120:. The reason for the patients' catabolic response was not understood at the time, but later attention was turned to the stress reaction caused by the surgery. The evolutionary background is believed to be that a wounded animal increases its chance of survival by using stored energy reserves. The stress reaction thus initiates a catabolic state by an increased release of catabolic hormones. Additionally immunosuppressive hormones are also released. In a surgery patient, the stress reaction is considered detrimental for wound healing. However, surgical stress reduced mortality from endotoxin shock. Today, development of new surgical techniques and anaesthetic protocols aim to minimise the surgical stress reaction.
46:
procedure, one method to evaluate and compare the surgical techniques is to subject one group of patients to one technique, and the other group of patients to another technique, after which the surgical stress responses triggered by the procedures are compared. Absent any other difference, the technique with the least surgical stress response is considered the best for the patient.
49:
Similarly, a group of patients can be subjected to a surgical procedure where one anaesthetic protocol is used, and another group of patients are subjected to the same surgical procedure but with a different anaesthetic protocol. The anaesthetic protocol that yields the least stress response is
45:
Analysis of the surgical stress response can be used for evaluation of surgical techniques and comparisons of different anaesthetic protocols. Moreover, they can be performed both in the intraoperative or postoperative period. If there is a choice between different techniques for a surgical
1689:
Höglund, OV; Hagman, R; Olsson, K; Olsson, U; Lagerstedt, AS (Aug 8, 2014). "Intraoperative
Changes in Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, Plasma Vasopressin, and Urinary Noradrenalin During Elective Ovariohysterectomy in Dogs: Repeatability at Removal of the 1st and 2nd Ovary".
380:
Freeman, LJ; Rahmani, EY; Al-Haddad, M; Sherman, S; Chiorean, MV; Selzer, DJ; Snyder, PW; Constable, PD (Aug 2010). "Comparison of pain and postoperative stress in dogs undergoing natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery, laparoscopic, and open oophorectomy".
1618:
JACOBSEN, STINE; NIELSEN, JON VEDDING; KJELGAARD-HANSEN, MADS; TOELBOELL, TRINE; FJELDBORG, JULIE; HALLING-THOMSEN, MAJ; MARTINUSSEN, TORBEN; THOEFNER, MARTIN BANG (August 2009). "Acute Phase
Response to Surgery of Varying Intensity in Horses: A Preliminary Study".
1005:
Moldal, ER; Eriksen, T; Kirpensteijn, J; Nødtvedt, A; Kristensen, AT; Sparta, FM; Haga, HA (Jan 2013). "Intratesticular and subcutaneous lidocaine alters the intraoperative haemodynamic responses and heart rate variability in male cats undergoing castration".
749:
Shivley, Jacob M.; Richardson, Jodi M.; Woodruff, Kimberly A.; Brookshire, Wilson C.; Meyer, Robert E.; Smith, David R. (28 October 2018). "Sharp transection of the suspensory ligament as an alternative to digital strumming during canine ovariohysterectomy".
1504:
Marana, E; Scambia, G; Maussier, ML; Parpaglioni, R; Ferrandina, G; Meo, F; Sciarra, M; Marana, R (May 2003). "Neuroendocrine stress response in patients undergoing benign ovarian cyst surgery by laparoscopy, minilaparotomy, and laparotomy".
1417:
Kjelgaard-Hansen, M; Strom, H; Mikkelsen, LF; Eriksen, T; Jensen, AL; Luntang-Jensen, M (September 2013). "Canine serum C-reactive protein as a quantitative marker of the inflammatory stimulus of aseptic elective soft tissue surgery".
29:
is the systemic response to surgical injury and is characterized by activation of the sympathetic nervous system, endocrine responses as well as immunological and haematological changes. Measurement of surgical stress is used in
1171:
Fizzano, Kristen M.; Claude, Andrew K.; Kuo, Lan-Hsin; Eells, Jeffrey B.; Hinz, Simone B.; Thames, Brittany E.; Ross, Matthew K.; Linford, Robert L.; Wills, Robert W.; Olivier, Alicia K.; Archer, Todd M. (September 2017).
623:
Yoo, KY; Lee, MK; Jeong, CW; Kim, SJ; Jeong, ST; Shin, MH; Lee, JK; Lee, J (Sep 2009). "Anaesthetic requirement and stress hormone responses in patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery: anterior vs. posterior approach".
451:
Kataja, J; Chrapek, W; Kaukinen, S; Pimenoff, G; Salenius, JP (2007). "Hormonal stress response and hemodynamic stability in patients undergoing endovascular vs. conventional abdominal aortic aneurysm repair".
887:
Goldmann, A; Hoehne, C; Fritz, GA; Unger, J; Ahlers, O; Nachtigall, I; Boemke, W (Sep 2008). "Combined vs. Isoflurane/Fentanyl anesthesia for major abdominal surgery: Effects on hormones and hemodynamics".
495:
Naitoh, T; Garcia-Ruiz, A; Vladisavljevic, A; Matsuno, S; Gagner, M (Nov 2002). "Gastrointestinal transit and stress response after laparoscopic vs conventional distal pancreatectomy in the canine model".
793:
Del Romero, Ayla; Cuervo, Belén; Peláez, Pau; Miguel, Laura; Torres, Marta; Yeste, Marc; Rivera del Alamo, Maria
Montserrat; Rubio, Camila P.; Rubio, MĂłnica (27 November 2020).
416:
Höglund, OV; Olsson, K; Hagman, R; Öhlund, M; Olsson, U; Lagerstedt, AS (Aug 2011). "Comparison of haemodynamic changes during two surgical methods for neutering female dogs".
1654:
Yoder, B; Wolf JS, Jr (March 2005). "Canine model of surgical stress response comparing standard laparoscopic, microlaparoscopic, and hand-assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy".
1583:
Chernow, B; Alexander, HR; Smallridge, RC; Thompson, WR; Cook, D; Beardsley, D; Fink, MP; Lake, CR; Fletcher, JR (July 1987). "Hormonal responses to graded surgical stress".
588:
Yoder, B; Wolf JS, Jr (Mar 2005). "Canine model of surgical stress response comparing standard laparoscopic, microlaparoscopic, and hand-assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy".
53:
It is generally considered or hypothesized that a more invasive surgery, with extensive tissue trauma and noxious stimuli, triggers a more significant stress response.
541:"The surgical stress response and postoperative immune function after laparoscopic or conventional total mesorectal excision in rectal cancer: a randomized trial"
1114:"Pre-emptive multimodal analgesia with tramadol and ketamine–lidocaine infusion for suppression of central sensitization in a dog model of ovariohysterectomy"
710:"Laparoscopic vs. open abdominal surgery in male pigs: marked differences in cortisol and catecholamine response depending on the size of surgical incision"
1044:
Perioperative stress in dogs : different aspects of manifestation and characteristics with medetomidine and acepromazine preanaesthetic medication
539:
Veenhof, AA; Sietses, C; von
Blomberg, BM; van Hoogstraten, IM; vd Pas, MH; Meijerink, WJ; vd Peet, DL; vd Tol, MP; Bonjer, HJ; Cuesta, MA (Jan 2011).
1112:
Kaka, Ubedullah; Rahman, Nor-Alimah; Abubakar, Adamu Abdul; Goh, Yong Meng; Fakurazi, Sharida; Omar, Mohamed Ariff; Chen, Hui Cheng (April 2018).
1221:"Effect of different analgesic techniques on hemodynamic variables recorded with an esophageal Doppler monitor during ovariohysterectomy in dogs"
56:
However, duration of surgery may affect the stress response which therefore may make comparisons of procedures that differ in time difficult.
966:"Evaluation of the perioperative stress response in dogs administered medetomidine or acepromazine as part of the preanesthetic medication"
318:
Hernández-Avalos, I.; Flores-Gasca, E.; Mota-Rojas, D.; Casas-Alvarado, A.; Miranda-CortĂ©s, A. E.; DomĂnguez-Oliva, A. (11 February 2021).
85:
708:
Krikri, A; Alexopoulos, V; Zoumakis, E; Katsaronis, P; Balafas, E; Kouraklis, G; Karayannacos, PE; Chrousos, GP; Skalkeas, G (2013).
1368:
Ledowski, Thomas; Bein, Berthold; Hanss, Robert; Paris, Andrea; Fudickar, Wolfgang; Scholz, Jens; Tonner, Peter H. (December 2005).
795:"Changes in Acute Phase Proteins in Bitches after Laparoscopic, Midline, and Flank Ovariectomy Using the Same Method for Hemostasis"
1864:
Kamei, K; Nimura, Y; Nagino, M; Aono, K; Nakashima, I (January 2002). "Surgical stress reduces mortality from endotoxin shock".
1055:
1370:"Neuroendocrine Stress Response and Heart Rate Variability: A Comparison of Total Intravenous Versus Balanced Anesthesia"
917:"Neuroendocrine stress response and heart rate variability: a comparison of total intravenous versus balanced anesthesia"
84:. Essentially, physiologic parameters are measured in order to assess sympathetic tone as a surrogate measure of stress.
1262:"Effects of midazolam on cardiovascular responses and isoflurane requirement during elective ovariohysterectomy in dogs"
1768:"The disturbance of metabolism produced by bony and non-bony injury, with notes on certain abnormal conditions of bone"
1174:"Evaluation of a modified infraorbital approach for a maxillary nerve block for rhinoscopy with nasal biopsy of dogs"
269:
Finnerty, Celeste C.; Mabvuure, Nigel Tapiwa; Ali, Arham; Kozar, Rosemary A.; Herndon, David N. (September 2013).
1173:
1540:
Holzer-Petsche, U; Brodacz, B (March 1999). "Traction on the mesentery as a model of visceral nociception".
1042:
116:
Loss of nitrogen (urea) was observed already in the 1930s in fracture patients by the
Scottish physician
1817:"From Cuthbertson to fast-track surgery: 70 years of progress in reducing stress in surgical patients"
1313:"The effect of splash block on the need for analgesia in dogs subjected to video-assisted ovariectomy"
669:"Comparison of intraoperative and postoperative pain during canine ovariohysterectomy and ovariectomy"
320:"Neurobiology of anesthetic-surgical stress and induced behavioral changes in dogs and cats: A review"
1985:
1455:"Surgical stress and postoperative complications related to regional and radical mastectomy in dogs"
964:
Väisänen, M; Raekallio, M; Kuusela, E; Huttunen, P; Leppäluoto, J; Kirves, P; Vainio, O (Jul 2002).
1727:"Hemodynamic changes induced by laparoscopy and their endocrine correlates: effects of clonidine"
1073:"Hemodynamic changes induced by laparoscopy and their endocrine correlates: effects of clonidine"
20:
73:
319:
177:
Giannoudis, PV; Dinopoulos, H; Chalidis, B; Hall, GM (Dec 2006). "Surgical stress response".
77:
8:
1995:
1990:
1453:
Horta, RS; Figueiredo, MS; Lavalle, GE; Costa, MP; Cunha, RM; AraĂşjo, RB (24 June 2015).
915:
Ledowski, T; Bein, B; Hanss, R; Paris, A; Fudickar, W; Scholz, J; Tonner, PH (Dec 2005).
538:
1889:
1841:
1816:
1792:
1767:
1725:
Joris, JL; Chiche, JD; Canivet, JL; Jacquet, NJ; Legros, JJ; Lamy, ML (November 1998).
1565:
1481:
1454:
1399:
1386:
1369:
1350:
1337:
1288:
1261:
1237:
1220:
1201:
1148:
1113:
946:
933:
916:
869:
821:
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685:
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540:
521:
477:
357:
295:
270:
251:
202:
1743:
1726:
1553:
1518:
1089:
1072:
844:
Crozier, TA; MĂĽller, JE; Quittkat, D; Sydow, M; Wuttke, W; Kettler, D (Sep 1994). "".
190:
1957:
1916:
1881:
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1797:
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1707:
1703:
1671:
1636:
1632:
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1435:
1391:
1354:
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1242:
1193:
1153:
1135:
1094:
1051:
1023:
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861:
826:
767:
731:
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469:
433:
398:
362:
344:
300:
243:
238:
221:
194:
159:
117:
1907:
Kehlet, H (December 1991). "The surgical stress response: should it be prevented?".
1569:
1403:
1205:
950:
873:
779:
653:
525:
481:
317:
206:
1980:
1947:
1893:
1873:
1836:
1828:
1787:
1779:
1738:
1699:
1663:
1628:
1592:
1549:
1514:
1476:
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1427:
1381:
1332:
1324:
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1232:
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1143:
1125:
1084:
1015:
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928:
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721:
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633:
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390:
352:
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233:
186:
149:
81:
1667:
1071:
Joris, JL; Chiche, JD; Canivet, JL; Jacquet, NJ; Legros, JJ; Lamy, ML (Nov 1998).
601:
1936:"Multimodal approach to control postoperative pathophysiology and rehabilitation"
1596:
494:
465:
429:
65:
1877:
1471:
1278:
556:
509:
394:
1974:
1139:
982:
965:
348:
286:
101:
726:
709:
1952:
1935:
1885:
1850:
1801:
1711:
1675:
1640:
1561:
1526:
1490:
1439:
1395:
1346:
1297:
1246:
1197:
1189:
1157:
1027:
991:
942:
901:
830:
771:
735:
694:
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609:
574:
517:
473:
437:
402:
366:
304:
198:
163:
154:
137:
1961:
1920:
1752:
1604:
1098:
1004:
865:
857:
247:
176:
963:
105:
97:
31:
1617:
1130:
811:
379:
89:
69:
35:
1783:
1431:
763:
450:
1507:
The
Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists
1416:
1328:
843:
1312:
748:
707:
93:
1582:
886:
415:
39:
1503:
914:
792:
1452:
1311:
Cicirelli, V; Lacalandra, GM; Aiudi, GG (14 October 2021).
88:
can also be used. Examples of commonly used biomarkers are
1909:
Canadian
Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien de Chirurgie
1050:. Helsinki: University Printing House, Helsinki, Finland.
622:
222:"The metabolic response to stress: an overview and update"
50:
considered the most suitable for that surgical procedure.
1724:
1688:
1260:
Kropf, Josephine; Hughes, J.M. Lynne (17 December 2018).
1070:
667:
Tallant, A; Ambros, B; Freire, C; Sakals, S (July 2016).
666:
1310:
1219:
Sández, I; Soto, M; Torralbo, D; Rioja, E (April 2018).
268:
1218:
1367:
1863:
1539:
1170:
1111:
1972:
587:
1731:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
1077:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
1653:
86:Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring
1765:
1259:
545:International Journal of Colorectal Disease
275:Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition
138:"The stress response to trauma and surgery"
135:
1951:
1840:
1791:
1742:
1480:
1470:
1385:
1336:
1287:
1277:
1236:
1147:
1129:
1088:
981:
932:
820:
810:
725:
684:
564:
356:
338:
294:
237:
153:
1040:
271:"The Surgically Induced Stress Response"
219:
1814:
1178:American Journal of Veterinary Research
970:American Journal of Veterinary Research
1973:
1933:
1906:
1008:Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia
908:
16:Systemic response to surgical injury
626:Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica
13:
1387:10.1213/01.ane.0000184041.32175.14
934:10.1213/01.ane.0000184041.32175.14
14:
2007:
1866:Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery
1833:10.1097/00000658-200211000-00015
1704:10.1111/j.1532-950X.2014.12264.x
1633:10.1111/j.1532-950X.2009.00564.x
1020:10.1111/j.1467-2995.2012.00773.x
638:10.1111/j.1399-6576.2009.01993.x
239:10.1097/00000542-199008000-00020
64:Examples of used parameters are
1927:
1900:
1857:
1808:
1759:
1718:
1682:
1647:
1611:
1576:
1533:
1497:
1446:
1410:
1361:
1317:Veterinary Medicine and Science
1304:
1253:
1225:The Canadian Veterinary Journal
1212:
1164:
1105:
1064:
1034:
998:
957:
880:
837:
786:
742:
701:
673:The Canadian Veterinary Journal
660:
616:
581:
532:
454:Scandinavian Journal of Surgery
1940:British Journal of Anaesthesia
488:
444:
418:Research in Veterinary Science
409:
373:
340:10.14202/vetworld.2021.393-404
311:
262:
213:
170:
142:British Journal of Anaesthesia
129:
1:
1744:10.1016/s0735-1097(98)00406-9
1668:10.1016/j.urology.2004.10.021
1585:Archives of Internal Medicine
1554:10.1016/s0304-3959(98)00233-4
1519:10.1016/s1074-3804(05)60291-5
1459:Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica
1420:Veterinary Clinical Pathology
1090:10.1016/s0735-1097(98)00406-9
602:10.1016/j.urology.2004.10.021
191:10.1016/S0020-1383(07)70005-0
123:
7:
1597:10.1001/archinte.147.7.1273
136:Desborough, JP (Jul 2000).
10:
2012:
1374:Anesthesia & Analgesia
466:10.1177/145749690709600309
430:10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.08.013
383:Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
111:
59:
18:
1878:10.1007/s00423-001-0261-y
1472:10.1186/s13028-015-0121-3
1279:10.1186/s13620-018-0136-y
557:10.1007/s00384-010-1056-9
510:10.1007/s00464-002-0007-0
395:10.1016/j.gie.2010.01.066
1815:Wilmore, DW (Nov 2002).
1766:Cuthbertson, DP (1930).
1266:Irish Veterinary Journal
1118:Journal of Pain Research
1041:Väisänen, Misse (2006).
983:10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.969
921:Anesthesia and Analgesia
287:10.1177/0148607113496117
220:Weissman, C (Aug 1990).
1772:The Biochemical Journal
890:Medical Science Monitor
727:10.14310/horm.2002.1412
1934:Kehlet, H (May 1997).
1190:10.2460/ajvr.78.9.1025
74:heart rate variability
858:10.1007/s001010050098
1953:10.1093/bja/78.5.606
281:(5_suppl): 21S–29S.
155:10.1093/bja/85.1.109
78:photoplethysmography
19:For other uses, see
1131:10.2147/JPR.S152475
812:10.3390/ani10122223
1692:Veterinary Surgery
1621:Veterinary Surgery
752:Veterinary Surgery
498:Surgical Endoscopy
1821:Annals of Surgery
1784:10.1042/bj0241244
1432:10.1111/vcp.12063
1057:978-952-10-2975-2
764:10.1111/vsu.13121
185:(Suppl 5): S3–9.
118:David Cuthbertson
2003:
1986:Stress (biology)
1966:
1965:
1955:
1931:
1925:
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1904:
1898:
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1861:
1855:
1854:
1844:
1812:
1806:
1805:
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1763:
1757:
1756:
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1722:
1716:
1715:
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1679:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1615:
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1580:
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1537:
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1501:
1495:
1494:
1484:
1474:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1389:
1380:(6): 1700–1705.
1365:
1359:
1358:
1340:
1329:10.1002/vms3.637
1308:
1302:
1301:
1291:
1281:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1240:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1184:(9): 1025–1035.
1168:
1162:
1161:
1151:
1133:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1092:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1049:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1002:
996:
995:
985:
961:
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936:
912:
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905:
884:
878:
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846:Der Anaesthesist
841:
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790:
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327:Veterinary World
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309:
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266:
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259:
241:
217:
211:
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174:
168:
167:
157:
133:
82:skin conductance
2011:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1932:
1928:
1905:
1901:
1862:
1858:
1813:
1809:
1764:
1760:
1723:
1719:
1687:
1683:
1652:
1648:
1616:
1612:
1581:
1577:
1548:(1–2): 319–28.
1538:
1534:
1502:
1498:
1451:
1447:
1415:
1411:
1366:
1362:
1309:
1305:
1258:
1254:
1217:
1213:
1169:
1165:
1110:
1106:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1047:
1039:
1035:
1003:
999:
962:
958:
913:
909:
896:(9): CR445–52.
885:
881:
842:
838:
791:
787:
747:
743:
706:
702:
665:
661:
621:
617:
586:
582:
537:
533:
504:(11): 1627–30.
493:
489:
449:
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410:
378:
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322:
316:
312:
267:
263:
218:
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175:
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62:
27:Surgical stress
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2009:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1968:
1967:
1946:(5): 606–617.
1926:
1899:
1856:
1807:
1778:(4): 1244–63.
1758:
1737:(5): 1389–96.
1717:
1681:
1646:
1627:(6): 762–769.
1610:
1575:
1532:
1496:
1445:
1409:
1360:
1323:(1): 104–109.
1303:
1252:
1231:(4): 419–424.
1211:
1163:
1104:
1083:(5): 1389–96.
1063:
1056:
1033:
997:
956:
907:
879:
852:(9): 594–604.
836:
785:
758:(2): 216–221.
741:
700:
659:
615:
580:
531:
487:
443:
408:
372:
333:(2): 393–404.
310:
261:
226:Anesthesiology
212:
169:
127:
125:
122:
113:
110:
66:blood pressure
61:
58:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1630:
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1614:
1606:
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1598:
1594:
1591:(7): 1273–8.
1590:
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1579:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1528:
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1520:
1516:
1513:(2): 159–65.
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1492:
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1473:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
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1199:
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1037:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1001:
993:
989:
984:
979:
976:(7): 969–75.
975:
971:
967:
960:
952:
948:
944:
940:
935:
930:
927:(6): 1700–5.
926:
922:
918:
911:
903:
899:
895:
891:
883:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
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828:
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789:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
745:
737:
733:
728:
723:
720:(2): 283–91.
719:
715:
711:
704:
696:
692:
687:
682:
678:
674:
670:
663:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
632:(8): 1012–7.
631:
627:
619:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
584:
576:
572:
567:
562:
558:
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523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
491:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
460:(3): 236–42.
459:
455:
447:
439:
435:
431:
427:
424:(1): 159–63.
423:
419:
412:
404:
400:
396:
392:
389:(2): 373–80.
388:
384:
376:
368:
364:
359:
354:
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341:
336:
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328:
321:
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306:
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297:
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284:
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272:
265:
257:
253:
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245:
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232:(2): 308–27.
231:
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216:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
173:
165:
161:
156:
151:
148:(1): 109–17.
147:
143:
139:
132:
128:
121:
119:
109:
107:
103:
102:noradrenaline
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
57:
54:
51:
47:
43:
41:
37:
33:
28:
22:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1915:(6): 565–7.
1912:
1908:
1902:
1872:(7): 512–7.
1869:
1865:
1859:
1827:(5): 643–8.
1824:
1820:
1810:
1775:
1771:
1761:
1734:
1730:
1720:
1698:(7): 852–9.
1695:
1691:
1684:
1662:(3): 600–3.
1659:
1655:
1649:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1462:
1458:
1448:
1426:(3): 342–5.
1423:
1419:
1412:
1377:
1373:
1363:
1320:
1316:
1306:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1228:
1224:
1214:
1181:
1177:
1166:
1121:
1117:
1107:
1080:
1076:
1066:
1043:
1036:
1014:(1): 63–73.
1011:
1007:
1000:
973:
969:
959:
924:
920:
910:
893:
889:
882:
849:
845:
839:
805:(12): 2223.
802:
798:
788:
755:
751:
744:
717:
713:
703:
679:(7): 741–6.
676:
672:
662:
629:
625:
618:
596:(3): 600–3.
593:
589:
583:
548:
544:
534:
501:
497:
490:
457:
453:
446:
421:
417:
411:
386:
382:
375:
330:
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313:
278:
274:
264:
229:
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182:
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172:
145:
141:
131:
115:
98:interleukins
63:
55:
52:
48:
44:
26:
25:
1124:: 743–752.
551:(1): 53–9.
106:vasopressin
32:anaesthesia
1996:Anesthesia
1991:Physiology
1975:Categories
124:References
90:adrenaline
70:heart rate
36:physiology
1465:(1): 34.
1355:238860439
1272:(1): 26.
1140:1178-7090
349:0972-8988
1886:11819109
1851:12409671
1802:16744448
1712:25130060
1676:15780400
1641:19674420
1570:36438315
1562:10204745
1527:12732764
1491:26104069
1440:23899087
1404:23182118
1396:16301244
1347:34647415
1298:30568789
1247:29606730
1206:10247473
1198:28836847
1158:29695926
1028:23033908
992:12118677
951:23182118
943:16301244
902:18758414
874:38923309
831:33260846
780:53098012
772:30370635
736:23933697
714:Hormones
695:27429462
654:46468509
646:19426236
610:15780400
575:20922542
526:26440980
518:12073003
482:43913306
474:17966750
438:20888021
403:20537637
367:33776304
305:24009246
207:23808365
199:17338909
164:10927999
94:cortisol
1981:Surgery
1962:9175983
1921:1747833
1894:1739773
1842:1422623
1793:1254622
1753:9809953
1656:Urology
1605:3606284
1482:4480898
1338:8788979
1289:6297997
1238:5855226
1149:5905489
1099:9809953
866:7978186
822:7761362
799:Animals
686:4904810
590:Urology
566:3015173
358:7994130
296:3920901
256:6068174
248:2200312
112:History
60:Methods
40:surgery
1960:
1919:
1892:
1884:
1849:
1839:
1800:
1790:
1751:
1710:
1674:
1639:
1603:
1568:
1560:
1525:
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1402:
1394:
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1345:
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1296:
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303:
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246:
205:
197:
179:Injury
162:
21:Stress
1890:S2CID
1566:S2CID
1400:S2CID
1351:S2CID
1202:S2CID
1048:(PDF)
947:S2CID
870:S2CID
776:S2CID
650:S2CID
522:S2CID
478:S2CID
323:(PDF)
252:S2CID
203:S2CID
1958:PMID
1917:PMID
1882:PMID
1847:PMID
1798:PMID
1749:PMID
1708:PMID
1672:PMID
1637:PMID
1601:PMID
1558:PMID
1542:Pain
1523:PMID
1487:PMID
1436:PMID
1392:PMID
1343:PMID
1294:PMID
1243:PMID
1194:PMID
1154:PMID
1136:ISSN
1095:PMID
1052:ISBN
1024:PMID
988:PMID
939:PMID
898:PMID
862:PMID
827:PMID
768:PMID
732:PMID
691:PMID
642:PMID
606:PMID
571:PMID
514:PMID
470:PMID
434:PMID
399:PMID
363:PMID
345:ISSN
301:PMID
244:PMID
195:PMID
160:PMID
104:and
80:and
38:and
1948:doi
1874:doi
1870:386
1837:PMC
1829:doi
1825:236
1788:PMC
1780:doi
1739:doi
1700:doi
1664:doi
1629:doi
1593:doi
1589:147
1550:doi
1515:doi
1477:PMC
1467:doi
1428:doi
1382:doi
1378:101
1333:PMC
1325:doi
1284:PMC
1274:doi
1233:PMC
1186:doi
1144:PMC
1126:doi
1085:doi
1016:doi
978:doi
929:doi
925:101
854:doi
817:PMC
807:doi
760:doi
722:doi
681:PMC
634:doi
598:doi
561:PMC
553:doi
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