Bengal Sultanate - Knowledge

3275: 3180: 2106: 3165: 1226: 2325: 3134: 3236: 2975:, watchtowers, canals, bridges, large gateways, and a city wall. The royal palace was divided into three compartments. The first compartment was the royal court. The second was the living quarter of the Sultan. The third was the harem. A high wall enclosed the palace. A moat surrounded the palace on three sides and was connected to the Ganges. The city of Pandua developed from a small hamlet into a military garrison. It included imperial mosques and mausolea. Urban architecture in the Bengal Sultanate was based on Arab, Bengali, Persian, Indo-Turkish, and Byzantine influences. A glimpse of houses in the Bengal Sultanate can be seen in the 3195: 1210: 527: 3033: 1378: 3263: 4029: 2138: 2339: 77: 3146: 1366: 2993: 2549: 1745: 2737: 1596: 2694: 3251: 1757: 1823: 3005: 4728: 1386: 4790: 3017: 3069:). The buildings were made of brick or stone. The brick mosque with terracotta decoration represented a grand structure in the Bengal Sultanate. They were often the gift of a wealthy patron and the fruit of extraordinary effort, which would not be found in every Muslim neighborhood. Mosques were built across the length and breadth of the Bengal Sultanate. The highest concentration of mosques from the Bengal Sultanate can be found in the 2202: 2424:. One silver coin was worth 10,250 cowry shells. Bengal relied on shiploads of cowry shell imports from the Maldives. Due to the fertile land, there was an abundance of agricultural commodities, including bananas, jackfruits, pomegranate, sugarcane, and honey. Native crops included rice and sesame. Vegetables included ginger, mustard, onions, and garlic among others. There were four types of wines, including coconut, rice, 3120:(King's Throne). The Sultans sat on the elevated throne and addressed his subjects below. The Sultans also administered justice and managed government affairs while sitting on these thrones. Mosques served as royal courts. Mosques across the Bengal Sultanate had these thrones. The Sultans traveled from one town to another and hosted royal court activities in mosques with a Badshah-e-Takht. The Badshah-e-Takht in 8914: 8227: 2347: 2130:

cavalry could ensure the hold over this country for a period of six months whereas the boats backed by the paiks could command supremacy over the other half of the year. Since the time of Iwaz Khalji, who first organised a naval force in Islamic Bengal, the war boats played an important role in the political affairs of the country. The chief of the admiralty had various responsibilities, including

1095:. The Bengal Sultanate was connected to states in Asia, Africa, the Indian Ocean, and Europe through maritime links and overland trade routes. The Bengal Sultanate was a major trading center on the coast of the Bay of Bengal. It attracted immigrants and traders from different parts of the world. Bengali ships and merchants traded across the region, including in Malacca, China, and the Maldives. 1985: 10193: 2812:. Thousands of Persian books and manuscripts were published in Bengal. The earliest Persian work compiled in Bengal was a translation of Amrtakunda from Sanskrit by Qadi Ruknu'd-Din Abu Hamid Muhammad bin Muhammad al-'Amidi of Samarqand, a famous Hanafi jurist and Sufi. During the reign of Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah, the city of Sonargaon became an important centre of 3274: 10165: 3179: 2971:, Cairo and Canton. It had a population of 200,000 (at the time, the global population is estimated to have ranged between 400 and 500 million). The Portuguese historian Castenhada de Lopez described houses in Gaur as being one-storeyed with ornamental floor tiles, courtyards and gardens. The city had a citadel, 3222:. Sarcophagi would include mihrabs and arches resembling the architecture in Adina Mosque. For example, the tomb of Sultan Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah in Sonargaon has features similar to the architecture of Adina Mosque built by his father Sultan Sikandar Shah. An indigenous Islamic mausolea style developed with the 2623:. He sent elephants as gifts to Sultan Malik Sarwar Khwajah-i-Jahan. The two sultanates fought a war between 1415 and 1420. The end of the war brought a long period of peace between the neighbouring states. In 1494, the Jaunpuri Sultan Hussain Shah Sharqi was given refuge in Bengal after being defeated by the 2709:

was an administrative and commercial language. Men wore white shirts, cotton fabrics of various colors, turbans, sarongs, lungis, dhutis, leather shoes, and belts to wrap their robes on the waist. Women wore cotton saris. Upper-class women wore gold jewelry. There were various classes of artisans, as

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and Cuttack. Ilyas Shah returned to Bengal with plunders from Orissa, including 44 elephants. During the reign of Alauddin Hussain Shah, Orissa was a vassal state of Bengal. Northern Orissa was directly ruled by Bengal. During the Karrani dynasty, Orissa was the scene of the Battle of Tukaroi and the

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origin. He brought end to a period of instability. As Sultan, Hussain Shah ruled until 1519. The dynasty he founded reigned until 1538. Muslims and Hindus jointly served in the royal administration during the Hussain Shahi dynasty. This era is often regarded as the golden age of the Bengal Sultanate,

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Data from United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 1950–2100 estimates (only medium variants shown): (a) World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision. Estimates prior to 1950: (b) "The World at Six Billion", 1999. Estimates from 1950 to 2100: (c) "Population of

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played an important part in the Bengal army. Apart from carrying war materials, elephants were also used for the movement of the armed personnel. In riverine Bengal the usefulness of elephants, though very slow, could not be minimised. The navy was of prime necessity in riverine Bengal. In fact, the

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and has taught Islamic history and culture at the University of Dhaka. The Indian state of West Bengal is home to two of the sultanate's former capitals Gaur and Pandua, as well as several notable structures including a watchtower, fortified walls and mausolea. The oldest mosque in the Indian state

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to the Chinese emperor in 1414. China also mediated an end to the Bengal-Jaunpur War after a request from Sultan Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah. Ming China considered Bengal to be "rich and civilized" and one of the strongest countries in the entire chain of contacts between China and Asian states during

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against Bengal. Despite achieving independence from the Sultans of Bengal, the Arakanese kings continued to fashion themselves after the Bengali Sultans by copying clothes, coins, titles and administrative techniques. Bengali Muslim influence on Arakan lasted for 350 years. In the Indian Ocean, the

2612:. The merchants were wealthy shipowners. It is yet to be ascertained whether these merchants had a significant role in the Sultan's court. Ship-owning merchants were often royal envoys. Contacts between Bengal and the Bruneian Empire and the Sumatran Aceh Sultanate are recorded in Chinese accounts. 2156:

In 1353, the Sultan of Delhi attacked the newly formed Bengal Sultanate. After the siege of Ekdala Fort, Bengal agreed to pay a tribute to the Sultan of Delhi. In 1359, Delhi again invaded Bengal after the previous peace treaty collapsed. However, negotiations ultimately resulted in a new treaty in

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The Sultans had a well-organised army, including cavalry, artillery, infantry and war elephants; and a navy. Due to the riverine geography and climate, it was not feasible to use cavalry throughout the year in Bengal. The cavalry was probably the weakest component of the Bengal Sultanate's army, as

1580:, mosques, houses for the rich, and bustling bazaars. Portuguese historian Castenhada de Lopez described the houses of Gaur as being one-storeyed with ornamental floor tiles, courtyards, and gardens. Gaur was the centre of regional politics. The Sultan of Bengal gave permission for establishing the 1416:

described the city at the time in his travel accounts, which state that "the city walls are very imposing, the bazaars well-arranged, the shops side by side, the pillars in orderly rows, they are full of every kind of goods". Pandua was an export center for cloth and wine. At least six varieties of

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The Bengal Sultanate was described by contemporary European and Chinese visitors as a prosperous kingdom. Due to the abundance of goods in Bengal, the region was described as the "richest country to trade with". The Bengal Sultanate left a strong architectural legacy. Buildings from the period show

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and stone decoration. In particular, the art of the mihrab is meticulous and unique to Bengal's mosque architecture. Mosques were either rectangular and multi-domed or square and single-domed. The large number of mosques built during the Bengal Sultanate indicates the rapidity with which the local

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Bengal received settlers from North India, the Middle East and Central Asia. They included Turks, Afghans, Persians and Arabs. An important migrant community were Persians. Many Persians in Bengal were teachers, lawyers, scholars and clerics. Mercenaries were widely imported for domestic, military

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system of land ownership. The production of silver coins inscribed with the name of the Sultan of Bengal was a mark of Bengali sovereignty. Bengal was more successful in perpetuating purely silver coinage than Delhi and other contemporary Asian and European governments. There were three sources of

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in the principality of Calicut. Individual Portuguese merchants are recorded to have lived in the Bengal Sultanate's capital of Gaur. Portuguese politics played out in Gaur as a reflection of contradictions in contemporary Portugal. The Portuguese provided vivid descriptions of Gaur. They compared

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sent forces under his son, Nasir-ud-din Mahmud, to bring Bengal under the direct control of the Delhi Sultans. Iltutmish declared Bengal as a province of Delhi in 1225. The Delhi Sultans attempted to govern Bengal through appointed governors, however, Delhi could not succeed given the considerable

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Mint towns consisted of royal and provincial capitals where taka coins were minted, thus developing the areas as important economic urban centres within the Sultanate. With the expansion of the empire, the number of mint towns increased gradually. The following is a partial listing of mint towns:

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its western frontier past Bihar up to Saran in Jaunpur ... when Sultan Husayn Shah Sharqi of Jaunpur fled to Bengal after being defeated in battle by Sultan Sikandar Lodhi of Delhi, the latter attacked Bengal in pursuit of the Jaunpur ruler. Unable to make any gains, Sikandar Lodhi returned home

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being hosted in the Bengali court. Animals constituted a significant part of tributes in medieval courts. The East African envoys brought giraffes, which were also noticed by the Chinese envoys in Bengal. In Central Asia, there are records of contacts between Sultan Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah and

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Data from History Database of the Global Environment. K. Klein Goldewijk, A. Beusen and P. Janssen, "HYDE 3.1: Long-term dynamic modeling of global population and built-up area in a spatially explicit way", from table on p. 2, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (MNP), Bilthoven, The

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which Delhi recognized the independence of Bengal. The Bengal Sultans also received support from South Indian allies. During the 16th century, the Lodi dynasty of Delhi again attacked Bengal in pursuit of the Sultan of Jaunpur. The Lodis eventually agreed to a peace treaty with Bengal.

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in Cairo. The coins of the Bengal Sultans often bore the name of the contemporary Abbasid Caliph. Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah held his court in the central Bengali city of Sonargaon, in addition to Pandua. The travel accounts of Chinese envoys state that the Sultan lived in a palace near the

1409:. Jalaluddin also promoted more native Bengali elements into the architecture and governance of the sultanate. He was initially loyal to the Abbasid Caliph but later declared himself as the Caliph in a sign of Bengali Muslim independence. The Ilyas Shahi dynasty was restored in 1432. 1315:

elites. Persian and Arabic were used alongside local languages. Persian was used as a diplomatic and commercial language. Arabic was the liturgical language of the clergy. In Bengal, the Bengali language became a court language and was the main vernacular language under Muslim rule.

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and the emergence of several other crafts were indicated in Ma Huan's list of items exported from Bengal to China. Bengali shipping co-existed with Chinese shipping until the latter withdrew from the Indian Ocean in the mid-15th century. The testimony of European travelers such as

2134:, river transport, to fit out strong boats for transporting war elephants; to recruit seamen; to patrol the rivers and to collect tolls at ghats. The efficiency of the navy eroded during the Hussain Shahi dynasty. The Sultans also built forts, including temporary mud walled forts. 7977: 2710:

well as physicians and fortune tellers. There was a class of musicians who would gather by the houses of the rich during dawn and play music; and they would be rewarded with wine, food and money during breakfast hours. Some men would have performances with a chained tiger. The

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was offered to guests. The population included royalty, aristocrats, natives and foreigners. Many of the rich built ships and went abroad for trade. Many were agriculturalists. Punishments for breaking the law included expulsion from the kingdom, as well as bamboo flogging.

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silver. The first source was the leftover silver reserve of previous kingdoms. The second source was the tribute payments of subordinate kingdoms which were paid in silver bullion. The third source was during military campaigns when Bengali forces sacked neighboring states.

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and became part of the Suri Empire. The invasion prompted the Mughal Empire to occupy parts of Bengal. Both the Mughals and Bengal Sultanate were overrun by the Suri forces. Bengal regained its independence after Suri governors rebelled and re-established the sultanate.

2534:. The Abbasid caliph was still considered to be the symbolic leader of Sunni Islam at the time, despite dwindling territory under direct caliphate rule. For the Bengali Sultans, relations with the caliphate provided legitimacy among the Muslim clergy. For example, the 2407:

A vigorous riverine shipbuilding tradition existed in Bengal. The shipbuilding tradition is evidenced in the sultanate's naval campaigns in the Ganges delta. The trade between Bengal and the Maldives, based on rice and cowry shells, was probably done on Arab-style

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overland distance with Bengal. Ambitious governors rebelled and ruled as independent rulers until being suppressed militarily by the Delhi Sultanate. However, there were capable rulers among the rebels, including Yuzbak Shah (1257), Tughral Khan (1271–1282), and

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of Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna Rivers into the Sultanate of Bengal. Ilyas Shah waged wars and raids against several city-states and kingdoms in the eastern subcontinent. He conquered eastern Bengal and northern Bihar. He led the first Muslim army into

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The first Mughal emperor Babur turned his sights on Bengal after the Battle of Panipat in 1526. At the Battle of Ghaghra in 1529, Bengal reached a peace treaty with Babur. During the invasion of Sher Shah Suri, the second Mughal emperor Humayun occupied

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formed the vital part of the Bengal infantry during this period. There were occasions when the paiks also tackled political situations. The particular battle array of the foot-soldiers who used bows, arrows and guns attracted the attention of Babur.

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of Sonargaon. The river port had shipping links to China, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East. In 1406, Ma Huan found Sonargaon as a large metropolis. Other Chinese envoys provided descriptions of a fortified walled city. Sonargaon was a center of

2660:. Political relations between China and the Indian subcontinent became nonexistent after the decline of Buddhism in India. In the 15th century, the Bengal Sultanate revived the subcontinent's relations with China through regular contacts. Sultan 2859:

tradition, which saw poems written half in Persian and half in colloquial Bengali. The invocation tradition saw Islamic figures replacing the invocation of Hindu gods and goddesses in Bengali texts. The literary romantic tradition saw poems by

2475:. Records show that the Bengal Sultanate exchanged embassies with states in China, Europe, Africa, Central Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia. Diplomatic allies helped Bengal to fend off invasions from neighbouring kingdoms. For example, the 2015:

and minting coins in Arabic and Bengali inscriptions. A close cultural and commercial relationship developed across the Bay of Bengal. Eventually, Arakan asserted its independence. The Kingdom of Mrauk U became a formidable coastal power.

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defeated Delhi Sultan Firuz Shah Tughluq during the second Siege of Ekdala Fort in 1359. A peace treaty was signed between Delhi and Bengal, with the former recognizing the independence of the latter. Firuz Shah Tughluq gave a golden

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paid tributes to the Sultan of Bengal for a sustained period, with the timeframe ranging between estimates of a century or a few decades. Arakanese rulers replicated the Sultan's governing techniques, including adopting the title of

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Bengal was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade

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Manuscript paintings depict the fashion and architecture of the Bengal Sultanate. Persian manuscripts with paintings are a key artistic hallmark of the Bengal Sultanate. One of the best-known examples of this heritage is Sultan

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Although the Afghans formed a large group in the army of the Delhi Sultanat, only few Afghan nobles had been accorded important positions. That is why Bakhtiyar Khalji who was part - Afghan had to seek his fortune in Bihar and

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throughout the course of its history. The government employed both Muslims and Hindus, promoting a form of religious pluralism. In addition to the royal family and government body, the Sultan also relied on the support of the

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Cities in the Bengal Sultanate had stately medieval architecture, particularly in the royal capitals of Gaur and Pandua. In 1500, the royal capital of Gaur had the fifth-largest urban population in the world after Beijing,

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of the Sultan of Bengal. Direct control was not established over these territories for various reasons. Vassal states had Muslim, Hindu and Buddhist rulers. The following illustrates the most notable vassal states.

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The apparent vibrancy of the Bengal economy in the beginning of the 15th century is attributed to the end of tribute payments to Delhi, which ceased after Bengali independence and stopped the outflow of wealth.

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population converted to Islam. The period between 1450 and 1550 was an intensive mosque building era. These mosques dotted the countryside, ranged from small to medium sizes and were used for daily devotion.

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ships. Chinese accounts point to Bengali ships being prominent in Southeast Asian waters. A vessel from Bengal, probably owned by the Sultan of Bengal, could accommodate three tribute missions- from Bengal,

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Though he was a valiant fighter in the battlefield, yet, he had to give in to the tricks and military game-plans used by the generals of the army of Alauddin Hussain Shah (c1493—1519), the Afghan ruler of

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region remained outside of Mughal control until being absorbed in the early 17th century. The delta was controlled by a confederation of twelve aristocrats of the former sultanate, who became known as the

10166:"Trade and Diplomacy in India-China Relations: A Study of Bengal During the Fifteenth Century. By Haraprasad Ray. pp. ix, 221, 3 maps. New Delhi, Radiant Publishers; London, Sangam Books, 1993. Rs 200" 8575:"He founded the Bengali Husayn Shahi dynasty, which ruled from 1493 to 1538, and was known to be tolerant to Hindus, employing many on them in his service and promoting a form of religious pluralism" 9214:

He also wrote to Sultan Ibrahim Sharqi of the neighbouring kingdom of Jaunpur imploring him to invade Bengal and rid them of Raja Ganesh, but the Raja was able to deal successfully with the invader.

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were often located beside a mosque. Arabic inscriptions in the mosques often include the name of the patron or builder. The most commonly cited verse from the Quran in inscriptions was Surah 72 (

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In the southwest, Orissa was prominent in the military history of the Bengal Sultanate. The first Bengali Sultan Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah defeated the rulers of Orissa and extended his realm up to

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was vital to Bengal for the supply of gold, silver and other commodities. Tripura had coarse gold mines and mountain trade networks linked to the Far East. In 1464, the Sultan of Bengal helped

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foreign influences merged into a distinct Bengali style. The Bengal Sultanate was also the largest and most prestigious authority among the independent medieval Muslim-ruled states in the

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initially received tributes from the Bengal Sultanate between 1353 and 1359. Tributes stopped after a war and peace treaty in 1359. Sultan Ghiyasuddin Azam sent envoys to the neighboring

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began appearing in concrete forms during the 15th century. These roofs were later widely replicated in the Mughal Empire and the Rajput kingdoms of the northwestern Indian subcontinent.

7866: 11121: 11026: 2432:. Bengali streets were well provided with eating establishments, drinking houses and bathhouses. At least six varieties of fine muslin cloth existed. Silk fabrics were also abundant. 2306:. The third Mughal emperor Akbar launched a war against Bengal at the Battle of Tukaroi in 1575. Akbar finally defeated the last Sultan of Bengal at the Battle of Raj Mahal in 1576. 2545:, which strengthened Jalaluddin's legitimacy in the eyes of the clergy. Many coins minted by the Bengal Sultanate bore the names of both the Bengali Sultans and the Abbasid Caliphs. 2820:

of Persian literature in Bengal". Its stature is illustrated by the Sultan's own correspondence with the Persian poet Hafez. When the Sultan invited Hafez to complete an incomplete

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of Delhi. The Delhi Sultan attacked Bengal in pursuit of the Jaunpur Sultan. Unable to make headway, the Delhi Sultan withdrew after concluding a peace treaty with Bengal. Under

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to suppress the newly formed sultanate in Pratapgarh. Bazid was defeated and agreed to pay a tribute to the Sultan of Bengal. He was also made to relinquish his claims over

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in Burma traded in silver and gold with Bengalis. Overland trade routes such as the Grand Trunk Road connected Bengal to northern India, Central Asia and the Middle East.

2196: 1517: 297: 9227: 11251: 7338: 1651:. Muhammad Khan ended the interrupting period of Delhi's rule and re-established the Bengal Sultanate under the Muhammad Shahi dynasty, which was also of Afghan origin. 1201:) defeated Alauddin Ali Shah and secured control of Gauda. He then defeated Ikhtiyaruddin of Sonargaon. By 1352, Ilyas Shah emerged victorious among the Bengali triad. 489: 464: 450: 436: 422: 408: 394: 10008: 7522: 7448: 2654:

chronicles the relationship between the Bengal Sultanate and Ming China. This relationship was also noted by Indian independence leader Jawaharlal Nehru in his book

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in the east. The Mughals became determined to bring an end to the expansionism of the Bengal Sultanate; while eager to absorb the Bengal region for its riches. The

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opined that the military supremacy of Bengal over Arakan and Tripura was due to its efficient artillery. The artillery used cannons and guns of various sizes. The

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and Sumatra- and was evidently the only vessel capable of such a task. Bengali ships were the largest vessels plying in those decades in Southeast Asian waters.

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developed near the southwestern Bengali Sundarbans forest as a result of the patronization of Governor Khan Jahan Ali. In 1985, UNESCO designated the city as a

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in the western coast of India, Bengal in the east was open to the sea and accumulated profits from trade. Merchants from around the world traded in the

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in 1206, Bengal was administered by various Maliks belonging to the Khalji tribe (except a brief interregnum by Ali Mardan himself) until Delhi Sultan

3226:, which is the royal tomb chamber of Sultan Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah. Other mausolea, such as the Tomb of Fateh Khan in Gaur, featured a Bengal roof. 76: 2764:

Muslim poets were writing in the Bengali language by the 15th century. By the turn of the 16th century, a vernacular literature based on concepts of

1265:. Bengal agreed to pay a tribute to the Delhi Sultan. Despite losing control of many conquered areas, Ilyas Shah remained in firm control of Bengal. 7052: 2958:

of Assam dates from the Bengal Sultanate. A 15th-century sultanate-era mosque lies in ruins and covered with vegetation in Myanmar's Rakhine State.

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of Egypt sent the Bengali Sultan a robe of honour and a letter of recognition. There are also records of envoys from the East African city-state of

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indicates that the periodic invasions of Tripura by the Bengal sultans were part of the same strategy . Mines of coarse gold were found in Tripura.

1736:. The Mughal government eventually suppressed the remnants of the sultanate in the Bhati area and brought all of Bengal under full Mughal control. 10801: 8805: 10395:

The Muslim Heritage of Bengal: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of Great Muslim Scholars, Writers and Reformers of Bangladesh and West Bengal

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A majority of the Bengal Sultanate's mint towns and surviving structures are found in Bangladesh. These structures have been studied in the book

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by the ruler, the renowned poet responded by acknowledging the grandeur of the king's court and the literary quality of Bengali-Persian poetry.

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Europeans & Ming Chinese referred to Bengal as "the richest country to trade with". Bengal was the eastern pole of Islamic India. Like the

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Nine kings ruled Bengal from Pandua over the course of ten decades. They built palaces, forts, bridges, mosques, and mausoleums. Chinese envoy

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is heavily decorated with a small intrinsically designed mihrab. The Adina Mosque has one of the largest royal galleries in the subcontinent.

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was a type of ship widely used by traders in the Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, the Malacca Straits and the South China Sea

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the 15th century. Sino-Bengali contacts was the main feature of relations between China and the Indian subcontinent during the 15th century.

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The economy of the Bengal Sultanate inherited earlier aspects of the Delhi Sultanate, including mint towns, a salaried bureaucracy and the

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first received court recognition as an official language. The cities of the Bengal Sultanate are termed as Mint Towns where the historical

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shifted the capital from Pandua to Gaur in 1450. One of the probable reasons behind the move was a change in the course of nearby rivers.

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was appointed the governor of the new region. Hussain Shah also restored Bengali sovereignty in Chittagong and northern Arakan after the

10966: 10339: 9383: 8953: 8322: 1401:, on the throne. Jalaluddin had a relatively short-lived but significant reign, during which he helped an Arakanese king to achieve the 10409: 8861:. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Ministry of Planning, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. 1979. 5433: 4633: 3952: 3235: 3032: 2484: 2166: 271: 1296:- a style used during the introduction of Islam in new areas. During this time, much of the agricultural land was controlled by Hindu 4510: 2487:. Bengal was also active in regional diplomacy. For example, the ship of the Bengali embassy to China also transported the envoys of 9396:

Some of them were probably re-exports. The Bengal ports possibly functioned as entrepots in Western routes in the trade with China.

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The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 1, 570–1500): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas

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was built during the reign of Sultan Alauddin Hussain Shah. Other mosques can be found in coastal areas of West Bengal and parts of

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Between Integration and Secession: The Muslim Communities of the Southern Philippines, Southern Thailand, and Western Burma/Myanmar

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The Bengal Sultanate controlled large parts of the eastern subcontinent during its five dynastic periods, reaching its peak under

7751: 7005: 5378: 4496: 8203:. The History and Culture of the Indian People. Vol. VI (3rd ed.). Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. pp. 219, 243. 2608:

of the Timurid Empire. In Southeast Asia, European accounts refer to the presence of a large number of Bengali merchants in the

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Motahar, Hosne Ara (1999). "Museum Establishment and Heritage Preservation: Sylhet Perspective". In Ahmed, Sharif Uddin (ed.).

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in 1565. Sulaiman Khan Karrani annexed large parts of Orissa. During his reign, the Bengal Sultanate's territory extended from

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Bengal became the eastern frontier kingdom among medieval Islamic states. In the 14th century, Islamic kingdoms stretched from

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Nitish K. Sengupta (2011). Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib. Penguin Books India. p. 73.

2638:. The restored Arakanese realm became a vassal state of Bengal. A war with Arakan in 1459 led to the defeat of Bengali Sultan 2615:

Within the subcontinent, Bengal had both tense and peaceful relations with the Delhi Sultanate and the Jaunpur Sultanate. The

1520:. Hussain Shah minted coins with the proclamation "conqueror of Kamrupa, Kamata, Jajnagar and Orissa". According to historian 1421:

and four types of wine were found in Pandua. High-quality paper was produced from the bark of Pandua's mulberry trees. Sultan

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and Hussain Shahi. The empire was known for its religious pluralism where non-Muslim communities co-existed peacefully. While

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Hosne Ara Motahar (1999). "Museum Establishment and Heritage Preservation: Sylhet Perspective". In Sharif Uddin Ahmed (ed.).

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noted Bengal's prominence in the textile trade. In 1569, Venetian explorer Caesar Frederick wrote about how merchants from

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minority did not eat beef. The streets and markets included bathing areas, eating and drinking places, and dessert shops.

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Bengal Sultanate was involved in trading with the Maldives where Bengali rice was exchanged for Maldivian shell currency.

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India and China: Interactions through Buddhism and Diplomacy: A Collection of Essays by Professor Prabodh Chandra Bagchi

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Kunal Chakrabarti; Shubhra Chakrabarti (22 August 2013). Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis. Scarecrow Press. p. 12.

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The manuscript was published sometime during Nasrat Shah's reign, lasting from 1519 to 1538. It includes epic poetry by

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in the west. It was reputed as a thriving trading nation and one of Asia's strongest states. Its decline began with an

8504: 11082: 10922: 10696: 10518: 10449: 10098: 9880: 9783: 9718: 9653: 9588: 9138: 9036: 8721: 8634: 8538: 8433: 8359: 8258: 8155: 8089: 7853: 7806: 7475:

Turk-Afghan Rule: Muhammad Bin Bakhtiyar Khilji's invasion to Bengal marked the advent of Turk-Afghan rule in Bengal.

4653: 4638: 657: 5368: 4583: 4476: 3109:. In the southeast, the Santikan Mosque (built in the 1430s) stands in ruins in Rakhine State (formerly Arakan) of 2114:

the horses had to be imported from foreign countries. The artillery was an important section. Portuguese historian

1353:

during the Delhi Sultanate were maintained by his successors in the Bengal Sultanate, including the Sufi preachers

1177:

ruling southern Bengal. Even this arrangement broke down. By 1338, the three administrative regions had separatist

17: 2324: 4704: 4673: 4578: 4481: 4044: 3302: 11004: 9262: 7938: 7292: 7159: 7046: 6406: 5426: 4742: 4471: 4028: 4008: 3567: 1996:

was a prominent vassal of the Bengal Sultanate. In 1430, the Bengal Sultanate restored the Arakanese throne in

1349:

education and Persian literature and Azam Shah even invited Hafez to settle there. The institutions founded by

1752:. Many mosques across the sultanate had an in-built throne for the Sultan. The mosques served as royal courts. 11074: 10914: 10688: 10510: 10441: 10090: 9872: 9775: 9710: 9645: 9580: 9130: 9028: 8713: 8626: 8425: 8147: 7798: 6943: 1925: 1602:

crossing the Son River. The river was the western boundary of the Bengal Sultanate during the Karrani dynasty

1588:, there was no official Portuguese sovereignty over Chittagong. The Portuguese trading post was dominated by 2229:

as a vassal king in 1430. However, conflict later emerged between Arakan and Bengal based on the control of

2171:

The Jaunpur Sultanate attacked Bengal during the 15th century. With diplomatic help from Ming China and the

4573: 4096: 10876: 2772:

flourished in the region. Bengali Muslim mystic literature was one of the most original in Islamic India.

2650:

Historians have focused on Bengal's relations with Ming China during the early 15th century. For example,

1079:

was the fifth-most populous city in the world. Other notable cities included the initial royal capital of

8349: 7038: 7028: 6625: 5020: 4623: 4054: 3866: 3004: 2979:(Book of Alexander) published by Sultan Nasrat Shah. There were significant indigenous developments. The 2630:

On the coastline of the Bay of Bengal, the Bengal Sultanate became influential in the control of Arakan.

10864:

the entire world, yearly, 1950–2100", 2013. Archived 19 November 2016, at the Wayback Machine 2014: (d)

2248:

During Husain Shah's rule, Bengali control over Assam reached its zenith. Under the military command of

11236: 11172:

Hussain, Syed Ejaz (2003). The Bengal Sultanate: Politics, Economy and Coins, A.D. 1205–1576. Manohar.

10793: 8797: 8278: 8198: 4461: 4433: 4400: 4150: 4072: 3052:, the mosques of the Bengal Sultanate have several common features, including pointed arches, multiple 3016: 2940: 2131: 1161:

and established a strong administration in eastern and south-western Bengal. In 1325, the Delhi Sultan

413: 399: 11231: 11122:"Architect Marina Tabassum on her Aga Khan Award-winning design for the Bait Ur Rouf mosque in Dhaka" 7788: 5419: 5388: 5221: 4773: 4548: 4488: 4443: 3086: 2296: 1121: 1032: 746: 334: 2992: 2672:

of China responded by sending ambassadors to Bengal between 1405 and 1433, including members of the

1711:

when the last reigning Sultan of Bengal was defeated by the forces of Akbar. The Mughal province of

1253:, and returned to Bengal with treasures. He controlled an area stretching from Assam in the east to 1063:

was used as the primary official, diplomatic and commercial language, it was under the Sultans that

6938: 6262: 5872: 5727: 4958: 4878: 4866: 4838: 4618: 4506: 4456: 4415: 4405: 4383: 3683: 3522: 3496: 3429: 3414: 2904:. Bengali Muslim writers produced translations of numerous Arabic and Persian works, including the 2681: 2538: 1761: 1398: 1293: 1209: 1194: 1141: 970: 10080: 7683: 2808:

scholars, lawyers, teachers and clerics. It was the preferred language of the aristocracy and the

11256: 8909: 8677: 8604: 8222: 7379: 6434: 5271: 5246: 5231: 4992: 4318: 3757: 3106: 3074: 2905: 2749: 1437: 1182: 1088: 1040: 937: 50: 31: 2556:, depicting a giraffe presented by Bengali envoys to the Ming court (Philadelphia Museum of Art) 11241: 10865: 9562: 6642: 6499: 6417: 6076: 5129: 5014: 4986: 4980: 4921: 4260: 3878: 3745: 3733: 3579: 2829: 2656: 2639: 2440:

were other important products. The finest variety of paper was made in Bengal from the bark of

2433: 2315: 2052:

declared himself as a Sultan on par with the Sultan of Bengal. This invited the retribution of

1616: 1549: 1445: 1162: 646: 11064: 10254: 9992: 9700: 9328: 8473: 8137: 8096:

In their embassy to Bengal, at the time under the control of the Afghan Hussain Shahi dynasty,

8042: 7506: 7432: 7196: 7114: 2420:

All large business transactions were done in terms of silver taka. Smaller purchases involved

1643:

was renovated, while the Sur rulers placed successive governors in Bengal. The third governor

1467:

gained control of Bengal in 1494 when he was prime minister. Alauddin Husain Shah founded the

1035:

and disintegration into petty kingdoms. The Bengal Sultanate was a Sunni Muslim monarchy with

973:, with a network of mint towns spread across the region. The Bengal Sultanate had a circle of 10570: 10354: 10323: 10138: 10031: 9964: 9928: 9854: 9823: 9635: 9520: 9449: 9367: 8937: 8772: 8766: 8578: 8306: 8003: 7961: 7636: 7153: 6822: 6150: 6093: 6059: 5968: 5915: 5784: 5584: 5470: 5328: 5042: 4974: 4968: 4927: 4915: 4909: 4903: 4884: 4844: 4823: 4811: 4521: 4438: 4410: 4370: 4364: 4294: 4017: 3940: 3721: 3702: 3615: 3591: 3535: 3445: 3383: 3376: 3338: 2792: 2661: 2643: 2561: 2033: 1668: 1468: 1464: 1456:

mercenary corps. Tensions between different Muslim communities often affected the sultanate.

1422: 1320: 1190: 1154: 997: 737: 708: 197: 10825:"Gujarat's medieval cities were once the biggest in the world – as a viral video reminds us" 10678: 10393: 8415: 7402:"Gujarat's medieval cities were once the biggest in the world – as a viral video reminds us" 2652:

Trade and Diplomacy in India-China Relations: A Study of Bengal During the Fifteenth Century

2338: 2137: 1540:

of Orissa. Hussain Shah extended Bengali territory in the west beyond Bihar, up to Saran in

1377: 8506:

Himu, the Hindu "Hero" of Medieval India: Against the Background of Afghan-Mughal Conflicts

6885: 6315: 6228: 5641: 5373: 5313: 5048: 4946: 4829: 3973: 3659: 3395: 3093:

is a well-preserved structure of the Bengal Sultanate. In the northeastern Indian state of

2944: 2936: 2635: 2535: 2508: 2503:

for setting up Portuguese trading posts in coastal areas. Other European visitors included

2381: 2268:

eventually overthrew the local administrations within a few years and restored local rule.

2234: 2188: 2053: 1918: 1402: 1075:. These cities were adorned with stately medieval buildings. In 1500, the royal capital of 284: 10431: 8608: 8: 7259: 5347: 4894: 4805: 4289: 3319: 3294: 3085:

in Faridpur is one of the best-preserved sultanate-era structures. In the northeast, the

3078: 2861: 2841: 2741: 2585: 2319: 2057: 1729: 1708: 1282: 1269: 1068: 1052: 978: 966: 786: 592: 365: 347: 9018: 7583: 2779:

All the parrots of India have fallen into a sugar shattering situation (become excited)

2392:

attest to the presence of a large number of wealthy Bengali merchants and shipowners in

10904: 10304: 10185: 9413: 8703: 8384: 5403: 5318: 5276: 5151: 4714: 4466: 4395: 4324: 3298: 3214:

Mausoleums of the Bengal Sultanate are an important architectural hallmark. Initially,

2954: 2924: 2893: 2865: 2813: 2512: 2444:

trees. The high quality of paper was compared with the lightweight white muslin cloth.

2218: 2210: 2192: 2049: 2005: 1773: 1529: 1505: 1449: 1354: 1258: 1158: 1005: 889: 690: 10608: 10287:

Church, Sally K. (2016). "The Giraffe of Bengal: A Medieval Encounter in Ming China".

7743: 6995: 1524:, a 1513 inscription from Sonargaon indicates that Hussain Shah annexed a part of the 11173: 11159: 11088: 11078: 10928: 10918: 10742: 10702: 10692: 10576: 10524: 10514: 10455: 10445: 10399: 10360: 10329: 10308: 10260: 10222: 10189: 10144: 10104: 10094: 10037: 9998: 9968: 9957: 9932: 9921: 9886: 9876: 9829: 9789: 9779: 9724: 9714: 9659: 9649: 9594: 9584: 9526: 9492: 9455: 9425: 9373: 9334: 9304: 9258: 9203: 9181: 9144: 9134: 9120: 9080: 9042: 9032: 8987: 8943: 8889: 8776: 8727: 8717: 8640: 8630: 8584: 8534: 8510: 8479: 8439: 8429: 8355: 8312: 8284: 8254: 8204: 8161: 8151: 8085: 8048: 8009: 7967: 7917: 7896: 7849: 7812: 7802: 7666: 7642: 7613: 7566: 7512: 7438: 7202: 7163: 7120: 7042: 6902: 6556: 5398: 5393: 5241: 5201: 5196: 5186: 5114: 5054: 5005: 4732: 4516: 3985: 3850: 3814: 3241: 3223: 3171: 2801: 2769: 2620: 2609: 2542: 2523: 2472: 2448: 2393: 2249: 2242: 2141:

Akbar leads his army into battle against Daud Khan Karrani, the last Sultan of Bengal

1873: 1769: 1700: 1692: 1688: 1676: 1655: 1644: 1541: 1501: 1453: 1406: 1370: 1336: 1186: 1145: 1100: 1013: 947: 898: 871: 835: 668: 209: 171: 59: 10492: 7074: 3116:

Imperial mosques had an in-built throne for the Sultan. These thrones are termed as

2115: 1285:

to Sikandar Shah. The peace treaty ensured Bengal's independence for two centuries.

10296: 10177: 8673: 6805: 5266: 5236: 5036: 4854: 4658: 4563: 4377: 4358: 4078: 3928: 3789: 3603: 3359: 3186: 3156: 2920: 2706: 2702: 2680:. The exchange of embassies included the gift of an East African giraffe by Sultan 2677: 2673: 2577: 2504: 2500: 2303: 2237:, Bengali sovereignty was restored in Chittagong and northern Arakan. However, the 1938: 1777: 1663: 1640: 1564: 1553: 1365: 1278: 1250: 1125: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1044: 1001: 909: 853: 826: 679: 581: 142: 138: 9765: 7713: 1560:

in 1526 with the ruler of the Oiniwars, Laksminathasimha, being killed in battle.

11096: 10936: 10883: 10872: 10762: 10736: 10710: 10532: 10463: 10216: 10112: 9894: 9797: 9732: 9667: 9602: 9152: 9050: 8856: 8828: 8735: 8648: 8447: 8169: 8109: 7820: 7508:

Turkish History and Culture in India: Identity, Art and Transregional Connections

6211: 5211: 5030: 4940: 4709: 4299: 4270: 4254: 4207: 4039: 3909: 3823: 3647: 3465: 3090: 3082: 2757: 2723:

and political service. One particular group of mercenaries were the Abyssinians.

2616: 2548: 2488: 2476: 2109:

Sultan Daud Khan Karrani receives a robe of honour from Mughal general Munim Khan

2077: 1658: 1648: 1557: 1537: 1521: 1513: 1397:, a powerful Hindu landowner, who managed to place his son (a convert to Islam), 1193:

in Satgaon. Fakhruddin conquered Chittagong in 1340 and was succeeded by his son

1136:

in the Indian subcontinent. Bakhityar Khalji served as a military general of the

1117: 1072: 880: 817: 806: 728: 561: 552: 543: 455: 427: 2032:. The kingdom was a vassal state of the Bengal Sultanate until the reign of the 1728:, a zamindar and a former nobleman of the sultanate through his mother Princess 11060: 10900: 10674: 10500: 10427: 10300: 10076: 9862: 9761: 9696: 9631: 9570: 9286: 9116: 9014: 8699: 8616: 8554: 8411: 8274: 8194: 8133: 7784: 6245: 5256: 5216: 4952: 4683: 4420: 4265: 4248: 4213: 4195: 4122: 4102: 4084: 3959:

allianced marry his daughter to Bhurshut Maharaj brother and his conversion to

3671: 3121: 3098: 2972: 2852: 2837: 2805: 2745: 2736: 2605: 2492: 2421: 2397: 2385: 2332: 2283: 2253: 2206: 2172: 1891: 1887: 1749: 1733: 1716: 1632: 1628: 1595: 1577: 1525: 1433: 955: 766: 719: 699: 628: 570: 10181: 7371: 2816:, with many publications of prose and poetry. The period is described as the " 2693: 1631:

against both the Mughals and Bengal Sultans. Humayun later took refuge in the

1615:

was a gradual process. It began with the defeat of Bengal forces under Sultan

11225: 11207: 11194: 11056: 10896: 10670: 10496: 10423: 10321: 10072: 9858: 9757: 9692: 9627: 9566: 9112: 9010: 8695: 8612: 8407: 8129: 7780: 7546:

Tabakat-i-Nasiri translated from Original Persian texts by Maj. H. G. Raverty

5527: 5303: 5226: 5109: 5079: 4817: 4450: 4330: 4183: 4138: 4134: 4110: 4049: 3949: 3367: 3219: 2916: 2848: 2452: 1964: 1944: 1863: 1744: 1672: 1612: 1585: 1568: 1311:

in the west to the Indian subcontinent in the east. The Islamic kingdoms had

1273: 1237: 1218: 1129: 1080: 1029: 974: 962: 844: 797: 601: 124: 100: 11100: 11092: 10940: 10932: 10714: 10706: 10536: 10528: 10467: 10459: 10116: 10108: 9898: 9890: 9801: 9793: 9736: 9728: 9671: 9663: 9606: 9598: 9301:

Money in the Pre-Industrial World: Bullion, Debasements and Coin Substitutes

9156: 9148: 9054: 9046: 8739: 8731: 8652: 8644: 8451: 8443: 8375:

Mishra, Vijaykanta (1953). "Chronology of the Oiniwara Dynasty of Mithila".

8173: 8165: 7824: 7816: 2389: 1756: 7242: 7110: 6972: 6933: 5829: 5251: 5206: 5181: 5094: 5089: 4872: 4860: 4336: 4227: 4221: 4189: 4171: 3802: 3509: 3484: 3438: 3422: 3281: 3070: 2980: 2968: 2665: 2624: 2527: 2522:

In the Islamic world, the sultanate pledged allegiance to the contemporary

2257: 2222: 2126: 2089: 2045: 2029: 1968: 1931: 1721: 1712: 1545: 1509: 1394: 1308: 1289: 1241: 1214: 1170: 1076: 862: 757: 637: 482: 441: 257: 116: 8288: 8208: 8082:

The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500-1700: A Political and Economic History

1822: 11069: 10909: 10683: 10566: 10505: 10436: 10085: 9867: 9770: 9705: 9640: 9575: 9417: 9324: 9125: 9023: 8708: 8621: 8420: 8142: 7793: 7000: 5261: 5191: 5146: 4613: 4427: 4389: 4312: 4201: 3215: 3049: 3023: 2885: 2877: 2631: 2376: 2265: 2226: 2025: 1911: 1350: 1323:

began expanding Bengal's influence abroad. He began to send embassies to

1312: 1025: 1021: 310: 152: 8388: 7116:

Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor

2221:

was often subjected to Bengali invasions. The Bengal Sultanate defeated

10877:

http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf

10325:

Global Gifts: The Material Culture of Diplomacy in Early Modern Eurasia

8922: 8235: 7489:

Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526)

5104: 4306: 4116: 3057: 2817: 2697:"People of the Kingdom of Bengal", 16th-century Portuguese illustration 2456: 2277: 2230: 1972: 1880: 1851: 1636: 1544:. The Sultan of Jaunpur took refuge in Bengal after an invasion by the 1533: 1452:

conquered Chittagong. The late 1480s saw four usurper Sultans from the

1429: 1385: 1357:, Saiyid Arif Billah Muhammad Kamel, Saiyid Muhammad Yusuf and others. 1341: 1324: 1092: 507: 469: 10996: 7430: 4789: 2455:. Cotton textile exports were a unique aspect of the Bengali economy. 1635:

in Persia. Sher Shah Suri succeeded in conquering Bengal, forming the

1393:

During the early 15th century, the Ilyas Shahi rule was challenged by

927:

The Bengal Sultanate and contemporary South Asian polities in 1400 CE.

7934: 5084: 4277: 4144: 3965: 3351: 3201: 2909: 2901: 2715: 2328: 2209:

was commissioned by Sultan Husain Shah to commemorate the successful

2080:

assume the Tripuri throne. Tripura was a prominent vassal of Bengal.

1844: 1837: 1684: 1230: 1166: 1149: 1084: 958: 108: 90: 9091:

extended his domain in every direction by defeating the local Hindu

2097:

Treaty of Cuttack between the Mughals and Bengal Sultanate in 1575.

1440:. Like many other officials, Khan Jahan had settled in Bengal after 969:

between the 14th and 16th century. It was the dominant power of the

10352: 10029: 9447: 5298: 4177: 4128: 4090: 3956: 3418: 2900:

by Shah Barid. Sufi literature flourished with a dominant theme of

2856: 2441: 2401: 2359: 2201: 1898: 1790:

The Sultanate was divided into administrative subdivisions such as

1725: 1301: 1297: 1254: 1204: 1133: 1036: 1017: 161: 157: 9369:

Pelagic Passageways: The Northern Bay of Bengal Before Colonialism

8939:

Pelagic Passageways: The Northern Bay of Bengal Before Colonialism

81:

Extent of the Sultanate of Bengal under the Hussain Shahi dynasty.

10136: 7339:"Once upon a fort: Gaur's Firoz Minar is still an imposing sight" 7034: 5134: 5124: 5099: 3355: 3110: 3066: 2876:

and Persian words in Bengali texts to illustrate Muslim stories.

2600: 2596: 2573: 2565: 2516: 2496: 2409: 2368: 2351: 2073: 1997: 1857: 1704: 1624: 1493: 1480: 1413: 1292:

was built during his reign. The mosque's design was based on the

1174: 1165:

reorganized the province into three administrative regions, with

990: 515: 10738:

Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh

9200:

Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh

9077:

Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh

8984:

Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh

8308:

Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh

2951:

Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh

1988:

Coinage from Arakan during its vassalage to the Bengal Sultanate

1661:

was the last ruling dynasty of the sultanate. According to the

1508:, conquering large parts of Assam. After overthrowing the Hindu 1144:. After the assassination of Bakhtiar Khalji by his own officer 7561: 7559: 7557: 7555: 5161: 5156: 3347: 3152: 3053: 2873: 2821: 2765: 2669: 2588:. Several other Bengali Sultans also sponsored madrasas in the 2569: 2414: 2372: 2093: 2061: 1993: 1699:

overwhelm the Bengal Sultanate's forces led by the last Sultan

1589: 1573: 1489: 1485: 1472: 1418: 1328: 1178: 1137: 1124:'s conquest of Gauda between 1202 and 1204 during the reign of 1048: 986: 982: 610: 3453:

Son of Shihabuddin Bayazid Shah. Assassinated by Raja Ganesha

2744:

sharing his throne with Queen Nushabah. The scene is based on

2346: 1272:

which ruled Bengal for fifteen decades. His son and successor

1257:

in the west. In 1353, Ilyas Shah was defeated by Delhi Sultan

10490: 9412: 8998:

reduced the kingdoms of ... Tripura in the east to vassalage.

8858:

Population Census of Bangladesh, 1974: District census report

3960: 3102: 3094: 3062: 2788: 2711: 2589: 2531: 2238: 2233:. Arakan asserted its independence as a coastal power. Under 2176: 2001: 1951: 1810: 1804: 1783: 1696: 1620: 1599: 1497: 1441: 1332: 1246: 1009: 511: 10866:

http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Highlights/WUP2014-Highlights.pdf

7552: 1459: 1428:

The reign of Mahmud Shah witnessed greater control over the

1381:

Map of Asia in 1415 showing Bengal and other regional states

5940: 5119: 2809: 2480: 2460: 2437: 2261: 2011: 1984: 1680: 1627:

occupied the Bengal capital of Gaur during the invasion of

1476: 1346: 619: 532: 10639:"The development of Bengali literature during Muslim rule" 10322:

Giorgio Riello; Zoltán Biedermann; Anne Gerritsen (2017).

2568:(Islamic theological schools) in the pilgrimage cities of 11073:(Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, 10913:(Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, 10687:(Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, 10509:(Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, 10440:(Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, 10089:(Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, 9871:(Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, 9774:(Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, 9709:(Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, 9644:(Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, 9579:(Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, 9129:(Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, 9027:(Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, 8712:(Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, 8625:(Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, 8533:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 140–142. 8424:(Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, 8146:(Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, 7797:(Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, 6962:

Sultan Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah held his court in Sonargaon.

2282:

Bengal was overwhelmed during the pan-Indian invasion of

1229:

The 14th-century tomb of Sultan Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah in

10967:"Badshah-ka Takth and the gem of Bengal, Kusumba Mosque" 10734: 9994:

Fundamentals of Comparative and Intercultural Philosophy

9424:. Vol. I. Cambridge University Press. p. 130. 7095:

Shah-i-Bangalah, Shah-i-Bangaliyan and Sultan-i-Bangalah

5011:

Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah I 1555-1561

3293:

The architecture of the Bengal Sultanate has influenced

2868:, as well as works of Bahram Khan and Sabirid Khan. The 1536:. Hussain Shah also waged several campaigns against the 1389:

The Indian subcontinent in 1525, with Bengal in the east

1331:. He exchanged letters and poetry with the Persian poet 8921:(in Bengali). Calcutta: Katha. p. 288 – via 8336:

after concluding a peace treaty with the Bengal sultan.

8234:(in Bengali). Calcutta: Katha. p. 484 – via 7372:"Bar chart race: the most populous cities through time" 2241:

persisted to fight over Chittagong, often allying with

1335:. The Bengal Sultans pledged nominal allegiance to the 1111: 11247:

States and territories established in the 14th century

11184:

The Grammar of Sultanate Mosque in Bengal Architecture

2777:

And with the three washers , this dispute is going on.

2668:. He sent ambassadors in 1405, 1408 and 1409. Emperor 1639:, which was of Afghan origin. During this period, the 11158:. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. pp. 23–24. 10875:"2014 World Urbanization Prospects", 2014. 2015: (e) 9990: 9918: 8402: 8400: 8398: 7867:"Pandua: The Lost Capital of the Sultanate of Bengal" 6532: 1776:

traditions. Its revenue system was maintained in the

11070: