736:, by moving their hands or other areas with environment-skin contact. This will give a sense of what is being perceived, and give information about size, shape, weight, temperature, and material. Tactile stimulation can be direct in the form of bodily contact, or indirect through the use of a tool or probe. Direct and indirect send different types messages to the brain, but both provide information regarding roughness, hardness, stickiness, and warmth. The use of a probe elicits a response based on the vibrations in the instrument rather than direct environmental information. Tactual perception gives information regarding
258:, to come apart. Rhodopsin, which is usually pink, becomes bleached in the process. At high levels of light, photopigments are broken apart faster than can be regenerated. Because a low number of photopigments have been regenerated, the eyes are not sensitive to light. When entering a dark room after being in a well lit area, the eyes require time for a good quantity of rhodopsin to regenerate. As more time passes, there is a higher chance that the photons will split an unbleached photopigment because the rate of regeneration will have surpassed the rate of bleaching. This is called
174:
777:) in the skin that detect physical stimuli. The response from a mechanoreceptor detecting pressure can be experienced as a touch, discomfort, or pain. Mechanoreceptors are situated in highly vascularized skin, and appear in both glabrous and hairy skin. Each mechanoreceptor is tuned to a different sensitivity, and will fire its action potential only when there is enough energy. The axons of these single tactile receptors will converge into a single nerve trunk, and the signal is then sent to the spinal cord where the message makes its way to the
442:. High frequency sounds will stimulate the auditory hair cells at the base of the basilar membrane while medium frequency sounds cause vibrations of auditory hair cells located at the middle of the basilar membrane. For frequencies that are lower than 200 Hz, the tip of the basilar membrane vibrates in sync with the sound waves. In turn, neurons are fired at the same rate as the vibrations. The brain is able to measure the vibrations and is then aware of any low frequency pitches.
114:
previously uninvestigated are now considered multimodal. The reasons behind this are currently being investigated by several research groups, but it is now understood to approach these issues from a decentralized theoretical perspective. Moreover, several labs using invertebrate model organisms will provide invaluable information to the community as these are more easily studied and are considered to have decentralized nervous systems.
901:
intensity of a taste. The olfactory stimulation can occur before or during the episode of taste stimulation. The dual perception of the stimulus produces an interaction that facilitates association of the experience through an additive neural response and memorization of the stimulus. This association can also be made between olfactory and tactile stimuli during the act of swallowing. In each case, temporal synchrony is important.
98:
366:
847:, a lining deep within the nostrils that contains the receptors responsible for detecting molecules that are small enough to smell. These receptor neurons then synapse at the olfactory cranial nerve (CN I), which sends the information to the olfactory bulbs in the brain for initial processing. The signal is then sent to the remaining olfactory cortex for more complex processing.
718:
unique from neighboring fibers. Skin used by the single receptor ending of a temperature-sensitive nerve fiber is small. There are 20 cold points per square centimeter in the lips, 4 in the finger, and less than 1 cold point per square centimeter in trunk areas. There are 5 times as many cold sensitive points as warm sensitive points.
357:
vision is seen in most detail. Colour vision tests are used to measure one's ability to distinguish colours. It is used to diagnose colour blindness. This test is also used as an important step in some job screening processes as the ability to see colour in such jobs may be crucial. Examples include military work or law enforcement.
817:
tactile acuity, with extremities such as the fingers, face, and toes being the most sensitive. When two distinct points are perceived, it means that your brain receives two different signals. The differences of acuity for different parts of the body are the result of differences in the concentration of receptors.
900:
Olfaction interacts with other sensory modalities in significant ways. The strongest interaction is that of olfaction with taste. Studies have shown that an odor coupled with a taste increases the perceived intensity of the taste, and that an absence of a corresponding smell decreases the perceived
510:
During a whispered speech test, the participant is asked to cover the opening of one ear with a finger. The tester will then step back 1 to 2 feet behind the participant and say a series of words in a soft whisper. The participant is then asked to repeat what is heard. If the participant is unable to
478:
A number of studies have shown that a human fetus will respond to sound stimuli coming from the outside world. In a series of 214 tests conducted on 7 pregnant women, a reliable increase in fetal movement was detected in the minute directly following the application of a sound stimulus to the abdomen
113:
is encountered. Multimodal perception is not limited to one area of the brain: many brain regions are activated when sensory information is perceived from the environment. In fact, the hypothesis of having a centralized multisensory region is receiving continually more speculation, as several regions
318:
that participants consciously perceived as a sudden flash of light. None of the individuals were told of the subliminal images. The experiment found that during the questionnaire round, participants were more likely to assign positive personality traits to those in the pictures that were preceded by
313:
Some studies show that subliminal stimuli can affect attitude. In a 1992 study
Krosnick, Betz, Jussim and Lynn conducted a study where participants were shown a series of slides in which different people were going through normal every day activities (i.e. going to the car, sitting in a restaurant).
748:
stimuli (position of the body). There are varying degrees of tactual sensitivity and thresholds, both between individuals and between different time periods in an individual's life. It has been observed that individuals have differing levels of tactile sensitivity between each hand. This may be
652:
and paralimbic brain. Taste–odor integration occurs at earlier stages of processing. By life experience, factors such as the physiological significance of a given stimulus is perceived. Learning and affective processing are the primary functions of limbic and paralimbic brain. Taste perception is a
356:
require corrective lenses in order to cure blurriness of vision. Visual field tests detect any gaps in peripheral vision. In healthy normal vision, an individual should be able to partially perceive objects to the left or right of their field of view using both eyes at one time. The center field of
335:
and colour vision tests. Visual acuity tests are the most common tests and they measure the ability to bring details into focus at different distances. Usually this test is conducted by having participants read a map of letters or symbols while one eye is covered. Refraction tests measure the eye's
274:
in the retina, containing three different photopigments. The three cones are each specialized to best pick up a certain wavelength (420, 530 and 560 nm or roughly the colours blue, green and red). The brain is able to distinguish the wavelength and colour in the field of vision by figuring out
717:
Warm and cold sensitive nerve fibers differ in structure and function. The cold-sensitive and warm-sensitive nerve fibers are underneath the skin surface. Terminals of each temperature-sensitive fiber do not branch away to different organs in the body. They form a small sensitive point which are
534:
Speech recognition and word recognition tests measure how well an individual can hear normal day-to-day conversation. The participant is told to repeat conversation being spoken at different volumes. The spondee threshold test is a related test that detects the loudness at which the participant is
522:
is used to play a series of tones using headphones. The participants listen to the tones which will vary in pitch and loudness. The test will play with the volume controls and the participant is asked to signal when he or she can no longer hear the tone being played. The testing is completed after
457:
Aside from pitch and loudness, another quality that distinguishes sound stimuli is timbre. Timbre allows us to hear the difference between two instruments that are playing at the same frequency and loudness, for example. When two simple tones are put together they create a complex tone. The simple
913:
test of olfactory ability is the triangle test. In this test, the participant is given three odors to smell. Of these three odors, two are the same and one is different, and the participant must choose which odor is the unique one. To test the sensitivity of olfaction, the staircase method is
760:
Tactile information is often used as additional stimuli to resolve a sensory ambiguity. For example, a surface can be seen as rough, but this inference can only be proven through touching the material. When sensory information from each modality involved corresponds, the ambiguity is resolved.
108:
of all sensory modalities occurs when multimodal neurons receive sensory information which overlaps with different modalities. Multimodal neurons are found in the superior colliculus; they respond to the versatility of various sensory inputs. The multimodal neurons lead to change of behavior and
883:
Our olfactory ability can vary due to different conditions. For example, our olfactory detection thresholds can change due to molecules with differing lengths of carbon chains. A molecule with a longer carbon chain is easier to detect, and has a lower detection threshold. Additionally, women
816:
A common test used to measure the sensitivity of a person to tactile stimuli is measuring their two-point touch threshold. This is the smallest separation of two points at which two distinct points of contact can be sensed rather than one. Different parts of the body have different degrees of
731:
The sense of touch, or tactile perception, is what allows organisms to feel the world around them. The environment acts as an external stimulus, and tactile perception is the act of passively exploring the world to simply sense it. To make sense of the stimuli, an organism will undergo active
825:
Tactile stimulation is used in clinical psychology through the method of prompting. Prompting is the use of a set of instructions designed to guide a participant through learning a behavior. A physical prompt involves stimulation in the form of physically guided behavior in the appropriate
708:
set-point excite temperature specific sensory nerves in the skin. Then with the help of sensing range, specific thermosensory fibers respond to warmth and to cold. Then specific cutaneous cold and warm receptors conduct units that exhibit a discharge at constant skin temperature.
382:
is sound. Sound is created through changes in the pressure of the air. As an object vibrates, it compresses the surrounding molecules of air as it moves towards a given point and expands the molecules as it moves away from the point. Periodicity in sound waves is measured in
305:. According to Young, the human visual system is able to create any colour through the collection of information from the three cones. The system will put together the information and systematize a new colour based on the amount of each hue that has been detected.
453:
is increased. However, because the rate of firing also defines low pitch the brain has an alternate way of encoding for loudness of low frequency sounds. The number of hair cells that are stimulated is thought to communicate loudness in low pitch frequencies.
234:. When a particle of light hits the photoreceptors of the eye, the two molecules come apart from each other and a chain of chemical reactions occurs. The chemical reaction begins with the photoreceptor sending a message to a neuron called the
639:
fibers. Taste perception is created by combining multiple sensory inputs. Different modalities help determine perception of taste especially when attention is drawn to particular sensory characteristics which is different from taste.
826:
situation and environment. The physical stimulus perceived through prompting is similar to the physical stimulus that would be experienced in a real-world situation, and is makes the target behavior more likely in a real situation.
749:
due to callouses forming on the skin of the most used hand, creating a buffer between the stimulus and the receptor. Alternately, the difference in sensitivity may be due to a difference in the cerebral functions or ability of the
490:
are administered to ensure optimal function of the ear and to observe whether or not sound stimuli is entering the ear drum and reaching the brain as should be. The most common hearing tests require the spoken response to words or
314:
These slides were preceded by slides that caused either positive emotional arousal (i.e. bridal couple, a child with a Mickey Mouse doll) or negative emotional arousal (i.e. a bucket of snakes, a face on fire) for a period 13
757:. Tests have also shown that deaf children have a greater degree of tactile sensitivity than that of children with normal hearing ability, and that girls generally have a greater degree of sensitivity than that of boys.
797:, located deep within the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. Mechanoreceptors are classified in terms of their adaptation rate and the size of their receptive field. Specific mechanoreceptors and their functions include:
530:
vibrate so that it makes a sound. The tuning fork is placed in a specific place around the participant and hearing is observed. In some instances, individuals will show trouble hearing in places such as behind the ear.
93:
to result in an enhanced detection or identification of a particular stimulus. Combinations of all sensory modalities are done in cases where a single sensory modality results in an ambiguous and incomplete result.
141:
comes into effect when a unimodal stimulus fails to produce a response. Integration effect is applied when the brain detects weak unimodal signals and combines them to create a multimodal perception for the
470:(a sound's basic pitch). When a complex sound is heard, it causes different parts in the basilar membrane to become simultaneously stimulated and flex. In this way, different timbres can be distinguished.
270:
Humans are able to see an array of colours because light in the visible spectrum is made up of different wavelengths (from 380 to 760 nm). Our ability to see in colour is due to three different
549:(ABR) testing measures the brain's response to sounds. The OAE measures hearing of newborns by placing an emitting sound into the baby's ear through a probe. A microphone placed in the baby's
1810:
Pawson, Lorraine; Checkosky, Christine M.; Pack, Adam K.; Bolanowski, Stanley J. (January 2008). "Mesenteric and tactile
Pacinian corpuscles are anatomically and physiologically comparable".
914:
often used. In this method, the odor's concentration is increased until the participant is able to sense it, and subsequently decreased until the participant reports no sensation.
1767:
Xiong, Shuping; Goonetilleke, Ravindra S.; Jiang, Zuhua (March 2011). "Pressure thresholds of the human foot: measurement reliability and effects of stimulus characteristics".
665:
The sensation of taste come from oral somatosensory stimulation and with retronasal olfaction. The perceived pleasure encountered when eating and drinking is influenced by:
146:. Integration effect is plausible when different stimuli are coincidental. This integration is depressed when multisensory information is not coincidentally presented.
769:
Touch messages, in comparison to other sensory stimuli, have a large distance to travel to get to the brain. Tactile perception is achieved through the response of
387:. Humans, on average, are able to detect sounds as pitched when they contain periodic or quasi-periodic variations that fall between the range of 30 to 20000 hertz.
511:
distinguish the word, the tester will speak progressively louder until the participant is able to understand what is being said. The other ear is then tested.
125:
is a multimodal process for humans. By watching movements of lips and face, humans get conditioned and practice lip reading. Silent lip reading activates the
81:
activated by the stimulus plays the primary role in coding the sensation. All sensory modalities work together to heighten stimuli sensation when necessary.
101:
Location of visual, auditory and somatosensory perception in the superior colliculus of the brain. Overlapping of these systems creates multisensory space.
194:. Specific inhibitory responses that take place in the visual cortex help create a visual focus on a specific point rather than the entire surrounding.
692:
Temperature modality excites or elicits a symptom through cold or hot temperature. Different mammalian species have different temperature modality.
789:
There are four types of mechanoreceptors: Meissner corpuscles and merkel cell neurite complexes, located between the epidermis and dermis, and
595:
detection system deals with taste stimuli. The pheromone detection system is distinct from the normal taste system, and is designed like the
319:
the positive subliminal images and negative personality traits to those in the pictures that were preceded by the negative subliminal images.
843:. All materials constantly shed molecules, which float into the nose or are sucked in through breathing. Inside the nasal chambers is the
607:
In insect and mammalian taste, receptor cells changes into attractive or aversive stimulus. The number of taste receptors in a mammalian
1555:"Texture perception through direct and indirect touch: An analysis of perceptual space for tactile textures in two modes of exploration"
557:(BAER) test or auditory brainstem evoked potential (ABEP) test measure the brain's response to clicking sounds sent through headphones.
230:
in the body attaches itself to another molecule and becomes a protein. The entire structure consisting of the two molecules becomes a
1510:
Reuter E.; Voelcker-Rehage C.; Vieluf S.; Godde B. (2012). "Touch perception throughout working life: Effects of age and expertise".
129:. When sounds are matched or mismatched with the movements of the lips, temporal sulcus of the left hemisphere becomes more active.
415:. This opening allows the vibrations to move through the liquid in the cochlea where the receptive organ is able to sense it.
1141:
1065:
1040:
923:
554:
17:
1056:
Russell, J.P; Wolfe, S.L.; Hertz, P.E.; Starr, C.; Fenton, M. B.; Addy, H.; Denis, M.; Haffie, T.; Davey, K. (2010).
89:
Multimodal perception is the ability of the mammalian nervous system to combine all of the different inputs of the
1859:
Wolfe, J., Kluender, K., & Levi, D. (2009). Sensation and perception. (2 ed.). Sunderland: Sinauer
Associates.
553:
will pick up the inner ear's response to sound stimulation and allows for observation. The ABR, also known as the
1709:
Chakravarty A (1968). "Influence of tactual sensitivity on tactual localization, particularly of deaf children".
438:
The human ear is able to detect differences in pitch through the movement of auditory hair cells found on the
1913:
Labbe D.; Gilbert F.; Martin N. (2008). "Impact of olfaction on taste, trigeminal, and texture perceptions".
348:. These conditions occur when the light rays entering the eye are unable to converge on a single spot on the
1083:"Brains response to visual stimuli helps us to focus on what we should see, rather than all there is to see"
1868:
Miltenberger, R. (2012). Behavior modification: principles and procedures. (5 ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
1350:
SMALL, D. M.; BENDER, G.; VELDHUIZEN, M. G.; RUDENGA, K.; NACHTIGAL, D.; FELSTED, J. (10 September 2007).
1157:
Krosnick, J. A.; Betz, A. L.; Jussim, L. J.; Lynn, A. R. (1992). "Subliminal
Conditioning of Attitudes".
546:
504:
186:
The stimulus modality for vision is light; the human eye is able to access only a limited section of the
704:
somatosensory system detects changes in temperature. The perception begins when thermal stimuli from a
1407:
1218:
Sontag, L. W. (1936). "Changes in the Rate of the Human Fetal Heart in
Response to Vibratory Stimuli".
880:
However, humans do not process the smell of various common molecules such as those present in the air.
979:
Small, Dana M.; Prescott, John (19 July 2005). "Odor/taste integration and the perception of flavor".
860:
612:
1954:
302:
187:
105:
1674:
Weinstein S.; Sersen E. (1961). "Tactual sensitivity as a function of handedness and laterality".
1082:
884:
generally have lower olfactory thresholds than men, and this effect is magnified during a woman's
807:
Nociceptors that have bare nerve endings that detect tissue damage and give the sensation of pain.
242:, or nerve impulse. Finally, a message is sent to the ganglion cell and then finally the brain.
90:
1749:
467:
38:
445:
When a louder sound is heard, more hair cells are stimulated and the intensity of firing of
1363:
943:
928:
778:
636:
542:
515:
500:
496:
399:
is stimulated. The eardrum collects these vibrations and sends them to receptor cells. The
8:
1959:
1231:
298:
280:
161:
which can respond to temperature, mechanical stimuli (touch, pressure, stretch) or pain (
109:
assist in analyzing behavior responses to certain stimulus. Information from two or more
1367:
173:
1930:
1835:
1792:
1579:
1554:
1535:
1492:
1446:
1438:
1389:
1174:
1130:
1004:
774:
223:
158:
1421:
Bodenheimer, F. S (1941). "Observations on
Rodents in Herter's Temperature Gradient".
1934:
1895:
1827:
1784:
1726:
1691:
1625:
1584:
1527:
1484:
1381:
1332:
1178:
1137:
1061:
1036:
996:
733:
536:
353:
337:
332:
1839:
1796:
1539:
1480:
1450:
1284:
1922:
1891:
1887:
1819:
1776:
1718:
1683:
1656:
1615:
1574:
1566:
1519:
1496:
1476:
1434:
1430:
1393:
1371:
1322:
1254:
1227:
1166:
988:
885:
754:
596:
439:
259:
239:
78:
1722:
1008:
804:
Kinesthetic receptors detect movements of the body, and the position of the limbs.
157:
is the feature of a single receptor of responding to multiple modalities, such as
1780:
1620:
1603:
844:
770:
750:
654:
126:
1753:
591:
and convey the message of a particular taste in a single medullar nucleus. This
579:
In mammals, taste stimuli are encountered by axonless receptor cells located in
1193:
794:
745:
450:
219:
215:
50:
1926:
1823:
1570:
1523:
1327:
1310:
1058:
Biology: Exploring the
Diversity of Life, First Canadian Edition, Volume Three
992:
888:. People can sometimes experience a hallucination of smell, as in the case of
615:) is same in amount. Most of the receptors are dedicated to detect repulsive
1948:
1170:
910:
649:
492:
487:
428:
328:
46:
1509:
1376:
1351:
1899:
1831:
1788:
1695:
1629:
1588:
1531:
1488:
1385:
1352:"The Role of the Human Orbitofrontal Cortex in Taste and Flavor Processing"
1349:
1336:
1000:
948:
741:
403:
which are connected to the eardrum pass the vibrations to the fluid-filled
315:
235:
231:
1730:
275:
which cone has been stimulated. The physical dimensions of colour include
937:
933:
873:
705:
527:
412:
341:
210:. Refraction in the eye is completed through the combined efforts of the
162:
122:
62:
1746:
Feature binding across sense modalities: Visual and tactual interactions
1467:
McGlone, Francis; Reilly, David (2010). "The cutaneous sensory system".
1442:
648:
Impression of both taste and smell occurs in heteromodal regions of the
889:
558:
519:
345:
288:
276:
271:
138:
42:
1552:
1245:
Forbes, H. S.; Forbes, H. B. (1927). "Fetal sense reaction: Hearing".
1055:
627:
Perceptions of taste is generated by the following sensory afferents:
1687:
1660:
1258:
840:
737:
701:
632:
628:
592:
580:
550:
499:, the tuning fork test, speech reception and word recognition tests,
463:
459:
255:
227:
191:
74:
1644:
790:
424:
400:
70:
523:
listening to a range of pitches. Each ear is tested individually.
584:
408:
404:
396:
379:
251:
222:. The transduction of light into neural activity occurs via the
616:
608:
588:
466:. Timbre is created by putting the harmonics together with the
432:
349:
211:
207:
143:
97:
423:
There are many different qualities in sound stimuli including
1809:
446:
384:
110:
66:
58:
54:
1912:
863:, it must have specific properties. The molecule must be:
856:
365:
283:
and purity while the related perceptual dimensions include
643:
561:
on the scalp and earlobes record a graph of the response.
206:
must first refract the light so that it directly hits the
672:
experience, such as prior exposure to taste-odor mixtures
284:
254:(light packets) cause a photopigment molecule, primarily
203:
801:
Thermoreceptors that detect changes in skin temperature.
495:. Some hearing tests include the whispered speech test,
535:
able to repeat half of a list of two syllable words or
1766:
1311:"Taste Perception: Drosophila – A Model of Good Taste"
1156:
602:
526:
During the tuning fork test, the tester will have the
340:. This test is able to detect whether a person may be
1673:
1553:
Yoshioka T.; Bensmaïa S.; Craig J.; Hsiao S. (2007).
327:
Some common tests that measure visual health include
250:
The eye is able to detect a visual stimulus when the
1466:
895:
1676:
978:
1129:
1035:. New York: W.W. Norton and Company. p. 199.
678:cognitive context, such as information about brand
479:of the mother with a frequency of 120 per second.
473:
294:Primates are the only mammals with colour vision.
1946:
1601:
1220:Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
1150:
740:stimuli (pressure, vibration, and temperature),
27:What is perceived after a physiological stimulus
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1033:Cognitive Neuroscience: The biology of the mind
712:
1136:. Toronto, Ontario: Pearson Education Canada.
1708:
820:
418:
407:. Once the vibrations reach the cochlea, the
49:is registered after heat or cold stimulate a
1744:Lovelace, Christopher Terry (October 2000).
1282:
1265:
1244:
1191:
764:
587:. Receptor cells disseminate onto different
574:
411:(part of the ossicles) puts pressure on the
308:
1604:"Tactual perception of material properties"
1420:
1462:
1460:
1356:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1304:
1302:
1185:
1159:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
1123:
395:When there are vibrations in the air, the
1619:
1578:
1375:
1326:
1213:
1211:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1743:
1642:
1469:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
870:small (less than 5.8 x 10-22 grams)
867:volatile (able to float through the air)
364:
172:
96:
84:
1457:
1308:
1299:
1127:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
682:
669:sensory features, such as taste quality
644:Integration of taste and smell modality
226:in the retina. When there is no light,
14:
1947:
1877:
1217:
1208:
1100:
1060:. Nelson Education. pp. 833–840.
1049:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1846:
1238:
1080:
132:
1232:10.1001/archpedi.1936.01970150087006
1132:Psychology: The Science of Behaviour
1128:Carlson, N. R.; et al. (2010).
1030:
961:
924:Autonomous sensory meridian response
855:An olfactory sensation is called an
721:
1309:Stocker, Reinhard F (1 July 2004).
1015:
784:
660:
603:Taste modality in flies and mammals
177:Schematic diagram of the human eye.
53:. Some sensory modalities include:
45:after a stimulus. For example, the
24:
1812:Somatosensory & Motor Research
1559:Somatosensory & Motor Research
555:brainstem auditory evoked response
458:tones of an instrument are called
202:To perceive a light stimulus, the
25:
1971:
1247:Journal of Comparative Psychology
896:Interaction with other modalities
829:
564:
360:
265:
168:
726:
687:
569:
373:
1906:
1871:
1862:
1803:
1760:
1737:
1702:
1667:
1645:"Tactual and kinæsthetic space"
1636:
1595:
1546:
1503:
1481:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.08.004
1414:
1400:
1343:
695:
622:
474:Sound stimuli and human fetuses
390:
149:
77:. The type and location of the
1892:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.423
1435:10.1086/physzool.14.2.30161738
1074:
611:and on the tongue of the fly (
181:
117:
13:
1:
1723:10.1080/00221309.1968.9710435
1711:Journal of General Psychology
954:
859:. For a molecule to trigger
839:The sense of smell is called
744:stimuli (limb movement), and
245:
197:
1878:Doty R (2001). "Olfaction".
1781:10.1080/00140139.2011.552736
1621:10.1016/j.visres.2010.10.005
834:
713:Nerve fibers for temperature
7:
1880:Annual Review of Psychology
1512:Experimental Brain Research
981:Experimental Brain Research
917:
547:auditory brainstem response
505:auditory brainstem response
10:
1976:
904:
861:olfactory receptor neurons
821:Use in clinical psychology
811:
657:and retronasal olfaction.
482:
419:Pitch, loudness and timbre
378:The stimulus modality for
1927:10.1007/s12078-008-9029-x
1824:10.1080/08990220802377571
1602:Bergmann Tiest W (2010).
1571:10.1080/08990220701318163
1524:10.1007/s00221-011-2931-5
1328:10.1016/j.cub.2004.07.011
993:10.1007/s00221-005-2376-9
765:Somatosensory information
575:Taste modality in mammals
369:Diagram of the human ear.
331:tests, refraction tests,
309:Subliminal visual stimuli
1171:10.1177/0146167292182006
850:
322:
301:was proposed in 1802 by
188:electromagnetic spectrum
1915:Chemosensory Perception
1377:10.1196/annals.1401.002
1649:Psychological Bulletin
1408:"Temperature modality"
1031:Ivry, Richard (2009).
370:
238:through the use of an
190:, between 380 and 760
178:
102:
91:sensory nervous system
1423:Physiological Zoology
543:Otoacoustic emissions
501:otoacoustic emissions
468:fundamental frequency
368:
176:
100:
85:Multimodal perception
37:, is one aspect of a
944:Modality (semiotics)
929:Crossmodal Attention
876:(repellant to water)
779:somatosensory system
683:Temperature modality
653:combination of oral
516:pure tone audiometry
497:pure tone audiometry
336:need for glasses or
47:temperature modality
1368:2007NYASA1121..136S
775:cutaneous receptors
299:Trichromatic theory
224:photoreceptor cells
18:Stimulus modalities
1283:Healthwise Staff.
1192:Healthwise Staff.
1081:Yarbrough, Cathy.
583:on the tongue and
371:
333:visual field tests
179:
159:free nerve endings
133:Integration effect
103:
1643:Angier R (1912).
1614:(24): 2775–2782.
1321:(14): R560–R561.
1143:978-0-205-64524-4
1067:978-0-17-650231-7
1042:978-0-393-92795-5
734:haptic perception
722:Pressure modality
354:refractive errors
338:corrective lenses
31:Stimulus modality
16:(Redirected from
1967:
1939:
1938:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1844:
1843:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1688:10.1037/h0044145
1671:
1665:
1664:
1661:10.1037/h0073444
1640:
1634:
1633:
1623:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1582:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1464:
1455:
1454:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1379:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1330:
1306:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1280:
1263:
1262:
1259:10.1037/h0071872
1242:
1236:
1235:
1215:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1135:
1125:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1028:
1013:
1012:
987:(3–4): 345–357.
976:
886:ovulatory period
785:Mechanoreceptors
771:mechanoreceptors
755:right hemisphere
732:exploration, or
661:Pleasure of food
597:olfactory system
440:basilar membrane
291:and saturation.
240:action potential
79:sensory receptor
35:sensory modality
21:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1955:Sensory systems
1945:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1911:
1907:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1847:
1808:
1804:
1765:
1761:
1742:
1738:
1707:
1703:
1672:
1668:
1641:
1637:
1608:Vision Research
1600:
1596:
1551:
1547:
1508:
1504:
1465:
1458:
1419:
1415:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1348:
1344:
1315:Current Biology
1307:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1285:"Hearing Tests"
1281:
1266:
1243:
1239:
1216:
1209:
1199:
1197:
1190:
1186:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1126:
1101:
1091:
1089:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1029:
1016:
977:
962:
957:
920:
907:
898:
853:
845:neuroepithelium
837:
832:
823:
814:
795:Ruffini endings
793:corpuscles and
787:
767:
729:
724:
715:
698:
690:
685:
663:
655:somatosensation
646:
625:
605:
577:
572:
567:
545:test (OAE) and
503:(OAE) test and
485:
476:
421:
393:
376:
363:
325:
311:
268:
248:
200:
184:
171:
152:
135:
127:auditory cortex
120:
87:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1973:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1941:
1940:
1921:(4): 217–226.
1905:
1886:(1): 423–452.
1870:
1861:
1845:
1818:(3): 194–206.
1802:
1775:(3): 282–293.
1759:
1736:
1717:(2): 219–221.
1701:
1682:(6): 665–669.
1666:
1655:(7): 255–257.
1635:
1594:
1565:(1–2): 53–70.
1545:
1518:(2): 287–297.
1502:
1475:(2): 148–159.
1456:
1429:(2): 186–192.
1413:
1399:
1362:(1): 136–151.
1342:
1298:
1264:
1253:(5): 353–355.
1237:
1226:(3): 583–589.
1207:
1194:"Vision Tests"
1184:
1165:(2): 152–162.
1149:
1142:
1099:
1073:
1066:
1048:
1041:
1014:
959:
958:
956:
953:
952:
951:
946:
941:
931:
926:
919:
916:
911:psychophysical
906:
903:
897:
894:
878:
877:
871:
868:
852:
849:
836:
833:
831:
830:Smell modality
828:
822:
819:
813:
810:
809:
808:
805:
802:
786:
783:
781:in the brain.
766:
763:
746:proprioceptive
728:
725:
723:
720:
714:
711:
697:
694:
689:
686:
684:
681:
680:
679:
676:
675:internal state
673:
670:
662:
659:
645:
642:
624:
621:
604:
601:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
565:Taste modality
563:
484:
481:
475:
472:
451:cochlear nerve
420:
417:
392:
389:
375:
372:
362:
361:Sound modality
359:
324:
321:
310:
307:
267:
266:Colour stimuli
264:
247:
244:
199:
196:
183:
180:
170:
169:Light modality
167:
151:
148:
134:
131:
119:
116:
86:
83:
33:, also called
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1972:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1865:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1461:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1409:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1303:
1286:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1212:
1195:
1188:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1145:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1069:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1044:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
960:
950:
947:
945:
942:
939:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
921:
915:
912:
902:
893:
891:
887:
881:
875:
872:
869:
866:
865:
864:
862:
858:
848:
846:
842:
827:
818:
806:
803:
800:
799:
798:
796:
792:
782:
780:
776:
772:
762:
758:
756:
752:
747:
743:
739:
735:
719:
710:
707:
703:
693:
677:
674:
671:
668:
667:
666:
658:
656:
651:
641:
638:
637:somatosensory
634:
630:
620:
618:
614:
610:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
538:
532:
529:
524:
521:
517:
512:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
489:
488:Hearing tests
480:
471:
469:
465:
461:
455:
452:
448:
443:
441:
436:
434:
430:
426:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
388:
386:
381:
367:
358:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
334:
330:
329:visual acuity
320:
317:
306:
304:
300:
295:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
273:
263:
261:
257:
253:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
195:
193:
189:
175:
166:
164:
160:
156:
147:
145:
140:
130:
128:
124:
115:
112:
107:
99:
95:
92:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1864:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1745:
1739:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1652:
1648:
1638:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1562:
1558:
1548:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1472:
1468:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1402:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1318:
1314:
1289:. Retrieved
1250:
1246:
1240:
1223:
1219:
1198:. Retrieved
1187:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1131:
1090:. Retrieved
1086:
1076:
1057:
1051:
1032:
984:
980:
949:Pallesthesia
908:
899:
882:
879:
854:
838:
824:
815:
788:
768:
759:
742:kinaesthetic
730:
716:
699:
691:
664:
647:
626:
606:
578:
541:
533:
525:
513:
509:
507:(ABR) test.
486:
477:
456:
444:
437:
422:
394:
377:
326:
316:milliseconds
312:
303:Thomas Young
296:
293:
269:
249:
236:bipolar cell
232:photopigment
201:
185:
155:Polymodality
154:
153:
150:Polymodality
136:
121:
104:
88:
34:
30:
29:
1087:EurekAlert!
938:Ideasthesia
934:Synesthesia
874:hydrophobic
727:Description
706:homeostatic
688:Description
570:Description
528:tuning fork
413:oval window
374:Description
342:nearsighted
182:Description
163:nociception
137:Multimodal
123:Lip reading
118:Lip reading
106:Integration
63:temperature
41:or what is
1960:Perception
1949:Categories
1769:Ergonomics
1748:(Thesis).
955:References
890:phantosmia
696:Perception
623:Perception
581:taste buds
559:Electrodes
520:audiometer
391:Perception
346:farsighted
289:brightness
277:wavelength
272:cone cells
260:adaptation
246:Adaptation
198:Perception
192:nanometres
139:perception
1935:144260061
1754:619577012
1179:145504287
909:A common
841:olfaction
835:Sensation
738:cutaneous
702:cutaneous
633:olfactory
629:gustatory
593:pheromone
551:ear canal
464:overtones
460:harmonics
281:intensity
256:rhodopsin
228:Vitamin A
43:perceived
1900:11148312
1840:33152961
1832:18821284
1797:22152573
1789:21390958
1750:ProQuest
1696:14005772
1630:20937297
1589:17558923
1540:16712201
1532:22080104
1489:19712693
1451:87698999
1443:30161738
1386:17846155
1337:15268874
1001:16028032
918:See also
791:Pacinian
613:labellum
537:spondees
425:loudness
401:ossicles
71:pressure
51:receptor
39:stimulus
1731:5656904
1580:2635116
1497:9472588
1394:7934796
1364:Bibcode
1291:29 July
1287:. WebMD
1200:29 July
1196:. WebMD
1092:29 July
589:neurons
585:pharynx
449:in the
409:stirrup
405:cochlea
397:eardrum
380:hearing
352:. Both
252:photons
1933:
1898:
1838:
1830:
1795:
1787:
1752:
1729:
1694:
1628:
1587:
1577:
1538:
1530:
1495:
1487:
1449:
1441:
1392:
1384:
1335:
1177:
1140:
1064:
1039:
1009:403254
1007:
999:
650:limbic
635:, and
617:ligand
609:tongue
433:timbre
350:retina
212:cornea
208:retina
144:mammal
111:senses
73:, and
1931:S2CID
1836:S2CID
1793:S2CID
1536:S2CID
1493:S2CID
1447:S2CID
1439:JSTOR
1390:S2CID
1175:S2CID
1005:S2CID
905:Tests
851:Odors
812:Tests
518:, an
493:tones
483:Tests
447:axons
429:pitch
385:hertz
323:Tests
75:smell
67:taste
59:sound
55:light
1896:PMID
1828:PMID
1785:PMID
1727:PMID
1692:PMID
1626:PMID
1585:PMID
1528:PMID
1485:PMID
1382:PMID
1360:1121
1333:PMID
1293:2012
1202:2012
1138:ISBN
1094:2012
1062:ISBN
1037:ISBN
997:PMID
857:odor
753:and
751:left
700:The
431:and
297:The
220:iris
218:and
216:lens
1923:doi
1888:doi
1820:doi
1777:doi
1719:doi
1684:doi
1657:doi
1616:doi
1575:PMC
1567:doi
1520:doi
1516:216
1477:doi
1431:doi
1372:doi
1323:doi
1255:doi
1228:doi
1167:doi
989:doi
985:166
514:In
462:or
344:or
285:hue
204:eye
165:).
1951::
1929:.
1917:.
1894:.
1884:52
1882:.
1848:^
1834:.
1826:.
1816:25
1814:.
1791:.
1783:.
1773:54
1771:.
1725:.
1715:78
1713:.
1690:.
1680:54
1678:.
1651:.
1647:.
1624:.
1612:50
1610:.
1606:.
1583:.
1573:.
1563:24
1561:.
1557:.
1534:.
1526:.
1514:.
1491:.
1483:.
1473:34
1471:.
1459:^
1445:.
1437:.
1427:14
1425:.
1388:.
1380:.
1370:.
1358:.
1354:.
1331:.
1319:14
1317:.
1313:.
1301:^
1267:^
1249:.
1224:51
1222:.
1210:^
1173:.
1163:18
1161:.
1102:^
1085:.
1017:^
1003:.
995:.
983:.
963:^
892:.
631:,
619:.
599:.
539:.
435:.
427:,
287:,
279:,
262:.
214:,
69:,
65:,
61:,
57:,
1937:.
1925::
1919:1
1902:.
1890::
1842:.
1822::
1799:.
1779::
1756:.
1733:.
1721::
1698:.
1686::
1663:.
1659::
1653:9
1632:.
1618::
1591:.
1569::
1542:.
1522::
1499:.
1479::
1453:.
1433::
1410:.
1396:.
1374::
1366::
1339:.
1325::
1295:.
1261:.
1257::
1251:7
1234:.
1230::
1204:.
1181:.
1169::
1146:.
1096:.
1070:.
1045:.
1011:.
991::
940:)
936:(
773:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
