadcasting
3803:
3795:
3787:
3782:
3774:
3759:
3752:Broadcasting
3751:
3743:
3736:Broadcasting
3735:
3728:
3720:
3706:
3698:
3683:
3675:
3660:
3653:Broadcasting
3652:
3633:
3618:
3610:
3595:
3576:
3568:
3552:
3540:
3532:
3527:
3519:
3510:
3502:
3493:
3481:. Retrieved
3475:
3466:
3458:
3453:
3445:
3436:
3428:
3420:
3412:
3403:
3391:. Retrieved
3387:the original
3377:
3365:. Retrieved
3351:
3343:
3338:
3330:
3321:
3311:February 21,
3309:. Retrieved
3295:
3287:
3278:
3268:February 11,
3266:. Retrieved
3252:
3244:
3235:
3223:. Retrieved
3209:
3197:. Retrieved
3183:
3171:. Retrieved
3157:
3145:. Retrieved
3131:
3119:. Retrieved
3105:
3093:. Retrieved
3079:
3067:. Retrieved
3053:
3041:. Retrieved
3031:
3022:
3012:
3003:
2995:
2990:
2982:
2978:
2968:
2963:
2955:
2950:
2942:
2937:
2929:
2920:
2912:
2907:
2888:
2876:. Retrieved
2867:
2857:
2848:
2829:
2820:
2813:. Retrieved
2802:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2745:
2730:
2721:
2717:
2704:
2696:
2681:
2673:
2658:
2641:milliseconds
2635:
2626:
2612:
2517:
2516:
2498:
2469:close miking
2465:
2461:home theater
2458:
2447:Common usage
2438:
2435:Compact disc
2429:
2419:division of
2412:
2411:a recording
2408:
2400:
2396:
2384:
2382:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2336:
2329:
2297:
2293:
2284:
2280:Ambiophonics
2255:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2223:
2215:
2212:quasi-stereo
2211:
2207:
2201:
2184:
2177:Radio France
2154:
2134:
2126:
2101:
2085:
2081:
2052:
2049:transmission
2020:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2001:
1999:
1976:Zweikanalton
1964:
1956:West Germany
1952:
1934:
1917:simulcasting
1914:
1903:
1896:reel-to-reel
1892:simulcasting
1889:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1868:
1850:
1846:
1832:
1830:
1796:
1793:AM standards
1786:
1780:
1772:
1751:
1740:
1726:FM standards
1720:
1671:
1665:
1642:
1624:
1622:
1609:Broadcasting
1598:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1568:lounge music
1561:
1553:
1546:
1526:
1506:
1491:
1473:
1465:Thor Johnson
1457:
1414:
1399:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1376:
1367:
1363:
1345:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1299:
1279:
1270:
1259:Please help
1254:verification
1251:
1227:
1192:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1170:
1162:
1147:
1138:
1127:Please help
1122:verification
1119:
1090:
1087:Dolby Stereo
1077:
1075:
1072:Dolby Stereo
1066:Dolby Stereo
1059:The Graduate
1057:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1031:My Fair Lady
1029:
1023:
1017:
1010:Dolby Stereo
1006:
1003:Back to mono
989:
968:
966:
958:printed down
957:
953:
949:
943:
937:
930:
923:
893:
882:Inspired by
881:
869:
865:
861:
857:
851:
847:
843:
841:
833:House of Wax
832:
819:House of Wax
817:
813:
811:
803:
792:
780:
766:
751:
742:
727:Please help
715:
684:
679:
666:Glenn Miller
661:
655:
649:
643:
637:
630:
623:
620:Judy Garland
604:
590:
578:
572:
567:
552:
542:
518:
499:
484:
473:
463:
444:
434:
418:
411:
394:
387:
367:
357:
348:
344:Electrophone
340:Théâtrophone
337:
332:
324:
317:Clément Ader
315:
282:théatrophone
260:is known as
254:interference
234:
221:
219:
214:
210:
200:
196:
194:
181:
177:
175:
157:stereoscopic
155:
147:
135:
121:stereophonic
120:
118:
106:
102:stereophonic
101:
90:quadraphonic
86:stereophonic
85:
83:
75:loudspeakers
70:
66:
65:
47:
18:Stereo sound
4404:January 20,
4311:October 17,
4277:October 17,
4251:October 17,
4189:October 17,
4163:October 17,
4136:October 17,
3393:October 17,
3367:October 17,
3189:"Cleopatra"
3043:October 17,
2994:T. Holman,
2575:Stereoscopy
2441:Red Book CD
2228:comb filter
2104:microphones
1837:, from the
1781:In Sweden,
1633:medium wave
1482:Studios in
1417:Magnetophon
1405:audiophiles
1207:Dolby Atmos
919:CinemaScope
911:VistaVision
858:I, the Jury
822:, an early
681:Walt Disney
568:enhancement
496:Walt Disney
321:Paris Opera
242:triangulate
237:microphones
224:true stereo
190:microphones
164:Description
77:(or stereo
4419:Categories
4378:October 4,
3676:Radio News
3582:US 1513973
3225:January 1,
3199:January 1,
3173:January 1,
3147:January 1,
3121:January 1,
3095:January 1,
3069:January 1,
2651:References
2554:Ambisonics
2511:See also:
2366:difference
2236:flattiness
2204:monophonic
2023:, for the
2007:video disk
1980:Digital TV
1940:modulators
1910:MTS stereo
1827:Television
1783:Televerket
1749:stations.
1743:pilot-tone
1657:Manchester
1603:flexidiscs
1480:RCA Victor
1379:Emory Cook
1373:Emory Cook
1273:April 2014
1095:anamorphic
1014:Zeffirelli
878:Widescreen
745:April 2023
691:Fantasound
676:Fantasound
527:. The two
506:Fantasound
470:Mussorgsky
461:Scriabin's
329:reported:
310:Franz Boaz
289:Early work
258:phenomenon
215:pan-potted
197:artificial
79:headphones
3999:Billboard
3975:Billboard
3569:Billboard
3520:Billboard
3503:Billboard
3483:March 12,
3446:Billboard
3429:Billboard
3413:Billboard
3331:Billboard
3245:Billboard
3163:"Ben-Hur"
3137:"Camelot"
2815:August 7,
2767:The Times
2763:The Times
2759:The Times
2580:Subwoofer
2560:Duophonic
2385:conceived
2234:original
2220:Duophonic
2000:In 1979,
1900:satellite
1855:) on the
1800:AM stereo
1670:'s (FCC)
1649:long wave
1449:Beethoven
1377:In 1952,
1308:reverse.
1141:June 2014
1078:Star Wars
1049:Cleopatra
969:penthouse
926:Perspecta
903:Camera 65
894:Oklahoma!
826:starring
788:IMAX OMNI
777:Mike Todd
716:does not
670:Swing Era
591:In 1937,
388:shuffling
246:wavefront
195:Secondly
119:The word
115:Etymology
4398:Archived
4372:Archived
4336:Archived
4245:Archived
4225:Archived
4183:Archived
4157:Archived
4077:Archived
4054:Archived
4019:Archived
3991:Archived
3928:Archived
3874:cite web
3837:Archived
3767:Archived
3714:Archived
3699:Wireless
3691:Archived
3668:Archived
3626:Archived
3603:Archived
3561:Archived
3361:Archived
3305:Archived
3262:Archived
3219:Archived
3193:Archived
3167:Archived
3141:Archived
3115:Archived
3089:Archived
3063:Archived
2896:Archived
2878:March 1,
2872:Archived
2809:Archived
2738:Archived
2689:Archived
2666:Archived
2532:See also
2397:patented
2290:Playback
2232:widening
2045:standard
2031:into an
1936:Cable TV
1924:and the
1812:HD Radio
1804:Motorola
1735:HH Scott
1625:binaural
1515:and the
1467:and the
1447:playing
1439:and the
1421:Red Army
1400:binaural
1387:binaural
1305:Berliner
1222:Domestic
1177:blown up
993:Mitchell
950:Carousel
939:Carousel
884:Cinerama
837:Polaroid
824:3-D film
769:Cinerama
697:Cinerama
686:Fantasia
554:Fantasia
501:Fantasia
451:and the
98:Binaural
3477:Discogs
2663:στερεός
2518:Balance
2507:Balance
2417:Westrex
2346:Westrex
2270:eardrum
2171:of the
2059:WNBC-TV
2037:carrier
1755:KDKA-FM
1704:WDRC-FM
1696:WQXR-FM
1684:WGMS-FM
1672:duopoly
1496:by the
1488:Berlioz
1429:AC bias
1392:lateral
1356:⁄
1332:⁄
1173:Camelot
1043:Ben-Hur
1037:Camelot
986:Todd-AO
980:Todd-AO
888:Todd-AO
866:Inferno
779:titled
737:removed
722:sources
529:signals
478:in the
369:talkies
312:in 1901
272:History
211:pan-pot
182:natural
136:stereós
130:στερεός
3800:"WDRC"
3587:
2841:
2224:shelve
1834:Carmen
1808:C-QUAM
1599:albums
1323:After
1054:dramas
846:, and
557:, the
415:Mozart
71:stereo
4130:(PDF)
4123:(PDF)
3934:, BBC
2714:(PDF)
2604:Notes
2490:delay
2405:WW-II
2337:Antar
2214:, or
1972:NICAM
1930:NICAM
1849:(AKA
1614:Radio
1383:above
1093:(non-
962:70 mm
799:Ampex
480:Ravel
250:phase
148:phōnḗ
125:Greek
4406:2008
4380:2006
4344:2018
4313:2011
4301:Time
4279:2011
4253:2011
4191:2011
4165:2011
4138:2011
3880:link
3866:2021
3485:2024
3395:2011
3369:2011
3313:2021
3270:2024
3227:2017
3201:2017
3175:2017
3149:2017
3123:2017
3097:2017
3071:2017
3045:2011
2880:2012
2817:2008
2686:φωνή
2439:The
2409:both
2159:and
2149:ORTF
2033:NTSC
2021:BTSC
1768:KMLA
1764:WEFM
1760:WGFM
1712:WHAZ
1702:and
1700:WDRC
1692:WQXR
1688:WASH
1686:and
1676:KOMO
1637:WPAJ
1205:and
1091:flat
1046:and
1034:and
942:and
913:and
775:and
720:any
718:cite
654:and
609:for
308:for
207:mono
178:true
142:φωνή
92:and
4060:",
3997:",
3843:",
3567:",
3518:,"
3501:",
3444:",
3411:,"
3329:",
3286:",
3243:",
3011:",
2928:",
2804:BBC
2413:and
2393:EMI
2391:of
2387:by
2161:X-Y
2157:A-B
2041:FCC
2017:MTS
2009:."
1960:ZDF
1948:MTV
1865:NBC
1857:ABC
1843:RCA
1821:DMB
1816:MP2
1806:'s
1680:WGN
1647:'s
1645:BBC
1263:by
1131:by
1016:'s
960:to
917:'s
901:'s
899:MGM
731:by
615:MGM
498:'s
472:'s
439:of
427:at
417:'s
364:EMI
362:at
304:by
202:pan
199:or
180:or
4421::
4396:.
4370:.
4334:.
4330:.
4299:.
4042:^
3911:,
3895:,
3876:}}
3872:{{
3773:,
3750:,
3641:^
3474:.
3427:,
3303:.
3260:.
2866:.
2819:.
2801:.
2790:^
2744:,
2722:34
2720:.
2716:.
2526:dB
2484:,
2282:.
2210:,
1950:.
1823:.
1471:.
1407:.
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1325:33
1201:,
1028:,
909:'
905:,
868:;
864:;
860:;
856:;
801:.
790:.
767:A
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648:,
642:,
628:.
533:AM
508:.
386:A
264:.
160:.
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1154:)
1148:(
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1139:(
1125:.
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991:(
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399:;
146:(
134:(
45:.
34:.
20:)
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