67:
851:
709:
517:, a cousin and brother-in-law of Dom João, held a strongly Muslim and anti-Portuguese position and attacked Christianized areas of Maluku, including Bacan. While the Portuguese were expelled from Ternate in 1575, Dom João was forced to revert to Islam; nevertheless, Babullah sent emissaries who poisoned his cousin in 1577. Bacan was badly ravaged in the process and its history in the next decades is rather obscure. A son or brother of Dom João, Dom Henrique, was allowed by Ternate to fill the throne but soon started to collude with the Portuguese and was killed in battle in 1581. Christianity was largely suppressed, though a congregation remained in
596:
Alauddin’s son Sultan
Nurusalat (c. 1609-1649) was involved in a murky affair in 1627 when elements of the Christian population in Labuha conspired with the Spanish against the Dutch presence with the tacit knowledge of the sultan, who vainly tried to use the opportunity to bring the Labuha people under his direct rule. After his death, his son Muhammad Ali (1649-1655) had to sign a contract in 1653 where he agreed to extirpate the cloves in his kingdom to ensure VOC monopoly. Bacan was then involved in the Great Ambon War where rebels from north and central Maluku allied with the
612:
487:
261:
53:
655:
551:
46:
404:
462:. The royal seat was not on Bacan Island as it was in later times but rather on Kasiruta. The power of the sultan extended to Ceram which was economically vital due to trade in forest products, largely coming from the Papuan lands. Clove production was small compared to the other Malukan islands, though it grew rapidly up to the mid 16th century.
676:
withdrew his efforts in 1900. In one respect Bacan stood out locally since its
Christian community attained a high level of Western education. At the demise of Sultan Muhammad Sadik (1862-1889) a commission of grandees governed for many years for want of suitable heirs. Eventually his son Muhammad Usman (not to be confused with his contemporary
680:) signed a contract in 1899 that gave the Dutch colonial government the right of taxation. He was formally elevated as sultan in February 1900 and signed the so-called Short Declaration in 1910, instead of the longer contracts signed by previous rulers. This marked the full colonial subordination of indigenous rule.
695:
in 1949. Muhammad Muhsin served as
Resident of North Maluku in 1956-1959. However, the Malukan sultanates were increasingly incorporated in the new bureaucracy, and the last rights of the sultan to be represented in the formal administration were abolished in 1965. Towards the end of the 20th century
675:
in the mid-19th century but were less than successful. Another attempt to develop the islands with the sultan’s support was made by the merchant M.E.F. Elout van
Soeterwoude who began to plant vanilla, coffee, tobacco and potatoes. The unsuitability of the soil and climate foiled his ambitions and he
645:
who persistently fought the Dutch with varying success. With
British assistance, Nuku’s forces conquered the Dutch fort in Bacan in 1797, before occupying Tidore itself. Prince Atiatun, who administered the kingdom at the time, in fact welcomed Nuku. The war nevertheless led to widespread destruction
619:
After the rebellions in the region had been defeated in the late 1650s, the Dutch kept Bacan under close surveillance for more than a century. Dutch observers found the Bacan elite to be stout and self-assured in spite of the shrunken state of the sultanate, as they tried to uphold obsolete claims to
537:, Waidoba and Bayloro. However, the long series of conflicts had taken a heavy toll: the population of the sultanate had declined and the sultan only played a marginal role in the affairs in Maluku. The old residence in Kasiruta had been abandoned by the early 17th century and the palace was moved to
482:
intruders. The ruler of Bacan at the time was married to a daughter of the pro-Portuguese Bayan
Sirrullah, but had a fallout with his father-in-law who was promptly poisoned by the couple. The Bacanese moreover massacred a party of Portuguese who carelessly abused the wives of the locals and even the
441:
and Bacan Island, which thereby became tied to the dynastic network of the sultanate. Zainal Abidin married a
Ternate princess who gave birth to Bayan Sirrullah who was made sub-ruler in Makian; he later left it and instead inherited his father’s throne in Kasiruta. After this, Makian was apparently
624:
and fish made the population self-sufficient in terms of foodstuff, and the Dutch complained about the perceived inertia of the locals. Piracy was a big problem for the vulnerable population far into the 19th century. In 1774 the ruler
Muhammad Sahadin (1741-1779) entertained friendly contacts with
541:
on the south-west side of Bacan Island, close to Labuha. According to the Bacan
Chronicle, Alauddin gave his daughter in marriage to Patra Samargalila, the Sangaji (chief) of Labuha. The Sangaji and his wife then persuaded Alauddin to move his seat to the vicinity of Labuha since it was a good land
512:
of
Ternate. Islam was still confined to a thin layer of society while most inhabitants followed local religious practices. Hairun was on bad terms with his similarly-named uncle of Ternate. He therefore sought support with the Portuguese and converted to Catholicism, adopting the name Dom João. The
498:
During the next decades Bacan played a subordinate role in relation to Ternate and Tidore. A sultan called Alauddin (I) appears in the 1520s and lived in a shifting state of alliance and hostility with the Portuguese. When he tried to keep aloof of the Europeans, a Portuguese expedition raided the
587:
and Waigama. However, it is possible that the relation was a bond of commerce rather than political obedience. The pretensions to certain islands and villages in the Papuan lands were still upheld by the court at the time of François Valentijn (1724) but were obscure by that time. More persistent
420:
north of Bacan, an important center for clove production. He subsequently became acknowledged as lord in Kasiruta in the Bacan Archipelago. Muhammad Bakir sired seven children of whom Zainal Abidin succeeded his father in Makian and Kasiruta. His six brothers and sisters ended up as rulers or
595:
The Bacan rulers after 1609 were involved in the struggle for Maluku, usually but not always on the side of the VOC. Alauddin II died soon after the 1609 contract and a regent, Kaicili Malito held power for a while. He was killed in a sea battle against the Spanish-affiliated Tidore in 1614.
387:(1724), the Bacan kingdom was established in 1322. He mentions an early king of Bacan with a Muslim name, Sidang Hasan in about 1345 who suffered an invasion from Ternate. Later on, in 1465 a prince called Bakar expanded Bacan's influence on the north coast of Ceram and even in Hitu in
66:
588:
were the ambitions of Bacan to maintain suzerainty over part of Ceram's north coast. However, by the second half of the 17th century the Ceramese villages plainly refused to obey the commands of the sultan. The sultanate shrank further in 1682 when Sultan Alauddin III sold the
662:
The British appointed a new sultan from a side-branch, Kamarullah (1797-1826), who was allowed to remain after the return of the Dutch to Maluku and became the ancestor of the later rulers. His son Muhammad Hayatuddin Kornabei (1826-1860) received the British naturalist
411:
The indigenous chronicles of Bacan are difficult to evaluate as their stories of persons and events do not fit with contemporary sources up to the late 16th century. They say that the Bacan Islands were originally governed by a plethora of chiefs or
359:
descended from a set of snake's eggs which had been found among some rocks by the Bacan seafarer Bikusigara. On account of this, Bacan could claim to be the origin-point of the Maluku political order. The myth also points at early relations with the
533:. Alauddin II assisted an Iberian invasion in 1603 where he was personally wounded, and again in 1606. On the last occasion the Spanish were entirely successful in defeating the Ternate Sultanate and rewarded Alauddin II with the islands of
570:
of Ternate invaded Bacan and approached the Spanish fort at Labuha. Sultan Alauddin II chose to stay aloof from the fighting. The Spanish and the Christian inhabitants left Labuha and were later killed or captured. As representative of the
691:. During the war years Bacan suffered from hardship and Allied bombings that also destroyed the sultan's palace. There was little republican agitation in North Maluku after 1945 and some aspect of the old "feudal" governance survived the
399:
Islands. From early European accounts it appears that the kings in the Maluku archipelago began to accept Islam in about the 1460s or 1470s as the result of the increasing trade in cloves, that attracted merchants from the Muslim world.
499:
capital in 1534 and even destroyed the royal graves. By the mid 16th century the sultanate produced as much cloves as Ternate. It was an important port of call for ships going from Ternate to other parts of the archipelago, and from
442:
lost to the Bacan kings. After a prosperous and peaceful reign Bayan Sirrullah died and was succeeded by Alauddin, known to have reigned in 1581-c. 1609. Contemporary European sources mention other names before 1581 (see below).
575:(VOC) Hoen made a contract with Alauddin who promised to follow the VOC monopoly of the spice trade, and to give back a few islands to Ternate. The Spanish fort was renamed Fort Barneveld (after the statesman
524:
Of Bacanese royalty there remained a young son of Dom João called Alauddin II (1581-c. 1609) who, although a Muslim, strove to cast off the Ternatan yoke. The death of the powerful Babullah (1583) and the
1190:
has the names Muhammad Bakir alias Buka-ma-lamo - Muhammad Hasan alias Komalo Besi - Abdullah ibnu Hasan alias Kapaslolo - Zainal Abidin alias Sambasulu - Bayan Sirrullah - Alauddin; Adolf Bastian (1894)
507:
to Ternate. Papuan chiefs sometimes visited Bacan with their vessels and had friendly ties with the sultan. Alauddin's son and successor was Hairun (1557-1577), not to be confused with his maternal uncle
764:(sea lord) who was a relative of the sultan and usually the heir to the throne. The sultan was only the headman over the ethnic Bacanese who were traditionally divided into genealogical units called
772:) to the ruler. Foreigners stood under their own princes of Ternate, Tidore, etc. Labuha with its Christian population was directly ruled by the colonial government and was headed by a chief called
339:
in 1949, the governing functions of the sultan were gradually replaced by a modern administrative structure. However, the sultanate has been revived as a cultural entity in present times.
391:. However, Valentijn claims that the first Muslim ruler was actually Sultan Zainal Abidin who allegedly flourished in 1512. In one version, his brother Jelman was acknowledged as Raja of
600:
to make an end of the Dutch tyranny. Bacan was briefly forced to side with the rebels, and the ruler was held by the rebels against his own will. He was mortally wounded in a fight at
608:. His successor Alauddin III quickly made a contract with the VOC in January 1656, complemented by a more detailed contact in April 1667 that put Bacan under the thumb of the Dutch.
450:
When the Portuguese appeared in Maluku from 1512, Bacan was a significant local realm with more men and ships than Ternate, Tidore or Jailolo. Linguistic research has shown that
376:
were born, who became ancestors of the rulers of Bacan, Jailolo, Tidore, and Ternate. In this story, too, Bacan has a precedence position. The ruler was nevertheless known as
1515:
I.R.A. Arsad (2018) "Contestation of aristocratic and non-aristocratic politics in the political dynamic in North Maluku", in Rukminto Adi & Rochman Achwan (eds)
700:
regime in 1998. Bacan was part of this “sultanism” with the enthronement of a son of the last ruler as titular sultan, although with a lower profile than Ternate.
368:
in Halmahera was the oldest kingdom of Maluku. A third legend departs from the Arab immigrant Jafar Sadik who came to Maluku, ostensibly in 1245, and married the
667:
who commented on the utterly sparse population, and the desire of the sultan to attract enterprising foreigners to the mineral-rich islands. A group of
1398:
684:
1380:
Die Molukken. Geschichte und quellenmässige Darstellung der Eroberung und Verwaltung der ostindischen Gewürzinseln durch die Niederländer
850:
708:
542:
with a fine river. Dutch sources indicate that fear of the lethal raids carried out by Tidorese war fleets was decisive in the move.
1577:
416:. By the time, Said Muhammad Bakir alias Husin, who was one of the sons of the Arab newcomer Sidna Noh Jafar, took up residence in
720:(inner grandees) assisted at the royal court and consisted of members with the military titles mayor, kapitan and lieutenant (
1587:
780:
after 1883, and the kingdom became increasingly governed by colonial officials that the old ruling elite had to listen to.
1276:
637:. The suspicious Dutch therefore deposed him in 1779. The next two sultans were likewise exiled. However, by now
369:
1357:
1559:
1322:
1554:
W.P. Coolhaas (1923), p. 495; W.P. Coolhaas (1926) "Mededeelingen betreffende de Onderafdeeling Batjan",
1184:
1582:
1408:
1383:
1367:
1332:
1233:
1160:
630:
513:
conversion of the ruler and part of the inhabitants led to trouble after 1570. The new Ternatan ruler
677:
478:
seafarers were approached by the sultans of Tidore, Jalolo and Bacan as potential allies against the
1530:
Das Sultanat Jailolo: Die Revitalisierung von "traditionellen" politischen Gemeinwesen in Indonesien
1196:
620:
parts of Ceram and Papua. The low population density, aggravated by epidemics, and the abundance of
458:
Malay than other Malay dialects in Maluku, pointing at early strong relations with traders from the
1077:
736:(outer grandees) were those who actually assisted the sultan in governing the realm. They were the
576:
572:
320:
1260:"Be my witness to the ends of the earth". The Catholic Church in Indonesia before the 19th century
1248:
692:
579:) and manned with 50 men. At this time Bacan claimed to be the overlord of the Papuan islands of
336:
323:(VOC) after 1609. Bacan was one of the four kingdoms of Maluku (Maloko Kië Raha) together with
696:
the old sultanates of Maluku experienced a cultural revival, especially after the fall of the
688:
664:
634:
529:(1581) made for opportunities, as the Spanish tried to master Maluku from their bases in the
384:
1087:
1082:
365:
332:
324:
8:
1592:
1541:
1092:
611:
514:
328:
1271:
C. Wessels (1929) "De Katholieke missie in het Sultanaat Batjan (Molukken), 1667-1609",
1116:
A.B. Lapian (1994) "Bacan and the early history of North. Maluku", in L. Visser (ed.),
597:
471:
430:
352:
466:(c. 1515) says that the name of the ruler was Raja Yusuf, who was the half-brother of
319:
Islands. It fell under the colonial influence of Portugal in the 16th century and the
479:
254:
45:
562:
seafarers began to approach Maluku in 1599 and fought a drawn-out struggle with the
1319:
Nederlandsch Nieuw Guinea en de Papoesche eilanden. Historische bijdrage, 1500-1883
1430:
The revolt of Prince Nuku: Cross-cultural alliance-making in Maluku, c. 1780-1810
672:
467:
434:
373:
486:
668:
642:
638:
626:
567:
563:
475:
455:
296:
94:
566:
while allying with Ternate. In 1609 the commander Simon Jansz Hoen and Sultan
1571:
1187:
526:
500:
361:
308:
1245:
Francis Xavier: His Life, his times - vol. 3: Indonesia and India, 1545-1549
592:
to the VOC for 800 Reals, an act remembered in Bacan with great resentment.
463:
559:
538:
504:
438:
388:
347:
According to a legend known from the 16th century, the kings of Bacan, the
312:
207:
1097:
605:
589:
530:
459:
451:
304:
194:
104:
372:
Nurus Safa. From this pair, four sons called Buka, Darajat, Sahajat and
641:
gained momentum in Maluku and Papua in the form of the Tidorese prince
396:
348:
316:
52:
1504:
De ontwikkeling van het zelfbesturende landschap in Nederlandsch-Indië
654:
491:
300:
279:
220:
550:
748:(errand) who held authority over the various local chiefs, such as
1304:
P.A. Tiele (1877-1887) "De Europeërs in den Maleischen Archipel",
716:
The sultan governed with the help of two groups of officials. The
311:(Bacan, Kasiruta, Mandioli, etc.) but had periodical influence in
697:
380:, Ruler of the Far End (i.e. in relation to Ternate and Tidore).
601:
584:
580:
518:
509:
426:
422:
417:
392:
1493:. Banda Naira: Yayasan Warisan dan Budaya Banda Naira, p. 249.
683:
Muhammad Usman’s son Muhammad Muhsin (1935-1983) survived the
494:(large outrigger geared for warfare) in a manuscript from 1561
1118:
Halmahera and beyond: Social science research in the Moluccas
534:
403:
356:
1517:
Competition and Cooperation in Social and Political Sciences
756:. Apart from them there was a group of religious officials,
364:. However, there are conflicting legends according to which
1354:
Coleccion de documentas inéditos para la historia de España
621:
1133:. Leiden: Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden, Vol. I, p. 16-8.
646:
on the Bacan Islands with depopulation in many places.
1352:
Marques de Miraflores & Miguel Salva (eds) (1868)
760:. The highest official of the kingdom was however the
335:, but tended to be overshadowed by Ternate. After the
1181:
Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde
1193:
Indonesien, oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipel
1179:
W.P. Coolhaas (1923) "Kronijk van het rijk Batjan",
1186:. A genealogy of the early sultans written down by
307:in late medieval times. It mainly consisted of the
1467:. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, p. 333-4.
703:
1356:. Madrid: Imprenta de la Viuda de Calero, p. 194.
1247:. Rome: The Jesuits Historical Institute, p. 143.
1569:
1131:Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel
71:Bacan Island (right), including its settlement.
1159:, Vol. I. Amsterdam: Onder de Linden, p. 123-4.
1146:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, p. 51.
1230:The first voyage round the world, by Magellan
407:The Bacan Islands, map from the 19th century.
1443:Nuku: Perjuangan kemerdekaan di Maluku Utara
1306:Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde
1556:Bijdragen tot de Taal, Land- en Volkenkunde
1219:, Vol. II. London: Hakluyt Society, p. 218.
521:on Bacan Island under troubled conditions.
1491:Turbulent times past in Ternate and Tidore
604:in 1655, and soon expired at the coast of
65:
1232:. London: Hakluyt Society, p. 128, 141-4.
1170:C.F. van Fraassen (1987), Vol. I, p. 32.
1030:
849:
707:
653:
649:
633:and also with the independent Sultan of
610:
549:
485:
470:of Ternate. In 1521 the remnants of the
445:
402:
1489:Willard A. Hanna & Des Alwi (1990)
671:gold workers were in fact brought from
474:expedition arrived to Tidore where the
219:• Functions of sultan replaced by
1570:
1286:C. Wessels (1929), Part III, p. 222-4.
1046:Alhaji Dede Muhammad Gahral Aydan Syah
1506:. Zutphen: Walburg Pers, p. 230, 307.
1395:Corpus Diplomaticum Neerlando-Indicum
1262:. Jakarta: Cipta Loka Caraka, p. 104.
545:
303:that arose with the expansion of the
16:State in Southeast Asia (c.1322-1965)
1333:François Valentijn (1724), p. 117-23
1054:Abdurrahim Muhammad Gary Ridwan Syah
854:Sultan Muhammad Usman (r. 1899-1935)
845:
712:The residence of the sultan in 1935.
1368:François Valentijn (1724), p. 117-8
788:
13:
783:
776:. Dutch rule was represented by a
14:
1604:
1445:. Jakarta: Sinar Harapan, p. 113.
1409:François Valentijn (1724), p. 116
1478:Maluku: Indonesian spice islands
732:, sergeants and caretakers. The
342:
259:
51:
44:
1578:Precolonial states of Indonesia
1548:
1535:
1522:
1509:
1496:
1483:
1470:
1457:
1448:
1435:
1422:
1413:
1402:
1387:
1372:
1361:
1346:
1343:W.P. Coolhaas (1923), p. 498-9.
1337:
1326:
1311:
1298:
1289:
1280:
1265:
1252:
1237:
704:Administration of the sultanate
615:Fort Barneveld on Bacan Island.
1480:. Singapore: Periplus, p. 131.
1222:
1209:
1200:
1173:
1164:
1149:
1136:
1123:
1110:
383:According to the Dutch writer
1:
1463:Alfred Russel Wallace (1989)
1454:W.P. Coolhaas (1923), p. 488.
1419:W.P. Coolhaas (1923), p. 487.
1382:. Leipzig: Brockhaus, p. 242.
1295:W.P. Coolhaas (1923), p, 482.
1103:
72:
1502:Karel E.M. Bongenaar (2005)
1321:. Batavia: Bruinig, p. 22-9.
997:Muhammad Hayatuddin Kornabei
7:
1588:Islamic states in Indonesia
1543:Kerajaan Indonesia blogspot
1071:
728:). Under them were various
10:
1609:
1378:Heinrich Bokemeyer (1888)
1206:A.B. Lapian (1994), p. 16.
1155:François Valentijn (1724)
981:Muhammad Badaruddin, Ahmad
1243:Georg Schurhammer (1980)
1228:Antonio Pigafetta (1874)
1195:. Berlin: Dümmler, p. 61.
1142:Leonard Y. Andaya (1993)
1129:C.F. van Fraassen (1987)
796:Kolano or Sultan of Bacan
678:Muhammad Usman of Ternate
337:independence of Indonesia
292:
275:
234:
230:
217:
204:
191:
181:
177:
169:
165:
155:
145:
135:
131:
119:
111:
100:
90:
82:
64:
41:
36:
26:
21:
1157:Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indien
1078:List of rulers of Maluku
1062:Dede Irsyad Maulana Syah
768:and paid contributions (
577:Johan van Oldenbarnevelt
573:Dutch East India Company
527:Spanish-Portuguese union
321:Dutch East India Company
295:) was a state in
206:• Vassalisation by
1428:Muridan Widjojo (2009)
909:Kaicili Malito (regent)
693:Indonesian Independence
554:Barneveld Fort in Bacan
1273:Historisch Tijdschrift
1120:. Leiden: KITLV Press.
855:
713:
659:
616:
555:
495:
408:
1532:. Berlin: Lit Verlag.
1528:Kirsten Jäger (2018)
1465:The Malay Archipelago
1031:Modern titular rulers
853:
711:
689:Indonesian Revolution
665:Alfred Russel Wallace
657:
650:The late colonial era
614:
553:
489:
446:Early European impact
406:
193:• Conversion to
91:Common languages
1519:. Leiden: CRC Press.
1397:, Vol. II. , 359-60.
1258:Adolf Heuken (2002)
1088:Sultanate of Ternate
1083:Sultanate of Jailolo
1393:J.E. Heeres (1931)
1308:, Part 7:4, p. 103.
1144:The world of Maluku
1093:Sultanate of Tidore
746:kimelaha sapanggala
685:Japanese occupation
658:Sultan Bacan Mosque
351:Islands off Papua,
157:• 1935 – 1983
147:• 1557 – 1577
1476:Kal Muller (1997)
1441:E. Katoppo (1984)
1215:Tomé Pires (1944)
856:
740:(first minister),
714:
660:
617:
556:
546:Dutch overlordship
496:
409:
385:François Valentijn
289:Sultanate of Bacan
107:(after late 1400s)
23:Sultanate of Bacan
1583:Former sultanates
1217:The Suma Oriental
1069:
1068:
1028:
1027:
957:Hamza Tarafan Nur
846:Historical rulers
843:
842:
744:(magistrate) and
285:
284:
271:
270:
267:
266:
255:Dutch East Indies
1600:
1562:
1552:
1546:
1539:
1533:
1526:
1520:
1513:
1507:
1500:
1494:
1487:
1481:
1474:
1468:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1446:
1439:
1433:
1432:. Leiden: Brill.
1426:
1420:
1417:
1411:
1406:
1400:
1391:
1385:
1376:
1370:
1365:
1359:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1335:
1330:
1324:
1315:
1309:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1278:
1269:
1263:
1256:
1250:
1241:
1235:
1226:
1220:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1162:
1153:
1147:
1140:
1134:
1127:
1121:
1114:
1035:
1034:
965:Muhammad Sahadin
885:Dom João, Hairun
858:
857:
793:
792:
789:Legendary rulers
687:and the ensuing
639:a rebel movement
294:
263:
262:
251:
250:
236:
235:
77:
74:
69:
55:
48:
31:Kesultanan Bacan
28:
19:
18:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1553:
1549:
1540:
1536:
1527:
1523:
1514:
1510:
1501:
1497:
1488:
1484:
1475:
1471:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1440:
1436:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1403:
1392:
1388:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1362:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1327:
1317:A. Haga (1884)
1316:
1312:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1270:
1266:
1257:
1253:
1242:
1238:
1227:
1223:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1154:
1150:
1141:
1137:
1128:
1124:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1074:
1038:Sultan of Bacan
1033:
1021:Muhammad Muhsin
941:Musa Malikuddin
861:Sultan of Bacan
848:
836:Bayan Sirrullah
791:
786:
784:List of Sultans
706:
652:
548:
468:Bayan Sirrullah
448:
345:
260:
223:
210:
197:
184:
183:• Founded
161:Muhammad Muhsin
158:
151:Dom João Hairun
148:
138:
137:• c. 1515
121:
78:
75:
60:
57:
56:
49:
32:
30:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1606:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1564:
1563:
1547:
1534:
1521:
1508:
1495:
1482:
1469:
1456:
1447:
1434:
1421:
1412:
1401:
1386:
1371:
1360:
1345:
1336:
1325:
1310:
1297:
1288:
1279:
1264:
1251:
1236:
1221:
1208:
1199:
1183:63, p. 475-81.
1172:
1163:
1148:
1135:
1122:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1013:Muhammad Usman
1010:
1009:
1006:
1005:Muhammad Sadik
1002:
1001:
998:
994:
993:
990:
986:
985:
982:
978:
977:
974:
970:
969:
966:
962:
961:
958:
954:
953:
950:
949:Kie Nasiruddin
946:
945:
942:
938:
937:
934:
930:
929:
926:
922:
921:
918:
914:
913:
910:
906:
905:
902:
898:
897:
894:
890:
889:
886:
882:
881:
878:
874:
873:
870:
866:
865:
862:
847:
844:
841:
840:
837:
833:
832:
829:
825:
824:
821:
820:Muhammad Bakir
817:
816:
815:14th century?
813:
809:
808:
807:13th century?
805:
801:
800:
797:
790:
787:
785:
782:
758:Bobato akhirat
705:
702:
651:
648:
631:Thomas Forrest
568:Mudafar Syah I
564:Spanish Empire
547:
544:
483:court ladies.
456:Melaka Straits
447:
444:
378:Kolano ma-dehe
374:Mashur-ma-lamo
370:heavenly nymph
344:
341:
299:, present-day
297:Maluku Islands
283:
282:
277:
273:
272:
269:
268:
265:
264:
257:
248:
245:
244:
239:
232:
231:
228:
227:
224:
218:
215:
214:
211:
205:
202:
201:
198:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
174:
171:
167:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
129:
128:
125:
123:Dehe ma-kolano
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
102:
98:
97:
95:Bacanese Malay
92:
88:
87:
84:
80:
79:
70:
62:
61:
58:
50:
43:
42:
39:
38:
34:
33:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1605:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1560:
1558:82, p. 451-9
1557:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1538:
1531:
1525:
1518:
1512:
1505:
1499:
1492:
1486:
1479:
1473:
1466:
1460:
1451:
1444:
1438:
1431:
1425:
1416:
1410:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1349:
1340:
1334:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1314:
1307:
1301:
1292:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1268:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1225:
1218:
1212:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1189:
1188:Adolf Bastian
1185:
1182:
1176:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1152:
1145:
1139:
1132:
1126:
1119:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1003:
999:
996:
995:
991:
988:
987:
983:
980:
979:
975:
972:
971:
967:
964:
963:
959:
956:
955:
951:
948:
947:
943:
940:
939:
935:
932:
931:
927:
924:
923:
920:c. 1609–1649
919:
916:
915:
912:c. 1609–1614
911:
908:
907:
904:1581-c. 1609
903:
900:
899:
895:
892:
891:
887:
884:
883:
880:c. 1520–1557
879:
876:
875:
871:
868:
867:
863:
860:
859:
852:
839:16th century
838:
835:
834:
830:
828:Zainal Abidin
827:
826:
822:
819:
818:
814:
811:
810:
806:
803:
802:
798:
795:
794:
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
710:
701:
699:
694:
690:
686:
681:
679:
674:
670:
666:
656:
647:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
623:
613:
609:
607:
603:
599:
593:
591:
586:
582:
578:
574:
569:
565:
561:
552:
543:
540:
536:
532:
528:
522:
520:
516:
511:
506:
502:
493:
488:
484:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
454:is closer to
453:
443:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
419:
415:
405:
401:
398:
395:, one of the
394:
390:
386:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
358:
354:
350:
343:Early history
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
309:Bacan Islands
306:
302:
298:
290:
281:
278:
276:Today part of
274:
258:
256:
253:
252:
249:
247:
246:
243:
240:
238:
237:
233:
229:
225:
222:
216:
212:
209:
203:
199:
196:
190:
186:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
154:
150:
144:
140:
134:
130:
126:
124:
118:
114:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
93:
89:
85:
81:
68:
63:
54:
47:
40:
35:
20:
1555:
1550:
1542:
1537:
1529:
1524:
1516:
1511:
1503:
1498:
1490:
1485:
1477:
1472:
1464:
1459:
1450:
1442:
1437:
1429:
1424:
1415:
1404:
1394:
1389:
1379:
1374:
1363:
1353:
1348:
1339:
1328:
1318:
1313:
1305:
1300:
1291:
1282:
1275:8:2 and 8:3.
1272:
1267:
1259:
1254:
1244:
1239:
1229:
1224:
1216:
1211:
1202:
1192:
1180:
1175:
1166:
1156:
1151:
1143:
1138:
1130:
1125:
1117:
1112:
973:Skandar Alam
933:Alauddin III
925:Muhammad Ali
893:Dom Henrique
812:Sidang Hasan
777:
773:
769:
765:
762:Kapitan Laut
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
718:Bobato dalem
717:
715:
682:
661:
629:sea captain
618:
594:
557:
523:
497:
449:
421:consorts in
413:
410:
382:
377:
346:
293:كسلطانن باچن
288:
286:
242:Succeeded by
241:
122:
27:كسلطانن باچن
1098:Spice trade
901:Alauddin II
734:Bobato luar
673:West Borneo
635:Maguindanao
598:Makassarese
590:Obi Islands
531:Philippines
460:Malay World
452:Bacan Malay
305:spice trade
105:Sunni Islam
76: 1616
1593:Sultanates
1572:Categories
1104:References
1057:2010–2023
1049:1983–2009
1024:1935–1983
1016:1899–1935
1008:1862–1889
1000:1826–1860
992:1797–1826
989:Kamarullah
984:1788–1797
976:1780–1788
968:1741–1779
960:1732–1741
952:1715-1732
944:1701–1715
936:1655-1701
928:1649–1655
896:1577–1581
888:1557–1577
877:Alauddin I
869:Raja Yusuf
778:controleur
490:A Malukan
480:Portuguese
464:Tomé Pires
397:Raja Ampat
349:Raja Ampat
317:Raja Ampat
200:late 1400s
141:Raja Yusuf
112:Government
37:1322?–1965
1065:2024–Now
917:Nurusalat
492:kora kora
301:Indonesia
280:Indonesia
221:Indonesia
115:Sultanate
101:Religion
1072:See also
872:c. 1515
831:c. 1512
823:c. 1465
750:ambasaya
539:Amassing
515:Babullah
472:Magellan
414:ambasaya
315:and the
86:Amassing
29:
774:Sangaji
766:soanang
730:alfiris
698:Suharto
669:Chinese
627:British
476:Spanish
431:Banggai
366:Jailolo
362:Papuans
353:Banggai
333:Jailolo
325:Ternate
170:History
120:Sultan,
83:Capital
1041:Reign
864:Reign
799:Reign
738:jogugu
602:Manipa
585:Misool
581:Waigeo
519:Labuha
510:Hairun
435:Loloda
427:Waigeo
423:Misool
418:Makian
393:Misool
329:Tidore
173:
127:
770:ngasé
742:hukum
722:ngofa
560:Dutch
535:Kayoa
505:Ambon
501:Banda
439:Ceram
389:Ambon
357:Buton
313:Ceram
208:Dutch
195:Islam
187:1322?
804:Buka
754:datu
752:and
643:Nuku
625:the
622:sago
606:Buru
558:The
355:and
331:and
287:The
226:1965
213:1609
59:Flag
726:kie
724:or
503:or
1574::
583:,
437:,
433:,
429:,
425:,
327:,
73:c.
1561:.
291:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_Afbeeldingen_van_de_Eylanden_Macjan,_ende_Bacjan,_RP-P-OB-75.474.jpg)