3100:
40:
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332:. A second topic of interest regarding this little tEMDW flow is that it crosses the midline of the strait, more precisely the Malta sill. When the dense water flow reaches the western sill, it flows along the Tunisian coast instead of the Sicilian shelf. The water mass flows at a shallow depth of 300 m, while beneath the LIW, the tEMDW flows westward. Further downstream, the LIW has lower velocities and the dense water flow returns to the
2054:
47:
351:
273:
302:, south of the Malta Bank with a sill of 560 m deep, and, on the western side, two passages connect the strait with the Western Mediterranean basin. The passage or channel more closely to Sicily is narrow and around 430 m deep while the channel at the side of Tunisia is broader and shallower with a maximum depth of 365 m. Due to this particular
429:
during the 1990s. This dense water caused enhanced salinity and temperatures in the Aegean Sea for a few years creating the deep/mediate
Mediterranean overturning perturbation which has been given the name of Eastern Mediterranean Transient (EMT). The EMT is the major perturbation of the circulation
311:
At the surface and in the upper 200 m the strait consists of an eastward flow provided by the
Modified Atlantic Water (MAW). Underneath this eastward flow, the Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW) flows in westward direction. Just above the bottom of the Strait a relative small flow has been observed.
390:
on the
Adventure Bank (AB) and the southern Sicilian coast. Upwelling is found to be the most intense during summer when the AIS is also relatively stronger than in other seasons. Due to the upwelling these coasts are of great interests of fishery. The ATC shows a specific path in winter while the
385:
The second is the sub-basin scale with scales of 200 km till 300 km. This scale represents two dense water veins; the
Atlantic Tunisian Current (ATC) which flows along the African coast and the Atlantic Ionian Stream (AIS) along the Sicilian coast. The AIS flows mainly eastward which can
486:
During the past years (measured from 1993 till 1998) the potential temperature and salinity of the LIW have decreased significantly. This change in thermohaline properties of the LIW is in agreement with another event that occurred in the 1990s which is the uplifting of the colder and less saline
646:
on the underwater volcano to claim the island if it resurfaced.) In the year 1863 this volcano also erupted. As of 2023 the most recent eruption in the region was in 1891, around 5 km north of
Pantelleria. At the southeast of Graham Bank, at the Pinne Bank an emission was observed in 1941.
450:(nutrient-rich) waters from the Western Mediterranean towards the Adriatic. The density of the dense waters that flow from the Adriatic Sea into the northern Ionian Sea highly depends on the type of circulation (cyclonic, or anticyclonic) in the Ionian Sea and at the other hand influences the
563:) is between a few meters to 120 meters deep. Its bright red calcific axis has been used for jewelry from ancient times. Although extinction of these corals is not the case yet because of high productivity in this ecosystem, a decline has been observed in the shallow waters.
523:
The Strait of Sicily is rich in biodiversity due to its different water currents. Also its geographical position between the
Eastern and Western Mediterranean contributes to the high ecological importance of the strait. Warm temperature and tropical species from the
437:
between the Ionic and the
Adriatic sea. The thermohaline properties of the Adriatic Sea show quasi-decadal oscillations that are related to the circulation of the Ionian Sea. The upper-layer of the northern Ionian Sea shows circulations that vary between a
498:
is an
Italian island located in the Strait of Sicily around 64 km from Tunisia. Nowadays the island is one of the destinations migrants, mostly from Tunisia, try to reach. Sometimes over 200 people in only two days cross the strait in little boats.
323:
it fills the transitional layer between the
Eastern Mediterranean Deep Water and the LIW. This dense water exits the strait at a depth of 300 m at the sill and sinks down, because of its higher density than the LIW, till 1800 m when reaching the
312:
This vein follows the same route as LIW but consists of different characteristics. The water flow is named 'transitional
Eastern Mediterranean Deep Water' (tEMDW) and contains fresher, colder and denser (with a potential seawater density,
454:
in the Ionian Sea itself resulting in a feedback mechanism. BiOS is one of the dominant mechanisms influencing biochemical processes in the Adriatic and therefore has great impact on the organisms within this sea and in the strait.
306:
with two different channels, the strait is called a "two-sill strait". In the central region the strait is around 50 km to 100 km wide and 700 m to 900 m deep, but some parts consist of trenches of even 1800 m deep.
566:
These corrals are part of an initiative of worldwide conservation. During the Conference of the Parties of CITES number 14 (CoP14) two workshops were decided to be organized about the corals in the Pacific and Mediterranean.
581:
Due to high biodiversity, productivity rates and importance of the different species for the ecosystem, the Mediterranean Sea and the Strait of Sicily are becoming of more interest for researchers during the recent years.
297:
it is one of the topographically complex regions. With a length of 600 km it connects the Eastern and Western Mediterranean basins. The strait is delimited by two systems; at the eastern side it is connected with the
1341:
Incarbona, Alessandro; Martrat, Belen; Mortyn, P. Graham; Sprovieri, Mario; Ziveri, Patrizia; Gogou, Alexandra; Jordà, Gabriel; Xoplaki, Elena; Luterbacher, Juerg; Langone, Leonardo; Marino, Gianluca (July 2016).
1830:
Ministero Affari Esteri, Ministero dell'Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", International Workshop Napoli-Villa Doria d'Angri. 23-26 Settembre
1529:
417:
The outflow of dense-water-masses characteristics of the Strait of Sicily are not stable but have been found to change interannually. Also the thermohaline circulation showed changes in structure and
638:
The submarine volcanoes are located in the Adventure Plateau, Graham and Nameless Banks. In 1831 a submarine volcano erupted on the Graham Bank at a depth of around 200 m, forming the
846:
Astraldi, M.; Gasparini, G. P.; Moretti, M.; Sansone, E.; Sparnocchia, S. (1996). "The characteristics of the water masses and the water transport in the Sicily Channel at long time scales".
336:
position located naturally along the Sicilian coast. Here the dense water sinks into the deeper ocean sea, around 1500 m–1850 m. This inversion of the interface slope is possible because the
642:, 65 m above sea level. The island was claimed by Britain, France, and Sicily, with the potential for hostilities, but it had been washed away by December 1831. (In November 2000
2842:
463:
Through the strait of Sicily passes the Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW). The LIW is a westward flowing water mass in the intermediate layers (from 200 m till 400 m) formed in the
2627:
430:
and water mass aspects in this area since systematic observational data is available (1950s). The effect of the EMT on the Strait of Sicily was a freshening of the surface waters.
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528:
cross the strait. The vast variety in species cannot only be found near the surface and coasts but also the deep water contains communities of vulnerable species as the
2487:
2747:
2217:
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2252:
1640:"Effects of spatial variability and colony size on the reproductive output and gonadal development cycle of the Mediterranean red coral (Corallium rubrum L.)"
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2507:
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The Central Mediterranean can be characterized by looking at differences in spatial and temporal scale. Three scales are common to use among oceanographers.
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and temperature. This high salinity concentrations is one of the important factors for the formation of the deep water in the Southern Adriatic and the
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3018:
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2797:
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1115:"Numerical simulation and decomposition of kinetic energies in the Central Mediterranean Sea: insight on mesoscale circulation and energy conversion"
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3003:
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1973:
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Taviani, Marco; Freiwald, Andre; Beuck, Lydia; Angeletti, Lorenzo; Remia, Alessandro; Vertino, Agostina; Dimech, Mark; Schembri, Patrick Joseph.
370:
with a horizontal scale around ten kilometers and periods of days till a maximum of ten days. The sea can be influenced within the mesoscale by
2657:
2552:
2517:
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in the strait flow from east to west, and the current nearer the surface travels from west to east. This unusual water flow is of interest to
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2677:
2672:
2472:
2427:
2407:
2402:
2327:
2172:
84:
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1991:
Carapezza, M.; Ferla, P.; Nuccio, P. M.; Valenza, M. (1979). "Caratteri petrologici e geochimici delle vulcaniti dell'Isola "Ferdinandea"".
2937:
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2727:
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2632:
2337:
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1063:
Robinson, A.R.; Sellschopp, J.; Warn-Varnas, A.; Leslie, W.G.; Lozano, C.J.; Haley, P.J.; Anderson, L.A.; Lermusiaux, P.F.J. (April 1999).
2882:
2877:
2827:
2772:
2527:
1206:"The effect of the Eastern Mediterranean Transient on the hydrographic characteristics in the Strait of Sicily and in the Tyrrhenian Sea"
2927:
2822:
2792:
2767:
2742:
2687:
2682:
2442:
2397:
3153:
2642:
1344:"Mediterranean circulation perturbations over the last five centuries: Relevance to past Eastern Mediterranean Transient-type events"
344:
are balancing each other in a so-called 'geostrophic balance' which is possible because of the flow velocities of both LIW and EMDW.
659:
433:
Another important circulation mechanism that exists in the Strait of Sicily is the Biomodal Oscillating System (BiOS) Which is a
354:
Cross section of the Strait of Sicily using the horizontal and vertical component of the current from the GODAS data file of 2020.
1610:
Conference: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Red Coral Science, Management, and Trade: Lessons from the Mediterranean
39:
2086:
747:
Astraldi, M; Balopoulos, S; Candela, J; Font, J; Gacic, M; Gasparini, G.P; Manca, B; Theocharis, A; Tintoré, J (August 1999).
1508:
1456:
Vilibic, I.; Mihanovic, H.; Sepic, J.; Dunic, N.; Denamiel, C.; Peharda, M.; Somot, S.; Sevault, F.; Gacic, M. (2018-12-01).
948:
1253:"Transient Eastern Mediterranean deep waters in response to the massive dense-water output of the Aegean Sea in the 1990s"
3148:
378:
and by internal dynamical processes. Boundary currents and jets can be created by these processes which can evolve into
1251:
Roether, Wolfgang; Klein, Birgit; Manca, Beniamino Bruno; Theocharis, Alexander; Kioroglou, Sotiris (September 2007).
442:
movement, corresponding advection of waters from the Eastern Mediterranean with very saline waters and low nutrients (
3158:
2058:
639:
1861:"Nurseries, spawning grounds and recruitment of Octopus vulgaris in the Strait of Sicily, central Mediterranean Sea"
1489:"Intermediate Water Formation in the Levantine Sea: The Response to Interannual Variability of Atmospheric Forcing"
628:. Minor submarine eruptions still occur, mostly on the seafloor along the northwest and southeast regional faults.
1924:"The Strait of Sicily continental rift systems: Physiography and petrochemistry of the submarine volcanic centres"
823:
798:
3163:
328:
flowing along the Sicilian slope. This sharp sinking down of the dense water flow is a topic of interest among
1773:"Reproduction and population sexual structure of the overexploited Mediterranean red coral Corallium rubrum"
1606:"The deepest known occurrence of the precious red coral Corallium Rubrum (L. 1758) in the Mediterranean Sea"
3133:
1623:
Cattaneo-Vietti, R.; Cicogna, F. (1993). "Red Coral in the Mediterranean Sea: Art, History and Science".
1687:"Red Coral Fishery at the Costa Brava (NW Mediterranean): Case Study of an Overharvested Precious Coral"
3138:
2079:
682:
3143:
1559:"The North sector of the Strait of Sicily: a priority area for conservation in the Mediterranean Sea"
1859:
Garofalo, Germana; Ceriola, Luca; Gristina, Michele; Fiorentino, Fabio; Pace, Roberta (2010-08-04).
749:"The role of straits and channels in understanding the characteristics of Mediterranean circulation"
347:
The tEMDW shows little variations in height, width and path and is thus geometrically quite stable.
2437:
1638:
Tsounis, Georgios; Rossi, Sergio; Aranguren, Maria; Gili, Josep-Maria; Arntz, Wolf (January 2006).
1458:"The Adriatic-Ionian Bimodal Oscillating System: relevance, phenomenology, reproducibility, impact"
578:, especially the species O. Vulgaris, are of interest both for industrial and artisanal fisheries.
395:
2807:
1409:"Can internal processes sustain reversals of the ocean upper circulation? The Ionian Sea example"
266:
2998:
589:, information can be gained by researching the changes in biodiversity in the Strait of Sicily.
487:
deep waters in the Eastern Mediterranean referred as the Eastern Mediterranean Transient (EMT).
418:
2247:
2010:
Imbò, G. (1965). "Catalogue of the active volcanoes of the world including solfatara fields".
2352:
2072:
255:
1493:
The Eastern Mediterranean as a Laboratory Basin for the Assessment of Contrasting Ecosystems
1935:
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8:
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English: Map of tectonic plates of Sicily, modified from File:Tectonic_plates_(empty).svg
650:
In 2023 three further underwater volcanoes, possibly active, were discovered off Sicily.
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3023:
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1810:
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1384:
1167:"The dynamics of the Sicily Strait: a comprehensive study from observations and models"
709:
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1018:"Hydrological characteristics in the Tunisia–Sardinia–Sicily area during spring 1995"
998:
944:
890:
828:
776:
724:
507:
The winds that are found above the Strait of Sicily are the two Mediterranean winds:
439:
394:
The last common used scale is the large Mediterranean Basin scale which includes the
294:
251:
193:
20:
2237:
1814:
1718:
1671:
1457:
1407:
Gačić, M.; Borzelli, G. L. Eusebi; Civitarese, G.; Cardin, V.; Yari, S. (May 2010).
909:
3058:
3048:
2862:
2802:
2592:
2577:
2562:
2347:
1943:
1872:
1792:
1745:
1734:"Red coral: conservation and management of an over-exploited Mediterranean species"
1698:
1651:
1590:
1570:
1530:"Migranti, a Pantelleria riprendono gli sbarchi dalla Tunisia: arrivati più di 200"
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1923:
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Tsounis, Georgios; Rossi, Sergio; Gili, Josep-Maria; Arntz, Wolf E. (2007-08-04).
1488:
1252:
1204:
Gasparini, G.P.; Ortona, A.; Budillon, G.; Astraldi, M.; Sansone, E. (June 2005).
863:"Dynamics and mixing of the Eastern Mediterranean outflow in the Tyrrhenian basin"
861:
Sparnocchia, S; Gasparini, G.P; Astraldi, M; Borghini, M; Pistek, P (April 1999).
605:
Due to the natural position of the Strait of Sicily, above the conjunction of the
265:
There are regular ferries between Sicily and Tunis across the Strait of Sicily; a
2983:
2422:
2382:
2202:
1901:
1500:
1276:
635:
erupted, and other seamounts have been covered by Pliocene-Quaternary sediments.
207:
2707:
1016:
Sammari, C; Millot, C; Taupier-Letage, I; Stefani, A; Brahim, M (October 1999).
3081:
3076:
2572:
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2342:
2207:
2187:
2139:
2114:
1686:
1639:
1558:
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548:
541:
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341:
325:
247:
116:
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907:
3127:
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3053:
3028:
3013:
2973:
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2597:
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2392:
2332:
2317:
2312:
2124:
1955:
1886:
1877:
1860:
1828:"Red Coral Science, Management and Trading: Lessons from the Mediterranean".
1806:
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290:
286:
99:
86:
1922:
Calanchi, N.; Colantoni, P.; Rossi, P.L.; Saitta, M.; Serri, G. (May 1989).
1127:
1114:
928:
410:. Also the westward LIW in the intermediate layer and less saltier eastward
2978:
2857:
2602:
2587:
2557:
2467:
2197:
2119:
1393:
940:
708:
Allan R. Robinson, Wayne G. Leslie, Alexander Theocharis, Alex Lascaratos.
529:
480:
426:
329:
1557:
Di Lorenzo, Manfredi; Sinerchia, Matteo; Colloca, Francesco (2017-10-11).
1113:
Sorgente, R.; Olita, A.; Oddo, P.; Fazioli, L.; Ribotti, A. (2011-05-24).
3086:
2887:
2622:
2157:
2109:
2025:
1433:
1408:
1300:"Evolution and status of the Eastern Mediterranean Transient (1997–1999)"
850:. CIESM Science Series 2. Bulletin de l'Institut Océanographique, Monaco.
625:
617:
597:
552:
533:
495:
371:
259:
797:
Astraldi, M.; Gasparini, G. P.; Gervasio, L.; Salusti, E. (2001-12-01).
685:, Chicago (U.S.A.), 1989. Page 36, Geographic coordinates 37.20N 11.20E.
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1343:
971:"Estimation and study of mesoscale variability in the strait of Sicily"
571:
560:
447:
443:
422:
375:
320:
303:
299:
246:. The strait is about 145 kilometres (90 mi) wide and divides the
66:
3109:
1367:
2952:
2922:
2782:
2777:
2737:
2732:
2717:
2647:
2522:
2182:
2177:
1733:
799:"Dense Water Dynamics along the Strait of Sicily (Mediterranean Sea)"
451:
387:
1844:
IAPPCS (March 7, 2009). "Report of the First Meeting in Hong Kong".
1749:
860:
258:
Sea. The maximum depth is 316 meters (1,037 ft). The island of
2612:
2537:
1062:
632:
575:
556:
537:
476:
467:, the most eastern part of the Mediterranean sea and ending in the
434:
337:
1974:"Three possibly active underwater volcanoes discovered off Sicily"
1015:
402:
and is driven by, at one site, the fresh waters entering from the
2957:
2134:
1858:
1144:
Seasonal variability in the Central Mediterranean Sea circulation
508:
399:
243:
126:
1298:
Theocharis, A.; Klein, B.; Nittis, K.; Roether, W. (June 2002).
796:
382:
and filament patterns that can interact with large scale flows.
2064:
2053:
1770:
1340:
1203:
845:
621:
406:
and on the other side, the negative freshwater budget from the
398:. The thermohaline circulation in the Strait of Sicily is anti-
379:
272:
239:
235:
707:
446:
water), and anticyclonic movement which results in saline and
1406:
746:
350:
122:
2026:"Sicily Channel (Sicilian Channel; Strait of Sicily), Italy"
1921:
1297:
276:
Basic scheme of the two-sill system in the Strait of Sicily.
1990:
1250:
824:
10.1175/1520-0485(2001)031<3457:DWDATS>2.0.CO;2
458:
1771:
Santangelo, G; Carletti, E; Maggi, E; Bramanti, L (2003).
1556:
1455:
1171:
Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography
1637:
1603:
570:
Among the species that are fished at high rates, are the
19:
For waters separating Sicily from the rest of Italy, see
1625:
Ministero delle Risorse Agricole, Alimentari e Forestali
1112:
613:
tectonic plate, volcanic activity occurs in the strait.
421:. These changes were caused by deep water formed in the
1210:
Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
1022:
Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
1738:
Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems
1622:
1684:
1552:
1550:
1495:, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 441–446,
908:
NCEP Global Ocean Data Assimilation System (GODAS).
547:
The habitat of one of the corals in the strait, the
511:, bringing dry and warm air from the South East and
616:Volcanic activity is mainly focused on the islands
1547:
926:
1731:
624:. A climax in volcanic activity was found in the
3125:
1486:
910:"GODAS U and V current component data year 2020"
601:Tectonic Plates underneath the Strait of Sicily.
77:
71:Map showing the location of the Strait of Sicily
848:Dynamics of Mediterranean Straits and Channels
2080:
1732:Santangelo, Giovanni; Abbiati, Marco (2001).
696:The Strait of Gibraltar and the Mediterranean
319:of around 29.10) water than the LIW. In the
729:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
391:route is less clearly-marked during summer.
222:
927:Robinson, A.R.; Lermusiaux, P.F.J. (2001),
414:water on top are considered in this scale.
269:has been proposed to link the two regions.
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1796:
1432:
1383:
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822:
1967:
1965:
1164:
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596:
515:, bringing cold air from the northwest.
459:Levantine intermediate water circulation
349:
271:
46:
425:which replaced the water formed in the
3126:
1843:
2068:
1971:
1962:
1846:International Forum on Precious Coral
1108:
1106:
16:The strait between Sicily and Tunisia
2009:
792:
790:
742:
740:
660:Italy–Tunisia Delimitation Agreement
592:
1487:Nittis, K.; Lascaratos, A. (1999),
475:. The LIW is characterized by high
223:
211:
13:
1103:
975:Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans
262:lies in the middle of the strait.
14:
3175:
2046:
2012:Italy. Intern. Assoc. Volcanology
787:
737:
3154:Straits of the Mediterranean Sea
3108:
3098:
2843:Saint Francis Bay (Eastern Cape)
2094:
2052:
1993:Rend. Soc. Ital. Mineral. Petrol
1972:Tondo, Lorenzo (9 August 2023).
969:Lermusiaux, P.F.J. (July 1999).
803:Journal of Physical Oceanography
65:
45:
38:
2018:
2003:
1984:
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1135:
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710:"Mediterranean Sea Circulation"
1865:ICES Journal of Marine Science
1777:Marine Ecology Progress Series
935:, Elsevier, pp. 623–634,
933:Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences
920:
901:
854:
839:
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688:
672:
1:
1536:(in Italian). 12 October 2020
1320:10.1016/s0924-7963(02)00054-4
1183:10.1016/s0967-0645(04)00027-x
1089:10.1016/s0924-7963(98)00079-7
1042:10.1016/s0967-0637(99)00026-6
995:10.1016/s0377-0265(99)00008-1
929:"Data Assimilation In Models"
887:10.1016/s0924-7963(98)00088-8
773:10.1016/s0079-6611(99)00021-x
665:
631:During historical times some
1948:10.1016/0025-3227(89)90145-x
1501:10.1007/978-94-011-4796-5_31
1413:Geophysical Research Letters
1277:10.1016/j.pocean.2007.03.001
1065:"The Atlantic Ionian Stream"
914:Physical Sciences Laboratory
7:
653:
585:Also regarding the current
490:
358:
229:
216:
140:145 kilometres (90 mi)
10:
3180:
3149:Bodies of water of Tunisia
1462:AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts
518:
148:316 meters (1,037 ft)
18:
3095:
3067:
2966:
2148:
2100:
1703:10.1007/s10021-007-9072-5
1656:10.1007/s00227-005-0100-8
1575:10.1007/s10750-017-3389-7
1304:Journal of Marine Systems
1230:10.1016/j.dsr.2005.01.001
1119:Ocean Science Discussions
1069:Journal of Marine Systems
867:Journal of Marine Systems
717:robinson.seas.harvard.edu
144:
136:
132:
115:
76:
64:
33:
28:
1900:FieldsetJ (2017-11-09),
1257:Progress in Oceanography
1165:BERANGER, K (May 2004).
753:Progress in Oceanography
698:, Springer, 1st edition.
694:Scott C. Truver (1980),
644:Sicilians planted a flag
502:
396:thermohaline circulation
280:
2808:Porto Alexandre, Angola
2513:Enseada dos Três Irmãos
2014:. Part XVIII. Rome: 72.
1128:10.5194/osd-8-1161-2011
683:Encyclopædia Britannica
230:Maḍīq al-Waṭan al-Qiblī
197:
2628:Hirghīgo Bahir Selat’ē
1878:10.1093/icesjms/fsq101
941:10.1006/rwos.2001.0404
602:
355:
293:. Within the Central
277:
183:
3164:International straits
2748:Mietjie Frans se Baai
2353:Bay of Saint-Augustin
1833:. Abstract: 49. 2009.
600:
353:
275:
256:eastern Mediterranean
3159:Italy–Tunisia border
2999:Canal de São Vicente
2753:Moraha Bahir Selat’ē
2243:Baia de Porto Amboim
2061:at Wikimedia Commons
1434:10.1029/2010gl043216
681:, Britannica Atlas,
3134:Geography of Sicily
3039:Strait of Gibraltar
3024:Mozambique Channel
2853:Saint Sebastian Bay
2508:Enseada do Quitungo
2503:Enseada do Quicombo
2498:Enseada do Chalungo
2488:Enseada de São Braz
2248:Baía de Santa Marta
1940:1989MGeol..87...55C
1789:2003MEPS..248...99S
1534:Giornale di Sicilia
1474:2018AGUFM.A53L2670V
1425:2010GeoRL..37.9608G
1360:2016NatSR...629623I
1312:2002JMS....33...91T
1269:2007PrOce..74..540R
1222:2005DSRI...52..915G
1081:1999JMS....20..129R
1034:1999DSRI...46.1671S
987:1999DyAtO..29..255L
879:1999JMS....20..301S
815:2001JPO....31.3457A
765:1999PrOce..44...65A
469:strait of Gibraltar
408:Mediterranean Basin
176:Pantelleria Channel
96: /
2788:Plaatjieskraalbaai
2548:Ghoubbet-el-Kharab
2493:Enseada do Catumbo
2483:Enseada das Pombas
2448:Dakhlet Nouadhibou
1798:10.3354/meps248099
1348:Scientific Reports
603:
435:feedback mechanism
356:
278:
203:Strittu di Sicilia
189:Stretto di Sicilia
3139:Straits of Africa
3121:
3120:
3115:Oceans portal
3105:Africa portal
3009:Guardafui Channel
2838:Saint Francis Bay
2533:Fernao Veloso Bay
2303:Baie de Sangareya
2253:Baía de Sucujaque
2130:Mediterranean Sea
2057:Media related to
1510:978-0-7923-5586-1
1368:10.1038/srep29623
1306:. 33–34: 91–116.
1028:(10): 1671–1703.
950:978-0-12-227430-5
809:(12): 3457–3475.
593:Volcanic activity
366:The first is the
295:Mediterranean sea
252:Mediterranean Sea
224:مضيق الوطن القبلي
199:Canali di Sicilia
185:Canale di Sicilia
168:Channel of Sicily
152:
151:
21:Strait of Messina
3171:
3144:Straits of Italy
3113:
3112:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3059:Zanzibar Channel
3049:Straits of Tiran
3044:Strait of Sicily
2948:Walvis Bay (bay)
2863:Sandwich Harbour
2803:Pointe-Noire Bay
2593:Gulf of Tadjoura
2578:Gulf of Hammamet
2543:Frederik se Baai
2348:Bay of Langarano
2233:Baía de Mossuril
2218:Baía da Condúcia
2089:
2082:
2075:
2066:
2065:
2059:Strait of Sicily
2056:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1969:
1960:
1959:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1880:
1871:(7): 1363–1371.
1856:
1850:
1849:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1800:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1554:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1436:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1387:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1177:(4–5): 411–440.
1162:
1156:
1155:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1110:
1101:
1100:
1075:(1–4): 129–156.
1060:
1054:
1053:
1013:
1007:
1006:
981:(2–4): 255–303.
966:
960:
959:
958:
957:
924:
918:
917:
905:
899:
898:
873:(1–4): 301–317.
858:
852:
851:
843:
837:
836:
826:
794:
785:
784:
744:
735:
734:
728:
720:
714:
705:
699:
692:
686:
679:Strait of Sicily
676:
551:, family of the
549:Corallium rubrum
404:Gibraltar Strait
250:and the western
232:
226:
225:
219:
217:Maḍīq Ṣiqillīyah
213:
172:Sicilian Narrows
164:Sicilian Channel
156:Strait of Sicily
111:
110:
108:
107:
106:
101:
97:
94:
93:
92:
89:
79:
69:
53:Strait of Sicily
49:
48:
42:
29:Strait of Sicily
26:
25:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3107:
3099:
3097:
3091:
3069:
3063:
3019:Massawa Channel
2989:Canal de Bolola
2984:Canal de Bolama
2962:
2908:Spoegrivierbaai
2798:Plettenbergbaai
2608:Hafun Bay South
2423:Chake-Chake Bay
2383:Bight of Biafra
2228:Baía de Mocambo
2223:Baía da Corimba
2203:Antsiranana Bay
2193:Angra de Cintra
2150:
2144:
2102:
2096:
2093:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2034:
2032:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2008:
2004:
1989:
1985:
1970:
1963:
1920:
1916:
1908:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1857:
1853:
1842:
1838:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1769:
1765:
1750:10.1002/aqc.451
1730:
1726:
1683:
1679:
1636:
1632:
1621:
1617:
1602:
1598:
1555:
1548:
1539:
1537:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1485:
1481:
1454:
1450:
1405:
1401:
1339:
1335:
1296:
1292:
1249:
1245:
1202:
1198:
1163:
1159:
1140:
1136:
1111:
1104:
1061:
1057:
1014:
1010:
967:
963:
955:
953:
951:
925:
921:
906:
902:
859:
855:
844:
840:
795:
788:
759:(1–3): 65–108.
745:
738:
722:
721:
712:
706:
702:
693:
689:
677:
673:
668:
656:
595:
521:
505:
493:
465:Levantine basin
461:
361:
342:Coriolis forces
317:
310:
283:
160:Sicilian Strait
158:(also known as
119: countries
104:
102:
100:37.20°N 11.20°E
98:
95:
90:
87:
85:
83:
82:
72:
60:
59:
58:
57:
56:
55:
54:
50:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3177:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3119:
3118:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3082:Erythraean Sea
3079:
3077:Aethiopian Sea
3073:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3034:Shubuk Channel
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2818:Río de Oro Bay
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2638:Hottentotsbaai
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2573:Gulf of Guinea
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2453:Dalwakteah Bay
2450:
2445:
2440:
2438:Conception Bay
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2418:Cape Negro Bay
2415:
2413:Cape Cross Bay
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2378:Bight of Benin
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2358:Bay of Tangier
2355:
2350:
2345:
2343:Bay of Hawakil
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2278:Baía do Govuro
2275:
2270:
2265:
2263:Baía do Ambriz
2260:
2258:Baía de Tombua
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2238:Baía de Namibe
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2188:Ana Chaves Bay
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2168:Al Hoceima Bay
2165:
2163:Acheïl Dakhlet
2160:
2154:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2140:Southern Ocean
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2115:Atlantic Ocean
2112:
2106:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2048:
2047:External links
2045:
2042:
2041:
2030:www.mindat.org
2017:
2002:
1983:
1961:
1928:Marine Geology
1914:
1892:
1851:
1836:
1820:
1763:
1744:(4): 253–259.
1724:
1697:(6): 975–986.
1677:
1650:(3): 513–527.
1644:Marine Biology
1630:
1615:
1596:
1569:(1): 235–253.
1546:
1521:
1509:
1479:
1448:
1399:
1333:
1290:
1263:(4): 540–571.
1243:
1216:(6): 915–935.
1196:
1157:
1134:
1102:
1055:
1008:
961:
949:
919:
900:
853:
838:
786:
736:
700:
687:
670:
669:
667:
664:
663:
662:
655:
652:
594:
591:
587:climate change
574:family. These
534:Antipatharians
526:Lavantin basin
520:
517:
504:
501:
492:
489:
473:Atlantic Ocean
460:
457:
419:stratification
360:
357:
330:oceanographers
326:Tyrrhenian Sea
315:
291:oceanographers
282:
279:
248:Tyrrhenian Sea
150:
149:
146:
142:
141:
138:
134:
133:
130:
129:
120:
113:
112:
80:
74:
73:
70:
62:
61:
52:
51:
44:
43:
37:
36:
35:
34:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3176:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3094:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3054:Tigres Strait
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3029:Pemba Channel
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3014:Mafia Channel
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3004:Canal do Meio
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2994:Canal de Caió
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2974:Bab-el-Mandeb
2972:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2873:Skoonbergbaai
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2848:St Helena Bay
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2813:Prinzen Bucht
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2713:McDougall Bay
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2663:John Owen Bay
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2653:Inhambane Bay
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2618:Harrison Cove
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2598:Gulf of Tunis
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2583:Gulf of Sidra
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2568:Gulf of Gabès
2566:
2564:
2563:Gulf of 'Agig
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2393:Bombetoka Bay
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2333:Bay of Beylul
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2318:Bay of Arguin
2316:
2314:
2313:Bay of Anfile
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2298:Baie de Gorée
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2288:Baía do Nzeto
2286:
2284:
2283:Baía do Lúrio
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2273:Baía do Dande
2271:
2269:
2268:Baía do Bengo
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
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2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2125:Levantine Sea
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
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2107:
2105:
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2006:
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1994:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1966:
1957:
1953:
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1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1918:
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1904:
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1888:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1847:
1840:
1832:
1824:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1720:
1716:
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1563:Hydrobiologia
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109:
81:
75:
68:
63:
41:
32:
27:
22:
3043:
2979:Bab Iskender
2858:Saldanha Bay
2708:Lüderitz Bay
2658:Jammer Bucht
2603:Gulf of Zula
2588:Gulf of Suez
2558:Gulf of Aden
2553:Grosse Bucht
2518:Equimina Bay
2468:Dungonab Bay
2458:Deurloopbaai
2388:Bocock’s Bay
2363:Benguela Bay
2323:Bay of Arzew
2293:Baía do Suto
2213:Baía Almeida
2198:Antongil Bay
2120:Indian Ocean
2095:African seas
2033:. Retrieved
2029:
2020:
2011:
2005:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1978:The Guardian
1977:
1934:(1): 55–83.
1931:
1927:
1917:
1907:, retrieved
1902:
1895:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1845:
1839:
1829:
1823:
1780:
1776:
1766:
1741:
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1727:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1647:
1643:
1633:
1627:. Rome: 263.
1624:
1618:
1609:
1599:
1566:
1562:
1538:. Retrieved
1533:
1524:
1514:, retrieved
1492:
1482:
1465:
1461:
1451:
1416:
1412:
1402:
1354:(1): 29623.
1351:
1347:
1336:
1303:
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1213:
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1199:
1174:
1170:
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1143:
1137:
1118:
1072:
1068:
1058:
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1021:
1011:
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974:
964:
954:, retrieved
932:
922:
913:
903:
870:
866:
856:
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806:
802:
756:
752:
716:
703:
695:
690:
678:
674:
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637:
630:
615:
604:
584:
580:
569:
565:
546:
530:Scleractinia
522:
506:
494:
485:
462:
444:oligotrophic
432:
416:
393:
384:
365:
362:
346:
313:
309:
284:
264:
227:
214:
202:
198:
188:
184:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
153:
105:37.20; 11.20
3087:Sea of Zanj
2933:Tietiesbaai
2918:Swartstraat
2903:Spencer Bay
2898:Somnaasbaai
2888:Sodwana Bay
2833:Rooiwalbaai
2678:Lambert Bay
2673:Kiwaiyu Bay
2623:Henties Bay
2473:Durissa Bay
2428:Chameis Bay
2408:Cabinda Bay
2403:Bosluisbaai
2373:Betty’s Bay
2328:Bay of Aseb
2208:Arab's Gulf
2173:Algiers Bay
2158:Abu Qir Bay
2110:Alboran Sea
626:Pleistocene
618:Pantelleria
553:Coralliidae
496:Pantelleria
372:wind stress
334:geostrophic
260:Pantelleria
254:, from the
103: /
78:Coordinates
3128:Categories
3068:Historical
2943:Walker Bay
2938:Ungama Bay
2913:Struisbaai
2893:Sofala Bay
2868:Sierra Bay
2758:Mossel Bay
2728:Markusbaai
2723:Maputo Bay
2703:Luanda Bay
2698:Lobito Bay
2693:Loango Bay
2668:Kalawy Bay
2633:Horingbaai
2478:Elands Bay
2463:Doringbaai
2433:Chwaka Bay
2368:Bera’esoli
2338:Bay of Edd
2308:Bandombaai
2035:2021-05-13
1999:: 377–388.
1909:2021-05-13
1783:: 99–108.
1691:Ecosystems
1540:2021-05-13
1516:2021-05-13
1419:(9): n/a.
1152:1188462670
956:2021-05-13
666:References
576:molluscans
572:Cephalopod
561:Gorgonacea
542:red corals
538:gorgonians
448:copiotroph
423:Aegean Sea
376:topography
321:Ionian Sea
304:bathymetry
300:Ionian Sea
212:مضيق صقلية
145:Max. depth
137:Max. width
2953:Yawri Bay
2923:Table Bay
2883:Slangbaai
2878:Skurfbaai
2828:Roode Bay
2783:Pipas Bay
2778:Pemba Bay
2773:Oran Gulf
2738:Menai Bay
2733:Memba Bay
2718:Manza Bay
2648:Hydra Bay
2528:Farta Bay
2523:False Bay
2183:Ambas Bay
2178:Algoa Bay
1956:0025-3227
1887:1095-9289
1807:0171-8630
1758:1052-7613
1711:1432-9840
1664:0025-3162
1583:0018-8158
1443:0094-8276
1376:2045-2322
1328:0924-7963
1285:0079-6611
1238:0967-0637
1191:0967-0645
1097:0924-7963
1050:0967-0637
1003:0377-0265
895:0924-7963
833:0022-3670
781:0079-6611
633:seamounts
452:vorticity
400:estuarine
388:upwelling
368:mesoscale
234:) is the
2928:Thysbaai
2823:Rock Bay
2793:Platbaai
2768:Noopbaai
2763:Möwebaai
2743:Meob Bay
2688:Langbaai
2683:Lamu Bay
2613:Hann Bay
2538:Foul Bay
2443:Cuio Bay
2398:Bootbaai
2151:and bays
2103:and seas
1815:54979671
1719:25259570
1672:86404698
1394:27412622
725:cite web
654:See also
607:Eurasian
557:Anthozoa
491:Migrants
477:salinity
471:and the
440:cyclonic
427:Adriatic
412:Atlantic
380:vortices
359:Dynamics
338:buoyancy
287:currents
238:between
194:Sicilian
2967:Straits
2958:Yof Bay
2643:Hurdiyo
2135:Red Sea
1936:Bibcode
1785:Bibcode
1591:2514441
1470:Bibcode
1421:Bibcode
1385:4944156
1356:Bibcode
1308:Bibcode
1265:Bibcode
1218:Bibcode
1077:Bibcode
1030:Bibcode
983:Bibcode
875:Bibcode
811:Bibcode
761:Bibcode
611:African
519:Biology
513:Mistral
509:Sirocco
386:create
244:Tunisia
187:or the
180:Italian
127:Tunisia
91:11°12′E
88:37°12′N
2101:Oceans
1954:
1885:
1813:
1805:
1756:
1717:
1709:
1670:
1662:
1589:
1581:
1507:
1441:
1392:
1382:
1374:
1326:
1283:
1236:
1189:
1150:
1095:
1048:
1001:
947:
893:
831:
779:
622:Linosa
267:tunnel
240:Sicily
236:strait
208:Arabic
2149:Gulfs
1848:: 50.
1811:S2CID
1715:S2CID
1668:S2CID
1587:S2CID
713:(PDF)
503:Winds
285:Deep
281:Flows
123:Italy
117:Basin
3070:seas
1952:ISSN
1883:ISSN
1831:2009
1803:ISSN
1754:ISSN
1707:ISSN
1660:ISSN
1579:ISSN
1505:ISBN
1439:ISSN
1390:PMID
1372:ISSN
1324:ISSN
1281:ISSN
1234:ISSN
1187:ISSN
1148:OCLC
1093:ISSN
1046:ISSN
999:ISSN
945:ISBN
891:ISSN
829:ISSN
777:ISSN
731:link
620:and
609:and
540:and
340:and
242:and
174:and
154:The
1944:doi
1873:doi
1793:doi
1781:248
1746:doi
1699:doi
1652:doi
1648:148
1571:doi
1567:821
1497:doi
1429:doi
1380:PMC
1364:doi
1316:doi
1273:doi
1226:doi
1179:doi
1123:doi
1085:doi
1038:doi
991:doi
937:doi
883:doi
819:doi
769:doi
221:or
201:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
