210:
subdivision of the players the normal procedure for such divisi passages is that the "outside" player of the desk (the one closer to the audience) takes the upper part, the "inside" player the lower, but it is also possible to divide by alternating desks, the favored method in threefold divisi. The "inside" player typically turns the pages of the part, while the "outside" player continues playing. In cases where a page turn occurs during an essential musical part, modern performers may photocopy some of the music to enable the page turn to take place during a less important place in the music.
171:(leader in the UK); each of the other string sections also has a principal player (principal second violin, principal viola, principal cello, and principal bass) who play the orchestral solos for the section, lead entrances and, in some cases, determine the bowings for the section (the concertmaster/leader may set the bowings for all strings, or just for the upper strings). The principal string players sit at the front of their section, closest to the conductor and on the row of performers which is closest to the audience.
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to the large width of the instrument, it is found easier for each player to have their own stand. There are not usually as many basses as cellos, so they are either in one row, or for a larger section, in two rows, with the second row behind the first. In some orchestras, some or all of the string sections may be placed on wooden risers, which are platforms that elevate the performers.
213:
There are more variations of set-up with the double bass section, depending on the size of the section and the size of the stage. The basses are commonly arranged in an arc behind the cellos, either standing or sitting on high stools, usually with two players sharing a stand; though occasionally, due
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era, the bass and cello would typically play from the same part, labelled "Bassi". Given the pitch range of the instruments, this means that if a double bassist and a cellist read the same part, the double bass player would be doubling the cello part an octave lower. While passages for cellos alone
209:
In a typical stage set-up, the first and second violins, violas and cellos are seated by twos, a pair of performers sharing a stand being called a "desk", Each principal (or section leader) is usually on the "outside" of the first desk, that is, closest to the audience. When the music calls for
313:, the music to which God tells the newly created beasts to be fruitful and multiply achieves a rich, dark tone by its setting for divided viola and cello sections with violins omitted. Famous works without violins include the 6th of the
222:
The size of a string section may be expressed with a formula of the type (for example) 10–10–8–10–6, designating the number of first violins, second violins, violas, cellos, and basses. The numbers can vary widely: Wagner in
174:
In the 19th century it was standard to have the first and second violins on opposite sides (violin I, cello, viola, violin II), rendering obvious the crossing of their parts in, for example, the opening of the finale to
266:
The music for a string section is not necessarily written in five parts; besides the variants discussed below, in classical orchestras the 'quintet' is often called a 'quartet', with basses and cellos playing together.
183:. If space or numbers are limited, cellos and basses can be put in the middle, violins and violas on the left (thus facing the audience) and winds to the right; this is the usual arrangement in
375:
were without violin parts, there being parts for 1st and 2nd viola, and for 1st and 2nd cello; though optional violin parts were added later by publishers. Some orchestral works by
129:
of a musical work, the phrase "the strings" or "and strings" is used to indicate a string section as just defined. An orchestra consisting solely of a string section is called a
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string sections, one on each side of the stage. In some cases, due to space constraints (as with an opera pit orchestra) or other issues, a different layout may be used.
586:
153:
One possible seating arrangement for an orchestra. First violins are labelled "Vln I"; second violins are "Vln II"; violas are "Vla"; and double basses (in German
290:) are common in Mozart and Haydn, independent parts for both instruments become frequent in Beethoven and Rossini and common in later works of Verdi and Wagner.
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period (ca. 1800–1910), string sections were significantly enlarged to produce a louder, fuller string sound that could match the loudness of the large
163:
The most common seating arrangement in the 2000s is with first violins, second violins, violas, and cello sections arrayed clockwise around the
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music. In this context the size and composition of the string section is less standardised, and usually smaller, than a classical complement.
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performing with a jazz group. The string sections are at the front of the orchestra, arrayed in a semicircle around the
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634:(University of California Press, 1981) weighs the various merits in the chapter "Platform planning", pp. 49ff
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period (ca. 1720–1800) used (and is often played in the modern era with) smaller string sections. During the
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era, some composers requested smaller string sections. In some regional orchestras, amateur orchestras and
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described the cellos-on-the-right arrangement as part of a 20th-century "sea change" (
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133:. Smaller string sections are sometimes used in jazz, pop, and rock music and in the
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53:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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sections used in orchestral music from this period. During the
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Section of a symphony orchestra composed of string instruments
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187:. The seating may also be specified by the composer, as in
739:"Size of the String Section in Popular Music Recordings"
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101:is composed of bowed instruments belonging to the
686:, online edition, article "Orchestra", section 6.
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702:(London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd, 1992): 104.
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121:. It is the most numerous group in the standard
648:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 290.
229:specifies 16–16–12–12–8; the band orchestra in
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646:The New Grove Guide to Wagner and his Operas
379:omit violins, using only the lower strings.
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105:. It normally consists of first and second
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239:is 1–1–0–1–1. In general, music from the
194:Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
400:String section without violins or violas
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683:Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
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457:has no parts for violins or violas.
455:Concerto for Bassoon and Low Strings
448:has no parts for violins or violas.
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602:(Karlsruhe, Ch. Th. Groos, 1844).
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243:period (ca. 1600–1750) and the
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299:String section without violins
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383:String section without violas
665:Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra
549:, p. 342 (McGraw-Hill 1989).
363:'s original versions of his
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49:the claims made and adding
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644:Millington, Barry (2006).
329:, the opening movement of
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632:Anatomy of the Orchestra
480:, the third movement of
125:. In discussions of the
835:Conductorless orchestra
737:F. G. J. Absil (2010).
724:www.stringsection.co.uk
608:Dictionnaire de musique
558:(1948). "Orchestra" in
500:In other musical genres
372:Cantique de Jean Racine
218:Numbers and proportions
599:Dirigent und Ripienist
587:Ferdinand Simon GaĂźner
560:Encyclopedia Americana
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1732:Violin musical styles
1680:History of the violin
1316:Electric upright bass
336:Ein deutsches Requiem
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1583:Double bass concerto
659:Svend Brown (2006).
393:La crèation du monde
315:Brandenburg Concerti
236:La création du monde
1612:Related instruments
1526:and genres of music
1492:Finger substitution
825:Percussion ensemble
547:Lectionary of Music
341:Andrew Lloyd Webber
271:Double bass section
145:Seating arrangement
1217:Five-string violin
1098:Baritone saxophone
614:'s former role as
494:coronation anthems
445:Symphony of Psalms
419:. You can help by
205:"Desks" and divisi
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34:possibly contains
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377:Giacinto Scelsi
323:Second Serenade
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127:instrumentation
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671:on 2006-10-01.
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539:'s Music Guide
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486:Symphony No. 5
477:Josephslegende
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59:December 2017
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32:This article
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1737:Violin octet
1717:Stradivarius
1598:Cello sonata
1593:Viola sonata
1557:
1553:String octet
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1260:Tenor violin
1232:Stroh violin
1014:Concert band
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1707:Jazz violin
1649:Nyckelharpa
1634:Hurdy-gurdy
1538:String trio
1482:Double stop
1385:Fingerboard
1308:Double bass
1278:Bass violin
1191:Instruments
1128:Double bass
1103:French horn
1051:Instruments
1001:Double bass
949:French horn
922:Instruments
590: [
474:(1909) and
451:Gubaidulina
287:senza bassi
277:double bass
226:Die WalkĂĽre
189:BĂ©la BartĂłk
177:Tchaikovsky
159:) are "Kb".
156:Kontrabässe
91:conductor's
1794:Categories
1619:Arpeggione
1509:Scordatura
1438:Bow stroke
1425:Techniques
1415:Tuning peg
1405:Sound post
1133:Percussion
1038:Percussion
981:Percussion
899:Percussion
861:Bandmaster
810:Brass band
782:Orchestras
700:Stravinsky
575:B00M99G7V6
524:References
518:commercial
440:Stravinsky
199:antiphonal
43:improve it
1700:Slap bass
1685:Jazz bass
1524:Ensembles
1504:Pizzicato
1497:Bariolage
1487:Fingering
1477:Harmonics
1444:Col legno
1410:Tailpiece
1118:Euphonium
875:Orchestra
856:Conductor
800:Orchestra
793:Ensembles
616:conductor
353:'s opera
281:classical
245:Classical
165:conductor
123:orchestra
47:verifying
1756:Category
1695:Big band
1654:Pochette
1472:Arpeggio
1460:Spiccato
1370:Chinrest
1348:Bass bar
1326:Octobass
1212:Pochette
1113:Trombone
1073:Clarinet
1028:Woodwind
1021:Sections
959:Trombone
939:Clarinet
904:Keyboard
889:Woodwind
882:Sections
604:Rousseau
356:Akhnaten
294:Variants
284:(marked
249:Romantic
1659:Quinton
1624:Baryton
1515:Vibrato
1465:Tremolo
1455:Portato
1450:Martelé
1321:Violone
1293:Cellone
1138:Timpani
1108:Trumpet
1078:Bassoon
1058:Piccolo
976:Timpani
954:Trumpet
944:Bassoon
849:Leaders
568:1653189
471:Elektra
366:Requiem
346:Requiem
241:Baroque
107:violins
93:podium.
41:Please
1770:Portal
1644:Lirone
1433:Bowing
1395:Scroll
1380:F-hole
1375:Endpin
1365:Bridge
1199:Violin
986:Violin
909:String
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573:
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490:Handel
349:, and
331:Brahms
327:Brahms
257:modern
117:, and
115:cellos
111:violas
1712:Rosin
1668:Other
1340:Parts
1270:Cello
1242:Viola
1063:Flute
1033:Brass
996:Cello
991:Viola
929:Flute
894:Brass
742:(PDF)
594:]
361:Fauré
305:Haydn
253:brass
1722:Viol
1358:Frog
1123:Tuba
1068:Oboe
971:Tuba
934:Oboe
784:and
704:ISBN
571:ASIN
564:OCLC
516:and
514:jazz
506:rock
369:and
319:Bach
97:The
85:The
1390:Nut
1353:Bow
606:'s
510:pop
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
