3842:
2806:
195:
183:
325:
are the only Siouan people that live entirely in Canada, and the Stoney language is spoken by five groups in
Alberta. No official language survey has been undertaken for every community where Stoney is spoken, but the language may be spoken by as many as a few thousand people, primarily at the Morley
320:
Stoney is the most linguistically divergent of the
Dakotan dialects and has been described as "on the verge of becoming a separate language." Ullrich considers Stoney and Assiniboine distinct languages, saying "The Nakoda language spoken by the Assiniboine is not intelligible to Lakota and Dakota
2128:
338:. The two have often been confused with each other due to their close historical and linguistic relationship, but they are not mutually intelligible. Stoney either developed from Assiniboine, or both Stoney and Assiniboine developed from a common ancestor language.
321:
speakers, unless they have been exposed to it extensively. The Stoney form of the Nakoda language is completely unintelligible to Lakota and Dakota speakers. As such, the two Nakoda languages cannot be considered dialects of the Lakota and Dakota language." The
3328:
742:
For comparison, these phonemes reportedly characterize the Stoney spoken at Alexis Nakota Sioux Nation, which maintains the common Siouan three-way contrast between plain, aspirated, and ejective stops:
346:
Very little linguistic documentation and descriptive research has been done on Stoney. However, Stoney varieties demonstrate broad phonological similarity with some important divergences.
1116:
Notice that Alexis Stoney, for example, has innovated contrastive vowel length, which is not found in other
Dakotan dialects. Alexis Stoney also has long and nasal mid vowels:
3817:
3827:
3517:
3868:
3375:
2818:
2795:
3671:
205:
3873:
2451:
3243:
3883:
3743:
2788:
3093:
2310:
2348:
Papers from the
American Indian Languages Conferences Held at the University of California, Santa Cruz, July and August 1991
2834:
2826:
2233:
Parks, Douglas R.; Rankin, Robert L. (2001). "Siouan languages". In DeMaille, Raymond J.; Sturtevant, William C. (eds.).
1088:
649:
3664:
3633:
921:
3878:
2781:
2361:
DeMallie, Raymond; Miller, David Reed (2001). "Assiniboine". In DeMaille, Raymond J.; Sturtevant, William C. (eds.).
3475:
3113:
3028:
971:
817:
532:
433:
3688:
3574:
3273:
3198:
3033:
2444:
544:
3846:
3657:
2253:
Parks, Douglas R.; DeMallie, Raymond J. (1992). "Sioux, Assiniboine, and Stoney
Dialects: A Classification".
1026:
583:
484:
3550:
3313:
2645:
955:
522:
169:
2328:
An inquiry into the political and economic structures of the Alexis band of Wood Stoney
Indians, 1880-1964
3420:
3223:
2773:
991:
595:
554:
354:
For example, the following phonemes are reportedly found in Morley Stoney, spoken on the Morley
Reserve:
262:
3822:
3538:
3522:
3343:
3318:
3288:
3233:
3043:
1100:
961:
807:
797:
661:
423:
413:
3455:
3445:
3308:
3263:
3048:
2437:
1010:
981:
573:
3753:
3480:
3435:
3168:
3013:
2809:
2607:
2468:
105:
2346:
Cook, Eung-Do; Owens, Camille C. (1991). "Conservative and innovative features in Alexis Stoney".
2303:
New Lakota
Dictionary (Incorporating the Dakota Dialects of Yankton-Yanktonai and Santee-Sisseton)
3440:
3405:
3395:
3390:
3380:
3278:
3178:
3148:
3143:
3123:
3118:
3038:
1016:
827:
474:
464:
443:
3562:
3470:
3400:
3258:
3138:
3133:
3108:
1036:
911:
901:
3579:
3543:
3485:
3348:
3268:
3188:
3058:
2950:
1065:
1055:
624:
614:
3761:
3725:
3715:
3697:
3680:
3501:
3353:
3163:
2862:
2629:
2531:
2202:
1544:
1494:
494:
385:
335:
314:
2805:
2176:
1539:
1534:
8:
3460:
3425:
3410:
3365:
3358:
3333:
3303:
3293:
3248:
3153:
2916:
931:
884:
874:
864:
854:
246:
73:
3638:
3735:
3705:
3183:
2847:
2727:
2717:
2586:
2262:
754:
370:
365:
301:. The Dakotan languages constitute a dialect continuum consisting of Santee-Sisseton (
161:
3710:
3228:
3218:
3203:
3128:
3063:
2965:
2576:
2306:
774:
764:
397:
390:
375:
3812:
3792:
3555:
3158:
2955:
2924:
2737:
2664:
2570:
2488:
2460:
2424:
2150:
759:
298:
100:
3771:
3720:
3213:
3004:
2929:
2843:
2744:
2691:
2671:
2612:
2546:
2541:
2507:
1529:
1502:
1498:
1049:
769:
608:
380:
310:
306:
302:
92:
1493:
The following table shows some of the main phonetic differences between Stoney,
174:
3605:
3098:
3083:
3078:
2822:
2764:
2601:
2595:
2536:
1515:
1506:
297:—is a member of the Dakota subgroup of the Mississippi Valley grouping of the
3862:
3776:
3073:
3018:
2909:
2869:
2483:
322:
223:
3567:
2698:
837:
2803:
145:
3613:
2419:
2266:
3649:
3597:
2885:
2341:
2339:
2337:
3173:
2902:
2878:
2852:
1082:
942:
786:
643:
509:
402:
154:
138:
1488:
194:
2989:
2981:
2973:
2942:
2895:
2429:
2334:
781:
1520:
219:
202:
69:
59:
182:
2350:. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University. pp. 135–146.
2283:
Taylor, Alan R. (1981). "Variation in
Canadian Assiniboine".
2237:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 94–114.
2365:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 572–595.
2889:
2857:
2232:
2363:
Handbook of North
American Indians, Volume 13: Plains
2330:(PhD dissertation). Columbia: University of Missouri.
2235:
Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 13: Plains
1538:
1533:
1551:
1548:
1543:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1276:Stoney alphabet (Alexis Nakota Sioux First Nation)
3869:Indigenous languages of the North American Plains
2094:
2054:
2014:
1974:
1934:
1894:
1847:
1800:
1753:
1706:
1673:
1640:
1600:
1489:Phonetic differences from other Dakotan languages
3860:
2360:
1401:
329:
3665:
2789:
2445:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2305:. Lakota Language Consortium. pp. 2, 4.
2278:
2276:
2252:
1183:Stoney alphabet (Stoney Nakoda First Nation)
2405:(MA thesis). Calgary: University of Calgary.
2387:(MA thesis). Calgary: University of Calgary.
2101:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2061:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2021:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1981:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1941:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1901:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1854:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1807:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1760:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1725:
1713:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1607:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1480:
1472:
1464:
1456:
1448:
1440:
1432:
1424:
1416:
1408:
27:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2228:
2226:
2224:
3672:
3658:
2796:
2782:
2452:
2438:
2403:Studies in Stoney phonology and morphology
2369:
2273:
201:Stoney is classified as Vulnerable by the
193:
181:
3244:Lesser Slave Lake Indian Regional Council
2345:
2296:
2294:
2285:Siouan and Caddoan Linguistics Newsletter
16:Siouan language spoken in Alberta, Canada
3679:
3329:Stoney Nakoda - Tsuut'ina Tribal Council
2425:Native Languages of the Americas website
2325:
2241:
2221:
2086:
2079:
2046:
2039:
2006:
1999:
1966:
1959:
1926:
1919:
1886:
1839:
1792:
1731:
1698:
1691:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1592:
1585:
334:Stoney's closest linguistic relative is
206:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
2300:
3861:
2400:
2382:
2291:
2282:
3653:
3094:Confederacy of Treaty 6 First Nations
2777:
2433:
2396:
2394:
1503:Yankton-Yanktonai and Santee-Sisseton
2459:
2383:Erdman, Corrie Lee Rhyasen (1997).
13:
3634:List of Indian reserves in Alberta
2391:
14:
3895:
3874:First Nations languages in Canada
2413:
1177:
1099:
1087:
1064:
1054:
1035:
1025:
1015:
1009:
990:
980:
970:
960:
954:
930:
920:
910:
900:
883:
873:
863:
853:
836:
826:
816:
806:
796:
737:
660:
648:
623:
613:
594:
582:
572:
553:
543:
531:
521:
493:
483:
473:
463:
442:
432:
422:
412:
349:
3841:
3840:
2804:
3884:Indigenous languages of Montana
2354:
2207:Stoney Nakoda Dictionary Online
2181:Stoney Nakoda Dictionary Online
2155:Stoney Nakoda Dictionary Online
187:The location of Stoney / Nakoda
3199:Kee Tas Kee Now Tribal Council
2319:
2195:
2169:
2143:
2121:
1:
2129:"Census Profile, 2016 Census"
2114:
229:"ally / friend" // "mountain"
3532:Not headquartered in Alberta
2209:. Stoney Education Authority
2183:. Stoney Education Authority
2157:. Stoney Education Authority
2107:
2100:
2093:
2072:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2032:
2027:
2020:
2013:
1992:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1952:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1912:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1724:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1684:
1679:
1651:
1646:
1618:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1578:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1556:
341:
7:
3421:Western Cree Tribal Council
2401:Bellam, Ernest Jay (1975).
2326:Andersen, Raoul R. (1968).
2255:Anthropological Linguistics
1402:Word set (includes numbers)
330:Relationship to Assiniboine
10:
3900:
3523:Lubicon Lake Indian Nation
3289:North Peace Tribal Council
1497:, and the three dialects (
3836:
3805:
3785:
3752:
3734:
3696:
3687:
3629:
3590:
3531:
3510:
3494:
3456:Yellowhead Tribal Council
3454:
3419:
3374:
3327:
3287:
3242:
3229:Whitefish Lake (Atikameg)
3197:
3144:Whitefish Lake (Goodfish)
3092:
3057:
3012:
3001:
2964:
2940:
2833:
2816:
2758:
2725:
2716:
2681:
2654:
2643:
2621:
2585:
2562:
2524:
2517:
2497:
2476:
2467:
1081:
1048:
941:
835:
780:
751:
747:Alexis Stoney consonants
642:
607:
508:
396:
362:
358:Morley Stoney consonants
268:
254:
242:
234:
218:
192:
180:
168:
152:
136:
131:
110:Mississippi Valley Siouan
89:
79:
65:
55:
26:
21:
3879:Western Siouan languages
3511:Not federally recognized
3014:Athabasca Tribal Council
2810:First Nations in Alberta
2102:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1902:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1714:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1580:
1481:
1473:
1465:
1457:
1449:
1441:
1433:
1425:
1417:
1409:
28:
3376:Tribal Chiefs Ventures
2835:Ethnolinguistic groups
305:), Yankton-Yanktonai (
259:Îyethka Îabi / wîchoîe
3314:Little Red River Cree
3059:Blackfoot Confederacy
2951:Blackfoot Confederacy
2301:Ullrich, Jan (2008).
1120:Alexis Stoney vowels
680:Morley Stoney vowels
3681:Languages of Montana
2837:(by language family)
3029:Athabasca Chipewyan
3002:Tribal councils and
2131:. Statistics Canada
1277:
1184:
1121:
748:
681:
359:
295:Alberta Assiniboine
3518:Aseniwuche Winewak
2683:Mississippi Siouan
2518:Mississippi Valley
1275:
1182:
1119:
1031:⟨zh⟩
976:⟨sh⟩
936:⟨k'⟩
926:⟨c'⟩
916:⟨t'⟩
906:⟨p'⟩
746:
679:
588:⟨zh⟩
549:⟨rh⟩
537:⟨sh⟩
438:⟨ch⟩
357:
3856:
3855:
3801:
3800:
3786:Language isolates
3647:
3646:
3625:
3624:
3618:
3610:
3602:
3583:
3571:
3559:
3547:
3464:
3429:
3384:
3337:
3297:
3252:
3219:Lubicon Lake Band
3207:
3102:
3067:
3034:Chipewyan Prairie
3022:
2994:
2986:
2978:
2966:Numbered Treaties
2771:
2770:
2765:extinct languages
2754:
2753:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2639:
2638:
2563:Chiwere–Winnebago
2312:978-0-9761082-9-0
2112:
2111:
1614:self-designation
1399:
1398:
1270:
1269:
1175:
1174:
1114:
1113:
1105:⟨y⟩
1093:⟨w⟩
1070:⟨n⟩
1060:⟨m⟩
1041:⟨r⟩
1021:⟨z⟩
1004:
996:⟨h⟩
986:⟨x⟩
966:⟨s⟩
949:
897:
889:⟨k⟩
879:⟨c⟩
869:⟨t⟩
859:⟨p⟩
850:
842:⟨ʔ⟩
832:⟨g⟩
822:⟨j⟩
812:⟨d⟩
802:⟨b⟩
793:
735:
734:
677:
676:
666:⟨y⟩
654:⟨w⟩
629:⟨n⟩
619:⟨m⟩
600:⟨r⟩
578:⟨z⟩
567:
559:⟨h⟩
527:⟨s⟩
516:
499:⟨g⟩
489:⟨j⟩
479:⟨d⟩
469:⟨b⟩
460:
448:⟨k⟩
428:⟨t⟩
418:⟨p⟩
409:
276:
275:
230:
214:
213:
85:3,025 (2016)
3891:
3844:
3843:
3813:American English
3694:
3693:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3651:
3650:
3639:Métis in Alberta
3616:
3608:
3600:
3577:
3565:
3553:
3541:
3458:
3423:
3391:Beaver Lake Cree
3381:Beaver Lake Cree
3378:
3331:
3291:
3246:
3201:
3119:Beaver Lake Cree
3096:
3061:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3005:band governments
2992:
2984:
2976:
2956:Iron Confederacy
2808:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2775:
2774:
2723:
2722:
2652:
2651:
2522:
2521:
2474:
2473:
2461:Siouan languages
2454:
2447:
2440:
2431:
2430:
2407:
2406:
2398:
2389:
2388:
2385:Stress in Stoney
2380:
2367:
2366:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2343:
2332:
2331:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2298:
2289:
2288:
2280:
2271:
2270:
2261:(1/4): 233–255.
2250:
2239:
2238:
2230:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2125:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1729:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1677:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1512:
1511:
1484:
1476:
1468:
1460:
1452:
1444:
1436:
1428:
1420:
1412:
1278:
1274:
1185:
1181:
1122:
1118:
1106:
1103:
1094:
1091:
1071:
1068:
1061:
1058:
1042:
1039:
1032:
1029:
1022:
1019:
1013:
1002:
997:
994:
987:
984:
977:
974:
967:
964:
958:
947:
937:
934:
927:
924:
917:
914:
907:
904:
895:
890:
887:
880:
877:
870:
867:
860:
857:
848:
843:
840:
833:
830:
823:
820:
813:
810:
803:
800:
791:
749:
745:
682:
678:
667:
664:
655:
652:
630:
627:
620:
617:
601:
598:
589:
586:
579:
576:
565:
560:
557:
550:
547:
538:
535:
528:
525:
514:
500:
497:
490:
487:
480:
477:
470:
467:
458:
449:
446:
439:
436:
429:
426:
419:
416:
407:
360:
356:
299:Siouan languages
228:
216:
215:
208:
197:
185:
164:
148:
141:
95:
31:
19:
18:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3832:
3797:
3781:
3748:
3730:
3683:
3678:
3648:
3643:
3621:
3586:
3575:Smith's Landing
3527:
3506:
3490:
3450:
3415:
3370:
3323:
3283:
3238:
3214:Loon River Cree
3193:
3134:Ermineskin Cree
3088:
3053:
3003:
2997:
2960:
2936:
2829:
2812:
2802:
2772:
2767:
2750:
2704:
2677:
2656:Virginia Siouan
2635:
2617:
2581:
2558:
2513:
2493:
2463:
2458:
2416:
2411:
2410:
2399:
2392:
2381:
2370:
2359:
2355:
2344:
2335:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2299:
2292:
2281:
2274:
2251:
2242:
2231:
2222:
2212:
2210:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2177:"Stoney Nakoda"
2175:
2174:
2170:
2160:
2158:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2134:
2132:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2117:
1491:
1404:
1272:
1180:
1104:
1092:
1069:
1059:
1040:
1030:
1020:
995:
985:
975:
965:
935:
925:
915:
905:
888:
878:
868:
858:
841:
831:
821:
811:
801:
785:
740:
665:
653:
628:
618:
599:
587:
577:
558:
548:
536:
526:
498:
488:
478:
468:
447:
437:
427:
417:
401:
352:
344:
332:
293:, and formerly
261:
250:(Îyethka Oyade)
249:
227:
210:
209:
200:
188:
160:
144:
137:
127:
96:
93:Language family
91:
82:
81:Native speakers
46:Îyethka wîchoîe
17:
12:
11:
5:
3897:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3758:
3756:
3754:Western Siouan
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3744:Montana Salish
3740:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3702:
3700:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3677:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3654:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3611:
3603:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3572:
3560:
3548:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3467:
3465:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3432:
3430:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3387:
3385:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3340:
3338:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3300:
3298:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3255:
3253:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3224:Peerless Trout
3221:
3216:
3210:
3208:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3105:
3103:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3070:
3068:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3025:
3023:
3007:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2987:
2979:
2970:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2947:
2945:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2867:
2855:
2840:
2838:
2831:
2830:
2819:Cultural areas
2817:
2814:
2813:
2801:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2778:
2769:
2768:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2741:
2733:
2731:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2695:
2687:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2668:
2660:
2658:
2649:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2625:
2623:
2622:(unclassified)
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2591:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2534:
2528:
2526:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2503:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2480:
2478:
2477:Missouri River
2471:
2465:
2464:
2457:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2420:Ethnologue.com
2415:
2414:External links
2412:
2409:
2408:
2390:
2368:
2353:
2333:
2318:
2311:
2290:
2272:
2240:
2220:
2194:
2168:
2142:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2030:
2029:
2028:'to sober up'
2026:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1852:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1657:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1542:
1540:Eastern Dakota
1537:
1535:Western Dakota
1532:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1518:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1477:
1469:
1461:
1453:
1445:
1437:
1429:
1421:
1413:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1179:
1178:Writing system
1176:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1097:
1095:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1062:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1033:
1023:
1007:
1005:
999:
998:
988:
978:
968:
952:
950:
945:
939:
938:
928:
918:
908:
898:
892:
891:
881:
871:
861:
851:
845:
844:
834:
824:
814:
804:
794:
789:
778:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
739:
738:Alexis Dialect
736:
733:
732:
730:
727:
725:
721:
720:
717:
715:
712:
708:
707:
704:
702:
699:
695:
694:
691:
688:
685:
675:
674:
672:
670:
668:
658:
656:
646:
640:
639:
637:
635:
633:
631:
621:
611:
605:
604:
602:
592:
590:
580:
570:
568:
562:
561:
551:
541:
539:
529:
519:
517:
512:
506:
505:
503:
501:
491:
481:
471:
461:
455:
454:
452:
450:
440:
430:
420:
410:
405:
394:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
351:
350:Morley Dialect
348:
343:
340:
331:
328:
317:, and Stoney.
274:
273:
272:Îyethka Makóce
270:
266:
265:
263:Îyethka Wowîhâ
256:
252:
251:
244:
240:
239:
236:
232:
231:
212:
211:
199:
198:
190:
189:
186:
178:
177:
172:
166:
165:
158:
150:
149:
142:
134:
133:
132:Language codes
129:
128:
126:
125:
124:
123:
122:
121:
120:
119:
106:Western Siouan
99:
97:
90:
87:
86:
83:
80:
77:
76:
67:
63:
62:
57:
56:Native to
53:
52:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3896:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3849:
3848:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3675:
3670:
3668:
3663:
3661:
3656:
3655:
3652:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3615:
3612:
3607:
3604:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3581:
3576:
3573:
3569:
3564:
3561:
3557:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3540:
3539:Acho Dene Koe
3537:
3536:
3534:
3530:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3457:
3453:
3447:
3446:Sturgeon Lake
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3344:Stoney Nakoda
3342:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3234:Woodland Cree
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3044:Fort McMurray
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3019:Fort McMurray
3015:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3000:
2991:
2988:
2983:
2980:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2939:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2799:
2794:
2792:
2787:
2785:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2672:Tutelo-Saponi
2669:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2450:
2448:
2443:
2441:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2404:
2397:
2395:
2386:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2364:
2357:
2349:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2329:
2322:
2314:
2308:
2304:
2297:
2295:
2286:
2279:
2277:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2236:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2130:
2124:
2120:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1817:
1814:'to deceive'
1810:
1803:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1577:
1555:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1483:
1478:
1475:
1470:
1467:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1451:
1446:
1443:
1438:
1435:
1430:
1427:
1422:
1419:
1414:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1273:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1117:
1110:
1108:
1102:
1098:
1096:
1090:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1044:
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1034:
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1006:
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993:
989:
983:
979:
973:
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957:
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951:
946:
944:
940:
933:
929:
923:
919:
913:
909:
903:
899:
894:
893:
886:
882:
876:
872:
866:
862:
856:
852:
847:
846:
839:
829:
825:
819:
815:
809:
805:
799:
795:
790:
788:
783:
779:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
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761:
758:
756:
753:
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731:
728:
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723:
722:
718:
716:
713:
710:
709:
705:
703:
700:
697:
696:
692:
689:
686:
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673:
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663:
659:
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651:
647:
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626:
622:
616:
612:
610:
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591:
585:
581:
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571:
569:
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546:
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534:
530:
524:
520:
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511:
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502:
496:
492:
486:
482:
476:
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466:
462:
457:
456:
453:
451:
445:
441:
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421:
415:
411:
406:
404:
399:
395:
392:
389:
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384:
382:
379:
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372:
369:
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364:
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355:
347:
339:
337:
327:
324:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
281:—also called
280:
271:
267:
264:
260:
257:
253:
248:
245:
241:
237:
233:
225:
221:
217:
207:
204:
196:
191:
184:
179:
176:
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167:
163:
159:
157:
156:
151:
147:
143:
140:
135:
130:
118:
115:
114:
112:
111:
109:
108:
107:
104:
103:
102:
98:
94:
88:
84:
78:
75:
71:
68:
64:
61:
58:
54:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
30:
25:
20:
3845:
3766:
3495:Unaffiliated
3411:Kehewin Cree
3274:Sucker Creek
3154:Kehewin Cree
3049:Mikisew Cree
2915:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2870:
2863:
2760:
2743:
2736:
2726:
2697:
2690:
2682:
2670:
2663:
2655:
2644:
2628:
2600:
2594:
2569:
2553:
2506:
2498:
2402:
2384:
2362:
2356:
2347:
2327:
2321:
2302:
2284:
2258:
2254:
2234:
2211:. Retrieved
2206:
2197:
2185:. Retrieved
2180:
2171:
2159:. Retrieved
2154:
2145:
2133:. Retrieved
2123:
1948:'to grease'
1908:'to soothe'
1680:'assertion'
1492:
1271:
1115:
741:
353:
345:
333:
319:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
277:
258:
153:
116:
49:
45:
42:Îyethka Îabi
41:
37:
33:
3762:Assiniboine
3726:Plains Cree
3716:Gros Ventre
3184:Samson Cree
3179:Saddle Lake
2941:Historical
2903:Dënesųłı̨ne
2646:Ohio Valley
2630:Mitchigamea
2608:Omaha–Ponca
2532:Assiniboine
2213:30 December
2187:30 December
2161:30 December
2135:13 December
2068:'to drink'
1861:'to vomit'
1545:Assinibione
1495:Assiniboine
336:Assiniboine
326:community.
315:Assiniboine
3863:Categories
3698:Algonquian
3689:Indigenous
3598:Papaschase
3591:Terminated
3563:Onion Lake
3551:Kelly Lake
3461:Morinville
3441:Horse Lake
3426:Valleyview
3406:Heart Lake
3294:High Level
3279:Swan River
3249:Slave Lake
3159:Louis Bull
3149:Heart Lake
3129:Enoch Cree
3039:Fort McKay
2886:Athapascan
2848:Algonquian
2151:"Mountain"
2115:References
1647:'to sing'
1559:Yanktonai
386:Pharyngeal
309:), Teton (
50:Isga Iʔabi
3806:Immigrant
3706:Blackfoot
3606:Sharphead
3471:Alexander
3401:Frog Lake
3396:Cold Lake
3366:Tsuut'ina
3334:Tsuut'ina
3309:Dene Tha'
3264:Kapawe'no
3259:Driftpile
3139:Frog Lake
3124:Cold Lake
3109:Alexander
2917:Tsuut'ina
2910:Dene Tha'
2879:Saulteaux
2853:Blackfoot
2827:Subarctic
2763:indicate
1565:Sisseton
1159:o, oː, õ
1146:u, uː, ũ
1083:Semivowel
948:voiceless
943:Fricative
849:aspirated
787:Affricate
644:Semivowel
515:voiceless
510:Fricative
408:voiceless
403:Affricate
342:Phonology
247:Îyethkabi
226:// Îyârhe
155:Glottolog
139:ISO 639-3
66:Ethnicity
3847:Category
3736:Salishan
3711:Cheyenne
3502:Bigstone
3486:Sunchild
3481:O'Chiese
3436:Duncan's
3349:Bearspaw
3319:Tallcree
3269:Sawridge
3204:Atikameg
3189:Sunchild
3169:O'Chiese
3064:Standoff
2990:Treaty 8
2982:Treaty 7
2974:Treaty 6
2943:polities
2871:Woodland
2728:Catawban
2587:Dhegihan
2577:Ho-Chunk
2267:30028376
2203:"wowîhâ"
1976:wičhášta
1969:wičhášta
1720:'small'
1562:Yankton
1479:Water —
1455:Woman —
1423:Three —
1169:a, aː, ã
1154:e, eː, ẽ
1141:i, iː, ĩ
1130:Central
896:ejective
755:Bilabial
690:Central
371:Alveolar
366:Bilabial
255:Language
162:ston1242
3818:Spanish
3793:Kutenai
3354:Chiniki
3164:Montana
3084:Siksika
3079:Piikani
2896:Daneẕaa
2761:Italics
2738:Catawba
2718:Eastern
2665:Moneton
2571:Chiwere
2525:Dakotan
2489:Hidatsa
2469:Western
2108:'that'
2023:gimnéza
2016:kimnéza
2009:kibdéza
2002:kibdéza
1995:kibléza
1962:wičháša
1955:wičháša
1755:hokšína
1748:hokšída
1741:hokšína
1734:hokšína
1727:hokšíla
1701:čístina
1694:čísčina
1687:čísčila
1609:Nakhóda
1602:Nakhóta
1595:Dakhóta
1588:Dakȟóta
1581:Lakȟóta
1568:Santee
1549:Stoney
1471:Moon —
1439:Five —
1431:Four —
782:Plosive
775:Glottal
765:Palatal
398:Plosive
391:Glottal
376:Palatal
323:Stoneys
269:Country
238:Îyethka
113:Dakotan
3828:French
3823:German
3772:Lakota
3767:Stoney
3721:Ojibwe
3617:(1958)
3614:Michel
3609:(1897)
3601:(1891)
3476:Alexis
3359:Wesley
3304:Beaver
3114:Alexis
3074:Kainai
2993:(1899)
2985:(1877)
2977:(1876)
2930:Nakoda
2925:Siouan
2864:Plains
2823:Plains
2745:Woccon
2692:Biloxi
2613:Quapaw
2554:Stoney
2547:Lakota
2542:Dakota
2508:Mandan
2499:Mandan
2309:
2265:
2063:yatkáŋ
2056:yatkáŋ
2049:yatkáŋ
2042:yatkáŋ
2035:yatkáŋ
1988:'man'
1802:knayáŋ
1795:hnayáŋ
1788:knayáŋ
1781:gnayáŋ
1774:gnayáŋ
1767:'boy'
1762:hokšín
1708:čúsina
1552:gloss
1530:Lakota
1521:Nakota
1499:Lakota
1463:Sun —
1447:Man —
1415:Two —
1407:One —
1127:Front
1003:voiced
760:Dental
687:Front
566:voiced
459:voiced
311:Lakota
307:Dakota
303:Dakota
287:Nakoda
283:Nakota
279:Stoney
243:People
235:Person
224:Nakoda
220:Nakota
203:UNESCO
175:Stoney
117:Stoney
101:Siouan
74:Stoney
70:Nakota
60:Canada
34:Nakota
29:Nakoda
22:Stoney
3099:Enoch
2844:Algic
2602:Osage
2596:Kansa
2537:Sioux
2263:JSTOR
1983:wičhá
1943:snayá
1936:snayá
1929:sdayá
1922:sdayá
1915:slayá
1903:gihná
1896:kikná
1889:kihná
1882:kikná
1875:kigná
1868:kigná
1856:hnéba
1849:knépa
1842:hdépa
1835:kdépa
1828:gdépa
1821:glépa
1715:čúsin
1642:nowáŋ
1635:dowáŋ
1628:dowáŋ
1621:lowáŋ
1516:Sioux
1507:Sioux
1505:) of
1442:Zaptâ
1434:Ktusa
1426:Yamnî
1410:Wazhi
1138:High
1133:Back
1050:Nasal
792:plain
770:Velar
706:u, ũ
698:High
693:Back
609:Nasal
381:Velar
3777:Crow
3174:Paul
2890:Dene
2858:Cree
2484:Crow
2307:ISBN
2215:2023
2189:2023
2163:2023
2137:2020
1482:Mini
1474:Hâwi
1458:Wîyâ
1450:Wîca
1164:Low
1151:Mid
922:t͡ʃʼ
875:t͡ʃʰ
729:a, ã
724:Low
711:Mid
701:i, ĩ
291:Isga
38:Isga
2699:Ofo
1809:hna
1418:Nûm
1368:t'
1353:p'
1323:ii
1308:ee
1266:zh
818:t͡ʃ
485:d͡ʒ
434:t͡ʃ
313:),
170:ELP
146:sto
3865::
3580:NT
3568:SK
3556:BC
3544:NT
2888:/
2846:/
2825:,
2821::
2393:^
2371:^
2336:^
2293:^
2275:^
2259:34
2257:.
2243:^
2223:^
2205:.
2179:.
2153:.
2103:žé
2096:žé
2089:hé
2082:hé
2075:hé
1675:nó
1668:dó
1661:dó
1654:ló
1509:.
1501:,
1466:Wa
1395:ʔ
1392:zh
1383:x
1377:uu
1362:sh
1347:oo
1338:n
1332:k'
1296:c'
1293:c
1287:aa
1263:z
1260:y
1245:sh
1242:s
1239:rh
1230:o
1215:î
1200:d
1197:ch
1014:~
959:~
932:kʼ
912:tʼ
902:pʼ
885:kʰ
865:tʰ
855:pʰ
719:o
289:,
285:,
222:/
72::
48:,
44:,
40:,
36:,
32:,
3673:e
3666:t
3659:v
3582:)
3578:(
3570:)
3566:(
3558:)
3554:(
3546:)
3542:(
3463:)
3459:(
3428:)
3424:(
3383:)
3379:(
3336:)
3332:(
3296:)
3292:(
3251:)
3247:(
3206:)
3202:(
3101:)
3097:(
3066:)
3062:(
3021:)
3017:(
2797:e
2790:t
2783:v
2599:–
2453:e
2446:t
2439:v
2315:.
2287:.
2269:.
2217:.
2191:.
2165:.
2139:.
1389:z
1386:y
1380:w
1374:û
1371:u
1365:t
1359:s
1356:r
1350:p
1344:ô
1341:o
1335:m
1329:k
1326:j
1320:î
1317:i
1314:h
1311:g
1305:ê
1302:e
1299:d
1290:b
1284:â
1281:a
1257:w
1254:û
1251:u
1248:t
1236:r
1233:p
1227:n
1224:m
1221:k
1218:j
1212:i
1209:h
1206:g
1203:e
1194:b
1191:â
1188:a
1101:j
1089:w
1066:n
1056:m
1037:ɣ
1027:ʒ
1017:ð
1011:z
992:h
982:x
972:ʃ
962:θ
956:s
838:ʔ
828:k
808:t
798:p
784:/
714:e
662:j
650:w
625:n
615:m
596:ʕ
584:ʒ
574:z
555:h
545:ħ
533:ʃ
523:s
495:ɡ
475:d
465:b
444:k
424:t
414:p
400:/
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