579:
479:
587:
40:
968:(CSDHs) have a relatively high mortality rate (up to 16.7% in patients over the age of 65); however, they have an even higher rate of recurrence (as mentioned in the previous section). For the aforementioned reasons, researchers have developed predictive grading scales to identify patients at high risk of CSDH recurrence, one of which is the Puerto Rico Recurrence Scale developed by Mignucci-Jiménez et al.
738:
stops by itself. Because these hematomas progress slowly, they can more often be stopped before they cause significant damage, especially if they are less than a centimeter wide. In one study, only 22% of patients with chronic subdural bleeds had outcomes worse than "good" or "complete recovery". Chronic subdural hematomas are common in the elderly.
644:
indicator of subdural hemorrhage is its involvement of a larger portion of the cerebral hemisphere. Subdural blood can also be seen as a layering density along the tentorium cerebelli. This can be a chronic, stable process, since the feeding system is low-pressure. In such cases, subtle signs of bleeding—such as effacement of
953:
can reduce the haematoma volume and improving neurological function in eight weeks. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor may also reduce risk of recurrences in CSDH. Dexamethasone, when used together with surgical drainage, may reduce the recurrence rate of subdural haematoma. Even with surgical evacuation of
438:
and ruptured cortical vessels (blood vessels on the surface of the brain) can also cause subdural hematoma. In these cases, blood usually accumulates between the two layers of the dura mater. This can cause ischemic brain damage by two mechanisms: one, pressure on the cortical blood vessels, and two,
737:
Chronic subdural bleeds develop over a period of days to weeks, often after minor head trauma, though a cause is not identifiable in 50% of patients. They may not be discovered until they present clinically months or years after a head injury. The bleeding from a chronic hematoma is slow and usually
643:
On a CT scan, subdural hematomas are classically crescent-shaped, with a concave surface away from the skull. However, they can have a convex appearance, especially in the early stages of bleeding. This may cause difficulty in distinguishing between subdural and epidural hemorrhages. A more reliable
967:
score, younger age and responsive pupils are associated with better outcomes in acute subdural hematomas, while the time between the injury and the surgical evacuation, or the type of surgery, do not have a statistically significant impact on the outcomes. Additionally, chronic subdural hematomas
394:
that traverse the space must cover a wider distance, making them more vulnerable to tears. The elderly also have more brittle veins, making chronic subdural bleeds more common. Infants, too, have larger subdural spaces and are more predisposed to subdural bleeds than are young adults. It is often
944:
Those with chronic subudural haematoma (CSDH) with few or no symptoms or have high risk of complication during surgery may be treated conservatively with medications such as atorvastatin, dexamethasone, and mannitol, although supporting conservative treatment is still weak.
569:
is another risk factor for the development of chronic subdural hematoma. The incision in the arachnoid membrane during the operation causes cerebrospinal fluid to leak into the subdural space, leading to inflammation. This complication usually resolves on its own.
726:. Though much faster than chronic subdural bleeds, acute subdural bleeding is usually venous and therefore slower than the arterial bleeding of an epidural hemorrhage. Acute subdural hematomas due to trauma are the most lethal of all head injuries and have a high
427:
Acute subdural hematoma is usually caused by external trauma that creates tension in the wall of a bridging vein as it passes between the arachnoid and dural layers of the brain's lining—i.e., the subdural space. The circumferential arrangement of
962:
Acute subdural hematomas have one of the highest mortality rates of all head injuries, with 50 to 90 percent of cases resulting in death, depending on the underlying brain injury. About 20 to 30 percent of patients recover brain function. Higher
703:, but becomes more hypodense over time due to dissolution of cellular elements. After 3–14 days, the bleeding becomes isodense with brain tissue and may therefore be missed. Subsequently, it will become more hypodense than brain tissue.
470:, raising the dural venous pressure and resulting in more bleeding from the ruptured bridging veins. They stop growing only when the pressure of the hematoma equalizes with the intracranial pressure, as the space for expansion shrinks.
921:. A surgeon opens the skull and then the dura mater; removes the clot with suction or irrigation; and identifies and controls sites of bleeding. The injured vessels must be repaired. Postoperative complications can include increased
2040:
Santarius T, Kirkpatrick PJ, Ganesan D, Chia HL, Jalloh I, Smielewski P, et al. (September 2009). "Use of drains versus no drains after burr-hole evacuation of chronic subdural haematoma: a randomised controlled trial".
1367:
Yamamoto H, Hirashima Y, Hamada H, Hayashi N, Origasa H, Endo S (June 2003). "Independent predictors of recurrence of chronic subdural hematoma: results of multivariate analysis performed using a logistic regression model".
354:. Cerebral atrophy increases the length the bridging veins have to traverse between the two meningeal layers, thus increasing the likelihood of shearing forces causing a tear. It is also more common in patients on
1969:
2549:
2526:
1426:
Mori K, Yamamoto T, Horinaka N, Maeda M (September 2002). "Arachnoid cyst is a risk factor for chronic subdural hematoma in juveniles: twelve cases of chronic subdural hematoma associated with arachnoid cyst".
197:
of acute hematomas may appear in minutes, if not immediately, but can also be delayed as much as two weeks. Symptoms of chronic subdural hematomas are usually delayed more than three weeks after injury.
2322:"Steroid for chronic subdural hematoma? A prospective phase IIB pilot randomized controlled trial on the use of dexamethasone with surgical drainage for the reduction of recurrence with reoperation"
3767:
158:, which in turn can cause compression of and damage to delicate brain tissue. Acute subdural hematomas are often life-threatening. Chronic subdural hematomas have a better
1980:
2450:
Mignucci-Jiménez, Giancarlo; Matos-Cruz, Alejandro J.; Abramov, Irakliy; Hanalioglu, Sahin; Kovacs, Melissa S.; Preul, Mark C.; Feliciano-Valls, Caleb E. (3 June 2022).
3760:
193:
The symptoms of a subdural hematoma have a slower onset than those of epidural hematomas because the lower-pressure veins involved bleed more slowly than arteries.
765:
1075:
3753:
3341:
2206:
374:
pressure, which can reduce pressure in the subarachnoid space, pulling the arachnoid away from the dura mater and leading to a rupture of the blood vessels.
3911:
370:, respectively. People on these medications can have a subdural hematoma after a relatively minor traumatic event. Another cause can be a reduction in
1524:
1552:. The possibility of direct effect of some vasoactive substances released by the blood clot, being responsible for the ischaemia, seems attractive.
906:
Treatment of a subdural hematoma depends on its size and rate of growth. Some small subdural hematomas can be managed by careful monitoring as the
636:, subdural hematomas can expand along the inside of the skull, creating a concave shape that follows the curve of the brain, stopping only at
758:
395:
claimed that subdural hematoma is a common finding in shaken baby syndrome, although there is no science to support this. In juveniles, an
1409:
2982:
2672:
492:
In chronic subdural hematomas, blood accumulates in the dural space as a result of damage to the dural border cells. The resulting
1921:"Correlation between the skull base fracture and the incidence of intracranial hemorrhage in patients with traumatic brain injury"
751:
3904:
3399:
2716:
1773:
Schweitzer AD, Niogi SN, Whitlow CT, Tsiouris AJ (October 2019). "Traumatic Brain Injury: Imaging
Patterns and Complications".
730:
if they are not rapidly treated with surgical decompression. The mortality rate is higher than that of epidural hematomas and
520:
also causes leakage of cerebrospinal fluid into the hematoma cavity, increasing the size of the hematoma over time. Excessive
4163:
3203:
3040:
1747:
722:
Acute bleeds often develop after high-speed acceleration or deceleration injuries. They are most severe if associated with
1508:
Graham DI, Gennareli TA (2000). "Chapter 5: Pathology of brain damage after head injury". In Cooper P, Golfinos G (eds.).
3394:
3208:
3198:
2787:
1619:
2171:
Soleman J, Nocera F, Mariani L (2017). "The conservative and pharmacological management of chronic subdural haematoma".
1465:
Miller JD, Nader R (June 2014). "Acute subdural hematoma from bridging vein rupture: a potential mechanism for growth".
4158:
3959:
3505:
3336:
2950:
548:
4358:
3949:
3897:
3376:
2452:"Puerto Rico Recurrence Scale: Predicting chronic subdural hematoma recurrence risk after initial surgical drainage"
4332:
3371:
2222:"Safety and Efficacy of Atorvastatin for Chronic Subdural Hematoma in Chinese Patients: A Randomized ClinicalTrial"
205:
or brain damage will be present. Other symptoms of subdural hematoma can include any combination of the following:
2133:
Thotakura AK, Marabathina NR (December 2015). "Nonsurgical
Treatment of Chronic Subdural Hematoma with Steroids".
4110:
3954:
3240:
3021:
1569:"Pathophysiology of chronic subdural haematoma: inflammation, angiogenesis and implications for pharmacotherapy"
3316:
3311:
3235:
731:
4309:
4115:
3745:
3662:
3538:
3467:
3299:
3035:
3974:
3657:
3450:
3433:
3366:
3286:
2665:
4248:
4042:
3500:
2945:
1250:
946:
1997:
Koivisto T, Jääskeläinen JE (September 2009). "Chronic subdural haematoma – to drain or not to drain?".
4084:
4017:
3482:
2970:
2955:
3029:
4153:
4120:
4012:
4002:
3560:
3257:
3225:
3152:
2879:
1752:
1127:"Spinal cerebrospinal fluid leak as the cause of chronic subdural hematomas in nongeriatric patients"
831:
734:
because the force required to cause subdural hematomas tends to cause other severe injuries as well.
485:
of a chronic subdural hematoma, as demonstrated by thin strands of collagen and neovascularization.
4240:
4191:
4038:
3684:
3510:
3440:
3230:
3127:
3108:
2938:
2711:
2569:
556:
462:
Subdural hematomas grow continually larger as a result of the pressure they place on the brain: As
435:
411:
103:
4282:
4230:
4186:
4100:
4029:
3920:
3878:
3717:
3691:
3679:
3667:
3652:
3386:
3328:
3132:
3113:
2765:
2705:
2658:
937:. In patients with a chronic subdural hematoma but no history of seizures, it is unclear whether
845:
826:
621:
578:
178:
3306:
3272:
3215:
3193:
3015:
2997:
2933:
2800:
2753:
2681:
992:
987:
124:
2609:
1174:
4304:
4033:
3070:
3065:
2960:
2875:
2770:
2200:
1406:
982:
922:
645:
566:
463:
339:
due to various rotational or linear forces. There are claims that they can occur in cases of
202:
155:
3889:
527:
Pro-inflammatory mediators active in the hematoma expansion process include
Interleukin 1α (
4353:
4064:
3794:
3566:
3094:
3075:
2975:
2886:
2829:
467:
403:
347:
340:
2635:
8:
4327:
4205:
4143:
4054:
3571:
3428:
3423:
3346:
3250:
3220:
3179:
2805:
2722:
2553:
1858:
1816:
1125:
Beck J, Gralla J, Fung C, Ulrich CT, Schucht P, Fichtner J, et al. (December 2014).
1105:
629:
448:
371:
332:
82:
2369:
1721:
447:
by restricting blood flow to the brain. When the brain is denied adequate blood flow, a
4266:
4105:
3858:
3674:
3472:
3294:
3245:
2870:
2817:
2727:
2489:
2476:
2451:
2422:
2351:
2297:
2270:
2246:
2221:
2110:
2085:
2066:
2022:
1945:
1920:
1798:
1697:
1672:
1595:
1568:
1490:
1308:
1227:
1200:
1156:
1045:
1020:
964:
723:
716:
194:
181:(SAH), causes bleeding into the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid mater and the
2562:
2558:
2054:
2010:
4220:
4059:
4007:
3734:
3585:
3543:
3458:
3276:
3174:
2891:
2834:
2732:
2580:
2493:
2481:
2414:
2393:
Koç, R. Kemal; Akdemir, Hidayet; Oktem, I. Suat; Meral, Mehmet; Menkü, Ahmet (1997).
2343:
2302:
2251:
2188:
2150:
2115:
2086:"Anticonvulsants for preventing seizures in patients with chronic subdural haematoma"
2058:
2014:
1950:
1901:
1802:
1790:
1702:
1688:
1634:
1600:
1536:
1482:
1444:
1385:
1349:
1300:
1232:
1160:
1148:
1050:
934:
359:
185:. SAH are often seen in trauma settings, or after rupture of intracranial aneurysms.
166:
55:
2620:
2426:
2026:
1494:
3979:
3969:
3932:
3837:
3707:
3599:
3492:
3188:
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2406:
2355:
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2241:
2233:
2180:
2142:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2070:
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2006:
1940:
1932:
1891:
1782:
1692:
1684:
1590:
1580:
1474:
1436:
1377:
1339:
1312:
1290:
1222:
1212:
1138:
1040:
1032:
836:
712:
666:
637:
552:
509:
478:
452:
440:
351:
1021:"Clinical analysis of risk factors related to recurrent chronic subdural hematoma"
382:
Factors increasing the risk of a subdural hematoma include very young or very old
3964:
3729:
3121:
3102:
3089:
2896:
2775:
2650:
2574:
2237:
1896:
1879:
1413:
864:
815:
517:
336:
132:
1936:
1919:
Faried A, Halim D, Widjaya IA, Badri RF, Sulaiman SF, Arifin MZ (October 2019).
1880:"Mild traumatic brain injury: toward understanding manifestations and treatment"
1567:
Edlmann E, Giorgi-Coll S, Whitfield PC, Carpenter KL, Hutchinson PJ (May 2017).
954:
chronic subdural haematoma, the recurrence rate is high, ranging from 7 to 20%.
201:
If the bleeds are large enough to put pressure on the brain, signs of increased
4138:
3984:
3722:
3630:
3528:
3520:
3418:
2928:
2921:
2908:
2585:
2146:
1833:
1440:
1381:
938:
860:
850:
727:
597:
It is important that a person receive medical assessment, including a complete
586:
540:
505:
396:
387:
244:
148:
4148:
3775:
2645:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2338:
2321:
1673:"Dating of Early Subdural Haematoma: A Correlative Clinico-Radiological Study"
1642:
1585:
1036:
4347:
3807:
3712:
3623:
2758:
2347:
2287:
2220:
Jiang R, Zhao S, Wang R, Feng H, Zhang J, Li X, et al. (November 2018).
1478:
1277:
Lynøe N, Elinder G, Hallberg B, Rosén M, Sundgren P, Eriksson A (July 2017).
1217:
910:
is eventually resorbed naturally. Others can be treated by inserting a small
887:
840:
617:
536:
532:
402:
Other risk factors include taking blood thinners (anticoagulants), long-term
355:
328:
306:
211:
144:
48:
1143:
1126:
559:
remove surrounding collagen, providing space for new blood vessels to grow.
3644:
3618:
3462:
3410:
3083:
3059:
3006:
2865:
2485:
2449:
2394:
2306:
2255:
2192:
2184:
2154:
2119:
2062:
2018:
1954:
1794:
1706:
1638:
1604:
1540:
1486:
1448:
1389:
1353:
1304:
1236:
1152:
1054:
950:
700:
653:
633:
625:
613:
544:
521:
513:
501:
493:
60:
2467:
2418:
1905:
1786:
3777:
3579:
3477:
3267:
3184:
3166:
2992:
2965:
2916:
2857:
2604:
1726:
1199:
Mezue WC, Ndubuisi CA, Chikani MC, Achebe DS, Ohaegbulam SC (July 2012).
792:
649:
324:
320:
90:
74:
2518:
1279:"Insufficient evidence for 'shaken baby syndrome' – a systematic review"
39:
4076:
3994:
3832:
3607:
3157:
2410:
1344:
1327:
977:
918:
914:
through a hole drilled through the skull and sucking out the hematoma.
800:
562:
482:
456:
443:
due to the substances released from the hematoma, which causes further
383:
279:
128:
95:
78:
2445:
2443:
1295:
1278:
4258:
3827:
3817:
2640:
2615:
1863:
1821:
1110:
930:
874:
804:
796:
612:
Subdural hematomas occur most often around the tops and sides of the
598:
591:
486:
239:
182:
159:
64:
1566:
4296:
4049:
3533:
2690:
2440:
911:
907:
892:
870:
606:
497:
444:
429:
407:
363:
297:
264:
255:
233:
228:
220:
170:
136:
120:
99:
1326:
Oishi M, Toyama M, Tamatani S, Kitazawa T, Saito M (August 2001).
173:, resulting in a build-up of blood between the dura mater and the
4181:
1970:"What's the Difference Between a Subdural and Epidural Hematoma?"
881:
602:
367:
346:
They are also commonly seen in the elderly and in people with an
275:
249:
3924:
3613:
3593:
2748:
2530:
2370:"Acute Subdural Hematomas – UCLA Neurosurgery, Los Angeles, CA"
2039:
1019:
Ko BS, Lee JK, Seo BR, Moon SJ, Kim JH, Kim SH (January 2008).
284:
260:
2083:
1925:
Chinese
Journal of Traumatology = Zhonghua Chuang Shang Za Zhi
1772:
1366:
3941:
3919:
926:
174:
140:
4024:
2084:
Ratilal BO, Pappamikail L, Costa J, Sampaio C (June 2013).
1325:
1251:"Subdural Hematoma: Types, Symptoms Treatments, Prevention"
1175:"Subdural hematoma : MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
528:
432:
surrounding the vein makes it susceptible to such tearing.
391:
1562:
1560:
1198:
632:. Unlike epidural hematomas, which cannot expand past the
47:
Subdural hematoma as marked by the arrow with significant
3848:
2395:"Acute subdural hematoma: Outcome and outcome prediction"
1425:
1328:"Clinical factors of recurrent chronic subdural hematoma"
1276:
1670:
2268:
1918:
1671:
Rao MG, Singh D, Khandelwal N, Sharma SK (April 2016).
1557:
16:
Hematoma usually associated with traumatic brain injury
500:
and produces fragile and leaky blood vessels through
343:, although there is no scientific evidence for this.
2508:
2392:
2170:
2132:
1996:
1748:"Intracranial Hemorrhage – Subdural Hematomas (SDH)"
1124:
609:
will usually detect significant subdural hematomas.
2646:
Imaging and
Mechanism of Subdural Hematoma – MedPix
1620:"Chronic subdural hematoma – an up-to-date concept"
516:into the hematoma cavity. Traumatic tearing of the
2680:
323:, in which rapidly changing velocities within the
2219:
2205:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
1201:"Traumatic extradural hematoma in enugu, Nigeria"
177:. The third type of brain hemorrhage, known as a
4345:
154:Subdural hematomas may cause an increase in the
2269:Yadav YR, Parihar V, Namdev H, Bajaj J (2016).
2166:
2164:
1766:
1525:"Acute subdural haematoma : a reappraisal"
1507:
1078:Accessed through web archive on August 8, 2007.
648:or medial displacement of the junction between
640:like the tentorium cerebelli and falx cerebri.
455:is unleashed, and may ultimately lead to brain
747:Comparison of epidural and subdural hematomas
3905:
3761:
2666:
759:
335:, subdural hemorrhages generally result from
2262:
2213:
2161:
2126:
1873:
1871:
1460:
1458:
1018:
319:Subdural hematomas are most often caused by
2319:
2090:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1677:Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research
1464:
1074:University of Vermont College of Medicine.
98:, long-term excessive alcohol consumption,
3912:
3898:
3768:
3754:
2983:Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
2673:
2659:
2320:Chan DY, Sun TF, Poon WS (December 2015).
1719:
1665:
1663:
1617:
766:
752:
543:. Mediators that promote angiogenesis are
539:, while the anti-inflammatory mediator is
123:—usually but not always associated with a
2475:
2337:
2296:
2286:
2245:
2109:
1967:
1944:
1895:
1868:
1696:
1594:
1584:
1455:
1401:
1399:
1343:
1294:
1226:
1216:
1142:
1044:
917:Large or symptomatic hematomas require a
741:
719:, depending on the speed of their onset.
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
585:
577:
496:leads to new membrane formation through
477:
399:is a risk factor for subdural hematoma.
127:—gathers between the inner layer of the
33:Subdural haematoma, subdural haemorrhage
1877:
1660:
1025:Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
807:and inner meningeal layer of dura mater
4346:
2717:Spontaneous coronary artery dissection
1627:Journal of Medical and Dental Sciences
1522:
1512:(4th ed.). New York: Morgan Hill.
1501:
1396:
825:Temperoparietal locus (most likely) –
601:examination, after any head trauma. A
590:Chronic subdural after treatment with
582:A subdural hematoma demonstrated by CT
214:or fluctuating levels of consciousness
3893:
3776:Nonmusculoskeletal injuries of head (
3749:
2654:
1081:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
857:Symptoms (depending on the severity)
711:Subdural hematomas are classified as
386:. As the brain shrinks with age, the
296:Hearing loss or ringing in the ears (
188:
4164:Partial anterior circulation infarct
3041:Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
1272:
1270:
1120:
1118:
1076:"Neuropathology: Trauma to the CNS."
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
2386:
309:, or abnormal movement of the eyes.
143:. It usually results from tears in
119:) is a type of bleeding in which a
13:
4159:Total anterior circulation infarct
3960:Posterior cerebral artery syndrome
3337:Accelerated idioventricular rhythm
1061:
549:vascular endothelial growth factor
466:rises, blood is squeezed into the
417:
14:
4370:
3950:Anterior cerebral artery syndrome
2504:
1267:
1115:
1005:
706:
555:promotes the expression of VEGF.
524:also causes continuous bleeding.
4333:Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
2456:Surgical Neurology International
810:Between the meningeal layers of
236:(either constant or fluctuating)
38:
4111:Anterior spinal artery syndrome
3955:Middle cerebral artery syndrome
3022:Subacute bacterial endocarditis
2362:
2313:
2077:
2033:
1990:
1961:
1912:
1851:
1826:
1809:
1740:
1713:
1611:
1516:
1419:
1360:
377:
169:are usually caused by tears in
2102:10.1002/14651858.CD004893.pub3
1618:Tanaka Y, Ohno K (June 2013).
1416:. Retrieved on August 7, 2007.
1319:
1243:
1192:
1167:
658:
1:
4116:Vertebrobasilar insufficiency
3539:Pulseless electrical activity
3468:Multifocal atrial tachycardia
3342:Catecholaminergic polymorphic
2326:Chinese Neurosurgical Journal
2275:Asian Journal of Neurosurgery
2055:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61115-6
2011:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61682-2
1884:Archives of Internal Medicine
1407:"Tutorial: CT in head trauma"
998:
929:, new or recurrent bleeding,
404:excessive alcohol consumption
2238:10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.2030
1897:10.1001/archinte.158.15.1617
1689:10.7860/JCDR/2016/17207.7644
1573:Journal of Neuroinflammation
1332:Neurologia Medico-Chirurgica
1106:Imaging in Subdural Hematoma
957:
901:
573:
504:, permitting the leakage of
7:
2271:"Chronic subdural hematoma"
1937:10.1016/j.cjtee.2019.05.006
1205:Nigerian Journal of Surgery
971:
947:HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor
941:are harmful or beneficial.
699:Fresh subdural bleeding is
327:may stretch and tear small
10:
4375:
4085:Cerebellar stroke syndrome
4018:Lateral medullary syndrome
3483:Wandering atrial pacemaker
3030:non-infective endocarditis
2971:Endocardial fibroelastosis
2147:10.1016/j.wneu.2015.08.044
1834:"Acute Subdural Hematomas"
1441:10.1089/089771502760341938
1382:10.3171/jns.2003.98.6.1217
473:
293:Altered breathing patterns
4320:
4310:Charcot–Bouchard aneurysm
4295:
4275:
4257:
4239:
4213:
4204:
4174:
4154:Transient ischemic attack
4131:
4121:Subclavian steal syndrome
4093:
4075:
4013:Medial medullary syndrome
4003:Brainstem stroke syndrome
3993:
3940:
3931:
3871:
3846:
3815:
3804:
3785:
3700:
3643:
3561:hexaxial reference system
3552:
3519:
3506:Jervell and Lange-Nielsen
3491:
3449:
3408:
3385:
3359:
3327:
3285:
3266:
3165:
3151:
3051:
3036:Libman–Sacks endocarditis
3005:
2991:
2907:
2856:
2849:
2786:
2741:
2698:
2689:
2595:
2512:
2339:10.1186/s41016-015-0005-4
1979:. WETA-TV. Archived from
1817:Subdural Hematoma Surgery
1753:Loyola University Chicago
1586:10.1186/s12974-017-0881-y
1037:10.3340/jkns.2008.43.1.11
832:anterior ethmoidal artery
620:. They also occur in the
557:Matrix metalloproteinases
412:cerebrospinal fluid leaks
314:
156:pressure inside the skull
89:
70:
54:
46:
37:
29:
24:
4359:Cerebrovascular diseases
4192:Transient global amnesia
4039:Lateral pontine syndrome
3975:Dejerine–Roussy syndrome
3921:Cerebrovascular diseases
3441:Ventricular fibrillation
2712:Coronary artery aneurysm
2288:10.4103/1793-5482.145102
1523:Tandon PN (March 2001).
1479:10.3171/2013.10.JNS13272
1218:10.4103/1117-6806.103111
436:Intracerebral hemorrhage
422:
360:antiplatelet medications
331:. Much more common than
104:cerebrospinal fluid leak
4283:Intracranial hemorrhage
4101:Carotid artery stenosis
4030:Medial pontine syndrome
3879:Penetrating head injury
3718:Diastolic heart failure
3692:Athletic heart syndrome
3653:Ventricular hypertrophy
3387:Pre-excitation syndrome
3241:Left posterior fascicle
2766:Acute coronary syndrome
2706:Coronary artery disease
2187:(inactive 2024-09-12).
1859:Penetrating Head Trauma
1467:Journal of Neurosurgery
1370:Journal of Neurosurgery
1144:10.3171/2014.6.JNS14550
1131:Journal of Neurosurgery
846:superior sagittal sinus
827:Middle meningeal artery
622:posterior cranial fossa
287:, or difficulty walking
179:subarachnoid hemorrhage
3236:Left anterior fascicle
3016:infective endocarditis
2801:Hibernating myocardium
2682:Cardiovascular disease
2185:10.4414/smw.2017.14398
1968:McDonough VT, King B.
1722:"Subdural haemorrhage"
1720:Sharma R, Gaillard F.
1429:Journal of Neurotrauma
993:Intra-axial hemorrhage
988:Extra-axial hemorrhage
742:Differential diagnosis
732:diffuse brain injuries
594:
583:
489:
290:Loss of muscle control
125:traumatic brain injury
4305:Intracranial aneurysm
4094:Extracranial arteries
3400:Wolff–Parkinson–White
3360:Premature contraction
3258:Adams–Stokes syndrome
2961:Loeffler endocarditis
2771:Myocardial infarction
2468:10.25259/SNI_240_2022
2374:neurosurgery.ucla.edu
1787:10.1148/rg.2019190076
983:Diffuse axonal injury
923:intracranial pressure
869:Gradually increasing
589:
581:
567:intracranial aneurysm
481:
464:intracranial pressure
350:who have evidence of
203:intracranial pressure
162:if properly managed.
4241:Cerebral/Intra-axial
4187:Binswanger's disease
3567:Right axis deviation
3529:Sudden cardiac death
2887:Pericardial effusion
2830:Ventricular aneurysm
2399:Neurosurgical Review
2173:Swiss Medical Weekly
634:sutures of the skull
468:dural venous sinuses
348:alcohol use disorder
341:shaken baby syndrome
333:epidural hemorrhages
4328:Cerebral vasculitis
4206:Haemorrhagic stroke
4144:Cerebral infarction
3572:Left axis deviation
3429:Atrial fibrillation
3424:Ventricular flutter
3347:Torsades de pointes
3221:Bundle branch block
3180:Sick sinus syndrome
2966:Cardiac amyloidosis
2951:Tachycardia-induced
2806:Myocardial stunning
2754:Prinzmetal's angina
2723:Coronary thrombosis
2049:(9695): 1067–1073.
2005:(9695): 1040–1041.
773:
724:cerebral contusions
630:tentorium cerebelli
449:biochemical cascade
372:cerebrospinal fluid
272:Personality changes
121:collection of blood
83:cerebrospinal fluid
4267:Duret haemorrhages
3859:Perforated eardrum
3675:Atrial enlargement
3473:Pacemaker syndrome
3395:Lown–Ganong–Levine
3317:Junctional ectopic
3312:AV nodal reentrant
2818:Myocardial rupture
2728:Coronary vasospasm
2596:External resources
2411:10.1007/BF01105894
2135:World Neurosurgery
1986:on 21 August 2010.
1878:Kushner D (1998).
1412:2005-11-06 at the
1345:10.2176/nmc.41.382
965:Glasgow Coma Scale
835:Occipital locus –
746:
656:—may be apparent.
595:
584:
490:
276:Inability to speak
195:Signs and symptoms
189:Signs and symptoms
167:epidural hematomas
4341:
4340:
4291:
4290:
4200:
4199:
4065:Claude's syndrome
4060:Benedikt syndrome
3887:
3886:
3867:
3866:
3743:
3742:
3735:Obstructive shock
3639:
3638:
3586:Short QT syndrome
3553:Other / ungrouped
3544:Sinoatrial arrest
3459:Ectopic pacemaker
3355:
3354:
3175:Sinus bradycardia
3147:
3146:
3143:
3142:
2892:Cardiac tamponade
2845:
2844:
2835:Dressler syndrome
2733:Myocardial bridge
2636:Subdural Hematoma
2630:
2629:
2232:(11): 1338–1346.
1890:(15): 1617–1624.
1648:on 13 August 2017
1296:10.1111/apa.13760
899:
898:
803:or between outer
697:
696:
638:dural reflections
510:white blood cells
390:enlarges and the
337:shearing injuries
113:subdural hematoma
109:
108:
25:Subdural hematoma
19:Medical condition
4366:
4249:Intraventricular
4211:
4210:
4055:Weber's syndrome
3980:Watershed stroke
3970:Moyamoya disease
3938:
3937:
3933:Ischaemic stroke
3914:
3907:
3900:
3891:
3890:
3838:Corneal abrasion
3813:
3812:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3747:
3746:
3708:Cardiac fibrosis
3600:T wave alternans
3493:Long QT syndrome
3287:Supraventricular
3283:
3282:
3216:Intraventricular
3163:
3162:
3003:
3002:
2854:
2853:
2699:Coronary disease
2696:
2695:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2652:
2651:
2510:
2509:
2498:
2497:
2479:
2447:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2341:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2300:
2290:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2249:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2204:
2196:
2168:
2159:
2158:
2141:(6): 1968–1972.
2130:
2124:
2123:
2113:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2037:
2031:
2030:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1974:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1948:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1899:
1875:
1866:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1830:
1824:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1781:(6): 1571–1595.
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1700:
1683:(4): HC01–HC05.
1667:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1647:
1641:. Archived from
1624:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1598:
1588:
1564:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1473:(6): 1378–1384.
1462:
1453:
1452:
1435:(9): 1017–1027.
1423:
1417:
1405:Downie A. 2001.
1403:
1394:
1393:
1376:(6): 1217–1221.
1364:
1358:
1357:
1347:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1298:
1289:(7): 1021–1027.
1283:Acta Paediatrica
1274:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1255:Cleveland Clinic
1247:
1241:
1240:
1230:
1220:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1146:
1137:(6): 1380–1387.
1122:
1113:
1102:
1079:
1072:
1059:
1058:
1048:
1016:
830:Frontal locus –
822:Involved vessel
777:Compared quality
774:
768:
761:
754:
745:
690:After 10–14 days
659:
553:Prostaglandin E2
453:ischemic cascade
441:vasoconstriction
352:cerebral atrophy
269:Loss of appetite
139:surrounding the
42:
22:
21:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4316:
4287:
4271:
4253:
4235:
4196:
4170:
4127:
4089:
4071:
3989:
3965:Amaurosis fugax
3927:
3918:
3888:
3883:
3863:
3842:
3806:
3800:
3781:
3774:
3744:
3739:
3730:Rheumatic fever
3696:
3635:
3548:
3515:
3487:
3445:
3404:
3381:
3351:
3323:
3270:
3262:
3156:
3139:
3047:
2996:
2987:
2903:
2897:Hemopericardium
2841:
2782:
2776:Unstable angina
2749:Angina pectoris
2742:Active ischemia
2737:
2685:
2679:
2631:
2626:
2625:
2591:
2590:
2521:
2507:
2502:
2501:
2448:
2441:
2431:
2429:
2391:
2387:
2378:
2376:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2318:
2314:
2267:
2263:
2218:
2214:
2198:
2197:
2169:
2162:
2131:
2127:
2096:(6): CD004893.
2082:
2078:
2038:
2034:
1995:
1991:
1983:
1972:
1966:
1962:
1917:
1913:
1876:
1869:
1856:
1852:
1842:
1840:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1814:
1810:
1771:
1767:
1758:
1756:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1732:
1730:
1718:
1714:
1668:
1661:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1565:
1558:
1545:
1543:
1529:Neurology India
1521:
1517:
1506:
1502:
1463:
1456:
1424:
1420:
1414:Wayback Machine
1404:
1397:
1365:
1361:
1324:
1320:
1275:
1268:
1259:
1257:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1197:
1193:
1184:
1182:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1123:
1116:
1103:
1082:
1073:
1062:
1017:
1006:
1001:
974:
960:
939:anticonvulsants
904:
865:unconsciousness
844:Vertex locus –
843:
841:sigmoid sinuses
834:
829:
816:Arachnoid mater
772:
744:
715:, subacute, or
709:
624:, and near the
576:
565:for unruptured
518:arachnoid mater
506:red blood cells
476:
425:
420:
418:Pathophysiology
380:
317:
312:
191:
147:that cross the
133:arachnoid mater
81:, reduction in
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4372:
4362:
4361:
4356:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4301:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4263:
4261:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4245:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4217:
4215:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4149:Classification
4146:
4141:
4139:Brain ischemia
4135:
4133:
4132:Classification
4129:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4081:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4043:Millard-Gubler
4036:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4005:
3999:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3985:Lacunar stroke
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3946:
3944:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3917:
3916:
3909:
3902:
3894:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3855:
3853:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3824:
3822:
3810:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3773:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3750:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3723:Cardiac asthma
3720:
3710:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3649:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3631:Strain pattern
3628:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3525:
3523:
3521:Cardiac arrest
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3501:Andersen–Tawil
3497:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3455:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3426:
3421:
3419:Atrial flutter
3415:
3413:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3333:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3291:
3289:
3280:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3218:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3191:
3182:
3177:
3171:
3169:
3160:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3011:
3009:
3000:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2929:Cardiomyopathy
2926:
2925:
2924:
2922:Chagas disease
2913:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2873:
2862:
2860:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2792:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2714:
2709:
2702:
2700:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2678:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2612:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2577:
2566:
2565:- nontraumatic
2546:
2522:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:Classification
2506:
2505:External links
2503:
2500:
2499:
2439:
2405:(4): 239–244.
2385:
2361:
2312:
2281:(4): 330–342.
2261:
2226:JAMA Neurology
2212:
2160:
2125:
2076:
2032:
1989:
1960:
1931:(5): 286–289.
1911:
1867:
1850:
1825:
1808:
1765:
1739:
1712:
1659:
1610:
1556:
1515:
1500:
1454:
1418:
1395:
1359:
1338:(8): 382–386.
1318:
1266:
1242:
1191:
1166:
1114:
1080:
1060:
1003:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
995:
990:
985:
980:
973:
970:
959:
956:
903:
900:
897:
896:
890:
885:
878:
877:
867:
861:Lucid interval
858:
854:
853:
851:Bridging veins
848:
823:
819:
818:
808:
795:and the inner
789:
785:
784:
781:
778:
771:
770:
763:
756:
748:
743:
740:
728:mortality rate
708:
707:Classification
705:
695:
694:
691:
687:
686:
683:
679:
678:
675:
671:
670:
663:
618:parietal lobes
575:
572:
541:Interleukin 10
475:
472:
424:
421:
419:
416:
397:arachnoid cyst
388:subdural space
379:
376:
356:anticoagulants
329:bridging veins
316:
313:
311:
310:
304:
303:Blurred vision
301:
294:
291:
288:
282:
280:slurred speech
273:
270:
267:
258:
252:
247:
245:Disorientation
242:
237:
231:
226:
223:
218:
215:
207:
190:
187:
149:subdural space
145:bridging veins
107:
106:
93:
87:
86:
72:
68:
67:
58:
52:
51:
44:
43:
35:
34:
31:
27:
26:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4371:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4023:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3915:
3910:
3908:
3903:
3901:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3845:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3808:facial trauma
3805:Extracranial/
3803:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3779:
3771:
3766:
3764:
3759:
3757:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3713:Heart failure
3711:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3632:
3629:
3625:
3624:ST depression
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3407:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3251:Trifascicular
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3134:
3133:regurgitation
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3114:regurgitation
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3095:regurgitation
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3076:regurgitation
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2759:Stable angina
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2676:
2671:
2669:
2664:
2662:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2561:- traumatic;
2560:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2446:
2444:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2208:
2202:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2165:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1872:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1854:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1775:Radiographics
1769:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1743:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1716:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1666:
1664:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1561:
1553:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1511:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1461:
1459:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1422:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1402:
1400:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1271:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1119:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1077:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1004:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
975:
969:
966:
955:
952:
948:
942:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
915:
913:
909:
894:
891:
889:
888:Biconvex lens
886:
883:
880:
879:
876:
872:
868:
866:
862:
859:
856:
855:
852:
849:
847:
842:
838:
833:
828:
824:
821:
820:
817:
813:
809:
806:
802:
799:layer of the
798:
794:
790:
787:
786:
782:
779:
776:
775:
769:
764:
762:
757:
755:
750:
749:
739:
735:
733:
729:
725:
720:
718:
714:
704:
702:
692:
689:
688:
684:
681:
680:
676:
673:
672:
668:
665:Attenuation (
664:
661:
660:
657:
655:
651:
647:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
610:
608:
604:
600:
593:
588:
580:
571:
568:
564:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
537:Interleukin 8
534:
533:Interleukin 6
530:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
488:
484:
480:
471:
469:
465:
460:
458:
454:
451:known as the
450:
446:
442:
437:
433:
431:
415:
413:
409:
405:
400:
398:
393:
389:
385:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
308:
307:Deviated gaze
305:
302:
299:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
281:
277:
274:
271:
268:
266:
262:
259:
257:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
235:
232:
230:
227:
224:
222:
219:
216:
213:
212:consciousness
209:
208:
206:
204:
199:
196:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
165:In contrast,
163:
161:
157:
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
105:
101:
97:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
73:
69:
66:
62:
59:
57:
53:
50:
49:midline shift
45:
41:
36:
32:
28:
23:
4231:Subarachnoid
4225:
3847:
3816:
3792:
3786:Intracranial
3645:Cardiomegaly
3619:ST elevation
3606:
3592:
3578:
3559:
3463:Ectopic beat
3411:fibrillation
3246:Bifascicular
3120:
3101:
3082:
3058:
3028:
3014:
3007:Endocarditis
2946:Hypertrophic
2880:Constrictive
2866:Pericarditis
2824:
2812:
2795:
2634:
2614:
2603:
2579:
2568:
2548:
2525:
2459:
2455:
2430:. Retrieved
2402:
2398:
2388:
2377:. Retrieved
2373:
2364:
2329:
2325:
2315:
2278:
2274:
2264:
2229:
2225:
2215:
2201:cite journal
2176:
2172:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2093:
2089:
2079:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1981:the original
1976:
1963:
1928:
1924:
1914:
1887:
1883:
1857:
1853:
1841:. Retrieved
1837:
1828:
1815:
1811:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1757:. Retrieved
1751:
1742:
1731:. Retrieved
1725:
1715:
1680:
1676:
1650:. Retrieved
1643:the original
1633:(2): 55–61.
1630:
1626:
1613:
1576:
1572:
1551:
1544:. Retrieved
1532:
1528:
1518:
1509:
1503:
1470:
1466:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1335:
1331:
1321:
1286:
1282:
1258:. Retrieved
1254:
1245:
1211:(2): 80–84.
1208:
1204:
1194:
1183:. Retrieved
1181:. 2012-06-28
1178:
1169:
1134:
1130:
1104:
1031:(1): 11–15.
1028:
1024:
961:
951:Atorvastatin
943:
916:
905:
863:followed by
811:
791:Between the
736:
721:
710:
698:
682:After 3 days
677:+75 to +100
654:white matter
642:
626:falx cerebri
611:
599:neurological
596:
561:
545:angiopoietin
526:
522:fibrinolysis
502:angiogenesis
494:inflammation
491:
461:
434:
426:
401:
381:
378:Risk factors
345:
318:
254:Weakness or
217:Irritability
200:
192:
164:
153:
116:
112:
110:
91:Risk factors
61:Neurosurgery
4354:Neurotrauma
4214:Extra-axial
4106:precerebral
3872:Either/both
3795:neurotrauma
3778:head injury
3511:Romano–Ward
3478:Parasystole
3377:Ventricular
3329:Ventricular
3268:Tachycardia
3185:Heart block
3167:Bradycardia
2993:Endocardium
2956:Restrictive
2917:Myocarditis
2858:Pericardium
2605:MedlinePlus
2432:16 February
1838:UCLA Health
1727:Radiopaedia
1652:26 November
1546:26 November
1535:(1): 3–10.
1510:Head Injury
1179:Nlm.nih.gov
884:appearance
693:+35 to +40
685:+65 to +85
674:First hours
650:gray matter
321:head injury
75:Head injury
30:Other names
4348:Categories
4077:Cerebellum
3995:Brain stem
3923:including
3833:Eye injury
3780:) and neck
3409:Flutter /
3372:Junctional
3307:Junctional
3300:Multifocal
3273:paroxysmal
3189:Sinoatrial
3158:arrhythmia
3153:Conduction
2909:Myocardium
2581:DiseasesDB
2379:2019-02-19
2179:: w14398.
1759:2018-01-06
1733:2018-08-14
1669:Fig 3 in:
1579:(1): 108.
1260:2022-03-10
1185:2012-07-27
999:References
978:Concussion
919:craniotomy
908:blood clot
837:transverse
812:dura mater
801:dura mater
701:hyperdense
592:burr holes
563:Craniotomy
483:Micrograph
457:cell death
362:, such as
129:dura mater
96:Senescence
79:alcoholism
4259:Brainstem
4034:Foville's
3828:Black eye
3668:Pulmonary
3451:Pacemaker
3122:pulmonary
3103:tricuspid
2939:Alcoholic
2641:eMedicine
2621:neuro/575
2616:eMedicine
2494:249359877
2348:2057-4967
1977:BrainLine
1864:eMedicine
1822:eMedicine
1803:203926019
1161:207731566
1111:eMedicine
958:Prognosis
931:infection
902:Treatment
875:confusion
805:endosteal
797:meningeal
788:Location
783:Subdural
574:Diagnosis
487:HPS stain
240:Dizziness
183:pia mater
160:prognosis
65:Neurology
56:Specialty
4297:Aneurysm
4226:Subdural
4221:Epidural
4050:Midbrain
3534:Asystole
3434:Familial
3128:stenosis
3109:stenosis
3090:stenosis
3071:stenosis
3066:prolapse
2788:Sequelae
2691:Ischemia
2486:35855136
2427:29824615
2332:(1): 2.
2307:27695533
2256:30073290
2193:28102879
2155:26342776
2120:23744552
2063:19782872
2027:29932520
2019:19782854
1955:31521457
1795:31589576
1707:27190831
1639:23918031
1605:28558815
1541:11303234
1495:25404949
1487:24313607
1449:12482115
1410:Archived
1390:12816267
1354:11561348
1305:28130787
1237:24027399
1153:25036203
1055:19096538
972:See also
949:such as
935:seizures
925:, brain
912:catheter
895:-shaped
893:Crescent
871:headache
814:and the
780:Epidural
607:MRI scan
551:(VEGF).
498:fibrosis
445:ischemia
430:collagen
408:dementia
364:warfarin
298:tinnitus
265:vomiting
256:lethargy
234:Headache
229:Numbness
221:Seizures
210:Loss of
171:arteries
137:meninges
131:and the
100:dementia
85:pressure
4276:General
4182:CADASIL
4008:Medulla
2934:Dilated
2876:Chronic
2684:(heart)
2575:D006408
2477:9282733
2462:: 230.
2419:9457718
2356:3934313
2298:4974954
2247:6248109
2111:7388908
2071:5206569
1946:6823676
1906:9701095
1843:21 July
1698:4866129
1596:5450087
1313:4435564
1228:3762009
1046:2588154
882:CT scan
717:chronic
614:frontal
603:CT scan
474:Chronic
368:aspirin
250:Amnesia
135:of the
3925:stroke
3614:J wave
3367:Atrial
3295:Atrial
3084:aortic
3060:mitral
3052:Valves
2998:valves
2850:Layers
2719:(SCAD)
2610:000713
2492:
2484:
2474:
2425:
2417:
2354:
2346:
2305:
2295:
2254:
2244:
2191:
2153:
2118:
2108:
2069:
2061:
2043:Lancet
2025:
2017:
1999:Lancet
1953:
1943:
1904:
1801:
1793:
1705:
1695:
1637:
1603:
1593:
1539:
1493:
1485:
1447:
1388:
1352:
1311:
1303:
1235:
1225:
1159:
1151:
1053:
1043:
933:, and
535:, and
514:plasma
512:, and
410:, and
315:Causes
285:Ataxia
261:Nausea
102:, and
71:Causes
4321:Other
4175:Other
3942:Brain
3701:Other
3685:Right
3663:Right
3277:sinus
3226:Right
2976:Viral
2871:Acute
2825:weeks
2796:hours
2708:(CAD)
2586:12614
2563:432.1
2559:852.2
2544:S06.5
2540:P10.0
2536:I62.0
2490:S2CID
2423:S2CID
2352:S2CID
2067:S2CID
2023:S2CID
1984:(PDF)
1973:(PDF)
1799:S2CID
1646:(PDF)
1623:(PDF)
1491:S2CID
1309:S2CID
1157:S2CID
927:edema
793:skull
713:acute
646:sulci
423:Acute
392:veins
325:skull
175:skull
141:brain
4025:Pons
3793:see
3680:Left
3658:Left
3275:and
3231:Left
2813:days
2570:MeSH
2554:9-CM
2482:PMID
2434:2024
2415:PMID
2344:ISSN
2303:PMID
2252:PMID
2207:link
2189:PMID
2151:PMID
2116:PMID
2094:2013
2059:PMID
2015:PMID
1951:PMID
1902:PMID
1845:2011
1791:PMID
1703:PMID
1654:2017
1635:PMID
1601:PMID
1548:2017
1537:PMID
1483:PMID
1445:PMID
1386:PMID
1350:PMID
1301:PMID
1233:PMID
1149:PMID
1051:PMID
873:and
652:and
628:and
616:and
547:and
529:IL1A
366:and
225:Pain
3849:ear
3818:eye
2639:at
2550:ICD
2527:ICD
2472:PMC
2464:doi
2407:doi
2334:doi
2293:PMC
2283:doi
2242:PMC
2234:doi
2181:doi
2177:147
2143:doi
2106:PMC
2098:doi
2051:doi
2047:374
2007:doi
2003:374
1941:PMC
1933:doi
1892:doi
1888:158
1862:at
1820:at
1783:doi
1693:PMC
1685:doi
1591:PMC
1581:doi
1475:doi
1471:120
1437:doi
1378:doi
1340:doi
1291:doi
1287:106
1223:PMC
1213:doi
1139:doi
1135:121
1109:at
1041:PMC
1033:doi
839:or
662:Age
605:or
531:),
384:age
358:or
278:or
263:or
117:SDH
4350::
4041:/
4032:/
3608:ST
3580:QT
3461:/
3209:3°
3204:2°
3199:1°
3194:AV
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