Alawi Sultanate - Knowledge

1782:(or descendants of previously imported slaves), many of them Muslims, whose loyalty was to him alone. Mawlay Isma'il himself was half Black, his mother having been a Black slave concubine of Muhammad al-Sharif. This standing army also made effective use of modern artillery. He continuously led military campaigns against rebels, rivals, and European positions along the Moroccan coast. In practice, he still had to rely on various groups to control outlying areas, but he nonetheless succeeded in retaking many coastal cities occupied by England and Spain and managed to enforce direct order and heavy taxation throughout his territories. He put a definitive end to Ottoman attempts to gain influence in Morocco and established Morocco on more equal diplomatic footing with European powers in part by forcing them to ransom Christian captives at his court. These Christians were mostly captured by Moroccan pirate fleets which he heavily sponsored as a means of both revenue and warfare. While in captivity, prisoners were often forced into labour on his construction projects. All of these activities and policies gave him a reputation for ruthlessness and cruelty among European writers and a mixed reputation among Moroccan historians as well, though he is credited with unifying Morocco under strong (but brutal) leadership. 1423: 2716: 2001:

capital of his territory and profited from an arms trade with the English at Gibraltar, with whom he also established diplomatic relations. Sultan Ahmad al-Dahabi had tried to appoint his own governor in Tetouan to undermine Ar-Rifi's power in 1727, but without success. Ahmad ar-Rifi was initially uninterested in the politics playing out in Meknes, but became embroiled due to an alliance he formed with al-Mustadi', one of the ephemeral sultans installed by the 'Abid installed in May 1738. When Al-Mustadi' was in turn deposed in January 1740 to accommodate Abdallah's return to power, Ar-Rifi opposed the latter and invaded Fez in 1741. Mawlay Abdallah's alliance of factions was able to finally defeat and kill him on the battlefield in 1743, and soon after the sultan's authority was re-established along the coastal cities of Morocco. In 1647, Abdallah strategically established his two sons as

3041: 2238:). Following the war, the new sultan was determined to follow a policy of reforms to address the state's weaknesses. These reforms took place progressively and in a piecemeal fashion. The sultan tried to increase revenues by streamlining the taxation of Morocco's fertile regions, forcing the payment of an annual fixed sum instead of the more flexible taxation regime that existed earlier. This was more efficient but it took a heavy toll on the rural economy and the food security of its population. At the same time, the urban population grew along with international trade, which fostered the emergence of an urban bourgeoisie, both Muslim and Jewish, who spurred further social changes. Despite this growth, the state remained in financial difficulties, in part due to the devaluation of the Moroccan currency. 2037:(Mohammed III), who became sultan in 1757 after a decade as viceroy in Marrakesh. Many of the 'Abid had by then deserted their contingents and joined the common population of the country, and Sidi Mohammed III was able to reorganize those who remained into his own elite military corps. The Oudaya, who had supported his father but had been a burden on the population of Fez where they lived, became the main challenge to the new sultan's power. In 1760 he was forced to march with an army to Fez where he arrested their leaders and destroyed their contingents, killing many of their soldiers. In the aftermath the sultan created a new, much smaller, Oudaya regiment which was given new commanders and garrisoned in Meknes instead. Later, in 1775, he tried to distance the 89: 2323: 2752: 3119: 75: 2067: 1829:

forces and control Tadla for a time, but were defeated in April 1678 near Wadi al-'Abid. Ahmad al-Dala'i escaped and eventually died in early 1680. After the defeat of the Dala'is and of his nephew, Isma'il was finally able to impose his rule without serious challenge over all of Morocco and was able to push back against Ottoman influence. After Ghaylan's defeat, he sent raids and military expeditions into Algeria in 1679, 1682, and 1695–96. A final expedition in 1701 ended poorly. Peace was re-established and the two sides agreed to recognize their pre-existing mutual border.

1621:(or Muhammad II), became the leader after 1635 and successfully led another rebellion which expelled Abu Hassun's forces in 1640 or 1641 (1050 AH). With this success, he was proclaimed sultan in place of his father who relinquished the throne to him. However, the Dala'iyya invaded the region again in 1646 and following their victory at Al Qa'a forced him to acknowledge their control over all the territory west and south of Sijilmasa. Unable to oppose them, Sidi Mohammed instead decided to expand in the opposite direction, to the northeast. He advanced as far as 2404: 1933: 2964: 610: 3183: 6634: 2113:

he was mortally wounded. After his death, he was succeeded by his brother Suleyman (or Mawlay Slimane), though the latter had to defeat two more brothers who contested the throne: Maslama in the north and Hisham in Marrakesh to the south. Suleyman brought trade with Europe nearly to a halt. Although less violent and bigoted than Yazid, he was still portrayed by European sources as xenophobic. Some of this lack of engagement with Europe was likely a consequence of the

3237:. Established customs regulated land usage and distribution among families. Despite economic setbacks occurring periodically, civil conflicts at both national and local levels and the primitive tools employed, there remained a significant emphasis on soil exploitation and agriculture constituted the primary occupation for the majority of rural inhabitants. Numerous lands became contested territories among various groups and tribes, which sometimes prompted the 2582: 3074: 1786: 2242: 1264: 1820:

of Isma'il's reign with Algerian help and led a rebellion in the north which was joined by the people of Fez. He recognized Isma'il's nephew, Ahmad ibn Mahriz, as sultan, who in turn had managed to take control of Marrakesh and was recognized also by the tribes of the Sous valley. Ghaylan was defeated and killed in 1673, and a month later Fez was brought back under control. Ahmad ibn Mahriz was only defeated and killed in 1686 near

1679: 1278: 2806: 1908:"), persuaded the English to evacuate Tangier in 1684. Mawlay Isma'il immediately claimed the city and sponsored its Muslim resettlement, but granted local authority to 'Ali ar-Rifi, the governor of Tetouan who had played an active part in besieging the city and became the chieftain of northern Morocco around this time. Isma'il also conquered Spanish-controlled 1652:, the old city), with the support of the local Arab tribes, rejected the authority of the Dala'iyya and invited Sidi Mohammed to join them. Soon after he arrived, however, the Dala'iyya army approached the city and the local leaders, realizing they did not have enough strength to oppose them, stopped their uprising and asked Sidi Mohammed to leave. 2739:. Different origins have been proposed for the red flag. Moroccan researcher Nabil Mouline has suggested that it was adopted when Sultan al-Rashid captured Rabat, which was inhabited at the time by Andalusians who used the red flag. Others have claimed that the red colour represents the Alawis' claim of sharifian descent, much like the 1610:. Mawlay al-Sharif led an attack against Abu Hassun's garrison at Tabu'samt in 1635 or 1636 (1045 AH) but failed to expel them. Abu Hassun forced him to go into exile to the Sous valley, but also treated him well; among other things, Abu Hassun gifted him a slave concubine who later gave birth to one of his sons, 3498:, landed at Rabat-Salé Airport at 11:42 am on November 16. The French-Moroccan Declaration of Independence was formally signed on March 2, 1956, and Tangier was reintegrated to Morocco later that year. In 1957 Mohammed V adopted the official title of "King", which has since been used by his successors, 3254:

Despite opening to trade in the late 19th century, Morocco faced limitations due to inadequate agricultural surplus and the antiquated transportation system, which hindered commercial activities. Foreign land ownership was largely unattainable before colonization, even though European powers secured

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in 1691. Moreover, he sponsored Moroccan pirates which preyed on European merchant ships. Despite this, he also allowed Europeans merchants to trade inside Morocco, but he strictly regulated their activities and forced them to negotiate with his government for permission, allowing him to efficiently

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troops garrisoned. This was partly a response to continued Turkish interference in Morocco, which Isma'il managed to stop after many difficulties and rebellions. Al-Khadr Ghaylan, a former leader in northern Morocco who fled to Algiers during Al-Rashid's advance, returned to Tetouan at the beginning

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in 1830, however, destabilized the region and put the sultan in a very difficult position. It marked a major shift in Morocco's diplomatic and military situation. Until then, European powers had been an intermittent concern, but now they became a permanent presence whose influence grew in politics,

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Sidi Mohammed's opening of Morocco to international trade was not welcomed by some, however. After his death in 1790, his son and successor Mawlay Yazid ruled with more xenophobia and violence, punished Jewish communities, and launched an ill-fated attack against Spanish-held Ceuta in 1792 in which

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fell into decline. The 'Alawis had become masters over Tuat in 1645, which rebelled many times after this but Isma'il established direct control there from 1676 onwards. In 1678–79 he organized a major military expedition to the south, forcing the Emirates of Trarza and Brakna to become his vassals

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who had led the Dala'iyya to dominion over a large part of Morocco earlier that century, prior to Al-Rashid's rise. The Dala'is had been expelled to Tlemcen but and they returned to the Middle Atlas at the instigation of Algiers and under Ahmad's leadership in 1677. They managed to defeat Isma'il's

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By this time, the Dala'iyya's realm, which once extended over Fez and most of central Morocco, had largely receded to their original home in the Middle Atlas. Al-Rashid was left in control of the 'Alawi forces and in less than a decade he managed to extend 'Alawi control over almost all of Morocco,

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During the latter half of the 19th century, there was an increased interest on irrigation and agricultural activities, particularly under the reign of Mohammed IV, sparked when he was still the caliph of Marrakech. This interest lead to the creation of various water sources in the region, and the

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In this period, the north of Morocco also became virtually independent of the central government, being ruled instead by Ahmad ibn 'Ali ar-Rifi, the son of 'Ali al-Hamami ar-Rifi whom Mawlay Isma'il had granted local authority in the region of Tangier. Ahmad al-Hamami ar-Rifi used Tangier as the

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Despite this, the distinction between Bled el-Makhzen and Bled es-Siba remained vague and fluctuated. The decision by some tribes to refuse to pay taxes to the Makhzen were sometimes used as a bargaining chip to obtain favors rather than dissent from the Sultan. In many cases, governors in Bled

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for supporting jihad in 1837. On the other hand, Abd al-Rahman was reluctant to provide the French with a clear reason to attack Morocco if he ever intervened. He managed to maintain the appearance of neutrality until 1844, when he was compelled to provide refuge to Abd al-Qadir in Morocco. The

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contingents to garrisons in Tangier, Larache, Rabat, Marrakesh and the Sous, where they continued to cause trouble until 1782. These disturbances were compounded by drought and severe famine between 1776 and 1782 and an outbreak of plague in 1779–1780, which killed many Moroccans and forced the

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After Mawlay Isma'il's death, Morocco was plunged into one of its greatest periods of turmoil between 1727 and 1757, with Isma'il's sons fighting for control of the sultanate and never holding onto power for long. Isma'il had left hundreds of sons who were theoretically eligible for the throne.

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Upon Al-Rashid's death his younger half-brother Mawlay Isma'il became sultan. As sultan, Isma'il's 55-year reign was one of longest in Moroccan history. He distinguished himself as a ruler who wished to establish a unified Moroccan state as the absolute authority in the land, independent of any

1675:. The power of the Dala'iyya was in decline, and both brothers sought to take advantage of this, but both stood in each other's way. When Sidi Mohammed attacked Angad to force his rebellious brother's submission on August 2, 1664, he was instead unexpectedly killed and his armies defeated. 3057:

with high fidelity but did not introduce major new innovations. Many of the mosques and palaces standing in Morocco today have been built or restored under the Alawi sultans at some point or another. Religious monuments that were built or rebuilt during this period include the

3475:("deputy") was appointed who acted as a representative of the sultan. In practice, however, the sultan was a puppet of the new regime and many parts of the population saw the dynasty as collaborators with the French. The French colonial administration was headed by the French 3466:

Under colonial rule, the institution of the sultan was formally preserved as part of a French policy of indirect rule, or at least the appearance of indirect rule. Under the French Protectorate, the 'Alawi sultans still had some prerogatives such as the power to sign or veto

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Morocco remained independent under 'Alawi rule until 1912, when it was placed under the control of a French protectorate. The 'Alawi sultans continued to act as nominal monarchs under French colonial rule until Morocco regained independence in 1956, with the Alawi sultan

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through which he tried to control European trade. He hired European architects to design the city, resulting in a relatively unique Moroccan-built city with Western European architecture, particularly in the style of its fortifications. Similar coastal fortifications or

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Britain's influence in Morocco encouraged other powers to look for advantage. The Spanish government was eager to expand its presence in Africa in order to distract from its own domestic difficulties. The next direct confrontation between Morocco and Europe was the

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sultan to import wheat, reduce taxes, and distribute food and funds to locals and tribal leaders in order to alleviate the suffering. By now, however, the improved authority of the sultan allowed the central government to weather these difficulties and crises.

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on March 18, 1845. The treaty made the superior power of France clear and forced the sultan to recognize French authority over Algeria. Abd al-Qadir turned rebel against the sultan and took refuge in the Rif region until his surrender to the French in 1848.

1659:. Details of this conflict are lengthy, but ultimately Al-Rashid appears to have fled Sijilmasa in fear of his brother and took refuge with the Dala'iyya in the Middle Atlas. He then moved around northern Morocco, spending time in Fez, before settling in 2707:. These included arbitrational "court of laws" in villages for civil disputes and tribal "court of appeals" in criminal or appellate case. In some cases, complainants were authorized to enforce legal rulings in their favor through means of violence. 3130:

In 1684, during Moulay Isma'il's reign, Tangier was also returned to Moroccan control and much of the city's current Islamic architecture dates from his reign or after. In 1765, Mohammed ibn Abdallah started the construction of the new port city of

2353:. He signed his abdication only when on the quay in Rabat, with the ship that would take him to France already waiting. When news of the treaty finally leaked to the Moroccan populace, it was met with immediate and violent backlash in the 2082:

Sidi Mohammed ibn Abdallah maintained the peace in part through a relatively more decentralized regime and lighter taxes, relying instead on greater trade with Europe to make up the revenues. In line with this policy, in 1764 he founded

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Muhammad IV also reorganized the state and began to institutionalize a more professional, regular administration and military, often by following Western European models. This trend was taken further by his talented successor,

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the economy, and society. French conquests in the region progressively surrounded Morocco afterwards, while colonial encroachment on Morocco itself was slowed mainly due to rivalries between the European powers.

1509:, which ruled Morocco during the 16th century and preceded the 'Alawis, also claimed sharifian lineage and played an important role in engraining this model of political-religious legitimacy in Moroccan society. 3052:

Starting with the Saadians and continuing with the Alawis, Moroccan art and architecture is often described by art historians as being relatively conservative; meaning that it continued to reproduce the earlier

2148:), tried to reinforce national unity by recruiting local elites of the country and orchestrating military campaigns designed to bolster his image as a defender of Islam against encroaching European powers. The 4584:

Kitâb Elistiqsâ li-Akhbâri doual Elmâgrib Elaqsâ [" Le livre de la recherche approfondie des événements des dynasties de l'extrême Magrib "], vol. IX : Chronique de la dynastie alaouie au Maroc

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and Oujda in the northeast. Al-Rashid had thus succeeded in reuniting the country under one rule. He was not able to enjoy this success for very long, however, and died young in 1672 while in Marrakesh.

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in Meknes, where the remains of his monumental structures can still be seen today. During this era, valuable architectural elements from earlier buildings built by the Saadi dynasty, such as the huge

2674:. However, the jurisdiction of the quasi-secular Makhzen courts and the religious courts often overlapped and a party in a Makhzen dispute could request to raise the case to a religious court. The 2637:

to present their case or defense. After the sentence was pronounced, a governor for the Makhzen was charged with enforcing the decision. Contracts and marriage certificates were registered by two

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with the United States in 1787 after becoming the first head of state to recognize the new country. He was interested in scholarly pursuits and also cultivated a productive relationship with the

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particular group within Morocco – in contrast to previous dynasties which relied on certain tribes or regions as the base of their power. He succeeded in part by creating a new army composed of

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The Alawi sultans and their ministers continued to build lavish palaces in the decades before the French protectorate. Many of these are now used as museums or tourist attractions, such as the

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region, where he won more support, Al-Rashid returned and secured the city's surrender in June 1666. He made the city his capital, but settled his military tribes in other lands and in a new

1516:, who established a religious aristocracy with his sharifian lineage throughout the oasis. Known for his deep piety, he was believed to have moved to Sijilmassa in 1265 under the rule of the 1594:

who increasingly dominated central Morocco at this time, reaching the peak of their power in the 1640s. Another, was 'Ali Abu Hassun al-Semlali (or Abu Hassun), who had become leader of the

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Sufi order. He was associated with the North African literary elite and the religious scholars of the Tijaniyyah order were among the most prolific producers of literature in the Maghreb.

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In the latter part of the 19th century Morocco's instability resulted in European countries intervening to protect investments and to demand economic concessions. Hassan I called for the

1366:. This name was still in official usage until 1956 when Morocco regained its independence from colonial rule. It was also referred to as Sultanate of Morocco in English, including in the 1960:

of Isma'il's reign came to wield enormous power and were able to install or depose sultans according to their interests throughout this period, though they also had to compete with the

1422: 1812:, a fortified palace-city whose construction continued throughout his reign. He also built fortifications across the country, especially along its eastern frontier, which many of his 3251:

over a seven-year period until 1700, highlighted in his report on the Moroccan situation the fertility of the land which he considered to be adapted to producing high-quality crops.

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Despite some territorial setbacks, the 'Alawis' influence slowly grew, partly thanks to their continued alliance with certain Arab tribes of the region. In June 1650, the leaders of

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Al-Sharif died in 1659, and Sidi Mohammed was once again proclaimed sovereign. However, this provoked a succession clash between Sidi Mohammed and one of his younger half-brothers,

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of their home countries. If a Moroccan was subject to a lawsuit from a European, the consul would file the complaint to a Makhzen courthouse on behalf of the European complainant.

2565:) held tribal autonomy and self-governance but held an oath of allegiance to the Sultan and recognized his religious and spiritual status but refused to pay taxes to the Makhzen. 1832:

Isma'il also sought to project renewed Moroccan power abroad and in former territories. Following the decline of central rule in the late Saadian period earlier that century, the

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today) to head off complaints from the city's inhabitants about their behaviour. He then defeated the remnants of the Dala'iyya by invading and destroying their capital in the

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Towards the beginning of the 20th century, Moroccan literature began to diversify, with polemic or political works becoming more common at this time. For example, there were

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Between 1848 and 1865, Britain, France, and Spain competed for influence in Morocco. Britain sought to keep France at bay in the region, especially since Morocco lay next to

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was paid in cash according to individuals' wealth. The governors determined the amount of these taxes based on their knowledge of the population and the state of harvests.

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but eventually made enemies of them after 1733. Eventually he was able to gain advantage over them by forming an alliance with the Amazigh tribe of Ait Idrasin, the Oudaya

3605: 1633:, who sent an army that chased him back to Sijilmasa. In negotiations with a legation from Algiers, Sidi Mohammed agreed not to cross into Ottoman territory again and the 2117:, during which England blockaded parts of Europe and both France and Spain threatened Morocco into not taking any side. After 1811, Suleyman also pushed a fundamentalist 1701:

reuniting the country under a new sharifian dynasty. Early on, he won over more rural Arab tribes to his side and integrated them into his military system. Also known as

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region in 1631, the Dala'iyya in turn sent forces to enforce their own influence in the area. The local inhabitants chose as their leader the head of the 'Alawi family,

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The Alawis are said to have adopted a plain red flag in the 17th century. Such a red flag was still being used until 1915, when a green star was added to the current

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Fès et sainteté, de la fondation à l'avènement du Protectorat (808–1912): Hagiographie, tradition spirituelle et héritage prophétique dans la ville de Mawlāy Idrīs

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The Alawis did not initiate the development of a new national currency until 1668, instead allowing local currencies to circulate for an extended period. In 1668,

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among themselves. However, Islamic religious courts were favored to judge in cases involving both Jews and Muslims. Matters involving Europeans were judged by the

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Conflict between his sons was compounded by rebellions against the heavily taxing and autocratic government which Isma'il had previously imposed. Furthermore, the

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of France starting in 1682, hoping to secure an alliance against Spain, but France was less interested in this idea and relations eventually collapsed after 1718.

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in June 1668. In July he captured Marrakesh from Abu Bakr ben Abdul Karim Al-Shabani, the son of the usurper who had ruled the city since assassinating his nephew

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in Marrakesh, were also stripped and reused in buildings elsewhere during the reign of Moulay Isma'il. Other Alawi sultans built or expanded the royal palaces

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Roberts, Priscilla H.; Tull, James N. (June 1999). "Moroccan Sultan Sidi Muhammad Ibn Abdallah's Diplomatic Initiatives toward the United States, 1777–1786".

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was proclaimed Sultan by the French administration several months later (13 August 1912). At the same time a large part of northern Morocco was placed under

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tribes and some of the Amazigh (Berber) tribes. Meknes remained the capital and the scene of most of these political changes, but Fez was also a key player.

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The draft, which was written by an anonymous author and was never signed by Moulay Abdelhafid, was inspired by the late 19th century constitutions of the

540:) was the first to establish his authority over the entire country. The sultanate reached an apogee of political power during the reign of his successor, 8547: 3472: 2275:

system, but the result was an increased European presence in Morocco—in the form of advisors, doctors, businessmen, adventurers, and even missionaries.

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at the request of locals who promoted him as imam of Tafilalt and viewed the presence of sharifs in the region as beneficial for religious legitimity.

1196: 1332:, was sometimes referred to as the Sharifian Sultanate as a reference to the ruling dynasty's claim to noble ancestry. This was rendered in French as 5336:, Connaissance du monde arabe (in French), Aix-en-Provence: Institut de recherches et d’études sur les mondes arabes et musulmans, pp. 251–272, 5013:, Connaissance du monde arabe (in French), Aix-en-Provence: Institut de recherches et d’études sur les mondes arabes et musulmans, pp. 285–310, 4959: 2836:" and teachers, which were common since the 14th century. Such works from Fez, for example, are especially abundant from the 17th to 20th centuries. 2518: 2485: 2205:, which forced the sultan to remove restrictions on trade and granted special advantages to the British. Among the latter was the establishment of a 4124: 3268: 2715: 2156:

Wide popular support for the Algerians against the French invasion led Morocco to allow the flow of aid and arms to the resistance movement led by

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The flag of the Sharifian Empire, which was completely red, has been, since the end of 1915, red with a green star in the shape of Solomon's ring.

5173:, Connaissance du monde arabe (in French), Aix-en-Provence: Institut de recherches et d’études sur les mondes arabes et musulmans, pp. 3–15, 1883:. Despite this reassertion of control, trans-Saharan trade did not resume in the long-term on the same levels it existed before the 17th century. 1671:

Amazigh tribe. These groups recognized him as sultan in 1664, while around the same time Sidi Mohammed made a new base for himself as far west as

5295:, Description du Maghreb (in French), Migrants juifs et musulmans au Maghreb (XVe - XXe siècle), Maroc: Centre Jacques-Berque, pp. 167–189, 4452:. General history of Africa. London : Berkeley, Calif., U.S.A. : Paris: Heinemann ; University of California Press ; UNESCO. 3305:

An important shift in the types crops cultivated was observed in many regions prior to the establishment of the protectorate. The cultivation of

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as viceroy of Marrakesh, the latter sought to have him overthrown by fomenting distrust over Abdelaziz's European ties. Abdelhafid was aided by

2937: 7411: 6265: 2743:(who also claimed descent from the Islamic prophet Muhammad) used a red flag. Nabil Mouline suggests that the Alawis also used a green flag. 1634: 1523:

He left behind a son, Mohamed, who in turn had only one descendant who bore the same name as his grandfather. One of this descendant's sons,

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was in serious decline and multiple regional factions fought for control of the country. Among the most powerful of these factions were the

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Cenival, P. de; Troin, J.-F. (2012). "al- Suwayra". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).

1401:) stems either from the name of Ali, from which the dynasty ultimately traces its descent, or from the name of the dynasty's early founder 1310: 1240: 554:

After Isma'il's death, Morocco underwent periods of turmoil and renewal under different sultans. A long period of stability returned under

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was the first to succeed his father but was immediately contested and ruled twice only briefly before his death in 1729, with his brother

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as its sovereign. In 1957, Mohammed V formally adopted the title of "King" and Morocco is now officially known as the Kingdom of Morocco.

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Miller, Susan Gilson (2005). "Finding Order in the Moroccan City: The Ḥubus of the Great Mosque of Tangier as an Agent of Urban Change".

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give government workers wages from the Makhzen's treasury. A few caids consolidated power and embraced despotism, establishing a form of

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https://books.google.co.ma/books?id=EojfAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&dq=Morocco's%20population%20in%201900&pg=PA34&output=embed

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Mohammed Kenbib. "Fez Riots (1912)." Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World. Executive Editor Norman A. Stillman. Brill Online, 2014

4582: 4511: 2903:('Advice to the People of Islam'), published in Fez in 1908, both of which called on Moroccans to unite against European encroachment. 2100: 2087:, a new port city through which he funneled European trade with Marrakesh. The last Portuguese outpost on the Moroccan coast, Mazagan ( 1825: 2896: 3494:

during the 1950s, the French agreed to negotiate Morocco's independence at a conference on August 23, 1955. The exiled Alawi sultan,

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who settled in North Africa during a drought that affected the region in the 13th century. The dynasty claims descent to the Prophet

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The family's rise to power took place in the context of early-to-mid-17th century Morocco, when the power of the Saadian sultans of

1465:. Little is known of their history prior to the 17th century, but by this century they had become the main leaders of the Tafilalt. 8542: 6419: 5775: 4071:

Bennison, Amira K. (2007). "ʿAlawī dynasty". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).

1501:(descendants of the Prophet) was part of the reason for their success, as in this era many communities in Morocco increasingly saw 5800: 3217:

as a central bank. The State Bank of Morocco was later restructured after the end of French colonialism in Morocco and renamed to

2055:) as sultan, but the latter soon changed his mind and was reconciled with his father. After this, Sidi Mohammed III dispersed the 6679: 2617: 1841: 664: 1747:

to acknowledge his authority, while in the north, except for the European enclaves, he was in control of all the Rif comprising

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Mansour, Mohamed El (2012). "Ṭand̲j̲a". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).

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claimed that the draft was written by members of a "Moroccan Association of Unity and Progress" composed of an elite close to

8364: 7746: 6092: 6063: 5647: 5611: 5541: 5458: 5431: 5405: 5341: 5300: 5178: 5144: 5080: 5018: 4881: 4457: 4218: 4193: 4144: 3861: 3744: 3723: 3695: 3674: 3653: 3632: 3572: 2459:. The authority of the Sultan in Morocco were both political and religious, with his authority revolving around his title of 2311:. For a brief period, Abdelaziz reigned from Rabat while Abdelhafid reigned in Marrakesh and Fez and a conflict known as the 1074: 5068: 1925:

friars, to negotiate ransoms for the release of Christians captured by pirates or in battle. He also pursued relations with

1711:), they became one of his most important means of imposing control over regions and cities. In 1664 he had taken control of 6664: 1987:

tribe, and the leaders of Fez (whom he alienated early on but later reconciled with). This alliance steadily wore down the

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Terrasse, Henri (2012). "ʿAlawīs". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).

2875: 8416: 7416: 6771: 5972: 3003: 2217: 1976:

ruled for most of the period between 1729 and 1757 but was deposed four times. Abdallah was initially supported by the

1089: 940: 1069: 7060: 7013: 6432: 6385: 6324: 6081:"Les relations entre ville et ensemble palatial dans les " villes impériales " marocaines : Marrakech et Meknès" 6019: 5942: 5914: 5506: 4929: 4844: 4318: 4107: 4080: 3997: 3946: 3809: 3773: 1539: 5397:

A History of Conversion to Islam in the United States, Volume 2: The African American Islamic Renaissance, 1920-1975

3878: 2828:

One of the main literary genres of Morocco during this period were works devoted to describing the history of local

6923: 6343: 5617: 1898:. Mawlay Isma'il besieged the city unsuccessfully in 1679, but this pressure, along with attacks from local Muslim 1303: 986: 6373: 2696:

Within Bled es-Siba, a number of rural courtrooms were set up by tribes in Morocco which judged based on a mix of

2315:(1907–1908) ensued. In 1908 Abdelaziz was defeated in battle. In 1909, Abdelhafid became the recognized leader of 2021:

of Marrakesh. His eldest son would die before him in 1750. After 9 years of uninterrupted reign, Abdallah died at

8042: 6732: 6619: 6568: 6162: 4038:

Moulay Rachid who really founded the dynasty in 1664, was born in Tafilalet of a family that had come from Arabia

3461: 2362: 2322: 1965: 1941: 1159: 1033: 459: 7204: 6085:

Les Palais dans la ville : Espaces urbains et lieux de la puissance publique dans la Méditerranée médiévale

5220: 2264:). Hassan I also campaigned tirelessly to collect tax revenues and reimpose central rule on outlying provinces. 6987: 6659: 6563: 5860: 4432: 3935:"The End of Empire in the Maghreb: the Common Heritage and Distinct Destinies of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia" 3834: 3457: 2350: 2335: 1225: 1028: 731: 515: 445: 8480: 6842: 4097: 3007: 2728: 2202: 1367: 935: 716: 5132: 2224:

led the Moroccan government to take a massive British loan larger than its national reserves to pay off its

30:

This article is about the pre-colonial history of Morocco under Alawi rule. For the sect of Shia Islam, see

8475: 8359: 6802: 6710: 6455: 6412: 5107: 4736:

Kitâb Elistiqsâ li-Akhbâri doual Elmâgrib Elaqsâ , vol. IX : Chronique de la dynastie alaouie au Maroc

4718:

Kitâb Elistiqsâ li-Akhbâri doual Elmâgrib Elaqsâ , vol. IX : Chronique de la dynastie alaouie au Maroc

3210: 3011: 2751: 1715:, but Fez rejected his authority and a siege of the city in 1665 failed. After further campaigning in the 1006: 609: 8485: 7522: 6737: 6674: 5961:

Touri, Abdelaziz; Benaboud, Mhammad; Boujibar El-Khatib, Naïma; Lakhdar, Kamal; Mezzine, Mohamed (2010).

5850: 4897: 3194:

was the Pariente Bank of Tangiers, which was founded in 1844 by Moses Pariente which cooperated with the

2981:

to counter European influence, a draft constitution was published in the October 1908 issue of newspaper

2670:

punishements in criminal cases. The Makhzen courts were often favored over religious courts due to their

1296: 1235: 1230: 589: 8552: 6087:, Collection d’histoire et d’archéologie médiévales, Presses universitaires de Lyon, pp. 325–341, 4872:. Vol. I: A-Ak – Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2010. pp. 4493:

Sijilmâsa, cité islamique du Maroc médiéval : recherches archéologiques maroco-française 2011-2016

2149: 1937: 1245: 1062: 1040: 991: 566: 555: 314: 5903:

Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Architecture; VII. c. 1500–c. 1900.; E. Morocco".

3352:

from Europe, affected agriculture in Morocco. During the 19th century, the cultivation of plants like

2345:, also known as the Second Moroccan Crisis. These events led Abdelhafid to abdicate after signing the 1667:

Arab tribes who had previously supported his brother and also with the Ait Yaznasin (Beni Snassen), a

74: 8443: 7591: 7155: 6832: 6759: 6725: 6654: 5967:(2 ed.). Ministry of Cultural Affairs of the Kingdom of Morocco & Museum With No Frontiers. 5200: 3400:'s reign, the sultanate's revenues primarily derived from taxes, with the two main sources being the 3118: 3059: 3045: 2545:

and was directly governed and taxed by the Makhzen under the direct rule of the Sultan. In contrast,

1211: 834: 102: 5720: 5566: 1921:

collect taxes on trade. Isma'il also allowed European countries, often through the proxy of Spanish

1637:

was set as their northern border. In 1645 and again in 1652, Sidi Mohammed also imposed his rule on

8401: 8376: 8226: 7885: 7880: 6807: 3328:, while vegetable cultivation was primarily concentrated near urban centers. Morocco also produced 2783: 2651: 2138: 1871:) on behalf of Morocco. Later, in 1724, he sent an army to support the amir of Trarza (present-day 619: 5692:"Histoire : Quand l'Espagne introduisit le journalisme au Maroc à travers "El Eco de Tetuan"" 8468: 8349: 7890: 7843: 7786: 7485: 7429: 7177: 6933: 6888: 6742: 6633: 6405: 6132: 5289:"La modernité juridique au Maroc : Protégés juifs, tribunaux consulaires et droit islamique" 3256: 3230: 3191: 3096: 3081: 3019: 2978: 2927: 2327: 2288: 2268: 2178: 1809: 1793: 1152: 1135: 959: 221: 4971: 3368:

gained prominence. Forested areas retained their original situation and composition, comprising

2681:

Moroccan Jews were given judicial autonomy and were allowed to set up courtrooms which enforced

2517:

The extent of the Sultan's authority was classified in two categories mainly based on taxation.

797: 8490: 8391: 8386: 8074: 8022: 7942: 7875: 7779: 7764: 7657: 7424: 7378: 7219: 7106: 6747: 6609: 4873: 4864: 3503: 3199: 2852: 2503: 2182: 1660: 895: 6292: 6051: 5264:

La politique constitutive au Sud : refonder le droit de la famille au Sénégal et au Maroc

5115:(PhD thesis). Université Mohammed V, Faculté des Sciences Juridiques, Economiques et Sociales. 5044: 3685: 3622: 3483:, who enacted many of the policies that set the tone for France's colonial regime in Morocco. 8421: 8381: 8194: 8069: 7133: 7123: 7082: 7053: 6873: 6822: 6817: 6754: 6589: 6215: 5421: 5395: 4306: 4136: 3851: 3734: 3713: 3664: 3643: 3562: 3495: 3487: 3255:

legal exceptions allowing land speculation around major harbors through treaties such as the

3214: 3112: 3077: 3035: 2590: 2499: 2198: 2170: 2075: 2034: 1969: 1895: 1891: 1789: 964: 578: 301: 8309: 4834: 4591: 4565: 4547:

Political and military developments within Morocco during the early Alawi Period (1659-1727)

4520: 3990:

History of North Africa: Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, from the Arab Conquest to 1830, Volume 2

3934: 3917: 2957: 2952: 2125:

orders and brotherhoods, in spite of their popularity and despite his own membership in the

1824:. Meanwhile, the Ottomans supported further dissidents via Ahmad al-Dala'i, the grandson of 8514: 8344: 8314: 8189: 8120: 8091: 8010: 7344: 7182: 7172: 6941: 6642: 6594: 6465: 3499: 3425: 3373: 3309:

trees, once prevalent across the coastal plains along the Atlantic coastal regions and the

3260: 3054: 3023: 2988: 2720: 2398: 2284: 1833: 1687: 1656: 1606:– known as Mawlay Ali al-Sharif, Mawlay al-Sharif, or Muhammad I – recognizing him as 1427: 696: 530: 209: 8294: 1529: 93:

Approximate territories under the Sultanate's authority in the late 17th to 19th centuries

8: 8206: 8086: 8052: 7954: 7774: 7769: 7581: 7300: 7236: 7111: 7096: 6913: 6898: 6693: 6241:"Abdellatif Jouahri, gardien " indépendant " du Trésor des Marocains - Jeune Afrique.com" 5776:"Les questions de l'éducation et des langues dans l'histoire constitutionnelle marocaine" 3432:

that consisted of 20% copper with the ultimate goal of boosting regional trade. Previous

3195: 3108: 3104: 2800: 2460: 2408: 2386: 2296: 2254: 2245: 2206: 1973: 1849: 1618: 1513: 1130: 969: 947: 930: 701: 570: 7922: 7912: 6187: 4620:

Fès avant le protectorat: étude économique et sociale d'une ville de l'occident musulman

3645:

Crossing The Strait: Morocco, Gibraltar and Great Britain in the 18th and 19th Centuries

1744: 1629:

in Algeria in 1650. His forays into Algeria provoked a response from the leaders of the

900: 8319: 8299: 8282: 8233: 8098: 7907: 7858: 7791: 7709: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7596: 7566: 7458: 7356: 7224: 7199: 7006: 6861: 6837: 6827: 6785: 6705: 6669: 6440: 5547: 4905: 4788: 3437: 3067: 3063: 2779: 2675: 2490: 2066: 1779: 1630: 1583: 1547: 1164: 890: 598: 5751:"Le droit constitutionnel marocain ou la maturation progressive d'un système évolutif" 5069:"Du Bilad el-Makhzen au Bilad el-Siba. Continuité historique ou revitalisation ?" 1997:

s power and paved the way for their submission in the later part of the 18th century.

1932: 8428: 8324: 8260: 8255: 8184: 8081: 7796: 7724: 7719: 7561: 7490: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7263: 7214: 6980: 6878: 6812: 6522: 6517: 6381: 6320: 6088: 6059: 6015: 5968: 5938: 5910: 5856: 5855:(in French). Paris: Les Presse de l'UNESCO: Nouvelles Éditions Latines. p. 127. 5643: 5607: 5582: 5578: 5537: 5502: 5454: 5427: 5401: 5337: 5296: 5240: 5174: 5140: 5076: 5014: 4925: 4877: 4840: 4453: 4428: 4314: 4214: 4189: 4140: 4103: 4076: 3993: 3942: 3898: 3879:"Prelude to Colonialism: Moroccan Muslims and Jews through Western Lenses, 1860–1912" 3857: 3830: 3805: 3769: 3740: 3719: 3691: 3670: 3649: 3628: 3568: 3476: 3441: 3412:

was collected in kind, constituting one-tenth of all agricultural produce, while the

3397: 3295: 2983: 2969: 2923: 2382: 2221: 1617:

While their father remained in exile, al-Sharif's sons took up the struggle. His son

1611: 1551: 1524: 1517: 954: 854: 849: 802: 736: 541: 521:

The dynasty, which remains the ruling monarchy of Morocco today, originated from the

5665:"Sufi Revival and Islamic Literacy: Tijaniyya Writings in Twentieth-Century Nigeria" 8277: 8064: 8059: 8015: 8002: 7932: 7900: 7895: 7759: 7754: 7736: 7697: 7630: 7613: 7554: 7544: 7539: 7480: 7436: 7406: 7366: 7349: 7332: 7295: 7046: 7022: 6963: 6956: 6918: 6908: 6903: 6883: 6847: 6614: 6604: 6599: 6532: 6496: 6293:

The Negative Impacts of Colonization on the Local Population: Evidence from Morocco

6144: 5728: 5574: 5529: 5287:

Marglin, Jessica (2012), Abécassis, Frédéric; Dirèche, Karima; Aouad, Rita (eds.),

5232: 4695: 4181: 4132: 3890: 3287: 3162: 2992: 2915: 2740: 2605:

matters and some civil and criminal cases were judged by courtrooms which ruled by

2511: 2484:, which were all appointed by the Makhzen and were described as "local despots" by 2403: 2358: 2292: 2231:

Right before the war, Abd al-Rahman died and was succeeded by his son Muhammad IV (

2109:, or Muslim religious scholars, who supported some of his initiatives and reforms. 2052: 1206: 1201: 1189: 1057: 866: 750: 679: 142: 6079:

Barrucand, Marianne (2019-11-18), Boucheron, Patrick; Chiffoleau, Jacques (eds.),

6011:

Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800

4545: 3298:

region rose as an important grain and livestock exporting hub through the port of

3229:

In pre-colonial Morocco, the predominant economic structure was centered around a

2963: 8495: 8463: 8336: 8304: 8287: 8238: 8216: 8211: 8169: 8162: 8137: 7997: 7992: 7833: 7714: 7608: 7603: 7571: 7396: 7386: 7280: 7273: 7268: 7253: 7209: 7091: 7077: 6975: 6968: 6951: 6893: 6797: 6715: 6573: 6527: 6512: 6486: 6009: 5962: 5904: 5801:"En 1908, un projet de constitution évoquait les libertés individuelles au Maroc" 5478: 5448: 4422: 4014: 3763: 3589: 3433: 3218: 2856: 2840: 2822: 2639: 2308: 2225: 2157: 2114: 1909: 1837: 1724: 1683: 1506: 1394: 1339: 1329: 1169: 1114: 859: 767: 649: 526: 491: 432: 56: 7917: 4185: 2782:

for practices he deemed to be sinful. This crackdown stopped under the reign of

8438: 8433: 8396: 8371: 8354: 8265: 8250: 8221: 8179: 8027: 7987: 7982: 7937: 7863: 7823: 7813: 7803: 7618: 7497: 7391: 7258: 7140: 7027: 5732: 3480: 3329: 3291: 3203: 2844: 2810: 2538: 2354: 2212:

whereby Britain could extend legal "protection" to individuals within Morocco.

2174: 2044:

from power by ordering their transfer from Meknes to Tangier in the north. The

1845: 1732: 1664: 1603: 1543: 1402: 1282: 1268: 1142: 644: 327: 236: 5721:"Print Journalism in Morocco: From the Pre-colonial Period to the Present Day" 4699: 4175: 2278: 8536: 8519: 8406: 8201: 8174: 8147: 8125: 8103: 7870: 7853: 7838: 7682: 7635: 7623: 7549: 7441: 7315: 7310: 7285: 7167: 6720: 6558: 6537: 6481: 5586: 5244: 3902: 3182: 2760: 2736: 2700: 2594: 2346: 2342: 2331: 2304: 1905: 1854: 1748: 1663:(northeastern Morocco today). He managed to secure an alliance with the same 1481: 1435: 1382: 1374: 1363: 1021: 974: 871: 755: 743: 511: 503: 367: 278: 35: 7947: 7927: 6148: 5329: 5166: 5006: 1562:

at the request of scholars in the city but rather settled for many years in

8411: 8152: 8142: 8108: 8037: 8032: 7959: 7749: 7731: 7692: 7687: 7667: 7662: 7534: 7527: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7401: 7339: 7320: 7305: 7241: 5551: 5523: 5330:"La tradition juridique islamique dans l'évolution du droit privé marocain" 3894: 3800:

Wilfrid, J. Rollman (2009). "ʿAlawid Dynasty". In Esposito, John L. (ed.).

3491: 3273: 3158: 3123: 2996: 2671: 2655: 2546: 2091:

today), was taken by Morocco in 1729, leaving only the Spanish enclaves of

1766: 1735:, the last Saadian sultan. Al-Rashid's forces took the Sous valley and the 1728: 1645: 1591: 1563: 684: 115: 5825: 5262: 5202:

Master and Disciple: The Cultural Foundations of Moroccan Authoritarianism

3922:. Headquarters, Department of the Army (US government). pp. xxiv, 30. 3146:, were built at the same time in other port cities like Anfa (present-day 2987:

in Tangier. The 93-article draft emphasized and codified the concepts of

2860: 8130: 8115: 7964: 7677: 7586: 7576: 7502: 7150: 7145: 6080: 5334:

Le Maroc actuel : une modernisation au miroir de la tradition ?

5236: 5171:

Le Maroc actuel : une modernisation au miroir de la tradition ?

5011:

Le Maroc actuel : une modernisation au miroir de la tradition ?

3100: 2848: 2704: 2621:(council; equivalent to a lawyer) to represent them in court and present 2606: 2570: 2456: 2022: 2009:) in politically important cities. His eldest Mawlay Ahmed was appointed 1922: 1771: 1649: 1555: 1147: 152: 5642:. The Blackwell history of the world. Hoboken (N. J.): Wiley Blackwell. 5533: 5288: 2581: 8157: 7974: 7848: 7808: 7741: 6491: 6460: 5601: 5139:, Points d'appui (in French), Éditions de l'Atelier, pp. 218–220, 4792: 3299: 3147: 3073: 2911: 2868: 2602: 2586: 2542: 2126: 2033:

Order and control was firmly re-established only under Abdallah's son,

2028: 1900: 1880: 1872: 1785: 1736: 1430:

of the oasis of Tafilalt, where the Alawi dynasty originated from, 1895

809: 762: 691: 632: 6037:

4e Congrès de la Fédération des Sociétés Savantes de l'Afrique du Nord

5960: 4581:

trans. from Arabic by Eugène Fumet, Ahmed ben Khâled Ennâsiri (1906).

4510:

trans. from Arabic by Eugène Fumet, Ahmed ben Khâled Ennâsiri (1906).

3687:

North Africa, Revised Edition: A History from Antiquity to the Present

2919: 2241: 2099:

as the remaining European outposts in Morocco. Muhammad also signed a

8047: 7818: 7702: 7672: 7453: 7327: 7118: 5267:(phdthesis thesis) (in French). Université Montesquieu - Bordeaux IV. 5221:"Finding justice among the pre-colonial Ayt Ḥdiddu (Central Morocco)" 5075:, Hommes et sociétés (in French), Paris: Karthala, pp. 319–336, 3345: 3166: 3132: 3015: 2818: 2771: 2507: 2468: 2374: 2194: 2118: 2088: 2084: 2071: 1926: 1821: 1579: 1502: 1458: 1045: 627: 182: 164: 125: 4474: 2373:

Moroccan authors during the Sultanate classified it as both being a

1468:

The Alawis are believed to have been descendants of immigrants from

7448: 7231: 7189: 7128: 6397: 5676: 4650:

Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History

4491: 4096:

Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2004). "The 'Alawid or Filali Sharifs".

3762:

Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2004). "The 'Alawid or Filali Sharifs".

3365: 3325: 2312: 1622: 1599: 1477: 1462: 1406: 1378: 1109: 1104: 981: 819: 522: 353: 178: 31: 6378:

Making Morocco: Colonial Intervention and the Politics of Identity

4580: 4509: 4490:

Erbati, Elarbi; Fauvelle, François-Xavier; Mensan, Romain (2020).

4311:

The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual

4099:

The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual

3765:

The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual

3604:<iframe frameborder="0" scrolling="no" style="border:0px" src=" 2629: 1678: 1457:; sometimes rendered Filali Sharifs), rose from the settlement of 7361: 7290: 7246: 7101: 6428: 5887:(in French). Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques. pp. 383–422. 3381: 3361: 3283: 3282:

which transported water from Tastaout to the plains encompassing

3247:, a French prisoner who also participated in the construction of 3238: 3151: 3137: 2864: 2805: 2697: 2686: 2682: 2436: 2378: 2341:

In 1911, rebellion broke out against the sultan. This led to the

2316: 2186: 2185:

on August 16. In the aftermath, Morocco signed the Convention of

2096: 2006: 1913: 1887: 1876: 1864: 1752: 1626: 1587: 1559: 1505:

and noble lineage as the best claim to political legitimacy. The

1497: 1050: 814: 637: 507: 159: 7162: 2051:

resisted him and attempted to proclaim his son Yazid (the later

1740: 7194: 7069: 6946: 4947:

The Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa

4734:

trans. from Arabic by Eugène Fumet, Ahmed ben Khâled Ennâsiri.

4716:

trans. from Arabic by Eugène Fumet, Ahmed ben Khâled Ennâsiri.

3377: 3349: 3337: 3333: 3321: 3248: 2829: 2775: 2764: 2690: 2303:

of the Atlas. He was assisted in the training of his troops by

2122: 1917: 1805: 1797: 1720: 1668: 1607: 1567: 1489: 190: 138: 120: 6035:

Terrasse, Henri (1938). "La mosquée de Lalla Aoûda à Meknès".

5640:

The western Mediterranean and the world: 400 CE to the present

4733: 4715: 2177:, near Oujda, on August 14. At the same time, the French navy 1947: 7828: 6163:"La première opération bancaire connue au Maroc date de 1802" 5109:

Structures du Maroc pré-colonial: critique de Robert Montagne

3353: 3317: 3306: 3233:

model. Local farms were commonly held collectively, known as

3213:

was created in 1904 which later merged in 1907 to become the

2667: 2659: 2622: 2477: 2173:, pursued him and thoroughly routed the Moroccan army at the 2165: 2105: 2092: 2014: 1972:

ruling in between his reigns in 1728. After this his brother

1879:

and also used the opportunity to appoint his own governor in

1703: 1692: 1672: 1473: 1469: 569:

in 1830 and thereafter Morocco faced serious challenges from

168: 5826:"1908–2008: فَلنَحْتَفِل بمئوية المسألة الدستورية في المغرب" 3451: 2723:

branding multi-colored flags around the Sultan; detail from

3385: 3357: 3316:

The Atlantic plains were renowned for the quality of their

3048:

in Fez, rebuilt by Moulay Isma'il in the early 18th century

2977:

During modernization attempts for the Moroccan state under

2914:

came to Morocco in 1860 through Spanish-language newspaper

2833: 2663: 2658:

were judged by a courtroom ran by the Makhzen and led by a

2634: 2611: 2481: 2300: 2279:

Crisis and installation of French and Spanish Protectorates

1868: 1859: 1712: 1638: 1595: 1535: 7038: 5525:

Old Texts, New Practices: Islamic Reform in Modern Morocco

4622:. Casablanca: Société Marocaine de Librairie et d'Édition. 3704:

Various authors also refer to this in other terms such as

3440:

gold currencies continued to circulate until the reign of

2678:

could only be ruled with the authorization of the Sultan.

6133:"Le Projet français de banque d'État du Maroc, 1889-1906" 5165:

El Mansour, Mohamed (1992), Santucci, Jean-Claude (ed.),

4567:

Le Maroc de 1631 à 1812 / de Aboulqâsem ben Ahmed Ezziâni

3369: 3341: 3310: 1716: 1485: 1450: 1386: 2774:, a crackdown on Sufi brotherhoods and mystical orders ( 2597:

convicted of killing over 36 people in Marrakech in 1906

2585:

British newspaper illustration showing the execution by

2498:

These caids were unpaid until 1856, when British consul

2455:), was an hierarchical administration which ruled under 1598:

since 1614. When Abu Hassun extended his control to the

5073:

Les relations transsahariennes à l'époque contemporaine

2755:

Map of major mystical orders (tariqas) in the Sultanate

2271:

of 1880 in response to France and Spain's abuse of the

1940:

in Meknes, which contains his tomb and that of his son

525:

region and rose to power following the collapse of the

5906:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

5465:

The flag of Morocco before 1915 was a plain red field.

4590:(in French). Ernest Leroux. p. 41. Archived from 2435:

The governing administration in Morocco, known as the

1586:(also spelled Dila'iyya or Dilaites), a federation of 6374:"The Sultan-cum-King and the Field's Symbolic Forces" 5167:"Les oulémas et le makhzen dans le Maroc précolonial" 4564:

O. Houdas, Abū al-Qāsim ibn Aḥmad al-Zayyānī (1886).

3302:, despite governmental policies restricting exports. 3186:

Former building of the Debt Administration in Tangier

2220:, which took place from 1859 to 1860. The subsequent 5501:(in French). Éditions Sochepress. pp. 70, 136. 5005:

Claisse, Alain (1992), Santucci, Jean-Claude (ed.),

4635:

Black Morocco: A History of Slavery, Race, and Islam

4613: 4611: 4489: 4208: 3221:

in 1959 and still serves as Morocco's central bank.

3141: 2132: 2029:

Restoration of authority under Mohammed ibn Abdallah

510:, from their rise to power in the 1660s to the 1912 5328:Azziman, Omar (1992), Santucci, Jean-Claude (ed.), 4476:

The rise of the 'Alawi dynasty in Morocco 1631-1672

4450:

Africa from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century

5773: 5480:Le Maroc: géographie--histoire--mise en valeur ... 5450:The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems 4863: 3428:decided to introduce a new silver currency called 6115:A practical guide to Islamic Monuments in Morocco 4944: 4781:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 4608: 3022:which supported the toppling of his predecessor, 2510:involving three families: the El Glaoui (through 2121:ideology at home and attempted to suppress local 8534: 5774:Ismaili, Omar; Abdelouahed, Aïcha (2022-07-01). 5690:Babas, Latifa; Aboulfaraj, Zaïnab (2018-05-03). 5593: 4275:Histoire du Maroc: de Moulay Idrîs à Mohammed VI 4125:"The Making of the Maghrib: Morocco (1510-1822)" 2476:The Sultanate was divided into provinces led by 1542:of the 16th century and was also invited by the 5689: 4209:Benoist-Méchin, Jacques; Decaux, Alain (2010). 4129:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History 4033:The Western Sahara and the Frontiers of Morocco 2930:in 1880 allowed for the rise of two newspaper, 2330:, Sultan of Morocco in 1912, after signing the 1512:The patriarch of the dynasty is believed to be 6380:. Cornell University Press. pp. 248–272. 5378:Ecole Nationale Supérieure de l’Administration 4570:(in French). Paris, Ernest Leroux. p. 14. 4424:A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period 4313:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 53–54. 3937:. In Thomas, Martin; Thompson, Andrew (eds.). 3827:A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period 3624:Stability and Change in the Modern Middle East 3620: 3560: 3444:, who decided to emit a new gold dinar called 3241:to intervene in order to settle the disputes. 1890:was transferred to English control as part of 1759: 1707:tribes ("Army" tribes, also transliterated as 7054: 6413: 5992:. Rabat: Éditions Techniques Nord-Africaines. 5964:Andalusian Morocco: A Discovery in Living Art 5909:. Oxford University Press. pp. 188–189. 5371:"Evolution historique de la justice au Maroc" 4753:. Rabat: Éditions Techniques Nord-Africaines. 4213:. Collection pour l'histoire. Paris: Perrin. 3941:. Oxford University Press. pp. 299–316. 2999:for the first time in the country's history. 1304: 34:. For the current Moroccan royal family, see 8511:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 6266:"Quel est le rôle de Bank Al-Maghrib ?" 4763: 4652:. Oxford University Press. pp. 309–312. 3802:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World 2643:(notaries) and were signed also signed by a 1333: 48: 6216:"Et la Banque d'Etat du Maroc vit le jour…" 6014:. Yale University Press. pp. 263–267. 5935:Marrakech: Splendeurs saadiennes: 1550-1650 5599: 5426:. Oxford Business Group. 2007. p. 10. 5260: 5205:. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. 5130: 4778: 4617: 3122:A carved and painted wooden ceiling in the 2890: 2550: 2522: 2440: 2416: 2201:, pressured Abd ar-Rahman into signing the 1948:Disorder and civil war under Isma'il's sons 1641:, an oasis in the Sahara to the southeast. 1439: 1347: 565:). Regional stability was disrupted by the 8548:States and territories established in 1666 7061: 7047: 6420: 6406: 6344:"BANK AL-MAGHRIB - Les empires chérifiens" 5902: 5164: 4519:(in French). Ernest Leroux. Archived from 4447: 4036:. Nouvelles Editions Latines. p. 47. 4019:. S. Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington. 3690:. University of Texas Press. p. 182. 3669:. Cambridge University Press. p. 30. 2759:Islam in Morocco was primarily defined by 2368: 1848:, had become de facto independent and the 1311: 1297: 87: 81:One of the flags used by the Alawi dynasty 6078: 5528:(1 ed.). Stanford University Press. 4563: 4427:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4420: 4066: 3939:The Oxford Handbook of the Ends of Empire 3829:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3824: 3608:" width=500 height=500></iframe> 3452:Aftermath: colonial rule and independence 3344:. The introduction of new crops, such as 3267:construction of a canal originating from 2950:. Three years later, the French-language 2867:, lived in Fez and later established the 2786:, which helped him consolidate his rule. 1853:and extending his overlordship up to the 1434:The ruling dynasty of the Sultanate, the 6130: 6117:. Charlottesville, VA: The Baraka Press. 6034: 5987: 5956: 5954: 5798: 5725:Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 5368: 5105: 4748: 4738:(in French). Ernest Leroux. p. 251. 4720:(in French). Ernest Leroux. p. 265. 4663: 4661: 4659: 4632: 4553:. SOAS University of London. p. 48. 4479:(phd thesis). SOAS University of London. 4472: 4448:Ogot, Bethwell A.; Unesco, eds. (1992). 4304: 4095: 4070: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4046: 3972: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3932: 3761: 3715:Routledge Handbook on the Modern Maghrib 3561:Sluglett, Peter; Currie, Andrew (2015). 3181: 3117: 3072: 3039: 2962: 2804: 2750: 2714: 2580: 2537:), which included most of the country's 2402: 2321: 2240: 2065: 1931: 1784: 1677: 1421: 8335: 6371: 6314: 6126: 6124: 6049: 5882: 5878: 5876: 5874: 5872: 5852:Fès: Joyau de la civilisation islamique 5600:Sanseverino, Ruggero Vimercati (2014). 5496: 5446: 5327: 5286: 5131:Stora, Benjamin; Ellyas, Akram (1999), 5126: 5124: 5122: 5066: 5004: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4667: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4173: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4029: 3876: 3853:Saints and Servants in Southern Morocco 3799: 3732: 3621:Selvik, Kjetil; Stenslie, Stig (2011). 2973:, featuring the 1908 draft constitution 2615:(judge), where parties could choose an 2349:on 30 March 1912, which made Morocco a 2307:, a British officer and veteran of the 2197:. Britain's representative in Morocco, 2070:Gate and fortifications in the port of 14: 8535: 6338: 6336: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6287: 6285: 6210: 6208: 6112: 6054:. In Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (ed.). 6003: 6001: 5999: 5932: 5928: 5926: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5848: 5794: 5792: 5748: 5744: 5742: 5718: 5564: 5476: 5389: 5387: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5256: 5254: 5214: 5212: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5056: 4945:Long, David E.; Bernard Reich (2002). 4919: 4913: 4832: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4766:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 4685: 4681: 4679: 4670:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 4647: 4543: 4537: 4505: 4503: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4137:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.691 4012: 3987: 3975:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 3915: 3683: 3662: 3627:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 117. 3587: 2922:, which was founded shortly after the 1804:He also moved the capital from Fez to 551:), who exercised strong central rule. 7042: 6401: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6007: 5951: 5714: 5712: 5662: 5521: 5393: 5218: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5039: 5037: 5035: 4858: 4856: 4757: 4729: 4727: 4711: 4709: 4656: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4272: 4073:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Third Edition 4043: 3955: 3849: 3711: 3641: 3202:was opened in Tangier by businessman 2895:'The Plague'), and his uncle 2876:Muhammad Bin Abdul-Kabir Al-Kattani's 2839:During the 18th century, a number of 1323: 1075:Revolution of the King and the People 6427: 6121: 6106: 6056:Historic Cities of the Islamic World 5981: 5869: 5669:The Annual Review of Islam in Africa 5637: 5483:(in French). A. Colin. p. 263. 5198: 5119: 4989: 4158: 4122: 4089: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3736:Morocco: From Empire to Independence 3209:In a debt restructuring effort, the 3055:Hispano-Maghrebi architectural style 1514:Moulay Hassan ben al-Qasim ad-Dakhil 27:Moroccan sultanate from 1666 to 1912 6333: 6297: 6282: 6205: 6072: 6028: 5996: 5923: 5891: 5885:L'architecture musulmane d'Occident 5842: 5789: 5739: 5656: 5384: 5355: 5314: 5271: 5251: 5209: 5053: 4799: 4742: 4676: 4626: 4500: 4327: 4227: 4211:Histoire des Alaouites: 1268 - 1971 4116: 3294:. Throughout the 19th century, the 2885: 1398: 1343: 571:European encroachment in the region 495: 49: 24: 6360: 6270:BANK AL-MAGHRIB Espace Pédagogique 5709: 5094: 5032: 4964: 4853: 4724: 4706: 4641: 4305:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2004). 4281: 3877:Laskier, Michael M. (2019-09-01). 3471:(decrees). In the Spanish zone, a 3198:. In 1881, a branch of the French 3080:, the ceremonial main gate of the 25: 8564: 6319:(in Arabic). دار الرشاد الحديثة. 5755:Saint Joseph University of Beirut 5423:The Report: Emerging Morocco 2007 4938: 3782: 3278:, as well as another canal named 3126:(late 19th to early 20th century) 3095:) is notable for building a vast 2960:, a Moroccan Jewish businessman. 2133:European encroachment and reforms 2074:today, founded in 1764 by Sultan 2017:and his youngest. Sidi Mohammed, 1875:) against the French presence in 1686:in Fez, a garrison fort built by 669:(8th century BC – 7th century AD) 6924:Jewellery of the Berber cultures 6632: 5606:. Rabat: Centre Jacques-Berque. 5579:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2244 5453:. Greenwood Press. p. 617. 5369:HAMMOUMI, Mohamed (2020-10-01). 5106:BERDOUZI, Mohamed (2012-02-08). 4473:Mojuetan, Benson Akutse (1969). 2897:Muhammad ibn Jaqfar al-Kattani's 2473:) made by tribes to the Sultan. 2078:as a port for European merchants 1794:Mawlay Ismail's imperial palaces 1573: 1276: 1262: 987:Bombardment of Casablanca (1907) 608: 464: 450: 425: 73: 18:Sultanate of Morocco (1665–1912) 8543:Early modern history of Morocco 6258: 6233: 6180: 6155: 6043: 5818: 5767: 5683: 5631: 5620:from the original on 2020-08-17 5558: 5515: 5490: 5470: 5440: 5414: 5261:N'Diaye, Marieme (2012-10-26). 5192: 5158: 4953: 4890: 4772: 4574: 4557: 4483: 4466: 4441: 4307:"The 'Alawid or Filali Sharifs" 4202: 4023: 4016:A Visit to the Court of Morocco 4006: 3981: 3926: 3909: 3870: 3526:is also rendered in English as 3462:Spanish protectorate in Morocco 3190:The first Moroccan bank in the 3090: 3029: 2259: 2233: 2143: 1328:Morocco, since the rule of the 560: 546: 535: 460:Spanish Protectorate of Morocco 5990:Marrakech: Des origines à 1912 5067:N’Gaïde, Abderrahmane (2003), 5046:Journal of the Society of Arts 4839:. Cambridge University Press. 4751:Marrakech: Des origines à 1912 4180:(in French). Éditions Perrin. 4102:. Edinburgh University Press. 3988:Julien, Charles André (1970). 3843: 3818: 3768:. Edinburgh University Press. 3755: 3611: 3598: 3581: 3554: 3516: 3458:French protectorate in Morocco 3376:trees, and other species like 3224: 3084:in Meknes (early 18th century) 2784:Moulay Abderrahmane ben Hisham 2514:), Gontafi and Mtouggi clans. 1886:In 1662 Portuguese-controlled 1690:in order to house some of his 1570:before returning to Tafilalt. 1070:Opposition to European control 502:, was the state ruled by the ' 446:French protectorate in Morocco 13: 1: 5799:Aïssaoui, Saïd (2017-12-15). 5749:Naciri, Khaled (2009-07-03). 5638:Ruiz, Teofilo Fabian (2018). 5573:(in French) (15): 2279–2283. 5567:"Derkaoua, Derqaoua, Darqawa" 4833:Miller, Susan Gilson (2013). 4637:. Cambridge University Press. 4544:Mercer, Patricia Ann (1974). 3663:Miller, Susan Gilson (2013). 3547: 3490:under way in Tunisia and the 2906: 2794: 2729:Jean-Joseph Benjamin-Constant 2203:Anglo-Moroccan Treaty of 1856 2183:bombarded Mogador (Essaouira) 1792:, the monumental entrance to 936:Anglo-Moroccan Treaty of 1856 514:that marked the start of the 290:• Political instability 6137:Outre-Mers. Revue d'histoire 6050:Cenival, Pierre de (2007) . 5719:Tayebi, Hamza (2013-07-01). 5675:(1): 102–111. Archived from 5225:Études et Documents Berbères 3211:Moroccan Debt Administration 2778:) in the country was led by 2576: 2169:French, led by the marshall 529:in the 17th century. Sultan 267:• Capture of Marrakesh 7: 7068: 6008:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). 4836:A History of Modern Morocco 4618:Le Tourneau, Roger (1949). 4186:10.3917/perri.abitb.2014.01 3992:. Routledge & K. Paul. 3804:. Oxford University Press. 3712:Joffé, George, ed. (2023). 3684:Naylor, Phillip C. (2015). 3666:A History of Modern Morocco 3492:independence war in Algeria 3391: 3142: 3066:in Meknes, and the current 2859:(d. 1815), originally from 2845:Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hawzali 2746: 2666:(commander) which enforced 2467:) and oaths of allegiance ( 1760:The reign of Mawlay Isma'il 1558:. He declined to settle in 1122:Coup d'état attempt in 1971 920:(beginning 19th century AD) 839:(beginning 11th century AD) 665:Classical to Late Antiquity 10: 8569: 6372:Wyrtzen, Jonathan (2015). 5733:10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n6p497 5394:Bowen, Patrick D. (2017). 3916:Nelson, Harold D. (1985). 3455: 3419: 3313:, significantly declined. 3177: 3172: 3033: 2798: 2789: 2627:(advisories) written by a 2396: 2392: 2150:French conquest of Algeria 2035:Sidi Mohammed ibn Abdallah 1938:Mausoleum of Mawlay Ismail 1850:trans-Saharan trade routes 1631:Ottoman Regency of Algiers 1417: 1412: 1063:Tangier International Zone 992:French conquest of Morocco 567:French invasion of Algeria 556:Sidi Mohammed ibn Abdallah 486:, officially known as the 315:French invasion of Algeria 29: 8504: 8456: 7973: 7377: 7076: 7000: 6932: 6869: 6860: 6793: 6784: 6701: 6692: 6665:Prefectures and provinces 6650: 6641: 6630: 6582: 6551: 6505: 6474: 6448: 6439: 6315:Harakat, Ibrahim (2016). 6131:Chappert, Magali (1975). 5988:Deverdun, Gaston (1959). 5883:Marçais, Georges (1954). 5565:Peyron, M. (1995-04-01). 5137:Les 100 portes du Maghreb 4749:Deverdun, Gaston (1959). 4700:10.1163/22118993_02201012 4633:El Hamel, Chouki (2013). 4421:Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). 3933:Thénault, Sylvie (2019). 3825:Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). 3718:. Routledge. p. 20. 3567:. Routledge. p. 68. 3488:decolonialization process 3060:Zawiya of Moulay Idris II 3046:Zawiya of Moulay Idris II 2878:anti-colonial periodical 2461:Commander of the Faithful 1857:. In 1694 he appointed a 783:Territorial fragmentation 404: 400: 396:between 4,5 to 8 millions 390: 386: 381: 377: 364: 350: 337: 324: 311: 298: 288: 275: 265: 255: 251: 243: 231: 227: 215: 203: 199: 189: 174: 158: 148: 134: 108: 103:Ruling dynasty of Morocco 98: 86: 70: 65: 43: 6113:Parker, Richard (1981). 5849:Gaudio, Attilio (1982). 5219:Kraus, Wolfgang (2022). 5007:"Le makhzen aujourd'hui" 4174:Abitbol, Michel (2014). 4030:Rézette, Robert (1975). 3919:Morocco, a Country Study 3564:Atlas of Islamic History 3509: 3479:, the first of whom was 3082:Kasbah of Moulay Isma'il 2946:, printed in English by 2936:, printed in Spanish by 2813:18th-century manuscript 2687:rabbinical jurisprudence 2381:. Morocco was led by an 1808:, where he built a vast 1540:Moroccan–Portuguese wars 1538:and participated in the 1488:and Muhammad's daughter 1461:in the eastern oasis of 884:other political entities 6222:(in French). 2019-11-12 6192:Princeton Alumni Weekly 6169:(in French). 2020-05-20 6149:10.3406/outre.1975.1872 5933:Salmon, Xavier (2016). 5497:Mouline, Nabil (2024). 5477:Piquet, Victor (1918). 5447:Minahan, James (2010). 5293:La bienvenue et l’adieu 4870:Encyclopædia Britannica 4013:Leared, Arthur (1879). 3733:Pennell, C. R. (2013). 3588:Leared, Arthur (1876). 3348:from the Americas, and 3192:foreign exchange market 3097:imperial palace complex 2710: 2609:and were presided by a 2569:es-Siba reported their 2369:Government and politics 1153:Western Sahara conflict 6492:Barghawata Confederacy 6291:Salem, Ariane (2021). 6058:. Brill. p. 331. 4648:Arnold, Felix (2017). 4273:Rivet, Daniel (2012). 4123:Cory, Stephen (2020), 3895:10.3167/ej.2019.520209 3739:. Simon and Schuster. 3200:Banque Transatlantique 3187: 3127: 3085: 3049: 2974: 2843:poets arose including 2825: 2756: 2732: 2598: 2591:Hajj Mohammed Mesfioui 2432: 2338: 2287:appointed his brother 2249: 2137:Suleyman's successor, 2079: 2025:on November 10, 1757. 1944: 1867:(present-day northern 1801: 1697: 1648:(or more specifically 1431: 1334: 896:Principality of Debdou 787:(10th–11th century AD) 257:• Capture of Fez 8481:Medieval great powers 6772:Western Sahara status 6552:European protectorate 6461:Kingdom of Mauretania 6317:المغرب عبر التاريخ ج3 6188:"Stanley Abensur '47" 5400:. Brill. p. 26. 3856:. Brill. p. 21. 3850:Ensel, Remco (2022). 3648:. Brill. p. 73. 3642:Brown, James (2012). 3591:Morocco and the Moors 3486:Eventually, with the 3215:State Bank of Morocco 3185: 3140:, usually known as a 3121: 3076: 3043: 3036:Moroccan architecture 3034:Further information: 2966: 2808: 2799:Further information: 2754: 2725:Les Derniers Rebelles 2718: 2635:Islamic jurisprudence 2601:In Bilad el-Makhzen, 2584: 2502:proposed that Sultan 2406: 2325: 2244: 2160:, while the Moroccan 2076:Muhammad ibn Abdallah 2069: 1935: 1892:Catherine of Braganza 1788: 1739:in the south, forced 1681: 1480:through his grandson 1425: 1368:Anglo-Moroccan Treaty 763:Barghwata confederacy 721:(8th–10th century AD) 302:Mohammed ibn Abdallah 135:Common languages 8491:European colonialism 8476:Ancient great powers 6680:World Heritage Sites 6569:Spanish Protectorate 6466:Mauretania Tingitana 5679:on 18 November 2019. 5571:Encyclopédie berbère 5522:Terem, Etty (2014). 5237:10.3917/edb.048.0113 5199:Hammoudi, Abdellah. 5049:. The Society. 1877. 4898:"An Empire of Peace" 2989:separation of powers 2901:Nasihat ahl al-Islam 2426:house of the Makhzen 2399:Pre-colonial Makhzen 2336:French colonial rule 2218:Hispano-Moroccan War 2199:John H. Drummond Hay 2101:Treaty of Friendship 1914:Al-Ara'ish (Larache) 1904:(also known as the " 1881:Shinqit (Chinguetti) 1834:Pashalik of Timbuktu 1428:Walter Burton Harris 1377:claims descent from 1357:the Sharifian empire 1034:Spanish protectorate 941:Hispano-Moroccan War 798:Caliphate of Córdoba 756:Emirate of Sijilmasa 697:Mauretania Tingitana 500:Sultanate of Morocco 341:Hispano-Moroccan War 8486:Modern great powers 6564:French Protectorate 5663:Brigaglia, Andrea. 5534:10.2307/j.ctvqsdtrj 4920:Harris, W. (2002). 4909:. November 4, 1908. 3708:. See for example: 3261:Treaty of Algeciras 3196:Anglo-Egyptian Bank 3165:in Meknes, and the 2801:Moroccan literature 2532:land of the Makhzen 2480:and regions led by 2409:Royal Palace of Fez 2387:rules of succession 2351:French protectorate 2295:, older brother of 1536:pilgrimage to Mecca 1362:) according to the 1131:Moulay Bouazza plot 1029:French protectorate 970:Treaty of Algeciras 931:Franco-Moroccan War 702:Exarchate of Africa 516:French protectorate 488:Sharifian Sultanate 45:Sharifian Sultanate 6843:Telecommunications 5937:. Paris: LienArt. 5133:"MAKHZEN. (Maroc)" 4972:"Journal Officiel" 4906:The New York Times 4702:– via JSTOR. 3188: 3161:in Marrakesh, the 3128: 3086: 3068:Ben Youssef Mosque 3064:Lalla Aouda Mosque 3050: 2975: 2958:Abraham Lévy-Cohen 2953:Le Réveil du Maroc 2933:al-Moghreb al-Aksa 2826: 2809:The first page of 2757: 2733: 2599: 2433: 2339: 2326:The abdication of 2250: 2179:bombarded Tangiers 2080: 1945: 1802: 1800:, finished in 1732 1780:Sub-Saharan Africa 1723:outside the city ( 1698: 1604:Muhammad al-Sharif 1432: 1335:l'Empire chérifien 1324:Name and etymology 1283:History portal 1269:Morocco portal 1165:Hirak Rif Movement 1160:2011–2012 protests 8530: 8529: 8452: 8451: 8417:Polish–Lithuanian 7592:Gurjara-Pratihara 7036: 7035: 6996: 6995: 6856: 6855: 6780: 6779: 6711:Foreign relations 6688: 6687: 6628: 6627: 6094:978-2-7297-1086-6 6065:978-90-04-15388-2 5649:978-1-4051-8817-3 5613:979-10-92046-17-5 5543:978-0-8047-8707-9 5499:Drapeaux du Maroc 5460:978-0-313-34500-5 5433:978-1-902339-76-4 5407:978-90-04-35437-1 5343:978-2-271-08130-8 5302:979-10-92046-08-3 5180:978-2-271-08130-8 5146:978-2-7082-3434-5 5082:978-2-84586-475-7 5020:978-2-271-08130-8 4977:. 1 November 1912 4883:978-1-59339-837-8 4459:978-0-435-94811-5 4220:978-2-262-03207-4 4195:978-2-262-03816-8 4177:Histoire du Maroc 4146:978-0-19-027773-4 3863:978-90-04-49171-7 3746:978-1-78074-455-1 3725:978-0-429-99964-2 3697:978-0-292-76190-2 3676:978-1-139-61911-0 3655:978-90-04-20893-3 3634:978-0-85771-966-9 3574:978-1-317-58897-9 3231:rural subsistence 3044:Courtyard of the 3020:Moulay Abdelhafid 2984:Lissan-ul-Maghreb 2979:Moulay Abdelhafid 2970:Lissan-ul-Maghreb 2924:Treaty of Wad Ras 2894: 2849:Sidi Hammou Taleb 2847:in Taroudant and 2763:intertwined with 2500:John Drummond-Hay 2383:absolute monarchy 2269:Madrid Conference 2222:Treaty of Wad Ras 2158:Emir Abd al-Qadir 1966:Ahmad adh-Dhahabi 1942:Ahmad adh-Dhahabi 1682:The walls of the 1588:Amazigh (Berbers) 1552:Iberian Peninsula 1546:to fight against 1525:Moulay Ali Cherif 1321: 1320: 955:Treaty of Wad Ras 886: 803:Fatimid Caliphate 737:Umayyad Caliphate 506:over what is now 480: 479: 476: 475: 472: 471: 438: 437: 217:• 1908–1912 205:• 1666–1672 16:(Redirected from 8560: 8333: 8332: 7998:Austro-Hungarian 7698:Chagatai Khanate 7063: 7056: 7049: 7040: 7039: 7016: 7009: 6957:Hassaniya Arabic 6867: 6866: 6791: 6790: 6733:Sûreté Nationale 6699: 6698: 6648: 6647: 6636: 6620:2011–12 protests 6497:Kingdom of Nekor 6446: 6445: 6422: 6415: 6408: 6399: 6398: 6392: 6391: 6369: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6354: 6340: 6331: 6330: 6312: 6295: 6289: 6280: 6279: 6277: 6276: 6262: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6252: 6245:JeuneAfrique.com 6237: 6231: 6230: 6228: 6227: 6212: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6199: 6184: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6174: 6159: 6153: 6152: 6143:(229): 567–593. 6128: 6119: 6118: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6102: 6101: 6076: 6070: 6069: 6047: 6041: 6040: 6032: 6026: 6025: 6005: 5994: 5993: 5985: 5979: 5978: 5958: 5949: 5948: 5930: 5921: 5920: 5900: 5889: 5888: 5880: 5867: 5866: 5846: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5836: 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4602: 4596: 4589: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4541: 4535: 4534: 4532: 4531: 4525: 4518: 4507: 4498: 4497: 4487: 4481: 4480: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4445: 4439: 4438: 4418: 4325: 4324: 4302: 4279: 4278: 4270: 4225: 4224: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4171: 4156: 4155: 4154: 4153: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4068: 4041: 4040: 4027: 4021: 4020: 4010: 4004: 4003: 3985: 3979: 3978: 3970: 3953: 3952: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3883:European Judaism 3874: 3868: 3867: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3797: 3780: 3779: 3759: 3753: 3750: 3729: 3701: 3680: 3659: 3638: 3615: 3609: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3558: 3541: 3534: 3520: 3477:resident-general 3277: 3259:in 1880 and the 3257:Treaty of Madrid 3145: 3094: 3093: 1672–1727 3092: 3088:Moulay Isma'il ( 2993:good citizenship 2943:Times of Morocco 2928:Treaty of Madrid 2916:El Eco de Tetuan 2892: 2889: 2887: 2741:Sharifs of Mecca 2662:(governor) or a 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2512:Madani El Glaoui 2494: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2385:, with no clear 2334:which initiated 2293:Madani el-Glaoui 2263: 2262: 1873–1894 2261: 2237: 2236: 1859–1873 2235: 2181:on August 6 and 2147: 2146: 1822–1859 2145: 2059: 2048: 2041: 1996: 1991: 1980: 1957: 1836:, created after 1826:Muhammad al-Hajj 1816: 1774: 1688:Mawlay ar-Rashid 1534:, undertook the 1533: 1503:sharifian status 1495:Their status as 1456: 1453: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1426:Illustration by 1400: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1345: 1337: 1313: 1306: 1299: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1267: 1266: 1265: 1219:History by topic 1096: 1095: 1058:Tangier Protocol 1013: 1012: 960:Treaty of Madrid 922: 921: 901:Republic of Salé 883: 841: 840: 789: 788: 751:Emirate of Nekor 723: 722: 671: 670: 612: 602: 584: 583: 564: 563: 1757–1790 562: 550: 549: 1672–1727 548: 539: 538: 1666–1672 537: 497: 468: 467: 454: 453: 442: 441: 429: 428: 422: 421: 406: 405: 300:• Reign of 277:• Reign of 143:Berber languages 91: 77: 60: 52: 51: 41: 40: 21: 8568: 8567: 8563: 8562: 8561: 8559: 8558: 8557: 8533: 8532: 8531: 8526: 8515:American Empire 8500: 8496:African empires 8448: 8331: 8023:Central African 7969: 7787:Romano-Germanic 7373: 7107:Middle Assyrian 7080: 7072: 7067: 7037: 7032: 7019: 7012: 7005: 6992: 6976:Moroccan people 6952:Moroccan Arabic 6928: 6852: 6798:Bank Al-Maghrib 6776: 6684: 6637: 6624: 6578: 6574:Operation Torch 6547: 6501: 6487:Idrisid dynasty 6470: 6435: 6426: 6396: 6395: 6388: 6370: 6361: 6352: 6350: 6342: 6341: 6334: 6327: 6313: 6298: 6290: 6283: 6274: 6272: 6264: 6263: 6259: 6250: 6248: 6239: 6238: 6234: 6225: 6223: 6214: 6213: 6206: 6197: 6195: 6186: 6185: 6181: 6172: 6170: 6161: 6160: 6156: 6129: 6122: 6111: 6107: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6077: 6073: 6066: 6048: 6044: 6033: 6029: 6022: 6006: 5997: 5986: 5982: 5975: 5959: 5952: 5945: 5931: 5924: 5917: 5901: 5892: 5881: 5870: 5863: 5847: 5843: 5834: 5832: 5824: 5823: 5819: 5810: 5808: 5797: 5790: 5778: 5772: 5768: 5759: 5757: 5747: 5740: 5717: 5710: 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VESAM. INSAP. 4488: 4484: 4471: 4467: 4460: 4446: 4442: 4435: 4419: 4328: 4321: 4303: 4282: 4271: 4228: 4221: 4207: 4203: 4196: 4172: 4159: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4121: 4117: 4110: 4094: 4090: 4083: 4069: 4044: 4028: 4024: 4011: 4007: 4000: 3986: 3982: 3971: 3956: 3949: 3931: 3927: 3914: 3910: 3875: 3871: 3864: 3848: 3844: 3837: 3823: 3819: 3812: 3798: 3783: 3776: 3760: 3756: 3747: 3726: 3698: 3677: 3656: 3635: 3616: 3612: 3603: 3599: 3586: 3582: 3575: 3559: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3544: 3532: 3521: 3517: 3512: 3464: 3456:Main articles: 3454: 3422: 3394: 3324:, and abundant 3271: 3227: 3219:Bank Al-Maghrib 3180: 3175: 3154:, and Tangier. 3089: 3038: 3032: 2956:was founded by 2909: 2857:Ahmed at-Tijani 2823:Maghrebi script 2803: 2797: 2792: 2761:Maliki doctrine 2749: 2713: 2633:(jurist) using 2579: 2573:to the Sultan. 2562: 2560:land of anarchy 2559: 2556: 2553: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2519:Bled el-Makhzen 2488: 2486:Robert Montagne 2465:amir al-muminin 2452: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2401: 2395: 2371: 2363:Spanish control 2355:Intifada of Fez 2309:Second Boer War 2281: 2258: 2232: 2142: 2135: 2127:Tijaniyya order 2115:Napoleonic Wars 2057: 2046: 2039: 2031: 1994: 1989: 1978: 1955: 1950: 1906:Army of the Rif 1838:Ahmad al-Mansur 1814: 1810:imperial kasbah 1775:Abid al-Bukhari 1772: 1762: 1745:pirate republic 1725:Kasbah Cherarda 1684:Kasbah Cherarda 1576: 1527: 1507:Saadian dynasty 1454: 1449:descendants of 1448: 1445: 1442: 1420: 1415: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1344:الإيالة الشريفة 1326: 1317: 1288: 1277: 1275: 1263: 1261: 1252: 1251: 1250: 1246:Imperial cities 1191: 1184: 1176: 1175: 1174: 1170:Abraham Accords 1115:Moroccanization 1099: 1098: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1081: 1080: 1079: 1041:French Conquest 1016: 1015: 1010: 1009: 1008: 998: 997: 996: 925: 924: 919: 918: 917: 907: 906: 905: 891:Zawiya Dila'iya 885: 879: 844: 843: 838: 837: 836: 826: 825: 824: 792: 791: 786: 785: 784: 774: 773: 772: 768:Idrisid dynasty 732:Muslim conquest 726: 725: 720: 719: 718: 708: 707: 706: 674: 673: 668: 667: 666: 656: 655: 654: 622: 600: 593: 559: 545: 534: 527:Saadi Sultanate 496:السلطنة الشريفة 484:Alawi Sultanate 465: 451: 433:Saadi Sultanate 426: 393: 370: 357: 343: 330: 317: 304: 291: 281: 268: 258: 218: 206: 130: 94: 82: 79: 78: 61: 54: 50:السلطنة الشريفة 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8566: 8556: 8555: 8553:'Alawi dynasty 8550: 8545: 8528: 8527: 8525: 8524: 8523: 8522: 8517: 8508: 8506: 8502: 8501: 8499: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8472: 8471: 8460: 8458: 8454: 8453: 8450: 8449: 8447: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8425: 8424: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8368: 8367: 8362: 8352: 8347: 8341: 8339: 8330: 8329: 8328: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8297: 8292: 8291: 8290: 8280: 8275: 8274: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8253: 8248: 8247: 8246: 8241: 8231: 8230: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8199: 8198: 8197: 8192: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8166: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8135: 8134: 8133: 8128: 8118: 8113: 8112: 8111: 8106: 8096: 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7369: 7359: 7354: 7353: 7352: 7347: 7337: 7336: 7335: 7325: 7324: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7277: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7251: 7250: 7249: 7244: 7234: 7229: 7228: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7186: 7185: 7180: 7178:Middle Kingdom 7175: 7165: 7160: 7159: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7138: 7137: 7136: 7134:Neo-Babylonian 7131: 7126: 7124:Old Babylonian 7116: 7115: 7114: 7109: 7099: 7094: 7088: 7086: 7074: 7073: 7066: 7065: 7058: 7051: 7043: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7030: 7025: 7018: 7017: 7010: 7002: 7001: 6998: 6997: 6994: 6993: 6991: 6990: 6988:Western Sahara 6985: 6984: 6983: 6973: 6972: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6960: 6959: 6954: 6938: 6936: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6870: 6864: 6858: 6857: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6833:Western Sahara 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6794: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6774: 6769: 6768: 6767: 6760:Prime Minister 6757: 6752: 6751: 6750: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6729: 6728: 6723: 6713: 6708: 6702: 6696: 6690: 6689: 6686: 6685: 6683: 6682: 6677: 6675:Western Sahara 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6651: 6645: 6639: 6638: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6625: 6623: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6586: 6584: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6555: 6553: 6549: 6548: 6546: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6509: 6507: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6478: 6476: 6472: 6471: 6469: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6452: 6450: 6443: 6437: 6436: 6425: 6424: 6417: 6410: 6402: 6394: 6393: 6386: 6359: 6332: 6325: 6296: 6281: 6257: 6232: 6204: 6179: 6154: 6120: 6105: 6093: 6071: 6064: 6042: 6027: 6020: 5995: 5980: 5974:978-3902782311 5973: 5950: 5943: 5922: 5915: 5890: 5868: 5861: 5841: 5817: 5788: 5766: 5738: 5708: 5682: 5655: 5648: 5630: 5612: 5592: 5557: 5542: 5514: 5507: 5489: 5469: 5459: 5439: 5432: 5413: 5406: 5383: 5354: 5342: 5313: 5301: 5270: 5250: 5231:(2): 113–128. 5208: 5191: 5179: 5157: 5145: 5118: 5093: 5081: 5052: 5031: 5019: 4988: 4963: 4952: 4949:. p. 393. 4937: 4930: 4912: 4889: 4882: 4865:"Abd al-Hafid" 4852: 4845: 4798: 4787:(2): 233–265. 4771: 4756: 4741: 4723: 4705: 4675: 4655: 4640: 4625: 4607: 4573: 4556: 4536: 4499: 4482: 4465: 4458: 4440: 4433: 4326: 4319: 4280: 4226: 4219: 4201: 4194: 4157: 4145: 4115: 4108: 4088: 4081: 4042: 4022: 4005: 3998: 3980: 3954: 3947: 3925: 3908: 3889:(2): 111–128. 3869: 3862: 3842: 3835: 3817: 3810: 3781: 3774: 3754: 3752: 3751: 3745: 3730: 3724: 3703: 3702: 3696: 3681: 3675: 3660: 3654: 3639: 3633: 3610: 3597: 3580: 3573: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3542: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3481:Hubert Lyautey 3453: 3450: 3421: 3418: 3393: 3390: 3226: 3223: 3204:Haim Benchimol 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3070:in Marrakesh. 3031: 3028: 3004:Ottoman Empire 2908: 2905: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2780:Moulay Slimane 2748: 2745: 2712: 2709: 2676:death sentence 2656:criminal cases 2578: 2575: 2539:Atlantic coast 2413:Dar al-Makhzen 2397:Main article: 2394: 2391: 2370: 2367: 2357:. His brother 2280: 2277: 2175:Battle of Isly 2134: 2131: 2030: 2027: 1949: 1946: 1863:to control in 1846:Songhai Empire 1761: 1758: 1733:Ahmad al-Abbas 1612:Mawlay Isma'il 1575: 1572: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1316: 1315: 1308: 1301: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1287: 1286: 1272: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1249: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1222: 1221: 1215: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1190:Morocco in the 1186: 1185: 1183:Related topics 1182: 1181: 1178: 1177: 1173: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1156: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1143:Madrid Accords 1139: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1118: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1101: 1100: 1094:(1956–present) 1088: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1066: 1065: 1060: 1054: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1025: 1024: 1018: 1017: 1005: 1004: 1003: 1000: 999: 995: 994: 989: 984: 978: 977: 972: 967: 965:Tangier Crisis 962: 957: 951: 950: 948:Protégé system 944: 943: 938: 933: 927: 926: 914: 913: 912: 909: 908: 904: 903: 898: 893: 881: 880: 874: 869: 863: 862: 857: 852: 846: 845: 833: 832: 831: 828: 827: 823: 822: 817: 812: 806: 805: 800: 794: 793: 781: 780: 779: 776: 775: 771: 770: 765: 759: 758: 753: 747: 746: 740: 739: 734: 728: 727: 715: 714: 713: 710: 709: 705: 704: 699: 694: 688: 687: 682: 676: 675: 663: 662: 661: 658: 657: 653: 652: 647: 645:Iberomaurusian 641: 640: 635: 630: 624: 623: 618: 617: 614: 613: 605: 604: 595: 594: 587: 542:Moulay Isma'il 478: 477: 474: 473: 470: 469: 462: 456: 455: 448: 439: 436: 435: 430: 418: 417: 412: 402: 401: 398: 397: 394: 391: 388: 387: 384: 383: 379: 378: 375: 374: 371: 365: 362: 361: 358: 351: 348: 347: 344: 338: 335: 334: 331: 328:Battle of Isly 325: 322: 321: 318: 312: 309: 308: 305: 299: 296: 295: 292: 289: 286: 285: 282: 276: 273: 272: 269: 266: 263: 262: 259: 256: 253: 252: 249: 248: 245: 241: 240: 237:rule by decree 233: 229: 228: 225: 224: 219: 216: 213: 212: 207: 204: 201: 200: 197: 196: 193: 187: 186: 176: 172: 171: 162: 156: 155: 150: 146: 145: 136: 132: 131: 129: 128: 123: 118: 112: 110: 106: 105: 100: 96: 95: 92: 84: 83: 80: 72: 71: 68: 67: 63: 62: 47: 44: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8565: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8540: 8538: 8521: 8520:Soviet empire 8518: 8516: 8513: 8512: 8510: 8509: 8507: 8505:Miscellaneous 8503: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8470: 8467: 8466: 8465: 8462: 8461: 8459: 8455: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8423: 8420: 8419: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8357: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8342: 8340: 8338: 8334: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8302: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8289: 8286: 8285: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8258: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8236: 8235: 8232: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8204: 8203: 8200: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8187: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8140: 8139: 8136: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8123: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8104:German Empire 8102: 8101: 8100: 8097: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8084: 8083: 8080: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8067: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8030: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8008: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7980: 7978: 7976: 7972: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7915: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7873: 7872: 7869: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7846: 7845: 7844:Turco-Persian 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7789: 7788: 7785: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7752: 7751: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7712: 7711: 7708: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7685: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7633: 7632: 7629: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7606: 7605: 7602: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7584: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7542: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7500: 7499: 7496: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7483: 7482: 7479: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7456: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7443: 7440: 7439: 7438: 7435: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7384: 7382: 7380: 7376: 7368: 7365: 7364: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7342: 7341: 7338: 7334: 7331: 7330: 7329: 7326: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7293: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7256: 7255: 7252: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7239: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7202: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7170: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7143: 7142: 7139: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7121: 7120: 7117: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7104: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7064: 7059: 7057: 7052: 7050: 7045: 7044: 7041: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7020: 7015: 7011: 7008: 7004: 7003: 6999: 6989: 6986: 6982: 6979: 6978: 6977: 6974: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6949: 6948: 6945: 6944: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6935: 6931: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6871: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6859: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6795: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6783: 6773: 6770: 6766: 6763: 6762: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6749: 6746: 6745: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6721:Alawi dynasty 6719: 6718: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6703: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6691: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6640: 6635: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6587: 6585: 6581: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6559:Treaty of Fez 6557: 6556: 6554: 6550: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6508: 6504: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6482:Berber Revolt 6480: 6479: 6477: 6475:Early Islamic 6473: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6453: 6451: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6423: 6418: 6416: 6411: 6409: 6404: 6403: 6400: 6389: 6387:9781501704246 6383: 6379: 6375: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6349: 6345: 6339: 6337: 6328: 6326:9781000079869 6322: 6318: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6294: 6288: 6286: 6271: 6267: 6261: 6246: 6242: 6236: 6221: 6217: 6211: 6209: 6193: 6189: 6183: 6168: 6164: 6158: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6127: 6125: 6116: 6109: 6096: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6075: 6067: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6046: 6038: 6031: 6023: 6021:9780300218701 6017: 6013: 6012: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5991: 5984: 5976: 5970: 5966: 5965: 5957: 5955: 5946: 5944:9782359061826 5940: 5936: 5929: 5927: 5918: 5916:9780195309911 5912: 5908: 5907: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5886: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5873: 5864: 5858: 5854: 5853: 5845: 5831: 5827: 5821: 5806: 5802: 5795: 5793: 5784: 5777: 5770: 5756: 5752: 5745: 5743: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5715: 5713: 5697: 5693: 5686: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5659: 5651: 5645: 5641: 5634: 5619: 5615: 5609: 5605: 5604: 5596: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5561: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5526: 5518: 5510: 5508:9789920500203 5504: 5500: 5493: 5486: 5482: 5481: 5473: 5466: 5462: 5456: 5452: 5451: 5443: 5435: 5429: 5425: 5424: 5417: 5409: 5403: 5399: 5398: 5390: 5388: 5380:. p. 18. 5379: 5372: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5345: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5304: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5266: 5265: 5257: 5255: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5227:(in French). 5226: 5222: 5215: 5213: 5204: 5203: 5195: 5182: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5161: 5148: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5111: 5110: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5084: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5048: 5047: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5022: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4973: 4967: 4961: 4956: 4948: 4941: 4933: 4931:0-907871-13-5 4927: 4923: 4916: 4908: 4907: 4899: 4893: 4885: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4866: 4859: 4857: 4848: 4846:9781139619110 4842: 4838: 4837: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4775: 4767: 4760: 4752: 4745: 4737: 4730: 4728: 4719: 4712: 4710: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4682: 4680: 4671: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4651: 4644: 4636: 4629: 4621: 4614: 4612: 4597:on 2021-10-04 4593: 4586: 4585: 4577: 4569: 4568: 4560: 4549: 4548: 4540: 4526:on 2021-10-04 4522: 4515: 4514: 4506: 4504: 4495: 4494: 4486: 4478: 4477: 4469: 4461: 4455: 4451: 4444: 4436: 4430: 4426: 4425: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4322: 4320:9780748621378 4316: 4312: 4308: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4276: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4222: 4216: 4212: 4205: 4197: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4178: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4148: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4119: 4111: 4109:9780748621378 4105: 4101: 4100: 4092: 4084: 4082:9789004150171 4078: 4074: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4039: 4035: 4034: 4026: 4018: 4017: 4009: 4001: 3999:9780710066145 3995: 3991: 3984: 3976: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3950: 3948:9780198713197 3944: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3921: 3920: 3912: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3873: 3865: 3859: 3855: 3854: 3846: 3838: 3832: 3828: 3821: 3813: 3811:9780195305135 3807: 3803: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3777: 3775:9780748621378 3771: 3767: 3766: 3758: 3748: 3742: 3738: 3737: 3731: 3727: 3721: 3717: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3706:Alawi Morocco 3699: 3693: 3689: 3688: 3682: 3678: 3672: 3668: 3667: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3647: 3646: 3640: 3636: 3630: 3626: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3614: 3607: 3601: 3593: 3592: 3584: 3576: 3570: 3566: 3565: 3557: 3553: 3540: 3536: 3529: 3525: 3519: 3515: 3507: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3463: 3459: 3449: 3447: 3443: 3442:Moulay Ismail 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3426:Moulay Rashid 3417: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3398:Moulay Ismail 3389: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3314: 3312: 3308: 3303: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3275: 3270: 3264: 3262: 3258: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3245:Pierre Tralle 3242: 3240: 3236: 3235:bled el jemâa 3232: 3222: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3207: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3184: 3170: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3125: 3120: 3116: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3027: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2985: 2980: 2972: 2971: 2965: 2961: 2959: 2955: 2954: 2949: 2948:Edward Meakin 2945: 2944: 2939: 2935: 2934: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2883: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2853:Moulay Brahim 2850: 2846: 2842: 2837: 2835: 2831: 2824: 2821:written with 2820: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2802: 2787: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2766: 2762: 2753: 2744: 2742: 2738: 2737:Moroccan flag 2730: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2701:customary law 2699: 2694: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2677: 2673: 2672:speedy trials 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2641: 2636: 2632: 2631: 2626: 2625: 2620: 2619: 2614: 2613: 2608: 2604: 2596: 2595:serial killer 2592: 2588: 2583: 2574: 2572: 2566: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2520: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2472: 2471: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2438: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2347:Treaty of Fes 2344: 2343:Agadir Crisis 2337: 2333: 2332:Treaty of Fes 2329: 2324: 2320: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2305:Andrew Belton 2302: 2299:, one of the 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2283:After Sultan 2276: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2256: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2188: 2187:Lalla Maghnia 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2151: 2140: 2139:Abd al-Rahman 2130: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2110: 2108: 2107: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2077: 2073: 2068: 2064: 2061: 2054: 2050: 2043: 2036: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1998: 1993: 1986: 1982: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1943: 1939: 1934: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1916:in 1689, and 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1902: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1861: 1856: 1855:Senegal River 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1811: 1807: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1776: 1768: 1757: 1754: 1750: 1749:Ksar al-Kebir 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1705: 1695: 1694: 1689: 1685: 1680: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1619:Sidi Mohammed 1615: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1574:Rise to power 1571: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1499: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1484:, the son of 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1452: 1437: 1429: 1424: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1403:Ali al-Sharif 1396: 1392: 1388: 1385:, the son of 1384: 1380: 1376: 1375:Alawi dynasty 1371: 1369: 1365: 1364:Treaty of Fes 1341: 1336: 1331: 1330:Saadi dynasty 1314: 1309: 1307: 1302: 1300: 1295: 1294: 1292: 1291: 1285: 1284: 1273: 1271: 1270: 1259: 1258: 1256: 1255: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1188: 1187: 1180: 1179: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1140: 1137: 1136:Years of lead 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1097: 1085: 1084: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1022:Treaty of Fez 1020: 1019: 1014: 1002: 1001: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 979: 976: 975:Agadir Crisis 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 952: 949: 946: 945: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 928: 923: 911: 910: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 888: 887: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 864: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 847: 842: 830: 829: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 807: 804: 801: 799: 796: 795: 790: 778: 777: 769: 766: 764: 761: 760: 757: 754: 752: 749: 748: 745: 744:Berber Revolt 742: 741: 738: 735: 733: 730: 729: 724: 717:Early Islamic 712: 711: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 689: 686: 683: 681: 678: 677: 672: 660: 659: 651: 648: 646: 643: 642: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 625: 621: 616: 615: 611: 607: 606: 603: 597: 596: 591: 586: 585: 582: 580: 574: 572: 568: 557: 552: 543: 532: 528: 524: 519: 517: 513: 512:Treaty of Fes 509: 505: 504:Alawi dynasty 501: 498:) and as the 493: 489: 485: 463: 461: 458: 457: 449: 447: 444: 443: 440: 434: 431: 424: 423: 420: 419: 416: 413: 411: 408: 407: 403: 399: 395: 389: 385: 380: 376: 372: 369: 368:Treaty of Fes 363: 359: 355: 349: 345: 342: 336: 332: 329: 323: 319: 316: 310: 306: 303: 297: 293: 287: 283: 280: 279:Moulay Ismail 274: 270: 264: 260: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 223: 220: 214: 211: 208: 202: 198: 194: 192: 188: 184: 180: 177: 173: 170: 166: 163: 161: 157: 154: 151: 147: 144: 140: 137: 133: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 113: 111: 107: 104: 101: 97: 90: 85: 76: 69: 64: 58: 42: 37: 36:Alawi dynasty 33: 19: 8271:Contemporary 8243: 8121:Indo-Persian 8109:Nazi Germany 8053:Contemporary 7955:Vijayanagara 7854:Great Seljuk 7765:Thessalonica 7693:Golden Horde 7333:Carthaginian 7112:Neo-Assyrian 7097:Neo-Sumerian 6934:Demographics 6889:Coat of arms 6874:Architecture 6743:Human rights 6542: 6377: 6351:. 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