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101:, as well as their surrounding smaller islands. It covers an area of approximately 1.85 million km. Sea depths over the shelf rarely exceed 50 metres and extensive areas are less than 20 metres resulting in strong bottom friction and strong tidal friction. Steep undersea gradients separate the Sunda Shelf from the
317:
The paleo river systems of the Sunda Shelf are vast submerged river systems that extend present-day river systems and may be interpreted to follow topographic lows in a down-slope direction. During the driest period of the
Pleistocene era (about 17,000 years BP) some four distinct catchment areas
312:
Drawing of the presumed coast lines in South-East Asia and now submerged river systems, This drawing presumes a sea level of −120m compared to present day. This level was reached about 17000 years before present day. The assumed river beds are based on the surface contours of the sea bed in the
384:
river system, was named after a Dutch biologist and geologist who traveled the region extensively in the late 19th century and first proposed the existence of this river system based on his observations in Borneo. The river, arising between
389:
and Borneo, flowed in a northeasterly direction, where it collected waters from some rivers in
Central Sumatra and the rivers in Western and Northern Borneo, before flowing into the South China Sea between the North and
204:
that are characterised by low seismicity, low isostatic gravity anomalies and no active volcanoes with the exception of
Sumatra, Java, and Bali, which while connected to the Sunda Shelf, belong geologically to the young
183:
The shelf has resulted from millennia of volcanic activity and erosion of the Asian continental mass, and the build up and consolidation of debris along the margins as sea levels rose and fell.
300:
W. Earle in 1845 was the first to describe the general features of the Sunda and Sahul
Shelves, which he termed the "Great Asiatic Bank" and the "Great Australian Bank" respectively.
274:. The complicated history of island formation on the Sunda Shelf and changing landbridge connections with mainland Southeast Asia have resulted in a high degree of
160:, and their surrounding islands. The same steep undersea gradients that mark the eastern boundary of Sundaland are identified biogeographically by the
220:
falls, and great expanses of the Sunda Shelf are exposed as a marshy plain. The rise of sea level during a meltwater pulse 14,600 to 14,300 years
1548:
792:
186:
676:
631:
Voris, Harold K. (September 2000). "Maps of
Pleistocene sea levels in Southeast Asia shorelines, river systems and time durations".
560:
Till
Hanebuth, Karl Stattegger and Pieter M. Grootes, "Rapid Flooding of the Sunda Shelf: A Late-Glacial Sea-Level Record",
601:
Andrew B. G. Bush and
Richard G. Fairbanks, "Exposing the Sunda shelf: Tropical responses to eustatic sea level change",
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258:. Within Wallacea lie some of the deepest seas in the world, with depths of up to 7,000 metres. Passing between
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is formed by a joining of waters from northeastern
Sumatra and the western Malay Peninsula, draining into the
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emptied northern Java and southern Borneo, flowing in an easterly direction between Borneo and Java into the
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and
Sulawesi, Wallacea is marked by a transition zone of flora and fauna first described by
1499:
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1145:
617:
Earle, W. (1845). On the physical structure and arrangement of the
Indonesian Archipelago.
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348:. The western arm forming out of some rivers in central Sumatra flows through the
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639:(5). Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, USA: 1153–1167.
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before joining up with the northern arm to empty into an estuary and the
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Hanebuth, Till; Stattegger, Karl; Grootes, Pieter M. (11 October 1999).
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consists of a northern and a western arm. The northern arm extends the
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Borneo-expedition. Geological explorations in Central Borneo (1893–94)
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677:"Rapid Flooding of the Sunda Shelf: A Late-Glacial Sea-Level Record"
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The seas between the islands cover relatively stable ancient
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during the last glacial maximum 18,000 to 20,000 years ago.
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496:: General Geology of Indonesia and Adjacent Archipelagoes.
56:
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453:, "Structural framework of the Sunda Shelf and vicinity"
577:
Tomascik, T; Mah, J.A.; Nontji, A.; Moosa, M.K. (1996).
536:
Monk, K.A.; Fretes, Y.; Reksodiharjo-Lilley, G. (1996).
508:
Tomascik, T; Mah, J.A.; Nontji, A.; Moosa, M.K. (1996).
463:
Monk, K.A.; Fretes, Y.; Reksodiharjo-Lilley, G. (1996).
1556:
737:
Whitten, T; Soeriaatmadja, R. E.; Suraya A. A. (1996).
148:
on the Asian mainland, as well as the large islands of
658:
Molengraaff, G. A. F.; Hinde, George Jennings (1902).
581:. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd. pp. 580–581.
486:
484:
278:
and local distribution discontinuities, discussed at
59:
53:
723:
Tjia, H.D. (1980). The Sunda Shelf, Southeast Asia.
62:
16:
Extension of the continental shelf of Southeast Asia
50:
481:
242:. Separating these two regions of shallow seas is
168:, which marks the eastern boundary of Asia's land
741:. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd. p. 118.
380:, also known as the Great Sunda river system, or
212:system (i.e., the Sunda Mountain System). During
1708:
657:
540:. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd. p. 10.
512:. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd. p. 74.
467:. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd. p. 10.
250:and the thousands of smaller islands making up
531:
529:
1542:
786:
619:Journal of the Geographical Society of London
579:The Ecology of the Indonesian Seas – Part One
510:The Ecology of the Indonesian Seas – Part One
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224:was as much as 16 meters within 300 years.
1549:
1535:
793:
779:
764:Voris, H., and C. Simpson, 2000 and 2006,
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231:paleo river systems that drained much of
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227:Present sea levels submerge a number of
185:
81:. Major landmasses on the shelf include
25:
800:
690:(12 MAY 20). www.sciencemag.org: 1034.
664:. Leyden, E.J. Brill. pp. 189–196.
538:The Ecology of Nusa Tenggara and Maluku
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465:The Ecology of Nusa Tenggara and Maluku
289:The exposure of the Sunda Shelf during
172:fauna, and is the boundary between the
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286:that has resulted from these changes.
238:To the east of the Sunda Shelf is the
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356:to the north of North Natuna Island.
136:which encompasses these areas of the
767:The Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois.
73:is a south-eastern extension of the
498:Matinus Nithoff, The Hague, 723 pp.
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19:For the biogeographic region, see
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1328:Possible future supercontinents
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142:exposed during the last ice age
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1106:Other prehistoric continents
739:The Ecology of Java and Bali
140:continental shelf that were
132:is a term for the region of
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293:changes has effects on the
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490:va Bemmelen, R.W. (1949).
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492:The Geology of Indonesia.
144:. Sundaland included the
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284:biogeographical province
1732:Maritime Southeast Asia
633:Journal of Biogeography
304:Submerged river systems
79:Mainland Southeast Asia
1276:Great Australian Bight
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727:24: 405–427. (23.3.6)
428:Sunda Shelf mangroves
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272:Alfred Russel Wallace
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166:Alfred Russel Wallace
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1717:Geology of Indonesia
1558:Submerged continents
1500:Continental fragment
1495:Regions of the world
567:12 May 2000:1033–35.
246:, which encompasses
195:Last Glacial Maximum
111:Lesser Sunda Islands
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1668:Dampier Archipelago
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1369:hypothesised
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1176:Kazakhstania
1151:Congo Craton
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962:Afro-Eurasia
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725:Z. Geomorph.
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178:Australasian
162:Wallace Line
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39:Geologically
37:
1673:Sahul Shelf
1652:Grand Banks
1618:Sunda Shelf
1343:Novopangaea
1211:South China
1191:North China
621:15: 358:365
418:Sahul Shelf
382:Molengraaff
368:Andaman Sea
240:Sahul Shelf
229:Pleistocene
193:during the
174:Indomalayan
103:Philippines
43:Sunda Shelf
1711:Categories
1636:Doggerland
1590:Antarctica
1562:lost lands
1479:See also:
1381:Hyperborea
1371:continents
1306:Seychelles
1291:Madagascar
1271:Doggerland
1166:Euramerica
1121:Asiamerica
849:Antarctica
802:Continents
439:References
394:Islands.
336:Siam river
202:peneplains
121:Definition
109:, and the
1678:Zealandia
1613:Sundaland
1452:Greenland
1316:Zealandia
1281:Jan Mayen
1266:Cathaysia
1186:Laurentia
1181:Laramidia
1171:Kalaharia
1126:Atlantica
1059:Kenorland
879:Australia
432:ecoregion
423:Sundaland
318:form the
280:Sundaland
233:Sundaland
218:sea level
207:Sunda Arc
191:Sundaland
130:Sundaland
34:and Sunda
21:Sundaland
1696:Beringia
1576:Mauritia
1510:Category
1376:Atlantis
1361:Mythical
1296:Mauritia
1261:Beringia
1146:Cimmeria
1141:Chilenia
1131:Avalonia
1111:Amazonia
1094:Vaalbara
1079:Pannotia
1064:Laurasia
1054:Gondwana
1049:Columbia
977:Americas
704:10807570
459:abstract
412:See also
406:Java Sea
276:endemism
248:Sulawesi
244:Wallacea
210:orogenic
180:realms.
107:Sulawesi
1661:Oceania
1396:Meropis
1391:Lemuria
1206:Siberia
1156:Cuyania
1136:Baltica
1116:Arctica
1084:Rodinia
1074:Pangaea
1007:Oceania
992:Eurasia
709:29 June
684:Science
608:(2003).
562:Science
494:Vol. IA
320:Malacca
295:El Niño
158:Sumatra
99:Sumatra
30:Map of
1629:Europe
1569:Africa
1432:Arabia
1427:Alaska
1367:, and
1338:Aurica
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1196:Pampia
894:Europe
834:Africa
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338:system
282:, the
268:Borneo
266:, and
264:Lombok
256:Maluku
216:, the
170:mammal
156:, and
150:Borneo
97:, and
95:Madura
87:Borneo
41:, the
1311:Sunda
1301:Sahul
1251:lands
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806:Earth
680:(PDF)
328:Sunda
313:area.
138:Asian
32:Sahul
1606:Asia
1560:and
1365:lost
1253:and
1069:Nena
864:Asia
743:ISBN
711:2016
700:PMID
583:ISBN
542:ISBN
514:ISBN
469:ISBN
373:The
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326:and
324:Siam
262:and
260:Bali
254:and
176:and
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