228:
179:
144:
160:
194:
209:
2326:
2235:
2144:
2080:
132:
3888:
3912:
883:. Non-covalent bonds between the reactants and a "template" hold the reactive sites of the reactants close together, facilitating the desired chemistry. This technique is particularly useful for situations where the desired reaction conformation is thermodynamically or kinetically unlikely, such as in the preparation of large macrocycles. This pre-organization also serves purposes such as minimizing side reactions, lowering the
3924:
3900:
65:, provided that the electronic coupling strength remains small relative to the energy parameters of the component. While traditional chemistry concentrates on the covalent bond, supramolecular chemistry examines the weaker and reversible non-covalent interactions between molecules. These forces include hydrogen bonding,
770:
In that example a macrocyclic ring with 4 protonated nitrogen atoms encapsulates a chloride anion; illustrations of ITC data and a titration curve are reproduced in Steed&Atwood. (pp 15â16) The value of the equilibrium constant and the stoichiometry of the species formed were found to be strongly
1390:
Design based on supramolecular chemistry has led to numerous applications in the creation of functional biomaterials and therapeutics. Supramolecular biomaterials afford a number of modular and generalizable platforms with tunable mechanical, chemical and biological properties. These include systems
902:
consist of molecules that are linked only as a consequence of their topology. Some non-covalent interactions may exist between the different components (often those that were used in the construction of the system), but covalent bonds do not. Supramolecular chemistry, and template-directed synthesis
820:
Molecular self-assembly is the construction of systems without guidance or management from an outside source (other than to provide a suitable environment). The molecules are directed to assemble through non-covalent interactions. Self-assembly may be subdivided into intermolecular self-assembly (to
861:
Molecular recognition is the specific binding of a guest molecule to a complementary host molecule to form a hostâguest complex. Often, the definition of which species is the "host" and which is the "guest" is arbitrary. The molecules are able to identify each other using non-covalent interactions.
963:
describes a process by which a host is constructed from small molecules using a suitable molecular species as a template. After construction, the template is removed leaving only the host. The template for host construction may be subtly different from the guest that the finished host binds to. In
278:
occurred when it was realized that there are two separate strands of nucleotides connected through hydrogen bonds. The use of non-covalent bonds is essential to replication because they allow the strands to be separated and used to template new double stranded DNA. Concomitantly, chemists began to
1008:
Supramolecular systems are rarely designed from first principles. Rather, chemists have a range of well-studied structural and functional building blocks that they are able to use to build up larger functional architectures. Many of these exist as whole families of similar units, from which the
1221:
The understanding of intermolecular interactions in solids has undergone a major renaissance via inputs from different experimental and computational methods in the last decade. This includes high-pressure studies in solids and "in situ" crystallization of compounds which are liquids at room
318:
for
Chemistry which was awarded to Donald J. Cram, Jean-Marie Lehn, and Charles J. Pedersen in recognition of their work in this area. The development of selective "hostâguest" complexes in particular, in which a host molecule recognizes and selectively binds a certain guest, was cited as an
891:. After the reaction has taken place, the template may remain in place, be forcibly removed, or may be "automatically" decomplexed on account of the different recognition properties of the reaction product. The template may be as simple as a single metal ion or may be extremely complex.
1222:
temperature along with the use of electron density analysis, crystal structure prediction and DFT calculations in solid state to enable a quantitative understanding of the nature, energetics and topological properties associated with such interactions in crystals.
1413:
Supramolecular chemistry has been used to demonstrate computation functions on a molecular scale. In many cases, photonic or chemical signals have been used in these components, but electrical interfacing of these units has also been shown by supramolecular
783:
have strong hydrogen bonding, electrostatic, and charge-transfer capabilities, and are therefore able to become involved in complex equilibria with the system, even breaking complexes completely. For this reason, the choice of solvent can be critical.
1853:
Janeta, Mateusz; John, Ćukasz; Ejfler, Jolanta; Lis, Tadeusz; Szafert, SĆawomir (2016-08-02). "Multifunctional imine-POSS as uncommon 3D nanobuilding blocks for supramolecular hybrid materials: synthesis, structural characterization, and properties".
1134:
Supramolecular metallocycles are macrocyclic aggregates with metal ions in the ring, often formed from angular and linear modules. Common metallocycle shapes in these types of applications include triangles, squares, and pentagons, each bearing
346:
motifs became integrated into supramolecular systems in order to increase functionality, research into synthetic self-replicating system began, and work on molecular information processing devices began. The emerging science of
878:
Molecular recognition and self-assembly may be used with reactive species in order to pre-organize a system for a chemical reaction (to form one or more covalent bonds). It may be considered a special case of supramolecular
931:
covalent bonds are broken and formed in a reversible reaction under thermodynamic control. While covalent bonds are key to the process, the system is directed by non-covalent forces to form the lowest energy structures.
2843:
RodrĂguez-VĂĄzquez, Nuria; Fuertes, Alberto; AmorĂn, Manuel; Granja, Juan R. (2016). "Chapter 14. Bioinspired
Artificial Sodium and Potassium Ion Channels". In Sigel, Astrid; Sigel, Helmut; Sigel, Roland K.O. (eds.).
310:
became active in synthesizing shape- and ion-selective receptors, and throughout the 1980s research in the area gathered a rapid pace with concepts such as mechanically interlocked molecular architectures emerging.
1335:
Supramolecular chemistry has found many applications, in particular molecular self-assembly processes have been applied to the development of new materials. Large structures can be readily accessed using
979:
are molecules or molecular assemblies that can perform functions such as linear or rotational movement, switching, and entrapment. These devices exist at the boundary between supramolecular chemistry and
376:
Supramolecular complexes are formed by non-covalent interactions between two chemical moieties, which can be described as an host and a guest. Most commonly, the interacting species are held together by
227:
1401:
has also made critical advances as a result of supramolecular chemistry providing encapsulation and targeted release mechanisms. In addition, supramolecular systems have been designed to disrupt
1340:
synthesis as they are composed of small molecules requiring fewer steps to synthesize. Thus most of the bottom-up approaches to nanotechnology are based on supramolecular chemistry. Many
691:
793:
1109:
are very useful in supramolecular chemistry, as they provide whole cavities that can completely surround guest molecules and may be chemically modified to fine-tune their properties.
432:
1162:
Many supramolecular systems require their components to have suitable spacing and conformations relative to each other, and therefore easily employed structural units are required.
1928:
193:
1826:
Schmitt, J. L.; Stadler, A. M.; Kyritsakas, N.; Lehn, J. M. (2003). "Helicity-Encoded
Molecular Strands: Efficient Access by the Hydrazone Route and Structural Features".
143:
644:
2946:
944:
architectures can be used to learn about both the biological model and the synthetic implementation. Examples include photoelectrochemical systems, catalytic systems,
740:
717:
618:
595:
1382:
are also used in catalysis to create microenvironments suitable for reactions (or steps in reactions) to progress that is not possible to use on a macroscopic scale.
2157:
Daze, K. (2012). "Supramolecular hosts that recognize methyllysines and disrupt the interaction between a modified histone tail and its epigenetic reader protein".
1397:
Supramolecular chemistry is also important to the development of new pharmaceutical therapies by understanding the interactions at a drug binding site. The area of
1752:
Anderson, S.; Anderson, H. L.; Bashall, A.; McPartlin, M.; Sanders, J. K. M. (1995). "Assembly and
Crystal Structure of a Photoactive Array of Five Porphyrins".
178:
159:
760:
259:
and hostâguest chemistry. In the early twentieth century non-covalent bonds were understood in gradually more detail, with the hydrogen bond being described by
1394:
A supramolecular approach has been used extensively to create artificial ion channels for the transport of sodium and potassium ions into and out of cells.
1980:
Sessler, Jonathan L.; Gross, Dustin E.; Cho, Won-Seob; Lynch, Vincent M.; Schmidtchen, Franz P.; Bates, Gareth W.; Light, Mark E.; Gale, Philip A. (2006).
1362:
and catalysis. Non-covalent interactions are extremely important in catalysis, binding reactants into conformations suitable for reaction and lowering the
2248:
Lehn, J. M. (1990). "Perspectives in
Supramolecular ChemistryâFrom Molecular Recognition towards Molecular Information Processing and Self-Organization".
290:
Eventually, chemists were able to take these concepts and apply them to synthetic systems. The breakthrough came in the 1960s with the synthesis of the
1690:
Day, A. I.; Blanch, R. J.; Arnold, A. P.; Lorenzo, S.; Lewis, G. R.; Dance, I. (2002). "A Cucurbituril-Based
Gyroscane: A New Supramolecular Form".
307:
208:
2686:
1725:
Bravo, J. A.; Raymo, F. I. M.; Stoddart, J. F.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. (1998). "High
Yielding Template-Directed Syntheses of Rotaxanes".
899:
165:
105:
2765:
Choudhury, R. (2012). "Deep-Cavity
Cavitand Octa Acid as a Hydrogen Donor: Photofunctionalization with Nitrenes Generated from Azidoadamantanes".
2983:
1150:
2637:
1738:
1120:, cucurbiturils and crown ethers are readily synthesized in large quantities, and are therefore convenient for use in supramolecular systems.
968:
interactions, but more complex systems also incorporate hydrogen bonding and other interactions to improve binding strength and specificity.
3084:
3089:
903:
in particular, is key to the efficient synthesis of the compounds. Examples of mechanically interlocked molecular architectures include
2556:
Functional
Metallosupramolecular Materials, Editors: John George Hardy, Felix H Schacher, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge 2015,
1391:
based on supramolecular assembly of peptides, hostâguest macrocycles, high-affinity hydrogen bonding, and metalâligand interactions.
2700:
131:
3067:
2412:
1703:
3111:
442:
2719:
2662:
1964:
1929:"Chemistry and Physics Nobels Hail Discoveries on Life and Superconductors; Three Share Prize for Synthesis of Vital Enzymes"
1535:
1026:
with dioxyarenes or diaminoarenes have been used extensively for the construction of mechanically interlocked systems and in
3123:
3062:
779:
The molecular environment around a supramolecular system is also of prime importance to its operation and stability. Many
2976:
1663:
Hasenknopf, B.; Lehn, J. M.; Kneisel, B. O.; Baum, G.; Fenske, D. (1996). "Self-Assembly of a
Circular Double Helicate".
2699:
Schneider, H.-J. ( Ed.) (2012) Applications of Supramolecular Chemistry, CRC Press Taylor & Francis Boca Raton etc,
2895:
1315:
has been used as a route to produce modified enzymes, electrically contacted enzymes, and even photoswitchable enzymes.
1206:
can be used as scaffolds for the construction of complex systems and also for interfacing electrochemical systems with
3950:
2800:
Webber, Matthew J.; Appel, Eric A.; Meijer, E. W.; Langer, Robert (18 December 2015). "Supramolecular biomaterials".
2613:
763:
3928:
1402:
652:
1446:
have been demonstrated on a conceptual level. Even full-scale computations have been achieved by semi-synthetic
3807:
2969:
244:
17:
402:
3250:
3004:
1337:
270:
and other biological processes. For instance, the important breakthrough that allowed the elucidation of the
2894:
Bertrand, N.; Gauthier, M. A.; Bouvet, C. L.; Moreau, P.; Petitjean, A.; Leroux, J. C.; Leblond, J. (2011).
771:
solvent-dependent. With nitromethane solutions values of ÎH = 8.55 kJmol and ÎS = -9.1 JKmol were obtained.
116:
is crucial to understanding many biological processes that rely on these forces for structure and function.
1239:
have highly tunable photochemical and electrochemical activity as well as the potential to form complexes.
3527:
3014:
396:, will be in equilibrium with each other. In the simplest case, p=q=1, the equilibrium can be written as
3904:
3453:
3424:
3404:
3357:
2955:
928:
109:
2951:
3042:
1586:
Biedermann, F.; Schneider, H.J. (2016). "Experimental Binding Energies in Supramolecular Complexes".
916:
833:
and polypeptides). Molecular self-assembly also allows the construction of larger structures such as
271:
2531:
2325:
2234:
2143:
2079:
1249:
groups can change their shapes and properties, including binding properties, upon exposure to light.
3797:
3352:
1353:
1211:
997:
260:
185:
113:
101:
1783:-xylylenediammonium chloride and calcium hydrogensulfate adducts of the cavitand 'cucurbituril', C
940:
Many synthetic supramolecular systems are designed to copy functions of biological systems. These
3735:
3646:
3609:
3493:
3419:
3240:
3223:
3166:
2734:
1367:
1312:
822:
215:
89:
1321:
has been used both as a structural and as a functional unit in synthetic supramolecular systems.
322:
In the 1990s, supramolecular chemistry became even more sophisticated, with researchers such as
49:. The strength of the forces responsible for spatial organization of the system range from weak
3653:
3641:
3532:
3397:
3171:
3037:
2569:
Lee, S. J.; Lin, W. (2008). "Chiral Metallocycles: Rational Synthesis and Novel Applications".
1366:
energy of reaction. Template-directed synthesis is a special case of supramolecular catalysis.
1097:
properties in addition to the complexation itself. These units are used a great deal by nature.
623:
1622:
1078:
is of great utility in the construction of complex architectures of many individual molecules.
722:
699:
600:
577:
3802:
3699:
3684:
3614:
3537:
3369:
3319:
3228:
3153:
3052:
338:
developing sensors and methods of electronic and biological interfacing. During this period,
323:
256:
97:
78:
381:. The definition excludes compounds formed by electrostatic interactions, which are called
3792:
3747:
3522:
3342:
3272:
3029:
3009:
2809:
2392:
2352:
2288:
2197:
2106:
2042:
1492:
1443:
1055:
1019:
960:
438:
248:
66:
50:
2557:
445:
by any of the techniques described below. Some examples are shown in the following table.
251:
developed supramolecular chemistry's philosophical roots. In 1894, Fischer suggested that
8:
3815:
3769:
3694:
3667:
3565:
3547:
3500:
3438:
3334:
3314:
3183:
3178:
3079:
1982:"Calix[4]pyrrole as a Chloride Anion Receptor: Solvent and Countercation Effects"
1419:
1415:
1027:
985:
850:
826:
327:
295:
93:
74:
2813:
2356:
2292:
2201:
2110:
2046:
1496:
3955:
3892:
3858:
3720:
3689:
3570:
3512:
3210:
3193:
3188:
3143:
3106:
3096:
3057:
2926:
2680:
2654:
Understanding intermolecular interactions in the solid state: approaches and techniques
2631:
2459:
2434:
Zhang, S. (2003). "Fabrication of novel biomaterials through molecular self-assembly".
2309:
2300:
2276:
2218:
2209:
2185:
2127:
2118:
2094:
2063:
2054:
2030:
2006:
1981:
1431:
1252:
1246:
993:
801:
745:
70:
2490:
3911:
3873:
3838:
3821:
3759:
3677:
3672:
3600:
3585:
3555:
3476:
3443:
3414:
3409:
3384:
3374:
3294:
3282:
3161:
3074:
2918:
2882:
2857:
2825:
2782:
2715:
2668:
2658:
2619:
2609:
2586:
2451:
2416:
2370:
2314:
2223:
2132:
2068:
2011:
1960:
1879:
1871:
1707:
1645:
1603:
1568:
1531:
1508:
1459:
1203:
1193:
1048:
976:
884:
842:
571:
279:
recognize and study synthetic structures based on non-covalent interactions, such as
267:
2930:
2463:
3916:
3833:
3488:
3347:
3324:
3277:
3218:
2910:
2849:
2817:
2774:
2578:
2513:
2486:
2443:
2408:
2360:
2304:
2296:
2257:
2213:
2205:
2166:
2122:
2114:
2058:
2050:
2001:
1993:
1952:
1910:
1863:
1835:
1808:
1761:
1734:
1699:
1672:
1637:
1595:
1560:
1500:
1423:
1363:
1358:
A major application of supramolecular chemistry is the design and understanding of
1136:
949:
863:
809:
805:
339:
252:
38:
2914:
3774:
3730:
3725:
3619:
3595:
3429:
3392:
3245:
3235:
3118:
2853:
2396:
1260:
1094:
1045:
989:
888:
846:
303:
117:
1739:
10.1002/(SICI)1099-0690(199811)1998:11<2565::AID-EJOC2565>3.0.CO;2-8
1599:
1182:. The chemistry for creating and connecting these units is very well understood.
3658:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3581:
3577:
3560:
3517:
3448:
3309:
3304:
3289:
3101:
3019:
2029:
Ariga, K.; Hill, J. P.; Lee, M. V.; Vinu, A.; Charvet, R.; Acharya, S. (2008).
1464:
1435:
1341:
1301:
1236:
1086:
981:
945:
912:
348:
343:
335:
299:
54:
2672:
1812:
3944:
3863:
3752:
3708:
3433:
3267:
3262:
3255:
3133:
2623:
1914:
1875:
1398:
1242:
1185:
1146:
1090:
838:
378:
331:
284:
82:
62:
58:
2504:
Balzani, V.; GĂłmez-LĂłpez, M.; Stoddart, J. F. (1998). "Molecular Machines".
2339:
Li, F.; Clegg, J. K.; Lindoy, L. F.; MacQuart, R. B.; Meehan, G. V. (2011).
1504:
1304:, and has been used as the recognition motif to construct synthetic systems.
3740:
3590:
3505:
3481:
3471:
3463:
3364:
3299:
3198:
3047:
2958:â Thematic Series in the Open Access Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry
2922:
2861:
2829:
2786:
2753:
2652:
2590:
2455:
2420:
2388:
2374:
2318:
2261:
2227:
2136:
2072:
2015:
1883:
1839:
1765:
1711:
1676:
1649:
1641:
1607:
1572:
1564:
1447:
1427:
1142:
1113:
356:
200:
150:
1956:
1512:
3138:
2848:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 16. Springer. pp. 485â556.
2746:
Chemoresponsive Materials /Stimulation by Chemical and Biological Signals
1179:
1106:
1063:
1034:
479:
351:
also had a strong influence on the subject, with building blocks such as
315:
291:
2961:
1551:
Schneider, H. (2009). "Binding Mechanisms in Supramolecular Complexes".
3764:
2413:
10.1002/1521-3773(20020315)41:6<898::AID-ANIE898>3.0.CO;2-E
2365:
2340:
2170:
1867:
1704:
10.1002/1521-3773(20020118)41:2<275::AID-ANIE275>3.0.CO;2-M
1375:
1226:
1215:
1207:
1197:
1124:
1117:
1075:
1059:
1023:
984:, and prototypes have been demonstrated using supramolecular concepts.
941:
314:
The importance of supramolecular chemistry was established by the 1987
2778:
2582:
2517:
1997:
792:
3826:
3128:
2993:
2821:
1279:
1271:
1232:
1175:
1167:
1082:
1067:
880:
867:
830:
523:
455:
values for complexes of medicinal interest in methanol at 25 °C
360:
352:
233:
3D interpenetrated network in the crystal structure of silsesquioxane
34:
2842:
2186:"Chemistry and application of flexible porous coordination polymers"
2095:"Metallo-supramolecular modules as a paradigm for materials science"
1898:
3848:
2604:
Atwood, J. L.; Gokel, George W.; Barbour, Leonard J. (2017-06-22).
2447:
2277:"Electrochromic materials using mechanically interlocked molecules"
1379:
1371:
1359:
1275:
1189:
1171:
1131:
can be synthesised to provide more tailored recognition properties.
1128:
1038:
908:
904:
894:
834:
797:
780:
545:
501:
382:
219:
169:
46:
2031:"Challenges and breakthroughs in recent research on self-assembly"
266:
The use of these principles led to an increasing understanding of
3868:
1308:
1256:
280:
255:
take the form of a "lock and key", the fundamental principles of
42:
2477:
Dickert, F. (1999). "Molecular imprinting in chemical sensing".
1751:
88:
Important concepts advanced by supramolecular chemistry include
1297:
1293:
1071:
965:
243:
The existence of intermolecular forces was first postulated by
2735:
http://pubs.rsc.org/bookshop/collections/series?issn=2046-0066
199:
Hostâguest complex with a p-xylylenediammonium bound within a
1439:
1264:
2896:"New pharmaceutical applications for macromolecular binders"
2893:
2341:"Metallosupramolecular self-assembly of a universal 3-ravel"
1825:
3843:
2387:
1442:-switchable units, and even by molecular motion. Synthetic
2503:
2183:
3853:
2712:
Supramolecular Chemistry: From Molecules to Nanomaterials
1662:
1318:
856:
275:
2947:
2D and 3D Models of Dodecahedrane and Cuneane Assemblies
1620:
1200:
offer nanometer-sized structure and encapsulation units.
1009:
analog with the exact desired properties can be chosen.
2799:
2558:
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/ebook/978-1-78262-267-3
1899:"Einfluss der Configuration auf die Wirkung der Enzyme"
1724:
1621:
Oshovsky, G. V.; Reinhoudt, D. N.; Verboom, W. (2007).
1282:, are useful in supramolecular electrochemical devices.
1210:. Regular surfaces can be used for the construction of
862:
Key applications of this field are the construction of
120:
are often the inspiration for supramolecular research.
1689:
1000:
for the 'design and synthesis of molecular machines'.
2338:
748:
725:
702:
655:
626:
603:
580:
405:
1979:
1227:
Photo-chemically and electro-chemically active units
1166:
Commonly used spacers and connecting groups include
597:, for this reaction is the sum of an enthalpy term,
2651:Chopra, Deepak, Royal Society of Chemistry (2019).
2184:Bureekaew, S.; Shimomura, S.; Kitagawa, S. (2008).
1852:
1585:
2883:http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/ebook/9781849735520
2603:
2250:Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English
1754:Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English
1665:Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English
754:
734:
711:
685:
638:
612:
589:
426:
2657:. London; Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry.
742:values can be determined at a given temperature,
388:In solution, the host H, guest G, and complexes H
298:. Following this work, other researchers such as
3942:
2028:
900:Mechanically interlocked molecular architectures
895:Mechanically interlocked molecular architectures
106:mechanically-interlocked molecular architectures
1145:are metallomacrocycles generated via a similar
1051:and other simple hydrogen bonding interactions.
1012:
1903:Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft
1408:
873:
2977:
2274:
1947:Steed, Jonathan W.; Atwood, Jerry L. (2009).
1483:Lehn, J. (1993). "Supramolecular Chemistry".
1286:
1089:around metal ions gives access to catalytic,
922:
441:, K, for this reaction can, in principle, be
2685:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2281:Science and Technology of Advanced Materials
2190:Science and Technology of Advanced Materials
2099:Science and Technology of Advanced Materials
2035:Science and Technology of Advanced Materials
1139:that connect the pieces via "self-assembly."
1946:
686:{\displaystyle \Delta G=\Delta H-T\Delta S}
137:Self-assembly of a circular double helicate
2984:
2970:
2636:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1927:Schmeck, Harold M. Jr. (October 15, 1987)
1779:Freeman, W. A. (1984). "Structures of the
1292:The extremely strong complexation between
1041:is ubiquitous in supramolecular chemistry.
815:
2991:
2846:The Alkali Metal Ions: Their Role in Life
2764:
2710:Gale, P.A. and Steed, J.W. (eds.) (2012)
2606:Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry II
2364:
2308:
2217:
2126:
2062:
2005:
1550:
1405:that are important to cellular function.
2754:https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781782622420
2644:
1942:
1940:
964:its simplest form, imprinting uses only
825:), and intramolecular self-assembly (or
791:
427:{\displaystyle H+G\leftrightharpoons HG}
363:becoming involved in synthetic systems.
149:Hostâguest complex within another host (
2476:
2401:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
1896:
1778:
1692:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
1630:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
1330:
887:of the reaction, and producing desired
14:
3943:
2748:, Schneider, H.-J. ; Ed:, (2015)
2650:
2608:. Amsterdam, Netherlands. p. 46.
2568:
2399:(2002). "Dynamic Covalent Chemistry".
2391:; Cantrill, S. J.; Cousins, G. R. L.;
971:
857:Molecular recognition and complexation
2965:
2433:
2092:
2022:
1937:
1727:European Journal of Organic Chemistry
3899:
2247:
2156:
1525:
1482:
1422:has been accomplished by the use of
1344:are based on molecular recognition.
3923:
2562:
2532:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2016"
2479:TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry
2275:Ikeda, T.; Stoddart, J. F. (2008).
1623:"Supramolecular Chemistry in Water"
1157:
24:
2733:, Royal Soc. Chem. Cambridge UK .
1020:pi-pi charge-transfer interactions
1003:
726:
703:
677:
665:
656:
630:
604:
581:
166:Mechanically-interlocked molecules
25:
3967:
2940:
2875:Smart Materials for Drug Delivery
371:
247:in 1873. However, Nobel laureate
3922:
3910:
3898:
3887:
3886:
2881:) Royal Soc. Chem. Cambridge UK
2767:The Journal of Organic Chemistry
2324:
2233:
2142:
2078:
1801:Acta Crystallographica Section B
764:Isothermal titration calorimetry
226:
207:
192:
177:
158:
142:
130:
2887:
2868:
2836:
2793:
2758:
2750:The Royal Society of Chemistry,
2739:
2724:
2704:
2693:
2597:
2550:
2524:
2497:
2470:
2427:
2381:
2332:
2268:
2241:
2177:
2150:
2086:
1973:
1921:
1890:
1846:
1819:
1772:
1325:
1263:, and therefore can be used in
766:. For an example, see Sessler.
1745:
1718:
1683:
1656:
1614:
1579:
1544:
1519:
1476:
1101:
935:
774:
415:
245:Johannes Diderik van der Waals
13:
1:
3251:Interface and colloid science
3005:Glossary of chemical formulae
2915:10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.04.027
2903:Journal of Controlled Release
2571:Accounts of Chemical Research
2506:Accounts of Chemical Research
2491:10.1016/S0165-9936(98)00123-X
1470:
955:
253:enzymeâsubstrate interactions
2854:10.1007/978-3-319-21756-7_14
2301:10.1088/1468-6996/9/1/014104
2210:10.1088/1468-6996/9/1/014108
2119:10.1088/1468-6996/9/1/014103
2055:10.1088/1468-6996/9/1/014109
1403:proteinâprotein interactions
1347:
1013:Synthetic recognition motifs
7:
3528:Bioorganometallic chemistry
3015:List of inorganic compounds
2956:Supramolecular Chemistry II
2731:Smart Materials Book Series
1600:10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00583
1453:
1409:Data storage and processing
1385:
874:Template-directed synthesis
787:
10:
3972:
3454:Dynamic covalent chemistry
3425:Enantioselective synthesis
3405:Physical organic chemistry
3358:Organolanthanide chemistry
1553:Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl
1351:
1287:Biologically-derived units
929:dynamic covalent chemistry
923:Dynamic covalent chemistry
366:
238:
123:
110:dynamic covalent chemistry
3882:
3785:
3546:
3462:
3383:
3333:
3209:
3152:
3043:Electroanalytical methods
3028:
3000:
1813:10.1107/S0108768184002354
1212:self-assembled monolayers
917:molecular Borromean rings
639:{\displaystyle T\Delta S}
114:non-covalent interactions
3951:Supramolecular chemistry
3798:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
3714:Supramolecular chemistry
3353:Organometallic chemistry
2952:Supramolecular Chemistry
1949:Supramolecular Chemistry
1915:10.1002/cber.18940270364
1528:Supramolecular Chemistry
1354:Supramolecular catalysis
998:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
735:{\displaystyle \Delta S}
712:{\displaystyle \Delta G}
613:{\displaystyle \Delta H}
590:{\displaystyle \Delta G}
319:important contribution.
272:double helical structure
33:refers to the branch of
31:Supramolecular chemistry
3736:Combinatorial chemistry
3647:Food physical chemistry
3610:Environmental chemistry
3494:Bioorthogonal chemistry
3420:Retrosynthetic analysis
3241:Chemical thermodynamics
3224:Spectroelectrochemistry
3167:Computational chemistry
1951:(2nd ed.). Wiley.
1505:10.1126/science.8511582
823:supramolecular assembly
816:Molecular self-assembly
90:molecular self-assembly
3808:of element discoveries
3654:Agricultural chemistry
3642:Carbohydrate chemistry
3533:Bioinorganic chemistry
3398:Alkane stereochemistry
3343:Coordination chemistry
3172:Mathematical chemistry
3038:Instrumental chemistry
2262:10.1002/anie.199013041
1840:10.1002/hlca.200390137
1828:Helvetica Chimica Acta
1766:10.1002/anie.199510961
1677:10.1002/anie.199618381
1642:10.1002/anie.200602815
1565:10.1002/anie.200802947
1037:binding with metal or
990:Sir J. Fraser Stoddart
849:, and is important to
812:
756:
736:
713:
687:
640:
614:
591:
428:
263:and Rodebush in 1920.
3803:Timeline of chemistry
3700:Post-mortem chemistry
3685:Clandestine chemistry
3615:Atmospheric chemistry
3538:Biophysical chemistry
3370:Solid-state chemistry
3320:Equilibrium chemistry
3229:Photoelectrochemistry
2538:. Nobel Media AB 2014
2345:Nature Communications
2093:Kurth, D. G. (2008).
1957:10.1002/9780470740880
1444:molecular logic gates
1368:Encapsulation systems
1270:Other units, such as
1267:and electrochemistry.
1259:have multiple stable
795:
757:
737:
714:
688:
641:
615:
592:
429:
324:James Fraser Stoddart
257:molecular recognition
98:molecular recognition
51:intermolecular forces
3793:History of chemistry
3748:Chemical engineering
3523:Bioorganic chemistry
3273:Structural chemistry
3010:List of biomolecules
2436:Nature Biotechnology
1897:Fischer, E. (1894).
1331:Materials technology
1149:approach from fused
1081:The complexation of
961:Molecular imprinting
746:
723:
700:
653:
624:
620:and an entropy term
601:
578:
439:equilibrium constant
403:
249:Hermann Emil Fischer
186:hostâguest chemistry
102:hostâguest chemistry
75:van der Waals forces
55:electrostatic charge
3816:The central science
3770:Ceramic engineering
3695:Forensic toxicology
3668:Chemistry education
3566:Radiation chemistry
3548:Interdisciplinarity
3501:Medicinal chemistry
3439:Fullerene chemistry
3315:Microwave chemistry
3184:Molecular mechanics
3179:Molecular modelling
2814:2016NatMa..15...13W
2357:2011NatCo...2..205L
2293:2008STAdM...9a4104I
2202:2008STAdM...9a4108B
2111:2008STAdM...9a4103G
2047:2008STAdM...9a4109A
1992:(37): 12281â12288.
1862:(31): 12312â12321.
1856:Dalton Transactions
1497:1993Sci...260.1762L
1416:signal transduction
1300:is instrumental in
1028:crystal engineering
986:Jean-Pierre Sauvage
972:Molecular machinery
851:crystal engineering
829:as demonstrated by
456:
330:and highly complex
328:molecular machinery
296:Charles J. Pedersen
27:Branch of chemistry
3859:Chemical substance
3721:Chemical synthesis
3690:Forensic chemistry
3571:Actinide chemistry
3513:Clinical chemistry
3194:Molecular geometry
3189:Molecular dynamics
3144:Elemental analysis
3097:Separation process
2366:10.1038/ncomms1208
2171:10.1039/C2SC20583A
1868:10.1039/C6DT02134D
1424:molecular switches
1253:Tetrathiafulvalene
994:Bernard L. Feringa
977:Molecular machines
813:
802:biological machine
752:
732:
709:
683:
636:
610:
587:
450:
424:
118:Biological systems
79:piâpi interactions
71:hydrophobic forces
67:metal coordination
3938:
3937:
3874:Quantum mechanics
3839:Chemical compound
3822:Chemical reaction
3760:Materials science
3678:General chemistry
3673:Amateur chemistry
3601:Photogeochemistry
3586:Stellar chemistry
3556:Nuclear chemistry
3477:Molecular biology
3444:Polymer chemistry
3415:Organic synthesis
3410:Organic reactions
3375:Ceramic chemistry
3365:Cluster chemistry
3295:Chemical kinetics
3283:Molecular physics
3162:Quantum chemistry
3075:Mass spectrometry
2779:10.1021/jo301499t
2720:978-0-470-74640-0
2664:978-1-78801-079-5
2583:10.1021/ar700216n
2518:10.1021/ar970340y
2393:Sanders, J. K. M.
2256:(11): 1304â1319.
1998:10.1021/ja064012h
1966:978-0-470-51234-0
1760:(10): 1096â1099.
1733:(11): 2565â2571.
1671:(16): 1838â1840.
1537:978-3-527-29311-7
1526:Lehn, J. (1995).
1491:(5115): 1762â23.
1460:Organic chemistry
1432:photoisomerizable
1247:photoisomerizable
1137:functional groups
1044:The formation of
885:activation energy
864:molecular sensors
755:{\displaystyle T}
572:Gibbs free energy
566:
565:
437:The value of the
268:protein structure
94:molecular folding
16:(Redirected from
3963:
3926:
3925:
3914:
3902:
3901:
3890:
3889:
3834:Chemical element
3489:Chemical biology
3348:Magnetochemistry
3325:Mechanochemistry
3278:Chemical physics
3219:Electrochemistry
3124:Characterization
2986:
2979:
2972:
2963:
2962:
2935:
2934:
2900:
2891:
2885:
2877:: Complete Set (
2872:
2866:
2865:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2822:10.1038/nmat4474
2802:Nature Materials
2797:
2791:
2790:
2773:(5): 1824â1832.
2762:
2756:
2743:
2737:
2728:
2722:
2708:
2702:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2684:
2676:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2635:
2627:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2368:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2322:
2312:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2231:
2221:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2159:Chemical Science
2154:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2140:
2130:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2076:
2066:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2009:
1986:J. Am. Chem. Soc
1977:
1971:
1970:
1944:
1935:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1909:(3): 2985â2993.
1894:
1888:
1887:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1834:(5): 1598â1624.
1823:
1817:
1816:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1627:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1594:(9): 5216â5300.
1583:
1577:
1576:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1480:
1364:transition state
1261:oxidation states
1158:Structural units
1039:ammonium cations
996:shared the 2016
950:self-replication
806:protein dynamics
761:
759:
758:
753:
741:
739:
738:
733:
718:
716:
715:
710:
692:
690:
689:
684:
645:
643:
642:
637:
619:
617:
616:
611:
596:
594:
593:
588:
457:
449:
433:
431:
430:
425:
334:structures, and
230:
211:
196:
184:An example of a
181:
162:
146:
134:
63:covalent bonding
59:hydrogen bonding
39:chemical systems
21:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3878:
3781:
3775:Polymer science
3731:Click chemistry
3726:Green chemistry
3620:Ocean chemistry
3596:Biogeochemistry
3542:
3458:
3430:Total synthesis
3393:Stereochemistry
3379:
3329:
3246:Surface science
3236:Thermochemistry
3205:
3148:
3119:Crystallography
3024:
2996:
2990:
2943:
2938:
2898:
2892:
2888:
2873:
2869:
2841:
2837:
2798:
2794:
2763:
2759:
2744:
2740:
2729:
2725:
2709:
2705:
2698:
2694:
2678:
2677:
2665:
2649:
2645:
2629:
2628:
2616:
2602:
2598:
2567:
2563:
2555:
2551:
2541:
2539:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2502:
2498:
2475:
2471:
2432:
2428:
2397:Stoddart, J. F.
2386:
2382:
2337:
2333:
2323:
2273:
2269:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2182:
2178:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2027:
2023:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1945:
1938:
1926:
1922:
1895:
1891:
1851:
1847:
1824:
1820:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1777:
1773:
1750:
1746:
1723:
1719:
1688:
1684:
1661:
1657:
1636:(14): 2366â93.
1625:
1619:
1615:
1584:
1580:
1559:(22): 3924â77.
1549:
1545:
1538:
1524:
1520:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1456:
1411:
1388:
1356:
1350:
1342:smart materials
1333:
1328:
1307:The binding of
1289:
1265:redox reactions
1237:phthalocyanines
1229:
1160:
1104:
1095:electrochemical
1087:phthalocyanines
1046:carboxylic acid
1015:
1006:
1004:Building blocks
974:
958:
938:
925:
913:molecular knots
897:
889:stereochemistry
876:
859:
847:liquid crystals
818:
790:
777:
747:
744:
743:
724:
721:
720:
701:
698:
697:
654:
651:
650:
625:
622:
621:
602:
599:
598:
579:
576:
575:
454:
404:
401:
400:
395:
391:
374:
369:
340:electrochemical
304:Jean-Marie Lehn
241:
234:
231:
222:
214:Intramolecular
212:
203:
197:
188:
182:
173:
163:
154:
147:
138:
135:
126:
112:. The study of
43:discrete number
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3969:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3920:
3908:
3896:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3819:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3800:
3795:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3687:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3659:Soil chemistry
3651:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3637:Food chemistry
3634:
3632:Carbochemistry
3629:
3627:Clay chemistry
3624:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3588:
3582:Astrochemistry
3578:Cosmochemistry
3575:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3561:Radiochemistry
3552:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3518:Neurochemistry
3515:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3468:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3449:Petrochemistry
3446:
3441:
3436:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3389:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3350:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3310:Spin chemistry
3307:
3305:Photochemistry
3302:
3297:
3292:
3290:Femtochemistry
3287:
3286:
3285:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3215:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3164:
3158:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3102:Chromatography
3099:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3045:
3040:
3034:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3020:Periodic table
3017:
3012:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2989:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2949:
2942:
2941:External links
2939:
2937:
2936:
2886:
2867:
2835:
2792:
2757:
2738:
2723:
2703:
2692:
2663:
2643:
2614:
2596:
2561:
2549:
2536:Nobelprize.org
2523:
2512:(7): 405â414.
2496:
2485:(3): 192â199.
2469:
2448:10.1038/nbt874
2442:(10): 1171â8.
2426:
2407:(6): 898â952.
2380:
2331:
2267:
2240:
2176:
2149:
2085:
2021:
1972:
1965:
1936:
1933:New York Times
1920:
1889:
1845:
1818:
1807:(4): 382â387.
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1771:
1744:
1717:
1682:
1655:
1613:
1578:
1543:
1536:
1518:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1465:Nanotechnology
1462:
1455:
1452:
1436:electrochromic
1410:
1407:
1387:
1384:
1352:Main article:
1349:
1346:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1316:
1305:
1302:blood clotting
1288:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1268:
1250:
1240:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1201:
1183:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1140:
1132:
1121:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1079:
1052:
1042:
1031:
1014:
1011:
1005:
1002:
982:nanotechnology
973:
970:
957:
954:
946:protein design
937:
934:
924:
921:
896:
893:
875:
872:
858:
855:
817:
814:
789:
786:
776:
773:
762:, by means of
751:
731:
728:
708:
705:
694:
693:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
635:
632:
629:
609:
606:
586:
583:
568:
567:
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563:
560:
557:
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548:
542:
541:
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466:
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435:
434:
423:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
393:
389:
379:hydrogen bonds
373:
372:Thermodynamics
370:
368:
365:
349:nanotechnology
336:Itamar Willner
332:self-assembled
300:Donald J. Cram
285:microemulsions
240:
237:
236:
235:
232:
225:
223:
213:
206:
204:
198:
191:
189:
183:
176:
174:
164:
157:
155:
148:
141:
139:
136:
129:
125:
122:
41:composed of a
26:
18:Supramolecular
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3968:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3931:
3930:
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3897:
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3885:
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3870:
3867:
3865:
3864:Chemical bond
3862:
3860:
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3784:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3754:
3753:Stoichiometry
3751:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3719:
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3712:
3711:
3710:
3709:Nanochemistry
3707:
3706:
3701:
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3693:
3692:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
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3676:
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3434:Semisynthesis
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
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3406:
3403:
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3293:
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3281:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3268:Sonochemistry
3266:
3264:
3263:Cryochemistry
3261:
3257:
3256:Micromeritics
3254:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3247:
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3242:
3239:
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3135:
3134:Wet chemistry
3132:
3130:
3127:
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3120:
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3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3103:
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2909:(2): 200â10.
2908:
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2863:
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2621:
2617:
2615:9780128031995
2611:
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2577:(4): 521â37.
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2017:
2013:
2008:
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1995:
1991:
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1983:
1976:
1968:
1962:
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1950:
1943:
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1530:. Wiley-VCH.
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1448:DNA computers
1445:
1441:
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1421:
1417:
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1400:
1399:drug delivery
1395:
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1277:
1274:derivatives,
1273:
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1186:nanoparticles
1184:
1181:
1178:, and simple
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1152:
1151:chelate-rings
1148:
1147:self-assembly
1144:
1143:Metallacrowns
1141:
1138:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1123:More complex
1122:
1119:
1115:
1114:Cyclodextrins
1112:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1096:
1092:
1091:photochemical
1088:
1084:
1080:
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399:
398:
397:
386:
384:
380:
364:
362:
358:
357:nanoparticles
354:
350:
345:
344:photochemical
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
320:
317:
312:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
288:
286:
282:
277:
273:
269:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
229:
224:
221:
217:
216:self-assembly
210:
205:
202:
195:
190:
187:
180:
175:
171:
167:
161:
156:
152:
145:
140:
133:
128:
127:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
86:
84:
83:electrostatic
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
3927:
3915:
3903:
3891:
3741:Biosynthesis
3713:
3591:Geochemistry
3506:Pharmacology
3482:Cell biology
3472:Biochemistry
3300:Spectroscopy
3199:VSEPR theory
3048:Spectroscopy
2992:Branches of
2906:
2902:
2889:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2845:
2838:
2808:(1): 13â26.
2805:
2801:
2795:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2730:
2726:
2711:
2706:
2695:
2653:
2646:
2605:
2599:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2552:
2540:. Retrieved
2535:
2526:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2404:
2400:
2389:Rowan, S. J.
2383:
2348:
2344:
2334:
2284:
2280:
2270:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2193:
2189:
2179:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2102:
2098:
2088:
2038:
2034:
2024:
1989:
1985:
1975:
1948:
1932:
1923:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1804:
1800:
1780:
1774:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1698:(2): 275â7.
1695:
1691:
1685:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1633:
1629:
1616:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1556:
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1546:
1527:
1521:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1428:photochromic
1420:Data storage
1412:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1357:
1334:
1326:Applications
1243:Photochromic
1180:alkyl chains
1161:
1105:
1064:terpyridines
1056:complexation
1024:bipyridinium
1007:
975:
959:
939:
926:
919:and ravels.
898:
877:
860:
819:
778:
767:
695:
569:
436:
387:
375:
321:
313:
308:Fritz Vögtle
292:crown ethers
289:
265:
242:
201:cucurbituril
151:cucurbituril
87:
30:
29:
3929:WikiProject
3154:Theoretical
3139:Calorimetry
2165:(9): 2695.
1311:with their
1216:multilayers
1125:cyclophanes
1118:calixarenes
1107:Macrocycles
1102:Macrocycles
1060:bipyridines
1035:crown ether
1033:The use of
936:Biomimetics
775:Environment
480:Valinomycin
326:developing
316:Nobel Prize
37:concerning
3945:Categories
3765:Metallurgy
3464:Biological
3030:Analytical
2752:Cambridge
2673:1103809341
2542:14 January
1471:References
1434:units, by
1376:dendrimers
1280:fullerenes
1255:(TTF) and
1233:Porphyrins
1208:electrodes
1198:dendrimers
1194:fullerenes
1176:triphenyls
1083:porphyrins
1076:metal ions
956:Imprinting
942:biomimetic
810:nanoscales
804:that uses
443:determined
361:dendrimers
353:fullerenes
61:to strong
3956:Chemistry
3827:Catalysis
3335:Inorganic
3129:Titration
2994:chemistry
2714:. Wiley.
2681:cite book
2632:cite book
2624:992802408
1876:1477-9234
1588:Chem. Rev
1418:devices.
1380:cavitands
1360:catalysts
1348:Catalysis
1338:bottom-up
1313:cofactors
1276:viologens
1272:benzidine
1172:biphenyls
1168:polyether
1129:cryptands
1074:or other
1068:ruthenium
909:rotaxanes
905:catenanes
881:catalysis
868:catalysis
839:membranes
831:foldamers
727:Δ
704:Δ
678:Δ
672:−
666:Δ
657:Δ
631:Δ
605:Δ
582:Δ
524:Nigericin
416:⇋
383:ion pairs
85:effects.
47:molecules
35:chemistry
3893:Category
3849:Molecule
3786:See also
3211:Physical
2931:41385952
2923:21571017
2862:26860310
2830:26681596
2787:22931185
2591:18271561
2464:54485012
2456:14520402
2421:12491278
2375:21343923
2319:27877930
2228:27877934
2137:27877929
2073:27877935
2016:16967979
1884:27438046
1712:12491407
1650:17370285
1608:27136957
1573:19415701
1454:See also
1386:Medicine
1372:micelles
1370:such as
1257:quinones
1204:Surfaces
1190:nanorods
1170:chains,
843:vesicles
835:micelles
798:ribosome
788:Concepts
781:solvents
574:change,
546:Monensin
502:Enniatin
281:micelles
220:foldamer
170:rotaxane
3905:Commons
3869:Alchemy
3385:Organic
2810:Bibcode
2353:Bibcode
2351:: 205.
2310:5099799
2289:Bibcode
2219:5099803
2198:Bibcode
2128:5099798
2107:Bibcode
2064:5099804
2043:Bibcode
2007:2572717
1513:8511582
1493:Bibcode
1485:Science
1309:enzymes
827:folding
821:form a
484:<0.7
367:Control
261:Latimer
239:History
124:Gallery
3917:Portal
3063:UV-Vis
2929:
2921:
2860:
2828:
2785:
2718:
2671:
2661:
2622:
2612:
2589:
2462:
2454:
2419:
2373:
2317:
2307:
2226:
2216:
2135:
2125:
2071:
2061:
2014:
2004:
1963:
1882:
1874:
1710:
1648:
1606:
1571:
1534:
1511:
1378:, and
1298:biotin
1294:avidin
1278:, and
1235:, and
1127:, and
1072:silver
1049:dimers
966:steric
768:et.al.
359:, and
108:, and
3090:MALDI
3058:Raman
2927:S2CID
2899:(PDF)
2460:S2CID
1626:(PDF)
1440:redox
1426:with
1066:with
800:is a
696:Both
518:2.34
496:4.42
451:Log K
218:of a
57:, or
3844:Atom
3112:HPLC
2954:and
2919:PMID
2879:2013
2858:PMID
2826:PMID
2783:PMID
2716:ISBN
2687:link
2669:OCLC
2659:ISBN
2638:link
2620:OCLC
2610:ISBN
2587:PMID
2544:2017
2452:PMID
2417:PMID
2371:PMID
2315:PMID
2224:PMID
2133:PMID
2069:PMID
2012:PMID
1961:ISBN
1880:PMID
1872:ISSN
1731:1998
1708:PMID
1646:PMID
1604:PMID
1569:PMID
1532:ISBN
1509:PMID
1438:and
1430:and
1296:and
1245:and
1214:and
1196:and
1174:and
1093:and
1054:The
1018:The
992:and
948:and
866:and
719:and
570:The
562:3.6
515:2.24
512:2.92
509:2.42
506:1.28
493:5.26
487:0.67
342:and
306:and
283:and
81:and
3854:Ion
3085:ICP
3068:NMR
2911:doi
2907:155
2850:doi
2818:doi
2775:doi
2579:doi
2514:doi
2487:doi
2444:doi
2409:doi
2361:doi
2305:PMC
2297:doi
2258:doi
2214:PMC
2206:doi
2167:doi
2123:PMC
2115:doi
2059:PMC
2051:doi
2002:PMC
1994:doi
1990:128
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