9263:
8968:
121:
8816:
9275:
721:
9223:
5918:
207:
25:
9235:
66:
1819:(CJS) found the classical action for an 11-dimensional supergravity theory. This remains today the only known classical 11-dimensional theory with local supersymmetry and no fields of spin higher than two. Other 11-dimensional theories known and quantum-mechanically inequivalent reduce to the CJS theory when one imposes the classical equations of motion. However, in the mid-1980s
3222:
4664:
between spin 2 and spin â2. (A graviton has the highest spin in this theory which is a spin 2 particle.) More supersymmetries would mean the particles would have superpartners with spins higher than 2. The only theories with spins higher than 2 which are consistent involve an infinite number of particles (such as string theory and higher-spin theories).
4113:
4749:
The supergravity theories that have attracted the most interest contain no spins higher than two. This means, in particular, that they do not contain any fields that transform as symmetric tensors of rank higher than two under
Lorentz transformations. The consistency of interacting higher spin field
4663:
quantum field theory which involves gravity and a finite number of fields. It can be found from a dimensional reduction of 11D supergravity by making the size of 7 of the dimensions go to zero. It has 8 supersymmetries which is the most any gravitational theory can have since there are 8 half-steps
2169:
different versions of SUGRA out there which are inequivalent in the sense that their actions and constraints upon the torsion tensor are different, but ultimately equivalent in that we can always perform a field redefinition of the supervierbeins and spin connection to get from one version to
2149:
Before we move on to SUGRA proper, let's recapitulate some important details about general relativity. We have a 4D differentiable manifold M with a Spin(3,1) principal bundle over it. This principal bundle represents the local
Lorentz symmetry. In addition, we have a vector bundle T over the
2126:
of string theories, rather than truncations, are rarely available. Due to string dualities, the conjectured 11-dimensional M-theory is required to have 11-dimensional supergravity as a "low energy limit". However, this doesn't necessarily mean that string theory/M-theory is the only possible
3037:
3707:
2189:
We will use the following conventions; the spatial (both bosonic and fermionic) indices will be indicated by M, N, ... . The bosonic spatial indices will be indicated by ÎŒ, Îœ, ..., the left-handed Weyl spatial indices by α, ÎČ,..., and the right-handed Weyl spatial indices by
3916:
2629:
3348:
1705:
Group
Equations (RGEs) follows as an immediate consequence. Due to its predictive power, requiring only four input parameters and a sign to determine the low energy phenomenology from the scale of Grand Unification, its interest is a widely investigated model of
4690:
Higher-dimensional SUGRA is the higher-dimensional, supersymmetric generalization of general relativity. Supergravity can be formulated in any number of dimensions up to eleven. Higher-dimensional SUGRA focuses upon supergravity in greater than four dimensions.
1611:
The first model of 4-dimensional supergravity (without this denotation) was formulated by Dmitri
Vasilievich Volkov and Vyacheslav A. Soroka in 1973, emphasizing the importance of spontaneous supersymmetry breaking for the possibility of a realistic model. The
1740:
showed 11 dimensions as the largest number of dimensions consistent with a single graviton, and more dimensions will show particles with spins greater than 2. However, if two of these dimensions are time-like, these problems are avoided in 12 dimensions.
4698:
depends on the dimension and the signature of spacetime. The supercharges occur in spinors. Thus the limit on the number of supercharges cannot be satisfied in a spacetime of arbitrary dimension. Some theoretical examples in which this is satisfied are:
1827:
found an alternate theory in D=11 Supergravity with Local SU(8) Invariance. While not manifestly
Lorentz-invariant, it is in many ways superior, because it dimensionally-reduces to the 4-dimensional theory without recourse to the classical equations of
3432:
2835:
4305:
1913:
of the
Standard Model. It was very difficult to construct a chiral fermion from a compactification â the compactified manifold needed to have singularities, but physics near singularities did not begin to be understood until the advent of
2173:
In 4D N=1 SUGRA, we have a 4|4 real differentiable supermanifold M, i.e. we have 4 real bosonic dimensions and 4 real fermionic dimensions. As in the nonsupersymmetric case, we have a Spin(3,1) principal bundle over M. We have an
2953:
3580:
3217:{\displaystyle \left\{{\overline {D}}_{\hat {\dot {\alpha }}},{\overline {D}}_{\hat {\dot {\beta }}}\right\}=c_{{\hat {\dot {\alpha }}}{\hat {\dot {\beta }}}}^{\hat {\dot {\gamma }}}{\overline {D}}_{\hat {\dot {\gamma }}}}
3779:
1841:
showed that compactification from 11 dimensions preserving all the SUSY generators could occur in two ways, leaving only 4 or 7 macroscopic dimensions, the others compact. The noncompact dimensions have to form an
3499:
1854:
Finally, the first two results each appeared to establish 11 dimensions, the third result appeared to specify the theory, and the last result explained why the observed universe appears to be four-dimensional.
4578:
3586:
3846:
4108:{\displaystyle e^{{\hat {\mu }}=0}\wedge \cdots \wedge e^{{\hat {\mu }}=3}\wedge e^{{\hat {\alpha }}=1}\wedge e^{{\hat {\alpha }}=2}\wedge e^{{\hat {\dot {\alpha }}}=1}\wedge e^{{\hat {\dot {\alpha }}}=2}}
2103:, i.e. when the quantum wavelength associated to objects in the theory appear much larger than the size of the 11th dimension, needs 11-dimensional supergravity descriptors that fell out of favor with the
2056:
There was a comparatively quiet period at the beginning of the 1990s; however, several important tools were developed. For example, it became apparent that the various superstring theories were related by
2049:. None quite gave the standard model, but it seemed as though one could get close with enough effort in many distinct ways. Plus no one understood the theory beyond the regime of applicability of string
1644:
and involving additional (N) supersymmetries. Supergravity theories with N>1 are usually referred to as extended supergravity (SUEGRA). Some supergravity theories were shown to be related to certain
3032:
2178:
vector bundle T over M. The fiber of T transforms under the local
Lorentz group as follows; the four real bosonic dimensions transform as a vector and the four real fermionic dimensions transform as a
2491:
4220:
4168:
3238:
2347:
4373:
2437:
2746:
2704:
2290:
2110:
Therefore, supergravity comes full circle and uses a common framework in understanding features of string theories, M-theory, and their compactifications to lower spacetime dimensions.
3876:
2150:
manifold with the fiber having four real dimensions and transforming as a vector under Spin(3,1). We have an invertible linear map from the tangent bundle TM to T. This map is the
3356:
4676:. However, in later years this was abandoned in favour of string theory. There has been renewed interest in the 21st century with the possibility that this theory may be finite.
2970:
is optional, but if R-symmetry exists, the integrand over the full superspace has to have an R-charge of 0 and the integrand over chiral superspace has to have an R-charge of 2.
2012:
2480:
2386:
2217:
4626:
Unlike the case for flat superspace, adding a constant to either the KĂ€hler or superpotential is now physical. A constant shift to the KĂ€hler potential changes the effective
2246:
4621:
3911:
1878:
The initial excitement over 11-dimensional supergravity soon waned, as various failings were discovered, and attempts to repair the model failed as well. Problems included:
2662:
2751:
4225:
1661:
as Kaluza and Klein constructed in 1919 a 5-dimensional gravitational theory, that when dimensionally reduced on a circle, its 4-dimensional non-massive modes describe
2037:
Initial excitement about the 10-dimensional theories, and the string theories that provide their quantum completion, died by the end of the 1980s. There were too many
7899:
2963:
as defined over supermanifolds needs to be super graded. This means that every time we interchange two fermionic indices, we pick up a +1 sign factor, instead of -1.
1713:
1697:
in 1982. Collectively now known as minimal supergravity Grand
Unification Theories (mSUGRA GUT), gravity mediates the breaking of SUSY through the existence of a
1701:. mSUGRA naturally generates the Soft SUSY breaking terms which are a consequence of the Super Higgs effect. Radiative breaking of electroweak symmetry through
2165:
The following discussion will be in superspace notation, as opposed to the component notation, which isn't manifestly covariant under SUSY. There are actually
1780:
interactions. Many techniques exist to embed the standard model gauge group in supergravity in any number of dimensions like the obligatory gauge symmetry in
2851:
8853:
696:
633:
3505:
7734:
1882:
The compact manifolds which were known at the time and which contained the standard model were not compatible with supersymmetry, and could not hold
3713:
84:
6937:
6102:
2046:
2061:", some of which relate weak string-coupling - perturbative - physics in one model with strong string-coupling - non-perturbative - in another.
1632:
for the discovery. The key issue of whether or not the spin 3/2 field is consistently coupled was resolved in the nearly simultaneous paper, by
8997:
8036:
6539:
5950:
9105:
6249:
6198:
5203:
1838:
500:
2095:
and many others could show all of the perturbative string theories as descriptions of different states in a single theory that Witten named
1640:, which independently proposed the minimal 4-dimensional model. It was quickly generalized to many different theories in various numbers of
6234:
6224:
3702:{\displaystyle T_{{\hat {\alpha }}{\hat {\dot {\beta }}}}^{\hat {\mu }}=2i\sigma _{{\hat {\alpha }}{\hat {\dot {\beta }}}}^{\hat {\mu }}}
3438:
933:
400:
4388:
9305:
7842:
5760:
9239:
8404:
6203:
3785:
1629:
8982:
8545:
7764:
1729:
One of these supergravities, the 11-dimensional theory, generated considerable excitement as the first potential candidate for the
8846:
8340:
8160:
2624:{\displaystyle e_{N}^{\hat {M}}(x,{\overline {\theta }},\theta )^{*}=e_{N^{*}}^{{\hat {M}}^{*}}(x,\theta ,{\overline {\theta }})}
1493:
689:
8013:
2980:
8510:
8319:
8268:
7827:
420:
9100:
8345:
7812:
7727:
6244:
5669:
5628:
5296:
1966:
that there are only three supergravity models in 10 dimensions which have gauge symmetries and in which all of the gauge and
1535:
495:
8090:
8021:
7997:
7970:
6254:
3343:{\displaystyle D_{\hat {\alpha }}e_{\hat {\dot {\alpha }}}+{\overline {D}}_{\hat {\dot {\alpha }}}e_{\hat {\alpha }}\neq 0}
350:
4173:
9183:
8144:
638:
355:
4121:
8839:
8325:
7873:
7856:
7797:
6532:
5943:
5904:
5890:
5876:
5862:
5848:
5834:
5820:
5806:
3350:. In one version of SUGRA (but certainly not the only one), we have the following constraints upon the torsion tensor:
2299:
867:
682:
5922:
2182:. This Majorana spinor can be reexpressed as a complex left-handed Weyl spinor and its complex conjugate right-handed
9007:
8819:
7978:
7807:
5702:
4638:, we need to rescale the supervierbeins (a field redefinition) to get a constant Planck constant. This is called the
4320:
2391:
198:
182:
164:
142:
102:
52:
135:
9188:
8535:
8432:
7720:
6904:
6370:
6259:
5983:
643:
385:
9262:
2709:
2667:
2248:, ... . The indices for the fiber of T will follow a similar notation, except that they will be hatted like this:
2084:. Thanks to supersymmetry, p-branes in supergravity gained understanding well beyond the limits of string theory.
1939:
rendering the theory inconsistent. In the intervening years physicists have learned how to cancel these anomalies.
1909:
seen in experiments were believed to be massless, and appeared to be left-handed, a phenomenon referred to as the
7779:
7134:
6869:
6297:
6292:
5326:
Nath, P.; Arnowitt, R. (1975). "Generalized super-gauge symmetry as a new framework for unified gauge theories".
4885:
Nath, P.; Arnowitt, R. (1975). "Generalized Super-Gauge
Symmetry as a New Framework for Unified Gauge Theories".
4706:
4685:
2251:
1724:
872:
9148:
8725:
8593:
8085:
8007:
7774:
7496:
6229:
4990:
1239:
590:
1677:
mSUGRA means minimal SUper GRAvity. The construction of a realistic model of particle interactions within the
9039:
8987:
8608:
8520:
8482:
8397:
8278:
7802:
7076:
6582:
6525:
5936:
3427:{\displaystyle T_{{\hat {\underline {\alpha }}}{\hat {\underline {\beta }}}}^{\hat {\underline {\gamma }}}=0}
2960:
2118:
The term "low energy limits" labels some 10-dimensional supergravity theories. These arise as the massless,
2065:
1847:
277:
38:
3854:
1562:
Like all covariant approaches to quantum gravity, supergravity contains a spin-2 field whose quantum is the
9295:
9198:
8613:
7521:
6846:
6577:
2104:
1951:
1264:
653:
310:
8691:
8492:
8063:
7957:
7947:
7822:
6277:
6193:
6162:
6117:
5978:
1613:
1486:
7101:
3235:
has to be nonzero, at least with respect to the fermionic directions. Already, even in flat superspace,
9253:
8588:
8263:
7905:
7817:
7769:
7022:
6727:
6674:
6177:
5620:
5355:
Freedman, D.Z.; van
Nieuwenhuizen, P.; Ferrara, S. (1976). "Progress toward a theory of supergravity".
4955:
Freedman, D.Z.; van Nieuwenhuizen, P.; Ferrara, S. (1976). "Progress Toward A Theory Of Supergravity".
1977:
1793:
1650:
2446:
2352:
2193:
1947:. However, by moving to 10 dimensions one loses the sense of uniqueness of the 11-dimensional theory.
9153:
8701:
8678:
8628:
8598:
8057:
8052:
7316:
6147:
2830:{\displaystyle \omega (x,{\overline {\theta }},\theta )^{*}=\omega (x,\theta ,{\overline {\theta }})}
2485:
The supervierbein and spin connection are real in the sense that they satisfy the reality conditions
2222:
1467:
1059:
605:
430:
415:
395:
7361:
6031:
5318:
4798:
4602:
3888:
1551:
1099:
9158:
8755:
8709:
8390:
8273:
8154:
7983:
7541:
7461:
7276:
7210:
6572:
6172:
2634:
2293:
2123:
2015:
1462:
1284:
1204:
1019:
615:
465:
129:
7421:
4300:{\displaystyle E_{\hat {\dot {\alpha }}}^{\dot {\beta }}=\delta _{\dot {\alpha }}^{\dot {\beta }}}
1890:. One suggestion was to replace the compact dimensions with the 7-sphere, with the symmetry group
1164:
9227:
9072:
8940:
8930:
8745:
8555:
8487:
8447:
8188:
8121:
7681:
7491:
7205:
7043:
7017:
6889:
6758:
6647:
6589:
5729:
5442:
Chamseddine, A. H.; Arnowitt, R.; Nath, Pran (1982). "Locally supersymmetric grand unification".
1967:
1859:
1797:
1785:
1658:
1653:(e.g. N=1, 11-dimensional supergravity is dimensionally reduced on T to 4-dimensional, ungauged,
1625:
1429:
1234:
941:
851:
783:
345:
7048:
9300:
8945:
8918:
8427:
8105:
7989:
7446:
7187:
6993:
6884:
6856:
6679:
6282:
6132:
6036:
4313:
is a scalar valued chiral superfield derivable from the supervielbeins and spin connection. If
2144:
1918:
1523:
1479:
1189:
908:
825:
595:
585:
530:
520:
305:
257:
146:
3034:. In order for this constraint to be consistent, we require the integrability conditions that
9193:
9067:
9034:
8653:
8565:
8462:
8452:
8237:
8216:
8209:
8149:
7301:
7241:
7182:
7149:
7144:
6942:
6932:
6899:
6763:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6615:
6605:
6312:
6307:
6219:
6157:
6061:
6041:
5505:
4720:
4714:
4631:
2100:
1929:
1925:
1789:
1733:. This excitement was built on four pillars, two of which have now been largely discredited:
1694:
1596:
1044:
984:
951:
928:
779:
766:
648:
610:
425:
405:
340:
215:
212:
7596:
1339:
9143:
9082:
9077:
9051:
8898:
8686:
8304:
8223:
8202:
8195:
8070:
7925:
7883:
7686:
7471:
6684:
6669:
6625:
6097:
6046:
5748:
5530:
5484:
5451:
5422:
5393:
5364:
5335:
5276:
5268:
5222:
5146:
5095:
5060:
5021:
4964:
4929:
4894:
4838:
4765:
4673:
3878:
is a shorthand notation to mean the index runs over either the left or right Weyl spinors.
2842:
1943:
Some of these difficulties could be avoided by moving to a 10-dimensional theory involving
1843:
1781:
1730:
1434:
1214:
903:
841:
775:
575:
470:
335:
330:
325:
287:
5235:
5198:
2029:
for example, gauge symmetries can be introduced in other 10-dimensional theories as well.
8:
9110:
7601:
7486:
7139:
7038:
6664:
6317:
6302:
6287:
6056:
4920:
Volkov, D.V.; Soroka, V.A. (1973). "Higgs effect for Goldstone particles with spin 1/2".
4775:
4726:
4653:
2119:
2050:
1910:
1765:
1542:
of local supersymmetry. Since the supersymmetry (SUSY) generators form together with the
1507:
1344:
1229:
877:
5752:
5534:
5488:
5455:
5426:
5397:
5368:
5339:
5280:
5226:
5150:
5099:
5064:
5025:
4968:
4933:
4898:
4842:
4588:
1543:
9138:
8908:
8740:
8668:
8623:
8366:
7832:
7789:
7646:
7566:
7466:
7426:
7356:
7306:
7271:
7106:
6983:
6879:
6620:
6426:
5998:
5993:
5777:
5764:
5738:
5713:
5675:
5647:
5599:
5567:
5546:
5520:
5306:
5240:
5212:
5173:
4865:
4760:
4634:. As the effective Planck constant now depends upon the value of the chiral superfield
1867:
1646:
1617:
1531:
1394:
1369:
1309:
1209:
1169:
1049:
1014:
887:
771:
505:
435:
375:
7033:
5384:
Cremmer, E.; Julia, B.; Scherk, J. (1978). "Supergravity in theory in 11 dimensions".
80:
9024:
8785:
8780:
8560:
8525:
8350:
8258:
8002:
7930:
7611:
7516:
7351:
7261:
7231:
7027:
6922:
6874:
6768:
5900:
5886:
5872:
5858:
5844:
5830:
5816:
5802:
5698:
5679:
5665:
5624:
5550:
5496:
5434:
5405:
5347:
5292:
5158:
5107:
5072:
5033:
4906:
4850:
4783:
2948:{\displaystyle D_{\hat {M}}f=E_{\hat {M}}^{N}\left(\partial _{N}f+\omega _{N}\right)}
2179:
2069:
1354:
1259:
1094:
1004:
974:
580:
360:
242:
44:
5768:
5471:
Green, Michael B.; Schwarz, John H. (1984). "Anomaly cancellation in supersymmetric
5244:
1808:
9203:
8950:
8935:
8876:
8603:
8332:
8026:
7920:
7621:
7556:
7526:
7406:
7346:
7311:
7256:
7246:
7159:
7111:
7069:
6974:
6967:
6960:
6953:
6946:
6864:
6654:
6562:
6127:
6026:
6013:
5756:
5694:
5657:
5643:
5577:
5538:
5492:
5459:
5430:
5401:
5372:
5343:
5284:
5230:
5154:
5103:
5068:
5029:
4972:
4937:
4902:
4846:
3882:
2186:(they're not independent of each other). We also have a spin connection as before.
2155:
2058:
2019:
1955:
1707:
1690:
1662:
1592:
1364:
1299:
1269:
1149:
1089:
1054:
999:
989:
846:
735:
658:
570:
525:
7226:
5194:
3913:, gives us the volume factor for M. Equivalently, we have the volume 4|4-superform
1850:'s invariance under all of the supersymmetry transformations preserves the action.
969:
9125:
8992:
8790:
8413:
8031:
7952:
7912:
7878:
7701:
7656:
7606:
7591:
7581:
7476:
7441:
7266:
6836:
6610:
6456:
6421:
6142:
6137:
5688:
5614:
5582:
5559:
5542:
5506:"A brief history (and geography) of supergravity: The first 3 weeks... and after"
4665:
4627:
3575:{\displaystyle T_{{\hat {\dot {\alpha }}}{\hat {\dot {\beta }}}}^{\hat {\mu }}=0}
2159:
2131:
of supergravity; supergravity research is useful independent of those relations.
2088:
2080:
known in supergravity theories. String theory perturbation didn't restrict these
1959:
1824:
1702:
1686:
1682:
1449:
1404:
1349:
1334:
1324:
1219:
1184:
1009:
913:
543:
460:
365:
7546:
6486:
5560:"Supergravity was discovered by D.V. Volkov and V.A. Soroka in 1973, wasn't it?"
5120:
E. Cremmer, B. Julia and J. Scherk, "Supergravity theory in eleven dimensions",
1289:
9279:
9267:
9163:
8862:
8760:
8231:
7676:
7671:
7631:
7571:
7401:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7251:
7236:
7164:
6841:
6704:
6476:
6461:
6107:
6092:
5661:
5638:
Martin, Stephen P. (1998). "A Supersymmetry Primer". In Kane, Gordon L. (ed.).
5463:
4596:
3232:
2042:
2038:
1863:
1820:
1757:
1621:
1571:
1534:; this is in contrast to non-gravitational supersymmetric theories such as the
1424:
1419:
1379:
1314:
1144:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1039:
1034:
1029:
994:
979:
882:
267:
262:
228:
16:
Modern theory of gravitation that combines supersymmetry and general relativity
7561:
7481:
5137:
Peter G.O. Freund; Mark A. Rubin (1980). "Dynamics of dimensional reduction".
3774:{\displaystyle T_{{\hat {\mu }}{\hat {\underline {\alpha }}}}^{\hat {\nu }}=0}
1816:
1304:
1224:
9289:
9133:
9092:
8735:
8645:
8168:
7837:
7666:
7651:
7626:
7616:
7586:
7531:
7506:
7436:
7431:
7396:
7371:
7331:
7121:
6773:
6689:
6567:
6548:
6501:
6481:
6431:
6066:
6003:
5973:
5959:
5376:
4976:
4803:
4793:
4788:
2183:
2128:
2092:
1936:
1928:
in four dimensions, and that constant is difficult to remove, and so require
1812:
1698:
1633:
1527:
1414:
1399:
1374:
1359:
1329:
1274:
1249:
1179:
1174:
1139:
1114:
1104:
1074:
918:
740:
712:
555:
488:
390:
370:
7451:
1578:. The number of gravitino fields is equal to the number of supersymmetries.
1194:
9046:
8955:
8913:
8903:
8570:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8442:
7935:
7696:
7536:
7416:
7366:
7336:
7321:
7096:
6988:
6914:
6894:
6831:
6694:
6506:
6491:
6451:
6441:
6436:
6327:
6152:
6021:
5761:
10.1002/1521-3978(200210)50:10/11<1126::AID-PROP1126>3.0.CO;2-B
2076:, which he discovered six years earlier, equate to stringy versions of the
1834:
1637:
1567:
1547:
1539:
1444:
1279:
1159:
1109:
1079:
1064:
565:
550:
475:
282:
7712:
9029:
8923:
8891:
8886:
8730:
8095:
7691:
7661:
7641:
7501:
7456:
7411:
7376:
7326:
7091:
7060:
6821:
6778:
6496:
6471:
6466:
6416:
6395:
6360:
6355:
6082:
4808:
1963:
1944:
1777:
1753:
1752:
showed 11 as the smallest number of dimensions big enough to contain the
1742:
1737:
1616:(with unbroken local supersymmetry) was constructed in detail in 1976 by
1439:
1409:
1389:
1244:
1199:
1154:
1119:
1069:
600:
445:
440:
315:
272:
252:
247:
219:
1681:= 1 supergravity framework where supersymmetry (SUSY) breaks by a super
1657:= 8 supergravity). The resulting theories were sometimes referred to as
1554:, supersymmetry as a gauge theory makes gravity arise in a natural way.
8795:
8580:
8515:
8437:
8309:
7636:
7576:
7511:
7174:
7154:
7053:
7012:
6826:
6400:
6390:
6375:
6167:
6087:
6051:
5743:
5718:
5652:
5604:
5288:
5217:
5178:
4941:
4864:
Rovelli, Carlo (2000). "Notes for a brief history of quantum gravity".
2967:
1641:
1384:
1319:
1254:
946:
720:
410:
9274:
5642:. Advanced Series on Directions in High Energy Physics. Vol. 18.
4870:
8750:
8618:
8530:
8502:
8314:
8296:
8100:
8077:
7551:
7341:
7281:
6927:
6801:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6446:
6350:
6239:
4660:
4630:, while a constant shift to the superpotential changes the effective
1749:
1575:
1294:
1084:
1024:
810:
805:
800:
560:
455:
222:
produced by colliding protons decaying into hadron jets and electrons
5048:
5009:
9208:
8658:
8457:
8371:
8181:
8174:
7197:
7086:
7081:
6811:
6806:
6743:
6659:
6385:
6380:
6365:
6340:
5782:
5572:
5525:
5413:
Freund, P.; Rubin, M. (1980). "Dynamics of dimensional reduction".
4770:
3494:{\displaystyle T_{{\hat {\alpha }}{\hat {\beta }}}^{\hat {\mu }}=0}
2151:
2096:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2026:
1924:
Supergravity models generically result in an unrealistically large
1915:
1906:
1563:
820:
815:
663:
510:
450:
380:
320:
8382:
4573:{\displaystyle S=\int d^{4}xd^{2}\Theta 2{\mathcal {E}}\left+c.c.}
4118:
If we complexify the superdiffeomorphisms, there is a gauge where
1950:
The core breakthrough for the 10-dimensional theory, known as the
206:
8881:
8831:
7743:
6816:
6796:
6753:
6748:
6345:
5917:
5086:
Witten, Ed (1981). "Search for a realistic Kaluza-Klein theory".
4750:
theories is, however, presently a field of very active interest.
1801:
1666:
750:
6517:
5928:
5354:
4954:
6122:
6112:
4695:
4307:. The resulting chiral superspace has the coordinates x and Î.
3841:{\displaystyle T_{{\hat {\mu }}{\hat {\nu }}}^{\hat {\rho }}=0}
1971:
1887:
5192:
5136:
7963:
6788:
6335:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1883:
1769:
1761:
745:
5275:. Lecture Notes in Physics. Vol. 18. pp. 529â533.
1773:
668:
5799:
Supergravity: From First Principles to Modern Applications
4991:"Supergravity scientists share $ 3M US Breakthrough Prize"
3027:{\displaystyle {\overline {D}}_{\hat {\dot {\alpha }}}X=0}
1591:
The first theory of local supersymmetry was proposed by
5727:
Brandt, Friedemann (2002). "Lectures on Supergravity".
5687:
Drees, Manuel; Godbole, Rohini M.; Roy, Probir (2004).
5441:
1935:
Quantization of the theory led to quantum field theory
4378:
The action for a SUGRA theory with chiral superfields
2107:
10 years earlier, accompanied by the 2- and 5-branes.
2045:
had estimated, as he admitted in December 2005 at the
1858:
Many of the details of the theory were fleshed out by
1566:. Supersymmetry requires the graviton field to have a
9251:
5712:
Bilal, Adel (2001). "Introduction to Supersymmetry".
4645:
4605:
4391:
4323:
4228:
4176:
4124:
3919:
3891:
3857:
3788:
3716:
3589:
3508:
3441:
3359:
3241:
3040:
2983:
2854:
2754:
2712:
2670:
2637:
2494:
2449:
2394:
2355:
2302:
2254:
2225:
2196:
1980:
1846:. There are many possible compactifications, but the
5269:"Higgs effect for goldstone particles with spin 1/2"
5172:
Duff, M. J. (1998). "A Layman's Guide to M-theory".
4215:{\displaystyle E_{\hat {\dot {\alpha }}}^{\beta }=0}
2072:
realized that obscure string theory objects, called
2032:
1714:
Gravity-Mediated Supersymmetry Breaking in the MSSM
75:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
5776:Sezgin, Ergin (2023). "Survey of supergravities".
5383:
4615:
4572:
4367:
4299:
4214:
4163:{\displaystyle E_{\hat {\dot {\alpha }}}^{\mu }=0}
4162:
4107:
3905:
3870:
3840:
3773:
3701:
3574:
3493:
3426:
3342:
3216:
3026:
2947:
2829:
2740:
2698:
2656:
2623:
2474:
2431:
2380:
2341:
2284:
2240:
2211:
2006:
5899:, Princeton University Press, Princeton, (1992).
5815:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, (2012).
4828:
2342:{\displaystyle M=(\mu ,\alpha ,{\dot {\alpha }})}
9287:
5843:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, (2016)
1970:cancel. These were theories built on the groups
1894:, or the squashed 7-sphere, with symmetry group
5686:
4368:{\displaystyle \left({\bar {D}}^{2}-8R\right)f}
2432:{\displaystyle \omega _{{\hat {M}}{\hat {N}}P}}
2047:23rd International Solvay Conference in Physics
8998:Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model
8037:Degenerate Higher-Order Scalar-Tensor theories
5883:Introduction To Supersymmetry And Supergravity
5199:"Toward Realistic Intersecting D-Brane Models"
4829:Van Nieuwenhuizen, P. (1981). "Supergravity".
2122:-level approximation of string theories. True
8847:
8398:
7728:
6533:
5944:
5885:, World Scientific Press, Singapore, (1990).
5871:, World Scientific Press, Singapore, (2019).
5204:Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science
1614:minimal version of 4-dimensional supergravity
1487:
690:
5841:Supersymmetry, Supergravity, and Unification
5827:N = 2 Supergravity in D = 4, 5, 6 Dimensions
5616:Supersymmetry, Supergravity, and Unification
5470:
5325:
5266:
4919:
4913:
4884:
4822:
2741:{\displaystyle {\dot {\alpha }}^{*}=\alpha }
2699:{\displaystyle \alpha ^{*}={\dot {\alpha }}}
1628:. In 2019 the three were awarded a special
7742:
5867:Rausch de Traubenberg, M., Valenzuela, M.,
5475:= 10 gauge theory and superstring theory".
5412:
5049:"Supersymmetries and their representations"
5007:
4878:
4679:
2285:{\displaystyle {\hat {M}},{\hat {\alpha }}}
2113:
1873:
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
8854:
8840:
8405:
8391:
7735:
7721:
6540:
6526:
5951:
5937:
5001:
1494:
1480:
719:
697:
683:
205:
5781:
5742:
5717:
5651:
5603:
5581:
5571:
5524:
5234:
5216:
5177:
4869:
4672:speculated that this theory could be the
2099:. Furthermore, he argued that M-theory's
1718:
1630:Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics
183:Learn how and when to remove this message
165:Learn how and when to remove this message
103:Learn how and when to remove this message
87:, without removing the technical details.
5598:de Wit, Bernard (2002). "Supergravity".
128:This article includes a list of general
8341:Gravitational interaction of antimatter
4863:
9288:
5775:
5726:
5690:Theory and Phenomenology of Sparticles
5637:
5597:
5557:
5273:Supersymmetry and Quantum Field Theory
5186:
5085:
4948:
3871:{\displaystyle {\underline {\alpha }}}
1586:
421:de Sitter invariant special relativity
401:N = 4 supersymmetric YangâMills theory
8835:
8386:
8346:Physics in the medieval Islamic world
8269:(2+1)-dimensional topological gravity
7765:Newton's law of universal gravitation
7716:
6521:
5932:
5711:
5503:
5236:10.1146/annurev.nucl.55.090704.151541
4711:10-dimensional supergravity theories
1536:Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model
85:make it understandable to non-experts
9234:
8091:Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity
6938:Bogomol'nyiâPrasadâSommerfield bound
5612:
5171:
5046:
937:= 4 supersymmetric YangâMills theory
351:6D (2,0) superconformal field theory
114:
59:
18:
8412:
4707:11-dimensional maximal supergravity
2154:. The local Lorentz symmetry has a
356:Noncommutative quantum field theory
218:particle detector data depicting a
13:
8861:
7843:GibbonsâHawkingâYork boundary term
5811:Freedman, D. Z., Van Proeyen, A.,
5791:
5267:Volkov, D.V.; Soroka, V.A (1973).
5197:; Langacker, P.; Shiu, G. (2005).
4608:
4432:
4424:
2906:
2349:. The supervierbein is denoted by
868:Geometric Langlands correspondence
134:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
9317:
9306:Physics beyond the Standard Model
8820:Template:Quantum mechanics topics
7958:Modified Newtonian dynamics, MOND
7874:Classical theories of gravitation
6547:
5958:
5910:
2134:
2041:to compactify on, many more than
2033:The second superstring revolution
2007:{\displaystyle E_{8}\times E_{8}}
34:This article has multiple issues.
9273:
9261:
9233:
9222:
9221:
8966:
8815:
8814:
8536:Topological quantum field theory
5984:Supersymmetric quantum mechanics
5916:
5564:East European Journal of Physics
4737:Maximal 9d supergravity from 10d
4694:The number of supercharges in a
4649:= 8 supergravity in 4 dimensions
2977:is a superfield which satisfies
2475:{\displaystyle E_{\hat {M}}^{N}}
2381:{\displaystyle e_{N}^{\hat {M}}}
2212:{\displaystyle {\dot {\alpha }}}
1932:. This is still a problem today.
1526:that combines the principles of
386:Mathematical universe hypothesis
119:
64:
23:
8521:Jackiw–Teitelboim gravity
7780:History of gravitational theory
7135:Eleven-dimensional supergravity
5797:Dall'Agata, G., Zagermann, M.,
5513:The European Physical Journal H
5255:
5165:
5130:
5114:
4686:Higher-dimensional supergravity
4375:is always a chiral superfield.
2241:{\displaystyle {\dot {\beta }}}
1725:Eleven-dimensional supergravity
1606:
42:or discuss these issues on the
9149:Causal dynamical triangulation
8726:Causal dynamical triangulation
8594:Black hole information paradox
8086:Causal dynamical triangulation
7775:Poisson's equation for gravity
5897:Supersymmetry and Supergravity
5079:
5040:
5008:Deser, S.; Zumino, B. (1976).
4983:
4857:
4703:12-dimensional two-time theory
4616:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}}
4547:
4541:
4522:
4510:
4501:
4464:
4336:
4246:
4194:
4142:
4091:
4056:
4021:
3993:
3965:
3931:
3906:{\displaystyle \left|e\right|}
3825:
3812:
3800:
3758:
3745:
3728:
3692:
3679:
3660:
3633:
3620:
3601:
3559:
3546:
3527:
3478:
3465:
3453:
3411:
3393:
3376:
3327:
3310:
3276:
3252:
3207:
3176:
3156:
3137:
3104:
3070:
3008:
2937:
2931:
2888:
2865:
2824:
2799:
2784:
2758:
2618:
2593:
2579:
2543:
2517:
2510:
2460:
2418:
2406:
2371:
2336:
2309:
2276:
2261:
1804:engineer gauge symmetries too.
591:Causal dynamical triangulation
1:
8988:Spontaneous symmetry breaking
8692:Wheeler–DeWitt equation
6583:Second superstring revolution
5825:Lauria, E., Van Proeyen, A.,
5640:Perspectives on Supersymmetry
5260:
4815:
4623:is the chiral volume factor.
2961:covariant exterior derivative
2657:{\displaystyle \mu ^{*}=\mu }
2388:, and the spin connection by
2066:second superstring revolution
1905:Until recently, the physical
1848:Freund-Rubin compactification
278:Cosmological constant problem
8614:Cosmic censorship hypothesis
8433:BatalinâVilkovisky formalism
7077:Generalized complex manifold
6578:First superstring revolution
5855:Introduction to Supergravity
5583:10.26565/2312-4334-2019-3-10
5497:10.1016/0370-2693(84)91565-x
5435:10.1016/0370-2693(80)90590-0
5406:10.1016/0370-2693(78)90894-8
5348:10.1016/0370-2693(75)90297-x
5159:10.1016/0370-2693(80)90590-0
5108:10.1016/0550-3213(81)90021-3
5073:10.1016/0550-3213(78)90218-3
5034:10.1016/0370-2693(76)90089-7
4907:10.1016/0370-2693(75)90297-x
4851:10.1016/0370-1573(81)90157-5
3292:
3189:
3086:
3052:
2990:
2819:
2772:
2613:
2531:
2443:supervierbein is denoted by
2105:first superstring revolution
2025:. Today we know that, using
1952:first superstring revolution
1557:
311:Cosmic censorship hypothesis
7:
7948:Infinite derivative gravity
5979:Supersymmetric gauge theory
4753:
2966:The presence or absence of
1574:3/2 and its quantum is the
10:
9322:
8710:Hartle–Hawking state
8609:Bousso's holographic bound
8589:Black hole complementarity
8136:Unified-field-theoric and
6675:Non-critical string theory
6278:Pure 4D N = 1 supergravity
5662:10.1142/9789812839657_0001
5621:Cambridge University Press
5591:
5543:10.1140/epjh/e2018-90005-3
5464:10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.970
4683:
2142:
1722:
1711:
1649:supergravity theories via
1581:
9217:
9176:
9154:Canonical quantum gravity
9124:
9091:
9060:
9017:
9006:
8975:
8964:
8869:
8806:
8773:
8718:
8702:Euclidean quantum gravity
8700:
8679:Canonical quantum gravity
8677:
8644:
8637:
8629:Gravitational singularity
8599:Black-hole thermodynamics
8579:
8544:
8501:
8483:RyuâTakayanagi conjecture
8420:
8359:
8291:
8279:JackiwâTeitelboim gravity
8249:
8135:
8114:
8058:Canonical quantum gravity
8053:Euclidean quantum gravity
8045:
7892:
7866:
7855:
7788:
7757:
7750:
7219:
7196:
7173:
7120:
7005:
6913:
6855:
6787:
6736:
6703:
6598:
6555:
6409:
6326:
6268:
6212:
6186:
6178:Electricâmagnetic duality
6075:
6012:
5966:
5010:"Consistent Supergravity"
4743:N = 1 Gauged supergravity
4734:9d supergravity theories
1954:, was a demonstration by
1786:heterotic string theories
1672:
606:Canonical quantum gravity
431:Black hole thermodynamics
416:Doubly special relativity
199:Beyond the Standard Model
9159:Superfluid vacuum theory
8756:Superfluid vacuum theory
8511:2+1D topological gravity
8155:Superfluid vacuum theory
7979:Nonsymmetric gravitation
7828:Post-Newtonian formalism
7211:Introduction to M-theory
6905:WessâZuminoâWitten model
6847:HananyâWitten transition
6573:History of string theory
6199:HaagâĆopuszaĆskiâSohnius
6173:Little hierarchy problem
5377:10.1103/physrevd.13.3214
4977:10.1103/physrevd.13.3214
4680:Higher-dimensional SUGRA
2294:van der Waerden notation
2158:associated with it, the
2124:effective field theories
2114:Relation to superstrings
1919:conformal field theories
1874:The end of the SUGRA era
793:Non-perturbative results
616:Superfluid vacuum theory
466:Gauge gravitation theory
8941:Quantum electrodynamics
8931:Electroweak interaction
8746:Noncommutative geometry
8493:WeinbergâWitten theorem
8488:Trans-Planckian problem
8320:Mechanical explanations
8189:Heterotic string theory
8145:Noncommutative geometry
8064:WheelerâDeWitt equation
7790:General relativity (GR)
7770:Gauss's law for gravity
7744:Theories of gravitation
6890:Vertex operator algebra
6590:String theory landscape
6255:6D (2,0) superconformal
5730:Fortschritte der Physik
5444:Physical Review Letters
4670:A Brief History of Time
3231:Unlike nonSUSY GR, the
1968:gravitational anomalies
1860:Peter van Nieuwenhuizen
1626:Peter van Nieuwenhuizen
1599:in 1975 and was called
1522:for short) is a modern
149:more precise citations.
8919:Quantum chromodynamics
8428:AdS/CFT correspondence
8161:Logarithmic BEC vacuum
8106:Rainbow gravity theory
7984:Scalarâtensor theories
7758:Newtonian gravity (NG)
7188:AdS/CFT correspondence
6943:Exceptional Lie groups
6885:Superconformal algebra
6857:Conformal field theory
6728:MontonenâOlive duality
6680:Non-linear sigma model
6235:N = 4 super YangâMills
6225:N = 1 super YangâMills
6133:Supersymmetry breaking
6037:Superconformal algebra
6032:Super-Poincaré algebra
5921:Quotations related to
5895:Wess, P., Bagger, J.,
4799:Super-Poincaré algebra
4617:
4574:
4369:
4301:
4216:
4164:
4109:
3907:
3885:of the supervierbein,
3872:
3842:
3775:
3703:
3576:
3495:
3428:
3344:
3224:for some coefficients
3218:
3028:
2949:
2831:
2742:
2700:
2658:
2625:
2476:
2433:
2382:
2343:
2286:
2242:
2213:
2008:
1719:11D: the maximal SUGRA
1552:super-Poincaré algebra
1538:. Supergravity is the
909:Conformal field theory
826:AdS/CFT correspondence
596:Causal fermion systems
586:Loop quantum cosmology
531:Large extra dimensions
521:Supersymmetry breaking
426:Causal fermion systems
9035:Cosmological constant
8654:Bosonic string theory
8566:Semiclassical gravity
8463:Holographic principle
8453:Gravitational anomaly
8238:Twistor string theory
8217:Type II string theory
8210:Bosonic string theory
8150:Semiclassical gravity
8115:Unified-field-theoric
7900:Poincaré gauge theory
7183:Holographic principle
7150:Type IIB supergravity
7145:Type IIA supergravity
6997:-form electrodynamics
6616:Bosonic string theory
6313:Type IIB supergravity
6308:Type IIA supergravity
6283:4D N = 1 supergravity
6148:SeibergâWitten theory
6062:Super Minkowski space
6042:Supersymmetry algebra
5869:A Supergravity Primer
5047:Nahm, Werner (1978).
4721:Type IIB supergravity
4715:Type IIA supergravity
4632:cosmological constant
4618:
4575:
4370:
4302:
4217:
4165:
4110:
3908:
3873:
3843:
3776:
3704:
3577:
3496:
3429:
3345:
3219:
3029:
2950:
2832:
2743:
2701:
2659:
2626:
2477:
2434:
2383:
2344:
2287:
2243:
2214:
2145:4D N = 1 supergravity
2101:long wavelength limit
2009:
1926:cosmological constant
1790:type II string theory
1659:KaluzaâKlein theories
1651:dimensional reduction
952:Holographic principle
929:Twistor string theory
611:Semiclassical gravity
406:Twistor string theory
396:RandallâSundrum model
213:Large Hadron Collider
9144:Loop quantum gravity
9083:Theory of everything
9078:Grand Unified Theory
9052:Neutrino oscillation
8899:Quantum field theory
8687:Loop quantum gravity
8546:Quantum field theory
8305:Aristotelian physics
8274:GaussâBonnet gravity
8224:Little string theory
8203:Type 0 string theory
8196:Type I string theory
8071:Loop quantum gravity
7998:Scalarâtensorâvector
7971:Tensorâvectorâscalar
7926:Gauge theory gravity
7884:Theory of everything
7102:HoĆavaâWitten theory
7049:HyperkÀhler manifold
6737:Particles and fields
6685:Tachyon condensation
6670:Matrix string theory
6098:Short supermultiplet
5857:, Springer, (2014).
5829:, Springer, (2020).
5801:, Springer, (2021).
5737:(10â11): 1126â1172.
4766:Grand Unified Theory
4674:Theory of Everything
4603:
4389:
4321:
4226:
4174:
4122:
3917:
3889:
3855:
3786:
3714:
3587:
3506:
3439:
3357:
3239:
3038:
2981:
2973:A chiral superfield
2852:
2843:covariant derivative
2752:
2710:
2668:
2635:
2492:
2447:
2392:
2353:
2300:
2252:
2223:
2194:
2087:Armed with this new
1978:
1844:anti-de Sitter space
1798:CalabiâYau manifolds
1745:gives this emphasis.
1731:theory of everything
904:Theory of everything
576:Loop quantum gravity
471:Gauge theory gravity
336:Grand Unified Theory
331:Unified field theory
326:Theory of everything
288:Neutrino oscillation
9296:Theories of gravity
9111:Split supersymmetry
9073:KaluzaâKlein theory
8946:Fermi's interaction
8556:BunchâDavies vacuum
8548:in curved spacetime
8448:FaddeevâPopov ghost
8122:KaluzaâKlein theory
7140:Type I supergravity
7044:CalabiâYau manifold
7039:Ricci-flat manifold
7018:KaluzaâKlein theory
6759:RamondâRamond field
6665:String field theory
6318:Gauged supergravity
6303:Type I supergravity
6260:ABJM superconformal
6057:Harmonic superspace
5753:2002ForPh..50.1126B
5613:Pran, Nath (2017).
5558:Duplij, S. (2019).
5535:2018EPJH...43..281D
5489:1984PhLB..149..117G
5456:1982PhRvL..49..970C
5427:1980PhLB...97..233F
5398:1978PhLB...76..409C
5369:1976PhRvD..13.3214F
5340:1975PhLB...56..177N
5281:1973JETPL..18..312V
5227:2005ARNPS..55...71B
5151:1980PhLB...97..233F
5100:1981NuPhB.186..412W
5065:1978NuPhB.135..149N
5026:1976PhLB...62..335D
4969:1976PhRvD..13.3214F
4934:1973JETPL..18..312V
4899:1975PhLB...56..177N
4843:1981PhR....68..189V
4727:Type I supergravity
4317:is any superfield,
4296:
4264:
4205:
4153:
3831:
3764:
3698:
3639:
3565:
3484:
3417:
3182:
2899:
2592:
2516:
2471:
2377:
2051:perturbation theory
1766:strong interactions
1601:gauge supersymmetry
1587:Gauge supersymmetry
1516:supergravity theory
1508:theoretical physics
942:KaluzaâKlein theory
878:Monstrous moonshine
759:Perturbative theory
728:Fundamental objects
346:KaluzaâKlein theory
9139:Superstring theory
8909:Strong interaction
8741:Group field theory
8669:Superstring theory
8624:Firewall (physics)
8367:Gravitational wave
8250:Generalisations /
8138:quantum-mechanical
8046:Quantum-mechanical
7859:general relativity
7833:Linearized gravity
7107:K-theory (physics)
6984:ADE classification
6621:Superstring theory
6293:Higher dimensional
6288:N = 8 supergravity
6204:Nonrenormalization
5999:Super vector space
5994:Superstring theory
5504:Deser, S. (2018).
5289:10.1007/BFb0105271
5127:(1978) pp 409-412,
4942:10.1007/BFb0105271
4761:General relativity
4613:
4570:
4365:
4297:
4268:
4229:
4212:
4177:
4160:
4125:
4105:
3903:
3868:
3866:
3838:
3789:
3771:
3744:
3717:
3699:
3649:
3590:
3572:
3509:
3491:
3442:
3424:
3410:
3392:
3375:
3360:
3340:
3214:
3119:
3024:
2945:
2878:
2827:
2738:
2696:
2654:
2621:
2555:
2495:
2472:
2450:
2429:
2378:
2356:
2339:
2296:for more details.
2282:
2238:
2209:
2004:
1921:in the late 1980s.
1868:Daniel Z. Freedman
1788:, and obtained in
1647:higher-dimensional
1532:general relativity
506:Superstring theory
436:Unparticle physics
376:Superstring theory
306:BransâDicke theory
9249:
9248:
9172:
9171:
9047:Strong CP problem
9025:Hierarchy problem
8829:
8828:
8786:Eternal inflation
8781:Quantum cosmology
8769:
8768:
8561:Hawking radiation
8526:Liouville gravity
8380:
8379:
8351:Theory of impetus
8287:
8286:
8259:Liouville gravity
8003:Conformal gravity
7931:Composite gravity
7921:Bimetric theories
7851:
7850:
7710:
7709:
7492:van Nieuwenhuizen
7028:Why 10 dimensions
6933:ChernâSimons form
6900:KacâMoody algebra
6880:Conformal algebra
6875:Conformal anomaly
6769:Magnetic monopole
6764:KalbâRamond field
6606:NambuâGoto action
6515:
6514:
6158:WessâZumino gauge
5671:978-981-02-3553-6
5646:. pp. 1â98.
5630:978-0-521-19702-1
5477:Physics Letters B
5415:Physics Letters B
5386:Physics Letters B
5363:(12): 3214â3218.
5357:Physical Review D
5328:Physics Letters B
5298:978-3-540-64623-5
5193:Blumenhagen, R.;
5139:Physics Letters B
5088:Nuclear Physics B
5053:Nuclear Physics B
5014:Physics Letters B
4963:(12): 3214â3218.
4957:Physical Review D
4887:Physics Letters B
4784:Quantum mechanics
4513:
4467:
4450:
4339:
4293:
4281:
4261:
4249:
4244:
4197:
4192:
4145:
4140:
4094:
4089:
4059:
4054:
4024:
3996:
3968:
3934:
3859:
3828:
3815:
3803:
3761:
3748:
3737:
3731:
3695:
3682:
3677:
3663:
3636:
3623:
3618:
3604:
3562:
3549:
3544:
3530:
3525:
3481:
3468:
3456:
3414:
3403:
3396:
3385:
3379:
3368:
3330:
3313:
3308:
3295:
3279:
3274:
3255:
3210:
3205:
3192:
3179:
3174:
3159:
3154:
3140:
3135:
3107:
3102:
3089:
3073:
3068:
3055:
3011:
3006:
2993:
2891:
2868:
2822:
2775:
2723:
2693:
2616:
2582:
2534:
2513:
2463:
2421:
2409:
2374:
2333:
2279:
2264:
2235:
2206:
2070:Joseph Polchinski
2018:of two copies of
1570:. This field has
1504:
1503:
1235:van Nieuwenhuizen
707:
706:
581:Quantum cosmology
361:Quantum cosmology
283:Strong CP problem
243:Hierarchy problem
193:
192:
185:
175:
174:
167:
113:
112:
105:
57:
9313:
9278:
9277:
9266:
9265:
9257:
9237:
9236:
9225:
9224:
9015:
9014:
8970:
8969:
8951:Weak hypercharge
8936:Weak interaction
8877:Particle physics
8856:
8849:
8842:
8833:
8832:
8818:
8817:
8642:
8641:
8604:Bekenstein bound
8421:Central concepts
8407:
8400:
8393:
8384:
8383:
8335:
8333:Entropic gravity
8328:
8252:extensions of GR
8240:
8226:
8219:
8212:
8205:
8198:
8191:
8184:
8177:
8163:
8080:
8073:
8066:
8027:Geometrodynamics
8016:
7992:
7973:
7966:
7915:
7908:
7864:
7863:
7755:
7754:
7737:
7730:
7723:
7714:
7713:
7220:String theorists
7160:Lie superalgebra
7112:Twisted K-theory
7070:Spin(7)-manifold
7023:Compactification
6865:Virasoro algebra
6648:Heterotic string
6542:
6535:
6528:
6519:
6518:
6298:11D supergravity
6027:Lie superalgebra
6014:Supermathematics
5953:
5946:
5939:
5930:
5929:
5920:
5787:
5785:
5772:
5746:
5723:
5721:
5708:
5695:World Scientific
5683:
5655:
5644:World Scientific
5634:
5609:
5607:
5587:
5585:
5575:
5554:
5528:
5510:
5500:
5483:(1â3): 117â122.
5467:
5438:
5409:
5380:
5351:
5322:
5316:
5312:
5310:
5302:
5249:
5248:
5238:
5220:
5190:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5169:
5163:
5162:
5134:
5128:
5118:
5112:
5111:
5083:
5077:
5076:
5044:
5038:
5037:
5005:
4999:
4998:
4987:
4981:
4980:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4917:
4911:
4910:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4861:
4855:
4854:
4826:
4779:= 8 supergravity
4657:= 8 supergravity
4622:
4620:
4619:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4589:KĂ€hler potential
4579:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4554:
4550:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4515:
4514:
4506:
4489:
4485:
4475:
4474:
4469:
4468:
4460:
4451:
4443:
4436:
4435:
4423:
4422:
4410:
4409:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4357:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4340:
4332:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4274:
4263:
4262:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4237:
4235:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4204:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4185:
4183:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4161:
4152:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4133:
4131:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4082:
4080:
4069:
4068:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4047:
4045:
4034:
4033:
4026:
4025:
4017:
4006:
4005:
3998:
3997:
3989:
3978:
3977:
3970:
3969:
3961:
3944:
3943:
3936:
3935:
3927:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3902:
3883:superdeterminant
3877:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3867:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3830:
3829:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3796:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3763:
3762:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3724:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3656:
3638:
3637:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3597:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3564:
3563:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3518:
3516:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3483:
3482:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3449:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3416:
3415:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3367:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3323:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3267:
3265:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3248:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3128:
3126:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3048:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3007:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2986:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2930:
2929:
2914:
2913:
2898:
2893:
2892:
2884:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2861:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2815:
2792:
2791:
2776:
2768:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2724:
2716:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2647:
2646:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2609:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2583:
2575:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2551:
2550:
2535:
2527:
2515:
2514:
2506:
2503:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2470:
2465:
2464:
2456:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2402:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2367:
2364:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2334:
2326:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2257:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2228:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2199:
2156:gauge connection
2059:string dualities
2013:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1990:
1989:
1956:Michael B. Green
1794:compactification
1708:particle physics
1691:Richard Arnowitt
1663:electromagnetism
1544:Poincaré algebra
1496:
1489:
1482:
898:Related concepts
723:
709:
708:
699:
692:
685:
571:Quantum geometry
526:Extra dimensions
209:
195:
194:
188:
181:
170:
163:
159:
156:
150:
145:this article by
136:inline citations
123:
122:
115:
108:
101:
97:
94:
88:
68:
67:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
9321:
9320:
9316:
9315:
9314:
9312:
9311:
9310:
9286:
9285:
9284:
9272:
9260:
9252:
9250:
9245:
9213:
9168:
9126:Quantum gravity
9120:
9087:
9056:
9009:
9002:
8993:Higgs mechanism
8971:
8967:
8962:
8865:
8860:
8830:
8825:
8824:
8802:
8791:FRW/CFT duality
8765:
8714:
8696:
8673:
8633:
8575:
8547:
8540:
8497:
8416:
8414:Quantum gravity
8411:
8381:
8376:
8355:
8331:
8324:
8295:
8293:
8283:
8264:Lovelock theory
8251:
8245:
8236:
8222:
8215:
8208:
8201:
8194:
8187:
8180:
8173:
8159:
8137:
8131:
8110:
8076:
8069:
8062:
8041:
8032:Induced gravity
8012:
8008:Scalar theories
7988:
7969:
7962:
7953:Massive gravity
7913:Teleparallelism
7911:
7906:EinsteinâCartan
7904:
7888:
7879:Quantum gravity
7858:
7857:Alternatives to
7847:
7813:Exact solutions
7784:
7746:
7741:
7711:
7706:
7215:
7192:
7169:
7116:
7064:
7034:KĂ€hler manifold
7001:
6978:
6971:
6964:
6957:
6950:
6909:
6870:Mirror symmetry
6851:
6837:Brane cosmology
6783:
6732:
6699:
6655:N=2 superstring
6641:Type IIB string
6636:Type IIA string
6611:Polyakov action
6594:
6551:
6546:
6516:
6511:
6405:
6322:
6264:
6208:
6194:ColemanâMandula
6182:
6143:Seiberg duality
6138:Konishi anomaly
6071:
6008:
5962:
5957:
5913:
5794:
5792:Further reading
5705:
5672:
5631:
5594:
5508:
5450:(14): 970â974.
5314:
5313:
5304:
5303:
5299:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5252:
5191:
5187:
5170:
5166:
5135:
5131:
5122:Physics Letters
5119:
5115:
5084:
5080:
5045:
5041:
5006:
5002:
4989:
4988:
4984:
4953:
4949:
4928:(11): 438â440.
4918:
4914:
4883:
4879:
4862:
4858:
4831:Physics Reports
4827:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4756:
4688:
4682:
4666:Stephen Hawking
4651:
4628:Planck constant
4607:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4525:
4505:
4504:
4494:
4490:
4470:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4452:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4418:
4414:
4405:
4401:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4342:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4285:
4284:
4273:
4272:
4253:
4252:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4200:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4148:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4038:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4010:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3820:
3819:
3807:
3806:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3753:
3752:
3735:
3734:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3687:
3686:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3628:
3627:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3554:
3553:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3473:
3472:
3460:
3459:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3401:
3400:
3383:
3382:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3287:
3286:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3184:
3183:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3081:
3080:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2925:
2921:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2883:
2882:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2814:
2787:
2783:
2767:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2726:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2685:
2684:
2675:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2642:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2608:
2585:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2546:
2542:
2526:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2466:
2455:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2413:
2412:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2325:
2324:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2271:
2270:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2180:Majorana spinor
2160:spin connection
2147:
2141:
2116:
2089:nonperturbative
2035:
2023:
1998:
1994:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1960:John H. Schwarz
1937:gauge anomalies
1876:
1825:Hermann Nicolai
1727:
1721:
1716:
1703:Renormalization
1687:Ali Chamseddine
1685:carried out by
1683:Higgs mechanism
1675:
1609:
1589:
1584:
1560:
1500:
1455:
1454:
965:
957:
956:
914:Quantum gravity
899:
873:Mirror symmetry
703:
674:
673:
629:
621:
620:
546:
544:Quantum gravity
536:
535:
491:
481:
480:
461:Massive gravity
366:Brane cosmology
301:
293:
292:
238:
223:
189:
178:
177:
176:
171:
160:
154:
151:
141:Please help to
140:
124:
120:
109:
98:
92:
89:
81:help improve it
78:
69:
65:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9319:
9309:
9308:
9303:
9298:
9283:
9282:
9270:
9247:
9246:
9244:
9243:
9231:
9218:
9215:
9214:
9212:
9211:
9206:
9201:
9196:
9191:
9186:
9180:
9178:
9174:
9173:
9170:
9169:
9167:
9166:
9164:Twistor theory
9161:
9156:
9151:
9146:
9141:
9136:
9130:
9128:
9122:
9121:
9119:
9118:
9113:
9108:
9103:
9097:
9095:
9089:
9088:
9086:
9085:
9080:
9075:
9070:
9064:
9062:
9058:
9057:
9055:
9054:
9049:
9044:
9043:
9042:
9032:
9027:
9021:
9019:
9012:
9010:Standard Model
9004:
9003:
9001:
9000:
8995:
8990:
8985:
8979:
8977:
8973:
8972:
8965:
8963:
8961:
8960:
8959:
8958:
8953:
8948:
8943:
8938:
8928:
8927:
8926:
8921:
8916:
8906:
8901:
8896:
8895:
8894:
8889:
8884:
8873:
8871:
8867:
8866:
8863:Standard Model
8859:
8858:
8851:
8844:
8836:
8827:
8826:
8823:
8822:
8808:
8807:
8804:
8803:
8801:
8800:
8799:
8798:
8793:
8788:
8777:
8775:
8771:
8770:
8767:
8766:
8764:
8763:
8761:Twistor theory
8758:
8753:
8748:
8743:
8738:
8733:
8728:
8722:
8720:
8716:
8715:
8713:
8712:
8706:
8704:
8698:
8697:
8695:
8694:
8689:
8683:
8681:
8675:
8674:
8672:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8650:
8648:
8639:
8635:
8634:
8632:
8631:
8626:
8621:
8616:
8611:
8606:
8601:
8596:
8591:
8585:
8583:
8577:
8576:
8574:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8558:
8552:
8550:
8542:
8541:
8539:
8538:
8533:
8528:
8523:
8518:
8513:
8507:
8505:
8499:
8498:
8496:
8495:
8490:
8485:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8465:
8460:
8455:
8450:
8445:
8440:
8435:
8430:
8424:
8422:
8418:
8417:
8410:
8409:
8402:
8395:
8387:
8378:
8377:
8375:
8374:
8369:
8363:
8361:
8360:Related topics
8357:
8356:
8354:
8353:
8348:
8343:
8338:
8337:
8336:
8329:
8317:
8312:
8307:
8301:
8299:
8289:
8288:
8285:
8284:
8282:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8266:
8261:
8255:
8253:
8247:
8246:
8244:
8243:
8242:
8241:
8232:Twistor theory
8229:
8228:
8227:
8220:
8213:
8206:
8199:
8192:
8185:
8178:
8166:
8165:
8164:
8152:
8147:
8141:
8139:
8133:
8132:
8130:
8129:
8124:
8118:
8116:
8112:
8111:
8109:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8082:
8081:
8074:
8067:
8055:
8049:
8047:
8043:
8042:
8040:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8019:
8018:
8017:
8005:
8000:
7995:
7994:
7993:
7981:
7976:
7975:
7974:
7967:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7917:
7916:
7909:
7896:
7894:
7890:
7889:
7887:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7870:
7868:
7861:
7853:
7852:
7849:
7848:
7846:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7794:
7792:
7786:
7785:
7783:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7761:
7759:
7752:
7748:
7747:
7740:
7739:
7732:
7725:
7717:
7708:
7707:
7705:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7542:Randjbar-Daemi
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7223:
7221:
7217:
7216:
7214:
7213:
7208:
7202:
7200:
7194:
7193:
7191:
7190:
7185:
7179:
7177:
7171:
7170:
7168:
7167:
7165:Lie supergroup
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7126:
7124:
7118:
7117:
7115:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7073:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7058:
7057:
7056:
7046:
7036:
7031:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7009:
7007:
7003:
7002:
7000:
6999:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6969:
6962:
6955:
6948:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6919:
6917:
6911:
6910:
6908:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6861:
6859:
6853:
6852:
6850:
6849:
6844:
6842:Quiver diagram
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6793:
6791:
6785:
6784:
6782:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6740:
6738:
6734:
6733:
6731:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6709:
6707:
6705:String duality
6701:
6700:
6698:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6651:
6650:
6645:
6644:
6643:
6638:
6631:Type II string
6628:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6602:
6600:
6596:
6595:
6593:
6592:
6587:
6586:
6585:
6580:
6570:
6568:Cosmic strings
6565:
6559:
6557:
6553:
6552:
6545:
6544:
6537:
6530:
6522:
6513:
6512:
6510:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6413:
6411:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6332:
6330:
6324:
6323:
6321:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6274:
6272:
6266:
6265:
6263:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6216:
6214:
6213:Field theories
6210:
6209:
6207:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6190:
6188:
6184:
6183:
6181:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6108:Superpotential
6105:
6100:
6095:
6093:Supermultiplet
6090:
6085:
6079:
6077:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6018:
6016:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5970:
5968:
5967:General topics
5964:
5963:
5956:
5955:
5948:
5941:
5933:
5927:
5926:
5912:
5911:External links
5909:
5908:
5907:
5905:978-0691025308
5893:
5891:978-9810200985
5879:
5877:978-9811210518
5865:
5863:978-4431548270
5851:
5849:978-0521197021
5837:
5835:978-3030337551
5823:
5821:978-0521194013
5809:
5807:978-3662639788
5793:
5790:
5789:
5788:
5773:
5744:hep-th/0204035
5724:
5719:hep-th/0101055
5709:
5703:
5684:
5670:
5653:hep-ph/9709356
5635:
5629:
5610:
5605:hep-th/0212245
5593:
5590:
5589:
5588:
5555:
5519:(3): 281â291.
5501:
5468:
5439:
5421:(2): 233â235.
5410:
5392:(4): 409â412.
5381:
5352:
5323:
5315:|journal=
5297:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5218:hep-th/0502005
5185:
5179:hep-th/9805177
5164:
5145:(2): 233â235.
5129:
5113:
5094:(3): 412â428.
5078:
5059:(1): 149â166.
5039:
5020:(3): 335â337.
5000:
4982:
4947:
4912:
4877:
4856:
4837:(4): 189â398.
4820:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4741:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4730:
4724:
4718:
4709:
4704:
4684:Main article:
4681:
4678:
4650:
4644:
4640:Einstein frame
4610:
4597:superpotential
4581:
4580:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4537:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4512:
4509:
4503:
4500:
4497:
4493:
4488:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4473:
4466:
4463:
4455:
4449:
4446:
4440:
4434:
4429:
4426:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4397:
4394:
4382:, is given by
4364:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4345:
4338:
4335:
4327:
4292:
4289:
4280:
4277:
4271:
4267:
4260:
4257:
4248:
4243:
4240:
4232:
4211:
4208:
4203:
4196:
4191:
4188:
4180:
4159:
4156:
4151:
4144:
4139:
4136:
4128:
4102:
4099:
4093:
4088:
4085:
4076:
4072:
4067:
4064:
4058:
4053:
4050:
4041:
4037:
4032:
4029:
4023:
4020:
4013:
4009:
4004:
4001:
3995:
3992:
3985:
3981:
3976:
3973:
3967:
3964:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3942:
3939:
3933:
3930:
3923:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3865:
3862:
3849:
3848:
3837:
3834:
3827:
3824:
3814:
3811:
3802:
3799:
3792:
3781:
3770:
3767:
3760:
3757:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3730:
3727:
3720:
3709:
3694:
3691:
3681:
3676:
3673:
3662:
3659:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3635:
3632:
3622:
3617:
3614:
3603:
3600:
3593:
3582:
3571:
3568:
3561:
3558:
3548:
3543:
3540:
3529:
3524:
3521:
3512:
3501:
3490:
3487:
3480:
3477:
3467:
3464:
3455:
3452:
3445:
3434:
3423:
3420:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3363:
3339:
3336:
3329:
3326:
3320:
3312:
3307:
3304:
3294:
3291:
3285:
3278:
3273:
3270:
3262:
3254:
3251:
3245:
3209:
3204:
3201:
3191:
3188:
3178:
3173:
3170:
3158:
3153:
3150:
3139:
3134:
3131:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3106:
3101:
3098:
3088:
3085:
3079:
3072:
3067:
3064:
3054:
3051:
3044:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3010:
3005:
3002:
2992:
2989:
2957:
2956:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2903:
2897:
2890:
2887:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2867:
2864:
2858:
2845:is defined as
2839:
2838:
2826:
2821:
2818:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2774:
2771:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2737:
2734:
2729:
2722:
2719:
2692:
2689:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2653:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2620:
2615:
2612:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2578:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2533:
2530:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2512:
2509:
2502:
2498:
2469:
2462:
2459:
2453:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2408:
2405:
2398:
2373:
2370:
2363:
2359:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2278:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2234:
2231:
2205:
2202:
2143:Main article:
2140:
2133:
2115:
2112:
2034:
2031:
2021:
2016:direct product
2001:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1941:
1940:
1933:
1922:
1903:
1875:
1872:
1864:Sergio Ferrara
1852:
1851:
1830:
1829:
1821:Bernard de Wit
1809:EugĂšne Cremmer
1805:
1758:Standard Model
1746:
1723:Main article:
1720:
1717:
1674:
1671:
1622:Sergio Ferrara
1608:
1605:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1559:
1556:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1491:
1484:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1285:Randjbar-Daemi
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
966:
963:
962:
959:
958:
955:
954:
949:
944:
939:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
900:
897:
896:
893:
892:
891:
890:
885:
883:Vertex algebra
880:
875:
870:
862:
861:
857:
856:
855:
854:
849:
844:
836:
835:
831:
830:
829:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
795:
794:
790:
789:
788:
787:
769:
761:
760:
756:
755:
754:
753:
748:
743:
738:
730:
729:
725:
724:
716:
715:
705:
704:
702:
701:
694:
687:
679:
676:
675:
672:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
630:
627:
626:
623:
622:
619:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
547:
542:
541:
538:
537:
534:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
492:
487:
486:
483:
482:
479:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
302:
299:
298:
295:
294:
291:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
268:Dark radiation
265:
263:Phantom energy
260:
255:
250:
245:
239:
236:
235:
232:
231:
229:Standard Model
225:
224:
210:
202:
201:
191:
190:
173:
172:
127:
125:
118:
111:
110:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9318:
9307:
9304:
9302:
9301:Supersymmetry
9299:
9297:
9294:
9293:
9291:
9281:
9276:
9271:
9269:
9264:
9259:
9258:
9255:
9242:
9241:
9232:
9230:
9229:
9220:
9219:
9216:
9210:
9207:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9185:
9182:
9181:
9179:
9175:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9157:
9155:
9152:
9150:
9147:
9145:
9142:
9140:
9137:
9135:
9134:String theory
9132:
9131:
9129:
9127:
9123:
9117:
9114:
9112:
9109:
9107:
9104:
9102:
9099:
9098:
9096:
9094:
9093:Supersymmetry
9090:
9084:
9081:
9079:
9076:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9065:
9063:
9059:
9053:
9050:
9048:
9045:
9041:
9038:
9037:
9036:
9033:
9031:
9028:
9026:
9023:
9022:
9020:
9016:
9013:
9011:
9005:
8999:
8996:
8994:
8991:
8989:
8986:
8984:
8981:
8980:
8978:
8974:
8957:
8954:
8952:
8949:
8947:
8944:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8934:
8933:
8932:
8929:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8915:
8912:
8911:
8910:
8907:
8905:
8902:
8900:
8897:
8893:
8890:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8879:
8878:
8875:
8874:
8872:
8868:
8864:
8857:
8852:
8850:
8845:
8843:
8838:
8837:
8834:
8821:
8813:
8810:
8809:
8805:
8797:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8787:
8784:
8783:
8782:
8779:
8778:
8776:
8772:
8762:
8759:
8757:
8754:
8752:
8749:
8747:
8744:
8742:
8739:
8737:
8736:Dual graviton
8734:
8732:
8729:
8727:
8724:
8723:
8721:
8717:
8711:
8708:
8707:
8705:
8703:
8699:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8684:
8682:
8680:
8676:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8651:
8649:
8647:
8646:String theory
8643:
8640:
8636:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8600:
8597:
8595:
8592:
8590:
8587:
8586:
8584:
8582:
8578:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8554:
8553:
8551:
8549:
8543:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8529:
8527:
8524:
8522:
8519:
8517:
8514:
8512:
8509:
8508:
8506:
8504:
8500:
8494:
8491:
8489:
8486:
8484:
8481:
8479:
8476:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8464:
8461:
8459:
8456:
8454:
8451:
8449:
8446:
8444:
8441:
8439:
8436:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8426:
8425:
8423:
8419:
8415:
8408:
8403:
8401:
8396:
8394:
8389:
8388:
8385:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8364:
8362:
8358:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8334:
8330:
8327:
8326:FatioâLe Sage
8323:
8322:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8302:
8300:
8298:
8292:Pre-Newtonian
8290:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8262:
8260:
8257:
8256:
8254:
8248:
8239:
8235:
8234:
8233:
8230:
8225:
8221:
8218:
8214:
8211:
8207:
8204:
8200:
8197:
8193:
8190:
8186:
8183:
8179:
8176:
8172:
8171:
8170:
8169:String theory
8167:
8162:
8158:
8157:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8142:
8140:
8134:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8119:
8117:
8113:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8079:
8075:
8072:
8068:
8065:
8061:
8060:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8050:
8048:
8044:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8015:
8011:
8010:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7991:
7987:
7986:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7972:
7968:
7965:
7961:
7960:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7942:
7938:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7914:
7910:
7907:
7903:
7902:
7901:
7898:
7897:
7895:
7891:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7871:
7869:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7854:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7838:ADM formalism
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7795:
7793:
7791:
7787:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7762:
7760:
7756:
7753:
7749:
7745:
7738:
7733:
7731:
7726:
7724:
7719:
7718:
7715:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7687:Zamolodchikov
7685:
7683:
7682:Zamolodchikov
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7224:
7222:
7218:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7206:Matrix theory
7204:
7203:
7201:
7199:
7195:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7180:
7178:
7176:
7172:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7127:
7125:
7123:
7122:Supersymmetry
7119:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7059:
7055:
7052:
7051:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7041:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7010:
7008:
7004:
6998:
6996:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6979:
6972:
6965:
6958:
6951:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6920:
6918:
6916:
6912:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6862:
6860:
6858:
6854:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6794:
6792:
6790:
6786:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6774:Dual graviton
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6741:
6739:
6735:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6710:
6708:
6706:
6702:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6690:RNS formalism
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6649:
6646:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6633:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6626:Type I string
6624:
6623:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6603:
6601:
6597:
6591:
6588:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6575:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6560:
6558:
6554:
6550:
6549:String theory
6543:
6538:
6536:
6531:
6529:
6524:
6523:
6520:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6414:
6412:
6408:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6333:
6331:
6329:
6328:Superpartners
6325:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6275:
6273:
6271:
6267:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6211:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6191:
6189:
6185:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6080:
6078:
6074:
6068:
6067:Supermanifold
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6015:
6011:
6005:
6004:Supergeometry
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5974:Supersymmetry
5972:
5971:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5960:Supersymmetry
5954:
5949:
5947:
5942:
5940:
5935:
5934:
5931:
5924:
5919:
5915:
5914:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5795:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5731:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5706:
5704:9-810-23739-1
5700:
5696:
5692:
5691:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5636:
5632:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5617:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5595:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5507:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5324:
5320:
5308:
5300:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5265:
5264:
5246:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5211:(1): 71â139.
5210:
5206:
5205:
5200:
5196:
5189:
5180:
5175:
5168:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5133:
5126:
5123:
5117:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5082:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5043:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5004:
4996:
4992:
4986:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
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2171:
2168:
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2157:
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2146:
2138:
2132:
2130:
2129:UV completion
2125:
2121:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2093:Edward Witten
2090:
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2017:
1999:
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1813:Bernard Julia
1810:
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1699:hidden sector
1696:
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1602:
1598:
1594:
1593:Dick Arnowitt
1579:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1553:
1550:, called the
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1528:supersymmetry
1525:
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1435:Zamolodchikov
1433:
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1430:Zamolodchikov
1428:
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986:
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950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
936:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
919:Supersymmetry
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
901:
895:
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869:
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863:
859:
858:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
842:Phenomenology
840:
839:
838:
837:
834:Phenomenology
833:
832:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
798:
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792:
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781:
777:
773:
770:
768:
765:
764:
763:
762:
758:
757:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
741:Cosmic string
739:
737:
734:
733:
732:
731:
727:
726:
722:
718:
717:
714:
713:String theory
711:
710:
700:
695:
693:
688:
686:
681:
680:
678:
677:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
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617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
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594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
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574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
556:String theory
554:
552:
549:
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545:
540:
539:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
493:
490:
489:Supersymmetry
485:
484:
477:
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467:
464:
462:
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457:
454:
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449:
447:
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402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
391:Mirror matter
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
371:String theory
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
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349:
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344:
342:
339:
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334:
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221:
217:
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200:
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196:
187:
184:
169:
166:
158:
155:December 2009
148:
144:
138:
137:
131:
126:
117:
116:
107:
104:
96:
86:
82:
76:
73:This article
71:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
9238:
9226:
9116:Supergravity
9115:
8976:Constituents
8956:Weak isospin
8914:Color charge
8904:Gauge theory
8811:
8774:Applications
8664:Supergravity
8663:
8571:Unruh effect
8478:Quantum foam
8473:Planck units
8468:IR/UV mixing
8443:Causal patch
8294:theories and
8127:Supergravity
8126:
7940:
7936:
7798:Introduction
7232:Arkani-Hamed
7130:Supergravity
7129:
7097:Moduli space
6994:
6989:Dirac string
6915:Gauge theory
6895:Loop algebra
6832:Black string
6695:GS formalism
6270:Supergravity
6269:
6163:Localization
6153:Witten index
6128:Moduli space
6022:Superalgebra
5989:Supergravity
5988:
5925:at Wikiquote
5923:Supergravity
5896:
5882:
5868:
5854:
5840:
5826:
5813:Supergravity
5812:
5798:
5734:
5728:
5689:
5639:
5615:
5566:(3): 81â82.
5563:
5516:
5512:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5447:
5443:
5418:
5414:
5389:
5385:
5360:
5356:
5331:
5327:
5272:
5256:Bibliography
5208:
5202:
5188:
5167:
5142:
5138:
5132:
5124:
5121:
5116:
5091:
5087:
5081:
5056:
5052:
5042:
5017:
5013:
5003:
4994:
4985:
4960:
4956:
4950:
4925:
4922:JETP Letters
4921:
4915:
4890:
4886:
4880:
4859:
4834:
4830:
4824:
4776:
4748:
4729:: N = (1, 0)
4723:: N = (2, 0)
4717:: N = (1, 1)
4693:
4689:
4669:
4659:is the most
4654:
4652:
4646:
4639:
4635:
4625:
4592:
4584:
4582:
4379:
4377:
4314:
4310:
4309:
4117:
3880:
3850:
3230:
3225:
2974:
2972:
2968:R symmetries
2965:
2958:
2840:
2484:
2440:
2188:
2175:
2172:
2166:
2164:
2148:
2136:
2117:
2109:
2086:
2063:
2055:
2036:
1949:
1945:superstrings
1942:
1877:
1857:
1853:
1835:Peter Freund
1754:gauge groups
1728:
1678:
1676:
1654:
1618:Dan Freedman
1610:
1607:Supergravity
1600:
1590:
1568:superpartner
1561:
1548:superalgebra
1540:gauge theory
1524:field theory
1519:
1515:
1512:supergravity
1511:
1505:
975:Arkani-Hamed
934:
924:Supergravity
923:
566:Quantum foam
551:False vacuum
516:Supergravity
515:
476:CPT symmetry
258:Quintessence
179:
161:
152:
133:
99:
90:
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
9177:Experiments
9068:Technicolor
9030:Dark matter
8924:Quark model
8892:Higgs boson
8887:Gauge boson
8731:Causal sets
8581:Black holes
8096:Causal sets
7990:BransâDicke
7808:Mathematics
7592:Silverstein
7092:Orientifold
6827:Black holes
6822:Black brane
6779:Dual photon
6410:Researchers
6396:Stop squark
6361:Graviscalar
6356:Graviphoton
6220:WessâZumino
6083:Supercharge
5853:Tanii, Y.,
4809:Supermetric
2184:Weyl spinor
2039:CalabiâYaus
1964:David Gross
1930:fine-tuning
1839:M. A. Rubin
1817:Joël Scherk
1796:on certain
1778:electroweak
1743:Itzhak Bars
1738:Werner Nahm
1665:coupled to
1335:Silverstein
860:Mathematics
772:Superstring
628:Experiments
601:Causal sets
446:Graviscalar
441:Graviphoton
341:Technicolor
316:Fifth force
273:Dark photon
253:Dark energy
248:Dark matter
220:Higgs boson
147:introducing
9290:Categories
9184:Gran Sasso
9008:Beyond the
8983:CKM matrix
8870:Background
8796:Multiverse
8638:Approaches
8516:CGHS model
8503:Toy models
8438:CA-duality
8310:CGHS model
8297:toy models
7612:Strominger
7607:Steinhardt
7602:Staudacher
7517:Polchinski
7467:Nanopoulos
7427:Mandelstam
7407:Kontsevich
7247:Berenstein
7175:Holography
7155:Superspace
7054:K3 surface
7013:Worldsheet
6928:Instantons
6556:Background
6457:Iliopoulos
6401:Superghost
6391:Sgoldstino
6376:Neutralino
6168:Mu problem
6088:R-symmetry
6052:Superspace
6047:Supergroup
5881:Wess, P.,
5839:Nath, P.,
5783:2312.06754
5573:1910.03259
5526:1704.05886
5334:(2): 177.
5261:Historical
5195:Cvetic, M.
4893:(2): 177.
4816:References
2068:occurred.
1712:See also:
1642:dimensions
1355:Strominger
1350:Steinhardt
1345:Staudacher
1260:Polchinski
1210:Nanopoulos
1170:Mandelstam
1150:Kontsevich
990:Berenstein
947:Multiverse
639:Gran Sasso
411:Dark fluid
211:Simulated
130:references
93:April 2018
39:improve it
8812:See also:
8751:Spin foam
8531:RST model
8315:RST model
8101:DGP model
8078:Spin foam
8022:Whitehead
8014:Nordström
7943:) gravity
7893:Classical
7867:Paradigms
7818:Resources
7647:Veneziano
7527:Rajaraman
7422:Maldacena
7312:Gopakumar
7262:Dijkgraaf
7257:Curtright
6923:Anomalies
6802:NS5-brane
6723:U-duality
6718:S-duality
6713:T-duality
6427:Batchelor
6351:Goldstino
6240:Super QCD
6118:FI D-term
6103:BPS state
5680:118973381
5551:119428513
5317:ignored (
5307:cite book
4740:T-duality
4661:symmetric
4511:¯
4496:−
4477:−
4465:¯
4425:Θ
4399:∫
4349:−
4337:¯
4291:˙
4288:β
4279:˙
4276:α
4270:δ
4259:˙
4256:β
4247:^
4242:˙
4239:α
4202:β
4195:^
4190:˙
4187:α
4150:μ
4143:^
4138:˙
4135:α
4092:^
4087:˙
4084:α
4071:∧
4057:^
4052:˙
4049:α
4036:∧
4022:^
4019:α
4008:∧
3994:^
3991:α
3980:∧
3966:^
3963:μ
3952:∧
3949:⋯
3946:∧
3932:^
3929:μ
3864:_
3861:α
3826:^
3823:ρ
3813:^
3810:ν
3801:^
3798:μ
3759:^
3756:ν
3746:^
3742:_
3739:α
3729:^
3726:μ
3693:^
3690:μ
3680:^
3675:˙
3672:β
3661:^
3658:α
3651:σ
3634:^
3631:μ
3621:^
3616:˙
3613:β
3602:^
3599:α
3560:^
3557:μ
3547:^
3542:˙
3539:β
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3466:^
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3412:^
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3405:γ
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3335:≠
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2204:˙
2201:α
2170:another.
2139:= 1 SUGRA
2064:Then the
1992:×
1911:chirality
1907:neutrinos
1760:, namely
1750:Ed Witten
1695:Pran Nath
1597:Pran Nath
1576:gravitino
1558:Gravitons
1395:Veneziano
1270:Rajaraman
1165:Maldacena
1055:Gopakumar
1005:Dijkgraaf
1000:Curtright
964:Theorists
852:Landscape
847:Cosmology
811:U-duality
806:T-duality
801:S-duality
784:Heterotic
561:Spin foam
456:Gravitino
45:talk page
9228:Category
9209:Tevatron
9061:Theories
9018:Evidence
8882:Fermions
8659:M-theory
8619:ER = EPR
8458:Graviton
8372:Graviton
8182:F-theory
8175:M-theory
7751:Standard
7702:Zwiebach
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7652:Verlinde
7627:Townsend
7622:Susskind
7557:Sagnotti
7522:Polyakov
7477:Nekrasov
7442:Minwalla
7437:Martinec
7402:Knizhnik
7397:Klebanov
7392:Kapustin
7357:'t Hooft
7292:Fischler
7227:AganagiÄ
7198:M-theory
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7065:manifold
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6812:M5-brane
6807:M2-brane
6744:Graviton
6660:F-theory
6462:Montonen
6386:Sfermion
6381:R-hadron
6366:Higgsino
6341:Chargino
6230:4D N = 1
6187:Theorems
6076:Concepts
5769:15471713
5245:15148429
4995:CBC News
4771:M-theory
4754:See also
2152:vierbein
2097:M-theory
2082:p-branes
2078:p-branes
2074:D-branes
2027:D-branes
1916:orbifold
1833:In 1980
1807:In 1978
1802:D-branes
1776:for the
1764:for the
1748:In 1981
1564:graviton
1468:Glossary
1450:Zwiebach
1405:Verlinde
1400:Verlinde
1375:Townsend
1370:'t Hooft
1365:Susskind
1300:Sagnotti
1265:Polyakov
1220:Nekrasov
1185:Minwalla
1180:Martinec
1145:Knizhnik
1140:Klebanov
1135:Kapustin
1105:Horowitz
1035:Fischler
970:AganagiÄ
888:K-theory
821:F-theory
816:M-theory
664:Tevatron
511:M-theory
451:Graviton
381:M-theory
321:F-theory
300:Theories
237:Evidence
9280:Science
9268:Physics
9254:Portals
9240:Commons
9204:Super-K
9040:problem
7803:History
7632:Trivedi
7617:Sundrum
7582:Shenker
7572:Seiberg
7567:Schwarz
7537:Randall
7497:Novikov
7487:Nielsen
7472:NÄstase
7382:Kallosh
7367:Gibbons
7307:Gliozzi
7297:Friedan
7287:Ferrara
7272:Douglas
7267:Distler
6817:S-brane
6797:D-brane
6754:Tachyon
6749:Dilaton
6563:Strings
6477:Seiberg
6452:Golfand
6432:Berezin
6417:Affleck
6346:Gaugino
5749:Bibcode
5592:General
5531:Bibcode
5485:Bibcode
5452:Bibcode
5423:Bibcode
5394:Bibcode
5365:Bibcode
5336:Bibcode
5277:Bibcode
5223:Bibcode
5147:Bibcode
5096:Bibcode
5061:Bibcode
5022:Bibcode
4965:Bibcode
4930:Bibcode
4895:Bibcode
4839:Bibcode
4668:in his
4595:is the
4587:is the
3233:torsion
2441:inverse
1888:leptons
1828:motion.
1756:of the
1667:gravity
1582:History
1463:History
1380:Trivedi
1360:Sundrum
1325:Shenker
1315:Seiberg
1310:Schwarz
1280:Randall
1240:Novikov
1230:Nielsen
1215:NÄstase
1125:Kallosh
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1050:Gliozzi
1040:Friedan
1030:Ferrara
1015:Douglas
1010:Distler
780:Type II
767:Bosonic
751:D-brane
659:Super-K
143:improve
79:Please
8719:Others
7697:Zumino
7692:Zaslow
7677:Yoneya
7667:Witten
7587:Siegel
7562:Scherk
7532:Ramond
7507:Ooguri
7432:Marolf
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7352:Harvey
7347:Hanson
7332:Gubser
7322:Greene
7252:Bousso
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6113:D-term
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2292:. See
2091:tool,
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1972:SO(32)
1898:times
1884:quarks
1800:. The
1782:type I
1772:times
1673:mSUGRA
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1445:Zumino
1440:Zaslow
1425:Yoneya
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1275:Ramond
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1175:Marolf
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1100:HoĆava
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1090:Hanson
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995:Bousso
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5714:arXiv
5676:S2CID
5648:arXiv
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5568:arXiv
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5521:arXiv
5509:(PDF)
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5213:arXiv
5174:arXiv
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1900:SU(2)
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6245:MSSM
5901:ISBN
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2167:many
2120:tree
1974:and
1962:and
1866:and
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