Battle of Svolder - Knowledge

1264: 1099: 1572:. No instance is known where men have defended themselves so long and so valiantly against such overwhelming numbers of foes as they had to encounter. Then there was the fierce attack made by Earl Eric and his men, which has been held in wide renown. ... The battle was very famous too, on account of the great slaughter, and the Earl's success in clearing a ship that up to that time was the largest built and the fairest in Norway; of which shipmen said that it would never, while floating on the sea, be won with arms in the face of such heroes as manned it. 486: 1577: 1321: 42: 814: 744: 1424: 2891: 1495: 1756: 3405: 1728: 541: 693: 1742: 4438: 1372: 913:, for example, says that he had "only a small force", and that the sea around him was "carpeted with warships" The sources which specify the number of warships all agree that Olaf Tryggvason had 11 vessels but they give various numbers for the allied fleets. Most sources cite the Danish and Swedish forces as equal in size, with the exception of 805:

of Thyri and her marriages. While it is possible that Olaf was collecting dowry, it seems more probable that he was expecting war and seeking allies in Wendland, but met with little success. The character of Sigvaldi remains enigmatic, though there is evidence from skaldic poetry that he did indeed betray Olaf.

1560:. In Norwegian-Icelandic historiography, King Olaf Tryggvason was held in high regard as the man who brought Christianity to the North. His colourful end in a battle against overwhelming odds therefore makes a fitting narrative. Jarl Eirik's court poets also ensured their lord a fair share of the glory. 1390:

Einar shot an arrow at Earl Eirik, which hit the tiller end just above the earl's head so hard that it entered the wood up to the arrow-shaft. The Earl looked that way, and asked if they knew who had shot; and at the same moment another arrow flew between his hand and his side, and into the stuffing

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The sagas give all the credit to the Norwegians, praising Eirik Hákonarson for any intelligence and for most of the valour shown by Olaf Tryggvason's opponents. The Danes and Swedes rush at the front of Olaf's line and are repulsed, suffering heavy casualties and loss of ships. Jarl Eirik attacks the

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It is only when Olaf Tryggvason sights Eirik Hákonarson's contingent that he realises he is in for a hard battle, because "they are Norwegians like us". The sagas' emphasis of Eirik's contribution stands in marked contrast to the Danish accounts of Adam of Bremen and Saxo Grammaticus, who portray the

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From the conflicting accounts of the sources, historians have tried to reconstruct the most likely sequence of events leading up to the battle. It is probable that Olaf Tryggvason was indeed sailing from Wendland to Norway when he was ambushed, though the kings' sagas probably play up the importance

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and King Olaf of Sweden to lure Olaf Tryggvason into a trap. Olaf Tryggvason travelled to Wendland to collect Thyri's dowry from King Burislav and while there heard rumours of a planned ambush; but Sigvaldi arrived to tell him these rumours were false. Believing Sigvaldi, Olaf sent most of his fleet

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have a similar account. Thyri was the sister of Svein Forkbeard, and when Olaf Tryggvason married her, Svein refused to pay her promised dowry. Angered, Olaf launched an expedition to attack Denmark, but he was too impatient to wait for a fleet to assemble from all of Norway, and he set sail for the

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Olaf Tryggvason's ships pass the anchorage of his allied enemies in a long column without order, as no attack is expected. Conveniently placed to observe the fleet, Jarl Eirik and the two kings remark upon the passing vessels. Svein and Olaf are eager to join battle, but Eirik is portrayed as more

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in south Norway, an area long under Danish overlordship. Olaf and Svein had been in England together, but Olaf had made peace while Svein kept campaigning. Svein was on friendly terms with Olaf the Swede and connected to him by marriage, so the two were natural allies. Finally, Jarl Eirik had been

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After spotting the enemy, Olaf might have used sail and oar to outrun the ambush and escape, but he refuses to flee and turns to give battle with the eleven ships immediately about him. Seeing the Danish fleet arrayed against him, he comments: "The forest goats will not overcome us, for the Danes

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is overpowered and Olaf Tryggvason defeated. The Danish sources report that when all was lost he committed suicide by throwing himself into the sea, "the end befitting his life", according to Adam of Bremen. Saxo Grammaticus says that Olaf preferred suicide to death at the hands of the enemy and

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While historians value contemporary skaldic poetry highly as the most accurate source available, it must be remembered that the poems are not preserved independently but as quotations in the kings' sagas. After two centuries of oral preservation, there is often doubt that a verse was accurately

423:, sister of Svein Forkbeard. As the battle starts Olaf is shown dismissing the Danish and Swedish fleets with ethnic insults and bravado while admitting that Eirik Hákonarson and his men are dangerous because "they are Norwegians like us". The best known episode in the battle is the breaking of 415:, were written approximately two centuries after it took place. Historically unreliable, they offer an extended literary account describing the battle and the events leading up to it in vivid detail. The sagas ascribe the causes of the battle to Olaf Tryggvason's ill-fated marriage proposal to 1066:

Though the sagas agree that Olaf Tryggvason had only 11 ships in the battle, some of them quote a verse by Halldórr the Unchristian saying that Olaf had 71 ships when he sailed from the south. The sagas explain the discrepancy by saying that some of the 71 ships belonged to Jarl Sigvaldi, who

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While rejecting Danish authority, Olaf made it his mission to convert Norway and the Norse colonies in the west as quickly and as completely as possible. Proceeding with threats, torture and executions, Olaf broke down pagan resistance and within a few years Norway was, at least nominally, a

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It is unlikely that the saga writers had accurate information on details of the battle beyond the sparse accounts in the surviving poems. Nevertheless, starting with Oddr Snorrason, they present an elaborate literary account, depicting the main participants through their words and deeds.

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Other sagas suggest that one way or another Olaf made his way to the shore; perhaps by swimming, perhaps with the help of angels, most likely rescued by one of the Wendish ships present. After his escape, Olaf supposedly sought salvation for his soul abroad, perhaps joining a monastery.

1346:, in the middle of the line, where her bows projected beyond the others. The advantages of this arrangement were that it left all hands free to fight, that a barrier could be formed with the oars and yards, and that it limited the enemy's ability to make its superior numbers count. The 1547:

The Jarls Eirik and Svein proved strong, competent rulers, and their reign was prosperous. Most sources say that they adopted Christianity but allowed the people religious freedom, leading to a backlash against Christianity which undid much of Olaf Tryggvason's missionary work.

762:, who received a large dowry for her; but she did not want to be his wife and starved herself after their wedding, so Burislav sent her back to Denmark. She then arranged to have herself married to Olaf Tryggvason, to the displeasure of her brother Svein. Svein's queen, 1295:"before the sun sets". Eirik makes a remark "so that few men heard him" saying that "with only the Danish army at his disposal, King Sveinn would never command this ship". As the allies set out to attack Olaf Tryggvason, the point of view shifts to the Norwegian fleet. 684:

remembered and correctly attributed. Furthermore, skaldic poetry did not primarily aim at giving information but at artistically rendering facts already known to the hearers. Historians frequently fall back on the less reliable but more detailed accounts of the sagas.

1287:, and it is better to attack this ship from the stern. It is manned with such fellows that, should we encounter King Olaf Tryggvason, we will quickly learn that it would be better for us to find a gap in his fleet than to do battle with this longship. 349:

and an alliance of the Kings of Denmark and Sweden and Olaf's enemies in Norway. The backdrop of the battle was the unification of Norway into a single independent state after longstanding Danish efforts to control the country, combined with the

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was the longest ship and so also the tallest—another advantage to the defenders, who could rain down arrows, javelins and other missiles while the enemy would have to shoot upwards. Olaf, in effect, turned his eleven ships into a floating fort.

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states that the battle occurred on 9 September, and other sources agree with either date. Since some medieval writers reckoned the end of the year in September, it is possible that the year referred to is in fact the one we know as 999.

1458:, which had thirty-two rowing places. But when Eiríkr went to the stern of the ship in search of the king, a light flashed before him as though it were lightning, and when the light disappeared, the king himself was gone." 207: 1299:

have the courage of goats. We will not fear that force because the Danes have never carried off the victory if they fought on ships." Similarly, Olaf writes off the Swedes with a reference to their pagan customs:

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Olaf confiscated the second of his great ships from a pagan he had tortured to death for refusing to convert to Christianity. King Olaf "steered it himself, because it was a much larger and finer ship than the

1395:) race, and was a superior archer,—"Shoot that tall man by the mast." Fin shot; and the arrow hit the middle of Einar's bow just at the moment that Einar was drawing it, and the bow was split in two parts. 664:, who was in Olaf Tryggvason's service. Hallfreðr was not present at the battle but gathered information about it afterwards for a eulogy on Olaf. On Jarl Eirik's side, a number of stanzas are preserved by 1623:

With the 19th century rise of nationalism and romanticism and the growing number of translations of the sagas, interest in the battle of Svolder increased outside of Iceland. Around 1830, the Faroese poet

736:) to seek allies and on the way was ambushed by Svein and his allies. These accounts are contradicted by a contemporary verse of Halldórr the Unchristian which states that Olaf Tryggvason was travelling 1407:

Einarr took the bow, and drew it over the head of the arrow. "Too weak, too weak," said he, "for the bow of a mighty king!" and, throwing the bow aside, he took sword and shield, and fought valiantly.

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of Denmark and paying tribute to him—though the two later fell out over religious matters. Harald had converted to Christianity and was eager to Christianise Norway, while Haakon remained a staunch

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The battle is acknowledged to have been for many reasons the most famous that was ever fought in Northern lands. For, first there was the noble defence made by King Olaf and his men on board the

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has now completed the opera, which premiered in September 2000, 1000 years after the Battle of Svolder. Søderlind introduced fate motifs from Wagner, Beethoven and Liszt in the battle scene.

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had thirty-four compartments. The head and the tail were all gilt. And the gunwales were as high as those on a seagoing ship. This was the best ship ever built in Norway, and the most costly.

3120:). This was first recorded in the thirteenth century but it was probably given at an early date and meant, according to Snorri Snurluson, "tributary king", and was equated by him with 299: 264: 1359:, up against the last ship of Olaf's line, which he clears with a fierce attack and then proceeds onto the next ship. In this way, Olaf's ships were cleared one by one, till the 841:, written around 1128, which specifies that it took place in the summer. Oddr Snorrason says further that the battle is "memorialized for the fallen men on the Third or Fourth 617:, oral history, learned European examples and an uninhibited imagination, Oddr constructed an elaborate account of the battle. This was taken up by the later Icelandic sagas, 234: 214: 4159: 3635: 3576: 1091:. Its stem had a dragon's head on it, and on its stern, a crook shaped like a tail; and both sides of the neck and all the stern were gilded. That ship the king called the 478:

in the east, while the kings of Denmark claimed regions in the south and were eager to acquire Norwegian vassals to increase their influence. The spread of Roman Catholic

1634:, following Snorri's account. The ballad was well received and remains among the most popular and well-known Faroese ballads. In 2002, a heavy metal version by the band 249: 4086:

Sverrir Jakobsson (2002). "Erindringen om en mægtig personlighed : den norsk-islandske historiske tradisjon om Harald Hårfagre i et kildekristisk perspektiv" in

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Whether the above details are accurate or not, it is clear that Svein, Olaf the Swede and Eirik had ample reason to oppose Olaf Tryggvason. Olaf had taken control of

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was a large swift-sailing warship with thirty rowers' benches, high in stem and stern. It was commissioned by King Olaf and used as his flagship for some time.

284: 1386:, an archer in King Olaf's fleet who later became a cunning politician. Heimskringla describes his attempt at killing Jarl Eirik and saving the day for Olaf: 513:

Christian country. But King Olaf had acquired several enemies during his meteoric rise to power. The most prominent were Eirik Jarl, son of Haakon Jarl, and

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Berichte über die Verhandlungen der Sächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig. Philologisch-historische Klasse 98.6. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag. 1951.

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The same interests which clashed in the Battle of Svolder were to divide Norway for decades to come, leading to further major engagements, including the

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jumped overboard in full armour rather than see his foes victorious. The Norwegian and Icelandic accounts are more complex and more favourable to Olaf.

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In Iceland, where the kings' sagas continued to be copied and studied, the battle exercised the imagination of several poets. A 15th century

1446:'s memorial poem for his lord had already alluded to rumours that Olaf escaped death at Svolder. The sagas offer a variety of possibilities. 1391:

of the chief's stool, so that the barb stood far out on the other side. Then said the earl to a man called Fin,—but some say he was of Fin (

1179:" (possibly referencing the iron plates?), although some have translated it as the "Iron Ram". It is described with a low going "iron beam" ( 200: 758:

has an elaborate account of the problems arising from Thyri's marriages. He tells us that she was betrothed and married to the Wendish king

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which the king had taken along from Hálogaland; only it was much larger and more carefully wrought in all respects. He called it the

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It has been argued that King Harald Fairhair should be regarded primarily as a legendary character. See Sverrir Jakobsson 2002:230.

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could originally have been the name of a river which Norse unfamiliarity with Wendish geography turned into an island. The Danish

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also place it off Zealand. Theodoricus says it took place "beside the island which is called Svöldr; and it lies near Slavia".

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cycles on the same topic were composed in the 18th century, one of which is preserved. In the 19th century, the popular poet

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Hailed as king in 995, Olaf Tryggvason quickly proceeded to convert Norway to Christianity, using all means at his disposal.

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district, where Danish influence had long been strong. The rest of Norway was ruled by Eirik Hákonarson as Svein's vassal.

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There are no detailed contemporary sources. Information such as the number of ships cannot be regarded as reliable history.

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in the face of our weapons and succeeding in clearing our ships. I expect that we will not need to fear the horse eaters.

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gives the most detailed account of the division, describing it as threefold. Olaf the Swede received four districts in

1095:, because when the sail was hoisted it was to look like the wing of a dragon. That was the finest ship in all Norway." 304: 6041: 4649: 4222: 4116: 4064: 3995: 3974: 3953: 3939: 3925: 3894: 3880: 3842: 3828: 3814: 3783: 1947: 661: 5909: 381:. According to the Saga of King Olaf I Tryggvason, he had 60 warships plus the contribution of 11 warships from the 6021: 1909: 835:

All sources which date the battle agree that it took place in 1000. The oldest source to date it is the meticulous

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Nothing can be gleaned from the contemporary skaldic poems on the causes of the battle. Adam of Bremen states that

393:, which Jarl Eirik captured as Olaf threw himself into the sea. After the battle, Norway was ruled by the Jarls of 113: 109: 104: 855:

The location of the battle cannot be identified with any certainty. According to Adam of Bremen, it took place in

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a stalk of angelica. She weeps and scolds him for not daring to face up to Svein Forkbeard and retrieve her dowry.

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south with only 11 ships, expecting the rest to follow. When that hope was not realized, he set out for Wendland (

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home, as his men were impatient. He therefore had only a small fleet left when he was ambushed near Svolder.

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in the ninth century started the process of unification of the country and the consolidation of royal power.

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The Swedes will have an easier and more pleasant time licking out their sacrificial bowls than boarding the

653:(ca. 1300) combines several of the above sources to form the last, longest and least reliable saga account. 5759: 5754: 5080: 4070: 3362: 2010: 5318: 4512: 5749: 5253: 4945: 4840: 4417: 2876: 1889: 831:

commemorates a man who "met death when kings fought". The event referred to may be the Battle of Svolder.

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The Battle of Svolder is mentioned in a number of historical sources. The earliest written work is by

408:, while Icelandic sources place the battle near an island called Svolder, which is otherwise unknown. 5935: 5598: 4970: 4644: 4056: 3740: 2894: 2074: 1981: 1974: 1952: 1787: 5819: 3112:

Olaf the Swede may also have been Svein's vassal. "Olof's subordination is reflcted in his nickname

3037::1912–1915. For the careers of Hallfreðr, Halldórr, Þórðr and Skúli see Finnur Jónsson:1923:544–564. 789:, Sigvaldi sailed from Wendland with Olaf and a fleet of Wendish ships and led him into the ambush. 673: 5443: 4995: 4965: 4960: 4680: 4292: 2114: 2099: 1914: 1899: 1443: 1404:"No! not quite so much as that," says the king; "take my bow, and shoot," flinging the bow to him. 1342:

where a fleet had to fight on the defensive. Olaf lashed his ships side to side, with his own, the

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speaks of "an island off the coast of Vinðland... his island is called Svölðr." Oddr Snorrason and

668:, who speaks of the battle as happening "last year" and dwells on the scene of Eirik capturing the 5528: 4810: 4074: 400:

The exact location of the battle is disputed, and depends on which group of sources is preferred:

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Campbell, Alistair (editor and translator) and Simon Keynes (supplementary introduction) (1998).

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largely follow Oddr's account but simplify it and diverge from it in some respects. According to

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It is not King Olaf on this ship. I know this ship because I have seen it often. It is owned by

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Several factors combined to make the Battle of Svolder one of the most famous battles of the

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The Norse sources agree that Olaf Tryggvason fought against overwhelming odds in the battle.

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is the best known and the one which has most influenced modern historical and literary works.

479: 470:, and other claimants to the throne, had to contend with strong regional leaders such as the 5874: 5353: 5268: 5218: 3410:

One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the

1604:, chronicles the battle in verse, largely following the account of Oddr Snorrason. Two more 1280: 6036: 5966: 5899: 5814: 5678: 5573: 5553: 5177: 5075: 5035: 5030: 5010: 4975: 4910: 4820: 4785: 4745: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4590: 4502: 3987: 3967:Íslenzk fornrit XXV : Færeyinga saga, Ólafs saga Tryggvasonar eptir Odd munk Snorrason 3793:

Christliches Lehngut in der Sagareligion, Das Svoldr-Problem: Zwei Beiträge zur Sagakritik.

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Standing on the isle of Svolder, the allied leaders survey Olaf Tryggvason's passing fleet.

893:. Modern historians are divided, some locating the confrontation near the German island of 525: 517:, king of Denmark, both of whom felt that Olaf had deprived them of their share of Norway. 239: 5839: 5328: 4800: 3833:

Ekrem, Inger (editor), Lars Boje Mortensen (editor) and Peter Fisher (translator) (2003).

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allied (as a suzerain) to both the Danish Crown and the Commonwealth of Uppsala, Sweden.

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After the Battle of Svolder, the victorious leaders split Norway into areas of control.

766:, a staunch opponent of Olaf, egged Svein to make war on him. Svein then conspired with 5829: 5824: 5769: 5388: 5333: 5223: 5110: 5015: 4940: 4930: 4860: 4815: 4790: 4780: 4750: 4710: 4690: 4372: 4352: 4124: 4100: 4006: 3979: 3753: 2948: 2239: 2091: 2030: 1919: 1851: 1827: 1642: 1325: 1180: 837: 763: 700: 416: 294: 259: 5518: 1694:), much of which is dedicated to the Battle of Svolder, and which includes the verse: 1665:

on an opera about Olaf Tryggvason, but the two fell out before the work was finished.

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battle as a Danish victory over Norwegians, with no mention of Jarl Eirik or his men.

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deserted Olaf, and that others sailed past the trap at Svolder before it was sprung.

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had also became an increasingly important political issue in the late tenth century.

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had formed an alliance, he was angered and decided the time had come for an attack.

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and want to attack straight away, but Eirik holds them off with informed comments:

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As progressively larger vessels appear, the Danes and Swedes think each one is the

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describes a series of "sightings" of him in the Holy Land, the last in the 1040s.

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As Eirik finally consents to attack, King Svein boasts that he will command the

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While the battle is described in a number of medieval sources, the narrative in

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The sagas describe three of the ships in Olaf Tryggvason's fleet. According to

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Modern musical version of Faeröic kvadi 'Ormurin Lange' by music group 'TYR'

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Eiríkr jarl hafði barða einn geysimikinn, er hann var vanr at hafa í víking;

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In later centuries, the saga descriptions of the battle, especially that in

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driven from his patrimony by Olaf Tryggvason, as arguably had his father,

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en niðr frá járnspǫng þykk ok svá breið sem barðit ok tók alt í sjá ofan.

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fought with Eirik in the battle and spoke of it in verse in his old age.

562:(ca. 1080), who wrote from a Danish point of view as his source was King 540: 5498: 3429:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 269. 875:

agree on the island's name but do not specify its location. A stanza by

5248: 5213: 4407: 4402: 3958:Ólafía Einarsdóttir (translated by Helga Kress) (1967). "Árið 1000" in 3448: 2833: 2621: 2604: 2552: 2542: 2527: 2495: 2485: 2363: 2313: 2189: 2184: 2152: 1871: 1557: 818: 775: 619: 475: 462:

with weak central authority. In traditional historiography the rise of

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Faroese stamp showing a scene from the Battle of Svolder, inspired by

1525: 1118:, was a legendary vessel mentioned in several anecdotes in the sagas. 898: 405: 373:(also known as Olaf Eiríksson or Olaf the Swede), King of Sweden, and 71: 5693: 5568: 5538: 5323: 5105: 4427: 4347: 4302: 4270: 3693:

for an online version of the 1925 edition. Retrieved 30 January 2007.

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Ekrem 2003:99; Oddr Snorrason 2003:134; Theodoricus monachus 1998:18.

2828: 2823: 2813: 2746: 2651: 2547: 2510: 2500: 2460: 2413: 2408: 2358: 2298: 2224: 2214: 2194: 2157: 2142: 1672:

The battle has also inspired art outside of Scandinavia, including a

1513: 1239: 1188: 1147: 824: 733: 637: 362: 4012:

Medieval Scandinavia: from Conversion to Reformation, Circa 800–1500

1494: 1284: 5478: 5438: 5170: 5145: 4617: 4539: 4459: 4397: 4392: 4322: 4312: 4307: 4255: 2801: 2786: 2766: 2751: 2731: 2706: 2691: 2686: 2666: 2636: 2626: 2577: 2567: 2562: 2393: 2378: 2353: 2333: 2303: 2293: 2288: 2259: 2254: 2244: 2179: 2137: 1846: 1779: 1338:

The disposition adopted in the battle was one which recurs in many

759: 440:, have inspired a number of ballads and other works of literature. 3614:, see Snorri Sturluson 1991:244 and Finlay 2004:130. According to 1596: 894: 692: 601:(ca. 1190), all give a short account of the battle. The Icelandic 528:. The resolution came in 1035 with the accession of the Norwegian 75: 5493: 5418: 5393: 5363: 5358: 5243: 4570: 4532: 4437: 4422: 4387: 4275: 4231: 3772:(translated by Francis Joseph Tschan and Timothy Reuter) (2002). 3200:

Bjarni Aðalbjarnarson 1941:cxxxv, Ólafur Halldórsson 2006:cxliii.

2926: 2818: 2806: 2796: 2771: 2761: 2756: 2736: 2726: 2701: 2641: 2599: 2572: 2490: 2423: 2418: 2398: 2388: 2343: 2338: 2328: 2323: 2264: 2249: 2199: 1541: 1521: 1398:"What is that", cried King Olaf, "that broke with such a noise?" 1172: 856: 715:, egged him on to make war against Denmark. When Olaf heard that 4245: 3982:(2005). "Scandinavia in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries." In 3932:

Medieval Warfare: Theory and Practice of War in Europe, 300–1500

1498:

Division of Norway after the Battle of Svolder according to the

5708: 5428: 5238: 5135: 5115: 4607: 4600: 4580: 4382: 2838: 2791: 2776: 2741: 2716: 2681: 2676: 2609: 2594: 2532: 2470: 2455: 2433: 2383: 2373: 2368: 2281: 2276: 2234: 2204: 1233: 1223: 1164: 890: 828: 455: 346: 334: 4260: 1427:

In the final stage of the battle, Eirik and his men board the

1108:

was "the best ship ever built in Norway, and the most costly".

5588: 5578: 5533: 4454: 4367: 4297: 3944:

Oddr Snorrason (translated by Theodore M. Andersson) (2003).

3033:

The standard edition of the corpus of skaldic poetry remains

2711: 2696: 2671: 2661: 2646: 2589: 2557: 2522: 2517: 2475: 2465: 2348: 2209: 2052: 1673: 1415:, though there Einarr is aiming at Svein, rather than Eirik. 1176: 821: 5713: 5283: 5120: 4362: 4130:(2nd ed.). Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. 2781: 2428: 1661:, on the fall of the king. Bjørnson also collaborated with 676:'s elegy on Eirik, probably composed around 1015. Finally, 505:. In 995 Haakon was deposed and the young Christian leader 4200: 3514:

Heimskringla. The Online Medieval & Classical Library.

1544:

and a part of Trondheim. Other sources are less specific.

1371: 1142:

The only allied ship described is Jarl Eirik's iron clad

1122:

It was constructed as a dragon ship, on the model of the

570:

made use of and expanded Adam of Bremen's account in his

458:

was divided into a number of small and sometimes warring

361:

was sailing to, or home from, an expedition in Wendland (

1382:

One of the best known episodes from the battle involves

1218:"Earl Eirik owned a mighty great ship (referred to as a 3363:"Heimskringla, Olav Tryggvessons historia, chapter 101" 1540:, in contrast, says that the Swedish part consisted of 3669:

First printed 1833, republished numerous times. See:

532:

to the throne of an independent and Christian Norway.

2919:

Less likely, but possible, barði as an inflection of

1250: 605:

offer a much more extensive treatment, starting with

3885:

Kouri, E. I., Torkel Jansson and Knut Helle (2003).

1723: 387:

His ships were captured one by one, last of all the

3899:Levin, Mona (translated by Virginia Siger) (2002). 3191:

Oddr Snorrason 2003:115; Snorri Sturluson 1991:230.

1680:. The best known English-language work is probably 4123: 4052:Heimskringla : History of the Kings of Norway 3859:Den oldnorske og oldislandske litteraturs historie 3754:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: The Saga of King Olaf. 3577:Saganet: The Saga of King Olaf Tryggvason, p. 467. 3451:of the Lombards surveys the approaching armies of 879:speaks of "the mouth of Svolder", suggesting that 687: 672:. Some verses on the battle are also preserved in 4155:(Starting from 108. Conspiracy Against King Olaf) 1260:cautious and familiar with the Norwegian forces. 5953: 1649:, written in 1772, is considered a milestone in 1209:þar var skegg á ofanverðu barðinu hváru tveggja; 3871:Finlay, Alison (editor and translator) (2004). 3439:Oddr modelled his narrative on an episode from 1324:The chaotic nature of a sea battle is shown in 5972:Naval battles and operations in the Baltic Sea 3873:Fagrskinna, a Catalogue of the Kings of Norway 660:which refers to the battle includes a work by 4216: 1795: 1616:cycle on the battle, based on the account in 1401:"Norway, king, from thy hands," cried Einar. 921:Number of ships according to various sources 411:The most detailed sources on the battle, the 337:age, fought in September 1000 in the western 208: 4001: 3775:History of the Archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen 904: 222: 3854:. København: Den arnamagnæanske kommission. 3072: 3070: 1826:origin primarily identified as speakers of 1378:tries the king's bow and finds it too weak. 586:Historia de Antiquitate Regum Norwagiensium 4223: 4209: 4109:The Ancient History of the Norwegian Kings 4080:Heimskringla: A History of the Norse Kings 4049:(translated by Lee M. Hollander). (1991). 4032:(edited by J. Olrik and H. Ræder) (1931). 3800:Íslenzk fornrit XXVI : Heimskringla I 3313:"Heimskringla. Nóregs Konunga Sogur / 174" 3103:Bjarni Aðalbjarnarson 1941:cxxxviii–cxxix. 1802: 1788: 365:), when he was ambushed by an alliance of 215: 201: 4191:Traditional Faeröic kvadi 'Ormurin Lange' 3969:. Reykjavík: Hið íslenzka fornritafélag. 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 1222:) which he was accustomed to take on his 1175:with "boards"), alternative the cognate " 4111:. Viking Society for Northern Research. 3823:. Viking Society for Northern Research. 3802:. Reykjavík: Hið íslenzka fornritafélag. 3415: 3067: 1575: 1493: 1422: 1370: 1319: 1262: 1097: 889:are unique in placing the battle in the 812: 742: 691: 539: 484: 3798:Bjarni Aðalbjarnarson (editor) (1941). 3463: 3461: 3024:Bjarni Aðalbjarnarson 1941:xiv, cxxxvi. 2867:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England 1628:composed a ballad on the battle titled 1366: 1315: 1195:it was "the biggest of all ships", but 14: 5954: 3984:The New Cambridge Medieval History IV. 3389: 3137:Bjarni Aðalbjarnarson 1941:cxxxiii–iv. 2925:, "to fight", if so, maybe indicating 333:) was a large naval battle during the 27:Naval battle in 1000 in the Baltic Sea 4204: 4121: 3126:The New Cambridge Medieval History IV 1783: 1698:Louder the war-horns growl and snarl, 1688:" (from his 1863 collection of poems 801:, whom he may have wished to avenge. 427:'s bow, which heralds Olaf's defeat. 352:spread of Christianity in Scandinavia 275:Magnus the Good's conquest of Denmark 196: 5086:Cnut the Great's invasion of England 3965:Ólafur Halldórsson (editor) (2006). 3887:The Cambridge History of Scandinavia 3458: 1809: 1418: 1228:it had iron plating (referred to as 808: 5992:Naval battles involving the Vikings 5041:Viking raid on Galicia and Asturias 3990:(eds). Cambridge University Press. 3852:Den norsk-islandske skjaldedigtning 1701:Sharper the dragons bite and sting! 1334:Naval tactics in the Age of Galleys 1242:) protruded, thick and wide as the 24: 5905:Västergötland Runic Inscription 40 5870:Södermanland Runic Inscription 333 5865:Södermanland Runic Inscription 174 5234:Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir) 3902:Saga King Becomes Opera - at Last! 3762: 3647:Printed in Finnur Jónsson (1912). 3455:. Bjarni Aðalbjarnarson 1941:cxxx. 1251:The leaders assess their opponents 25: 6053: 4146: 4090:2002, vol. 81, pp. 213–230. 4039:Sephton, J. (translator) (1895). 4015:. University of Minnesota Press. 3918:A History of Norwegian Literature 3819:Driscoll, M. J. (editor) (1995). 3741:Biglobe: Manga art of the battle. 3711:English translation at Gutenberg 3085:Bjarni Aðalbjarnarson 1941:cxxvi. 1355:flank and forces his vessel, the 4436: 4069:Snorri Sturluson (translated by 4041:The Saga of King Olaf Tryggwason 3920:. University of Nebraska Press. 3904:Music Information Centre Norway. 3660:Finnur Sigmundsson 1966:459–460. 3403: 3076:Driscoll 1995:33; Ekrem 2003:97. 2890: 2889: 1754: 1740: 1726: 1070: 650:Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar en mesta 419:and his problematic marriage to 40: 5977:Naval battles involving Denmark 3861:. København: G.E.C Gads forlag. 3746: 3729: 3720: 3705: 3696: 3683: 3663: 3654: 3641: 3629: 3600: 3591: 3582: 3570: 3561: 3552: 3540: 3531: 3519: 3506: 3497: 3488: 3479: 3470: 3433: 3380: 3355: 3330: 3305: 3296: 3287: 3278: 3269: 3257: 3248: 3239: 3230: 3221: 3212: 3203: 3194: 3185: 3176: 3167: 3158: 3149: 3140: 3131: 3106: 3097: 3088: 3079: 3058: 3049: 2913: 2872:Christianization of Scandinavia 1770:Christianization of Scandinavia 1657:wrote a well-known short poem, 1246:, which took all at sea above." 688:Events leading up to the battle 474:in the north and the rulers of 450:Christianization of Scandinavia 305:Olav Engelbrektsson's rebellion 5987:Naval battles involving Sweden 5982:Naval battles involving Norway 5056:Sack of Santiago de Compostela 3889:. Cambridge University Press. 3809:. Cambridge University Press. 3055:Snorri Sturluson 1991:200–201. 3040: 3027: 3018: 3009: 3000: 2991: 2982: 2969: 2942: 2862:Christianization of the Franks 1935:Continental Germanic mythology 1707:A death-drink salt as the sea 1676:volume by the Japanese artist 1638:gained some following abroad. 662:Hallfreðr the Troublesome Poet 454:In earliest recorded history, 13: 1: 5962:Battles involving the Vikings 5941:Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde) 5895:Uppland Runic Inscription 158 5071:Siege of Constantinople (860) 3875:. Brill Academic Publishers. 3778:. Columbia University Press. 3512:Snorri Sturluson, 1907; see: 3254:Theodoricus monachus:1998:18. 3173:Theodoricus monachus 1998:18. 2936: 1340:sea-fights of the Middle Ages 566:. The later Danish historian 300:Second Swedish Brother's Feud 90:Backlash against Christianity 5860:Småland Runic Inscription 48 5760:Danish Runic Inscription 380 5755:Danish Runic Inscription 154 3948:. Cornell University Press. 3717:. Retrieved 30 January 2007. 3485:Oddr Snorrason 2003:123–124. 3227:Oddr Snorrason 2003:117–127. 2906: 1489: 1238:beneath it, an iron beam (a 740:when he came to the battle. 265:Olav II's conquest of Norway 7: 5750:Danish Runic Inscription 66 5254:Birka female Viking warrior 4946:Battle of Saucourt-en-Vimeu 4230: 4083:. London: Norroena Society. 3946:The Saga of Olaf Tryggvason 3864:Finnur Sigmundsson (1966). 3837:. Museum Tusculanum Press. 3821:Ágrip af Nóregskonungasǫgum 3671:Rithöfundavefur: bokasafn. 2877:Christianization of Iceland 1719: 1411:The same story is found in 1112:Olaf's third flagship, the 598:Ágrip af Nóregskonungasögum 10: 6058: 5780:Gunnar's bridge runestones 5126:Viking Age arms and armour 4981:Battle of Strangford Lough 4721:Battle of Brentford (1016) 3906:Retrieved 30 January 2007. 3868:. Reykjavík: Rímnafélagið. 3756:Retrieved 30 January 2007. 3743:Retrieved 30 January 2007. 3691:Heimskringla: Ormurin Lang 3680:Retrieved 30 January 2007. 3588:Snorri Sturluson 1991:244. 3579:Retrieved 30 January 2007. 3516:Retrieved 30 January 2007. 3386:Snorri Sturluson 1991:233. 3293:Snorri Sturluson 1991:221. 3284:Snorri Sturluson 1991:214. 3275:Snorri Sturluson 1991:209. 3094:Snorri Sturluson 1991:226. 1704:Eric the son of Hakon Jarl 1682:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 1645:'s rousing patriotic play 1331: 535: 447: 443: 46:The Battle of Svolder, by 5936:Viking Ship Museum (Oslo) 5923: 5910:Västra Nöbbelöv Runestone 5732: 5599:Sigvaldi Strut-Haraldsson 5434:Hrafna-Flóki Vilgerðarson 5206: 5094: 4971:Battle of Stamford Bridge 4658: 4553: 4483: 4445: 4434: 4238: 4057:University of Texas Press 3930:Nicholson, Helen (2003). 3916:Naess, Harald S. (1993). 3911:A Brief History of Norway 3266:verses 15, 16, 18 and 21. 3155:Ólafía Einarsdóttir 1967. 2885: 2847: 2128: 2090: 1880: 1834: 1817: 1551: 905:Composition of the fleets 845:", (10 or 11 September). 613:(ca. 1190). Working from 235:Halfdan the Mild's revolt 230: 186: 179:Heavy, all ships captured 173: 160: 123: 98: 53: 39: 34: 6042:Battles involving Norway 6012:Denmark–Norway relations 5444:Ingvar the Far-Travelled 5349:Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir 5183:Raid Warfare and Tactics 5026:Battle of Trans-la-Forêt 4996:Battle of Tara (Ireland) 4966:Battle of Stamford (918) 4961:Battle of Stamford (894) 4866:Battle of Lüneburg Heath 4681:Battle of Anglesey Sound 4126:A History of the Vikings 3494:Oddr Snorrason 2003:126. 3476:Oddr Snorrason 2003:123. 3467:Oddr Snorrason 2003:119. 3146:Oddr Snorrason 2003:134. 2115:North Germanic languages 2100:Germanic parent language 1528:. He gave these to Jarl 1204:Original Icelandic text: 666:Halldórr the Unchristian 644:Óláfs drápa Tryggvasonar 250:Norwegian-Jomsviking War 224:Dano-Norwegian Conflicts 6022:10th century in Denmark 6017:Norway–Sweden relations 5664:Thorfinn Torf-Einarsson 5609:Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye 5339:Godfrid, Duke of Frisia 5066:Siege of Chartres (911) 4916:Battle of Reading (871) 4871:Battle of Lyrskov Heath 4861:Battle of London Bridge 4831:Battle of Hingston Down 3909:Midgaard, John (1963). 3857:Finnur Jónsson (1923). 3537:Adam of Bremen 2002:82. 3426:Encyclopædia Britannica 2120:West Germanic languages 2110:East Germanic languages 2105:Proto-Germanic language 1925:Proto-Germanic folklore 1862:Romano-Germanic culture 1626:Jens Christian Djurhuus 1582:Jens Christian Djurhuus 1484:King asleep in mountain 1184: 1130:and the other one, the 611:Saga of Olaf Tryggvason 6032:10th century in Sweden 6027:10th century in Norway 5820:Norra Härene Runestone 5745:Baltic area runestones 5259:Bjørn (floruit 856–58) 5046:Raids in the Rhineland 4856:Battle of Leuven (891) 4846:Battle of Islandbridge 4841:Battle of Hjörungavágr 4741:Battle of Cathair Cuan 3934:. Palgrave Macmillan. 3807:Encomium Emmae Reginae 1691:Tales of a Wayside Inn 1591: 1574: 1505: 1460: 1434: 1409: 1379: 1329: 1309: 1289: 1268: 1248: 1150:for "The Iron Bardi", 1140: 1109: 832: 752: 704: 555: 490: 124:Commanders and leaders 88:Partitioning of Norway 5790:Hakon Jarl runestones 5689:Tryggvi the Pretender 5594:Snæfrithr Svásadottir 5529:Ohthere of Hålogaland 5474:Ketil Trout (Iceland) 5294:Eohric of East Anglia 5193:Svinfylking Formation 5001:Battle of Tarbat Ness 4811:Battle of Fýrisvellir 4676:First Battle of Alton 4075:Rasmus Björn Anderson 4043:. London: David Nutt. 4036:. Hauniæ: Munksgaard. 4034:Saxonis Gesta Danorum 3676:18 March 2007 at the 3606:This is according to 3445:Monachus Sangallensis 1930:Anglo-Saxon mythology 1820:Ethnolinguistic group 1686:The Saga of King Olaf 1655:Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson 1612:composed yet another 1579: 1566: 1497: 1480:Sebastian of Portugal 1452: 1426: 1388: 1374: 1323: 1301: 1277: 1266: 1232:) lining the outward 1201: 1120: 1101: 1019:Theodoricus monachus 816: 746: 699:proposes marriage to 695: 543: 488: 280:Norwegian-Wendish War 174:Casualties and losses 5900:Varangian runestones 5815:Lingsberg Runestones 5795:Hällestad Runestones 5679:Thorolf Kveldulfsson 5639:Styrbjörn the Strong 5574:Rognvald Eysteinsson 5554:Ragnhild Eriksdotter 5319:Freydís Eiríksdóttir 5289:Egill Skallagrímsson 5036:Burning of Luimneach 5011:Battle of Tettenhall 4976:Battle of Stiklestad 4911:Battle of Rastarkalv 4821:Battle of Hafrsfjord 4786:Battle of Englefield 4746:Battle of Chippenham 4736:Battle of Buttington 4731:Battle of Brunanburh 4726:Battle of Brissarthe 4153:Heimskringla account 4122:Jones, Gwyn (1984). 4101:Theodoricus monachus 4088:Historisk tidsskrift 3988:Jonathan Riley-Smith 3367:cornelius.tacitus.nu 3124:." Peter Sawyer, in 3006:Midgaard 1963:25–26. 1775:Battle of Stiklestad 1651:Norwegian literature 1476:Frederick Barbarossa 1384:Einarr Þambarskelfir 1376:Einarr Þambarskelfir 1367:Einarr Þambarskelfir 1328:'s Svolder painting. 1316:The battle is joined 897:while others prefer 579:In Norway the three 526:Battle of Stiklestad 509:came to the throne. 468:Harald's descendants 425:Einarr Þambarskelfir 295:Danish-Norwegian War 285:Invasions of Denmark 270:Battle of the Helgeå 240:Battle of Rastarkalv 5845:Sigtrygg Runestones 5835:Runestones of Högby 5740:Ballstorp Runestone 5724:Unn the Deep-Minded 5659:Thorfinn the Mighty 5654:Þorbjörg Lítilvölva 5634:Steinunn Refsdóttir 5424:Hemming Halfdansson 5279:Bjorn the Easterner 5006:Battle of Tempsford 4956:Battle of Stainmore 4936:Battle of Rochester 4876:Battle of Mag Femen 4836:Battle of the Holme 4761:Battle of Corbridge 4716:Battle of Brávellir 4666:Tactics and warfare 4470:Viking ship replica 3986:David Luscombe and 3503:Nicholson 2003:155. 2857:Gothic Christianity 1647:Einar Tambarskjelve 1610:Sigurður Breiðfjörð 1236:in both directions; 1199:gives more detail: 1187:), assumed to be a 1163:) assumed to mean " 922: 564:Svein II of Denmark 369:, King of Denmark, 142:Einar Tambarskjelve 5875:Sparlösa Runestone 5830:Runestones at Aspa 5825:Orkesta Runestones 5770:England runestones 5389:Halfdan Ragnarsson 5369:Hakon Rognvaldsson 5354:Gunnar Hámundarson 5334:Godfrid Haraldsson 5269:Bjarni Herjólfsson 5219:Amlaíb Cenncairech 5207:Historical figures 5111:Great Heathen Army 5099:and fortifications 5016:Battle of Thetford 4941:Battle of Sasireti 4931:Battle of Ringmere 4816:Battle of Glenmama 4791:Battle of Epiphany 4781:Battle of Edington 4751:Battle of Clontarf 4711:Battle of Benfleet 4691:Battle of Assandun 4528:L'Anse aux Meadows 4353:Old Norse religion 4166:on 9 December 2012 3441:Gesta Caroli Magni 3064:Tschan 2002:81–82. 3015:Sawyer 1993:54–58. 2240:Germani cisrhenani 1948:Funerary practices 1852:Pre-Roman Iron Age 1828:Germanic languages 1643:Johan Nordahl Brun 1592: 1506: 1435: 1380: 1330: 1326:Peter Nicolai Arbo 1281:Erlingr Skjálgsson 1269: 1110: 920: 877:Skúli Þórsteinsson 833: 764:Sigrid the Haughty 753: 705: 701:Sigrid the Haughty 678:Skúli Þórsteinsson 581:synoptic histories 556: 491: 417:Sigrid the Haughty 260:Battle of Thetford 5997:Conflicts in 1000 5949: 5948: 5915:Viking runestones 5850:Simris Runestones 5840:Sædinge Runestone 5810:Karlevi Runestone 5800:Ingvar runestones 5775:Greece runestones 5684:Thorstein the Red 5669:Thorkell the Tall 5549:Ragnar Ragnarsson 5454:Ivar the Boneless 5379:Haakon Sigurdsson 5329:Garðar Svavarsson 5314:Eiríkr Hákonarson 5309:Eric I of Denmark 5264:Bjorn Asbrandsson 5151:Gjermundbu helmet 5021:Battle of Thimeon 4991:Battle of Sulcoit 4986:Battle of Svolder 4951:Battle of Skyhill 4921:Battle of Renfrew 4901:Battle of Norditi 4886:Battle of Meretun 4806:Battle of Fulford 4801:Battle of Florvåg 4686:Battle of Ashdown 4413:Viking runestones 4137:978-0-19-285139-0 4022:978-0-8166-1739-5 3835:Historia Norwegie 3617:Historia Norwegie 3558:Driscoll 1995:35. 3245:Ekrem 2003:98–99. 3236:Driscoll 1995:33. 3046:Campbell 1998:66. 2997:Midgaard 1963:23. 2903: 2902: 2075:Gothic and Vandal 1867:Germanic Iron Age 1842:Nordic Bronze Age 1824:Northern European 1419:King Olaf's death 1216:Open translation: 1064: 1063: 996:Historia Norwegie 865:Historia Norwegie 843:Ides of September 809:Time and location 729:Historia Norwegie 674:Þórðr Kolbeinsson 632:Nóregs konungatal 592:Historia Norwegie 495:Haakon Sigurdsson 323:Battle of Svolder 318: 317: 255:Battle of Svolder 191: 190: 94: 93: 35:Battle of Svolder 16:(Redirected from 6049: 5880:Stangeland stone 5855:Sjörup Runestone 5805:Italy runestones 5785:Hagby Runestones 5765:Egtved Runestone 5699:Valtoke Gormsson 5644:Sweyn Asleifsson 5629:Snorri Sturluson 5614:Sigurd the Stout 5559:Ragnall ua Imair 5449:Ingólfr Arnarson 5399:Harald Bluetooth 5384:Halfdan Long-Leg 4926:Battle of Remich 4906:Battle of Pinhoe 4891:Battle of Nesjar 4881:Battle of Maldon 4826:Battle of Helgeå 4796:Battle of Fitjar 4776:Battle of Dollar 4766:Battle of Cynwit 4756:Battle of Confey 4696:Battle of Basing 4561:Viking expansion 4493:North Sea Empire 4440: 4418:Viking Age trade 4293:Germanic deities 4225: 4218: 4211: 4202: 4201: 4192: 4181: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4162:. Archived from 4141: 4129: 4047:Snorri Sturluson 4030:Saxo Grammaticus 4026: 4007:Sawyer, Peter H. 3757: 3750: 3744: 3733: 3727: 3724: 3718: 3709: 3703: 3700: 3694: 3687: 3681: 3667: 3661: 3658: 3652: 3645: 3639: 3636:Sephton 1895:434 3633: 3627: 3604: 3598: 3597:Finlay 2004:130. 3595: 3589: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3568: 3565: 3559: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3538: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3510: 3504: 3501: 3495: 3492: 3486: 3483: 3477: 3474: 3468: 3465: 3456: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3421:Swold, Battle of 3409: 3407: 3406: 3400: 3387: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3309: 3303: 3302:Finlay 2004:123. 3300: 3294: 3291: 3285: 3282: 3276: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3252: 3246: 3243: 3237: 3234: 3228: 3225: 3219: 3218:Finlay 2004:121. 3216: 3210: 3207: 3201: 3198: 3192: 3189: 3183: 3182:Finlay 2004:116. 3180: 3174: 3171: 3165: 3162: 3156: 3153: 3147: 3144: 3138: 3135: 3129: 3110: 3104: 3101: 3095: 3092: 3086: 3083: 3077: 3074: 3065: 3062: 3056: 3053: 3047: 3044: 3038: 3031: 3025: 3022: 3016: 3013: 3007: 3004: 2998: 2995: 2989: 2986: 2980: 2973: 2967: 2946: 2930: 2917: 2893: 2892: 2849:Christianization 2439:Ripuarian Franks 1811:Germanic peoples 1804: 1797: 1790: 1781: 1780: 1764: 1759: 1758: 1757: 1750: 1745: 1744: 1743: 1736: 1731: 1730: 1729: 1710:Pledges to thee, 1667:Ragnar Søderlind 1530:Svein Hákonarson 1470:King Olaf, like 1363:alone was left. 929:Olaf Tryggvason 923: 919: 711:'s Danish wife, 568:Saxo Grammaticus 546:Snorri Sturluson 522:Battle of Nesjar 499:Harald Bluetooth 432:Snorri Sturluson 375:Eirik Hákonarson 290:Halland Campaign 245:Battle of Fitjar 225: 217: 210: 203: 194: 193: 182:Reportedly heavy 155:Eirik Hákonarson 138: 61:9 September 1000 55: 54: 44: 32: 31: 21: 6057: 6056: 6052: 6051: 6050: 6048: 6047: 6046: 5952: 5951: 5950: 5945: 5919: 5890:Runestone U 582 5728: 5649:Sweyn Forkbeard 5564:Raud the Strong 5524:Orm Storolfsson 5519:Olof Skötkonung 5509:Olav Haraldsson 5504:Olaf Tryggvason 5489:Magnus Barefoot 5469:Ketill Flatnose 5414:Harald Wartooth 5409:Harald Hardrada 5404:Harald Fairhair 5374:Haakon the Good 5202: 5198:Varangian Guard 5098: 5090: 5061:Siege of Asselt 5051:Raid on Seville 4851:Battle of Largs 4771:Battle of Derby 4706:Battle of Bauds 4701:Battle of Barry 4671:Battle of Aclea 4654: 4549: 4485: 4479: 4447: 4441: 4432: 4338:Norse mythology 4286:Younger Futhark 4234: 4229: 4190: 4179: 4169: 4167: 4160:"Mesta account" 4158: 4149: 4144: 4138: 4023: 3765: 3763:Further reading 3760: 3751: 3747: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3710: 3706: 3701: 3697: 3688: 3684: 3678:Wayback Machine 3668: 3664: 3659: 3655: 3646: 3642: 3634: 3630: 3605: 3601: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3583: 3575: 3571: 3566: 3562: 3557: 3553: 3545: 3541: 3536: 3532: 3524: 3520: 3511: 3507: 3502: 3498: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3480: 3475: 3471: 3466: 3459: 3438: 3434: 3419:, ed. (1911). " 3404: 3402: 3401: 3390: 3385: 3381: 3371: 3369: 3361: 3360: 3356: 3346: 3344: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3321: 3319: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3288: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3270: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3240: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3222: 3217: 3213: 3209:Baetke 1951:60. 3208: 3204: 3199: 3195: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3177: 3172: 3168: 3164:Tschan 2002:82. 3163: 3159: 3154: 3150: 3145: 3141: 3136: 3132: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3080: 3075: 3068: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3041: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3010: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2983: 2974: 2970: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2933: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2881: 2843: 2124: 2086: 2048:Gothic alphabet 1940:Norse mythology 1876: 1830: 1813: 1808: 1760: 1755: 1753: 1746: 1741: 1739: 1732: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1554: 1492: 1421: 1369: 1336: 1318: 1253: 1237: 1227: 1214: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1191:. According to 1073: 949:Oddr Snorrason 932:Olaf the Swede 907: 886:Annales Ryenses 811: 717:Svein Forkbeard 709:Olaf Tryggvason 697:Olaf Tryggvason 690: 538: 530:Magnus the Good 515:Svein Forkbeard 507:Olaf Tryggvason 464:Harald Fairhair 452: 446: 371:Olof Skötkonung 367:Svein Forkbeard 359:Olaf Tryggvason 319: 314: 226: 223: 221: 153: 149: 147:Svein Forkbeard 140: 134: 130:Olaf Tryggvason 116: 112: 89: 87: 78: 45: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6055: 6045: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6007:1000 in Europe 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5931:Viking revival 5927: 5925: 5921: 5920: 5918: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5736: 5734: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5544:Ragnar Lodbrok 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5514:Olaf the White 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5274:Björn Ironside 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5210: 5208: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5174: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5102: 5100: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5088: 5083: 5081:Siege of Paris 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5031:Battle of York 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4896:Battle of Niså 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4662: 4660: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4621: 4620: 4615: 4605: 4604: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4563: 4557: 4555: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4536: 4535: 4530: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4508:Orkney Islands 4505: 4500: 4495: 4489: 4487: 4481: 4480: 4478: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4451: 4449: 4448:and navigation 4443: 4442: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4289: 4288: 4283: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4242: 4240: 4236: 4235: 4228: 4227: 4220: 4213: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4187: 4176: 4156: 4148: 4147:External links 4145: 4143: 4142: 4136: 4119: 4098: 4084: 4067: 4044: 4037: 4027: 4021: 4003:Sawyer, Birgit 3999: 3977: 3963: 3956: 3942: 3928: 3914: 3907: 3897: 3883: 3869: 3862: 3855: 3848:Finnur Jónsson 3845: 3831: 3817: 3803: 3796: 3789:Baetke, Walter 3786: 3770:Adam of Bremen 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3758: 3745: 3728: 3719: 3714:Olaf Trygvason 3704: 3702:Naess 1993:77. 3695: 3682: 3662: 3653: 3640: 3628: 3599: 3590: 3581: 3569: 3560: 3551: 3539: 3530: 3518: 3505: 3496: 3487: 3478: 3469: 3457: 3432: 3417:Chisholm, Hugh 3388: 3379: 3354: 3338:"Lesibók / 31" 3329: 3304: 3295: 3286: 3277: 3268: 3256: 3247: 3238: 3229: 3220: 3211: 3202: 3193: 3184: 3175: 3166: 3157: 3148: 3139: 3130: 3105: 3096: 3087: 3078: 3066: 3057: 3048: 3039: 3035:Finnur Jónsson 3026: 3017: 3008: 2999: 2990: 2981: 2968: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2931: 2911: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2901: 2900: 2898: 2897: 2886: 2883: 2882: 2880: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2853: 2851: 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Snorrason 738:from the south 721:Olaf the Swede 689: 686: 658:skaldic poetry 647:. The immense 615:skaldic poetry 607:Oddr Snorrason 560:Adam of Bremen 537: 534: 460:petty kingdoms 445: 442: 402:Adam of Bremen 316: 315: 313: 312: 310:Kalundborg War 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 231: 228: 227: 220: 219: 212: 205: 197: 189: 188: 184: 183: 180: 176: 175: 171: 170: 167: 163: 162: 158: 157: 151:Olaf the Swede 144: 126: 125: 121: 120: 107: 101: 100: 96: 95: 92: 91: 86:Allied victory 84: 80: 79: 69: 67: 63: 62: 59: 51: 50: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6054: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5922: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5885:Stone of Eric 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 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5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4657: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4610: 4609: 4606: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4568: 4567: 4566:British Isles 4564: 4562: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4552: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4525: 4524: 4523:North America 4521: 4519: 4518:Faroe Islands 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4482: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4444: 4439: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4343:Norse rituals 4341: 4339: 4336: 4333: 4329: 4328:Norse funeral 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4281:Elder Futhark 4279: 4278: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4226: 4221: 4219: 4214: 4212: 4207: 4206: 4203: 4197: 4193: 4188: 4186: 4182: 4177: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4139: 4133: 4128: 4127: 4120: 4118: 4117:0-903521-40-7 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4082: 4081: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4066: 4065:0-292-73061-6 4062: 4058: 4054: 4053: 4048: 4045: 4042: 4038: 4035: 4031: 4028: 4024: 4018: 4014: 4013: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3997: 3996:0-521-41411-3 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3980:Sawyer, Peter 3978: 3976: 3975:9979-893-25-7 3972: 3968: 3964: 3961: 3957: 3955: 3954:0-8014-4149-8 3951: 3947: 3943: 3941: 3940:0-333-76331-9 3937: 3933: 3929: 3927: 3926:0-8032-3317-5 3923: 3919: 3915: 3912: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3898: 3896: 3895:0-521-47299-7 3892: 3888: 3884: 3882: 3881:90-04-13172-8 3878: 3874: 3870: 3867: 3863: 3860: 3856: 3853: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3843:87-7289-813-5 3840: 3836: 3832: 3830: 3829:0-903521-27-X 3826: 3822: 3818: 3816: 3815:0-521-62655-2 3812: 3808: 3804: 3801: 3797: 3794: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3784:0-231-12575-5 3781: 3777: 3776: 3771: 3768: 3767: 3755: 3749: 3742: 3738: 3732: 3723: 3716: 3715: 3708: 3699: 3692: 3686: 3679: 3675: 3672: 3666: 3657: 3650: 3644: 3637: 3632: 3625: 3624: 3619: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3603: 3594: 3585: 3578: 3573: 3564: 3555: 3548: 3547:Gesta Danorum 3543: 3534: 3527: 3526:Gesta Danorum 3522: 3515: 3509: 3500: 3491: 3482: 3473: 3464: 3462: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3436: 3428: 3427: 3422: 3418: 3413: 3412:public domain 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3383: 3368: 3364: 3358: 3343: 3339: 3333: 3318: 3314: 3308: 3299: 3290: 3281: 3272: 3265: 3260: 3251: 3242: 3233: 3224: 3215: 3206: 3197: 3188: 3179: 3170: 3161: 3152: 3143: 3134: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3116:(Mod.Swedish 3115: 3109: 3100: 3091: 3082: 3073: 3071: 3061: 3052: 3043: 3036: 3030: 3021: 3012: 3003: 2994: 2985: 2979:, pp. 137–138 2978: 2972: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2950: 2945: 2941: 2928: 2924: 2923: 2916: 2912: 2896: 2888: 2887: 2884: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2846: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2799: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2616: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2592: 2591: 2588: 2584: 2581: 2580: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2481:Crimean Goths 2479: 2478: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2445: 2444:Salian Franks 2442: 2440: 2437: 2436: 2435: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2242: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2140: 2139: 2136: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2045: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2005: 2002: 2001: 2000: 1997: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1984: 1983: 1980: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1967: 1966: 1963: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1949: 1946: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1882:Early culture 1879: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1816: 1812: 1805: 1800: 1798: 1793: 1791: 1786: 1785: 1782: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1767: 1763: 1752: 1749: 1748:Sweden portal 1738: 1735: 1734:Norway portal 1724: 1714: 1709: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1695: 1693: 1692: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1637: 1633: 1632: 1631:Ormurin langi 1627: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1598: 1589: 1588: 1587:Ormurin langi 1583: 1578: 1573: 1571: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1549: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1503: 1502: 1496: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1466: 1459: 1457: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1437:At last, the 1432: 1431: 1425: 1416: 1414: 1413:Gesta Danorum 1408: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1387: 1385: 1377: 1373: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1352: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1335: 1327: 1322: 1313: 1308: 1306: 1300: 1296: 1294: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1276: 1274: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1235: 1231: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1212: 1205: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1159: 1155: 1154: 1149: 1145: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1132:Short Serpent 1129: 1125: 1119: 1117: 1116: 1107: 1106: 1100: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1071:Ships by name 1068: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 993: 990: 987: 984: 981: 978: 975: 973: 970: 969: 966: 963: 960: 957: 954: 951: 948: 947: 943: 941:Allied total 940: 937: 934: 931: 928: 925: 924: 918: 916: 912: 902: 900: 896: 892: 888: 887: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 853: 850: 849: 844: 840: 839: 838:Íslendingabók 830: 826: 823: 820: 815: 806: 802: 800: 795: 790: 788: 784: 783: 778: 777: 772: 769: 768:Jarl Sigvaldi 765: 761: 757: 750: 745: 741: 739: 735: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 702: 698: 694: 685: 681: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 656:Contemporary 654: 652: 651: 646: 645: 640: 639: 634: 633: 628: 627: 622: 621: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 599: 594: 593: 588: 587: 582: 577: 575: 574: 573:Gesta Danorum 569: 565: 561: 553: 552: 547: 542: 533: 531: 527: 523: 518: 516: 510: 508: 504: 500: 496: 493:In the 970s, 487: 483: 481: 477: 473: 472:Jarls of Lade 469: 465: 461: 457: 451: 441: 439: 438: 433: 428: 426: 422: 418: 414: 409: 407: 404:places it in 403: 398: 396: 392: 391: 386: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 355: 353: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 232: 229: 218: 213: 211: 206: 204: 199: 198: 195: 185: 181: 178: 177: 172: 168: 165: 164: 159: 156: 152: 148: 145: 143: 139: 137: 131: 128: 127: 122: 119: 118:Jarls of Lade 115: 111: 108: 106: 103: 102: 97: 85: 82: 81: 77: 73: 68: 65: 64: 60: 57: 56: 52: 49: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 5704:Vagn Åkesson 5624:Skalla-Grímr 5619:Sitric Caech 5484:Leif Erikson 5464:Ketilsdóttir 5304:Erik the Red 5096:Arms, armour 4985: 4486:and colonies 4475:Visby lenses 4465:Viking ships 4358:Raven banner 4168:. Retrieved 4164:the original 4125: 4108: 4087: 4078: 4071:Samuel Laing 4050: 4040: 4033: 4011: 3983: 3966: 3959: 3945: 3931: 3917: 3910: 3901: 3886: 3872: 3865: 3858: 3851: 3834: 3820: 3806: 3799: 3792: 3773: 3748: 3731: 3722: 3713: 3707: 3698: 3685: 3665: 3656: 3648: 3643: 3631: 3621: 3615: 3611: 3608:Heimskringla 3607: 3602: 3593: 3584: 3572: 3563: 3554: 3546: 3542: 3533: 3525: 3521: 3508: 3499: 3490: 3481: 3472: 3440: 3435: 3424: 3382: 3370:. Retrieved 3366: 3357: 3345:. Retrieved 3342:runeberg.org 3341: 3332: 3320:. Retrieved 3317:runeberg.org 3316: 3307: 3298: 3289: 3280: 3271: 3263: 3259: 3250: 3241: 3232: 3223: 3214: 3205: 3196: 3187: 3178: 3169: 3160: 3151: 3142: 3133: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3114:Scotkonungœr 3113: 3108: 3099: 3090: 3081: 3060: 3051: 3042: 3029: 3020: 3011: 3002: 2993: 2984: 2976: 2971: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2944: 2920: 2915: 2175:Anglo-Saxons 2165:Adrabaecampi 2148:Bucinobantes 1890:Architecture 1689: 1671: 1663:Edvard Grieg 1658: 1646: 1640: 1629: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1605: 1601: 1595: 1593: 1585: 1570:Long Serpent 1569: 1567: 1561: 1555: 1546: 1537: 1510:Heimskringla 1509: 1507: 1501:Heimskringla 1499: 1469: 1464: 1461: 1456:Long Serpent 1455: 1453: 1447: 1439:Long Serpent 1438: 1436: 1430:Long Serpent 1428: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1389: 1381: 1361:Long Serpent 1360: 1356: 1353: 1348:Long Serpent 1347: 1344:Long Serpent 1343: 1337: 1310: 1305:Long Serpent 1304: 1302: 1297: 1293:Long Serpent 1292: 1290: 1278: 1273:Long Serpent 1272: 1270: 1258: 1254: 1229: 1226:expeditions; 1219: 1215: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1197:Heimskringla 1196: 1192: 1160: 1151: 1143: 1141: 1136:Long Serpent 1135: 1131: 1128:Long Serpent 1127: 1123: 1121: 1115:Long Serpent 1113: 1111: 1105:Long Serpent 1103: 1092: 1088: 1085: 1080: 1077:Heimskringla 1076: 1074: 1065: 1041: 995: 971: 914: 910: 908: 884: 880: 873:Heimskringla 872: 868: 864: 860: 854: 846: 836: 834: 803: 791: 787:Heimskringla 786: 782:Heimskringla 780: 774: 773: 754: 747:Olaf offers 737: 728: 724: 706: 682: 670:Long Serpent 669: 655: 648: 642: 636: 630: 626:Heimskringla 624: 618: 610: 603:kings' sagas 596: 590: 584: 580: 578: 576:(ca. 1200). 571: 557: 551:Heimskringla 549: 519: 511: 492: 480:Christianity 453: 437:Heimskringla 435: 429: 413:kings' sagas 410: 399: 388: 379:Jarl of Lade 356: 330: 326: 322: 320: 254: 169:70+ warships 135: 99:Belligerents 48:Otto Sinding 29: 6037:Last stands 5967:Jomsvikings 5674:Thorir Hund 5604:Sigurd Ring 5459:Jomsvikings 5156:Yarm helmet 4591:Isle of Man 4545:Kievan Rus' 4378:Skíðblaðnir 4332:ship burial 4251:Brisingamen 4105:Peter Foote 3850:(1912–15). 3726:Levin 2002. 3453:Charlemagne 2615:Nahanarvali 2538:Hilleviones 2451:Frisiavones 2319:Cananefates 2309:Burgundians 2220:Banochaemae 2070:Anglo-Saxon 2021:Anglo-Saxon 1987:Anglo-Saxon 1970:Anglo-Saxon 1953:Anglo-Saxon 1641:In Norway, 1516:as well as 1472:Charlemagne 1357:Járnbarðinn 1144:Járnbarðinn 390:Ormen Lange 166:11 warships 5956:Categories 5733:Runestones 5249:Berle-Kari 5214:Airdeconut 4408:Viking art 4403:Viking Age 4107:) (1998). 4077:) (1907). 3866:Rímnatal I 3737:Ebookjapan 3612:Fagrskinna 3449:Desiderius 3372:18 October 3347:18 October 3322:18 October 3118:Skötkonung 2937:References 2834:Vinoviloth 2622:Marcomanni 2605:Helveconae 2583:Heaðobards 2553:Istvaeones 2543:Ingaevones 2528:Hermunduri 2496:Ostrogoths 2486:Greuthungi 2364:Chattuarii 2190:Angrivarii 2185:Ampsivarii 2153:Lentienses 1982:Literature 1872:Viking Age 1684:'s cycle " 1558:Viking Age 1538:Fagrskinna 1332:See also: 1193:Fagrskinna 911:Fagrskinna 869:Fagrskinna 819:Viking Age 799:Jarl Hakon 776:Fagrskinna 749:Queen Tyra 620:Fagrskinna 476:Vingulmark 448:See also: 383:Jomvikings 339:Baltic Sea 5694:Turgesius 5569:Reginheri 5539:Palnatoke 5324:Freygeirr 5106:Berserker 4630:Pomerania 4625:Rhineland 4554:Expansion 4503:Greenland 4484:Homelands 4428:Yggdrasil 4348:Old Norse 4303:Hnefatafl 4271:Einherjar 4096:0018-263X 3649:Rímnasafn 3264:Rekstefja 2949:Old Norse 2907:Footnotes 2829:Vidivarii 2824:Victohali 2814:Vangiones 2747:Thuringii 2652:Nuithones 2548:Irminones 2511:Visigoths 2501:Thervingi 2461:Gambrivii 2414:Dulgubnii 2409:Dauciones 2359:Chasuarii 2299:Brondings 2225:Bastarnae 2215:Baiuvarii 2195:Armalausi 2158:Raetovari 2092:Languages 2060:Symbology 1920:Folklore 1915:Festivals 1678:Ryō Azumi 1514:Trondheim 1490:Aftermath 1450:reports: 1444:Hallfreðr 1393:Laplander 1189:naval ram 1185:járnspǫng 1181:Old Norse 1148:Old Norse 1042:Rekstefja 915:Rekstefja 825:runestone 817:The late 734:Pomerania 638:Rekstefja 363:Pomerania 343:King Olaf 5719:Uí Ímair 5499:Náttfari 5479:Lagertha 5439:Hvitserk 5171:Ingelrii 5166:Ulfberht 5146:Dane axe 4618:Normandy 4613:Brittany 4596:Scotland 4540:Jomsborg 4513:Shetland 4460:Longship 4398:Valkyrie 4393:Valhalla 4323:Norsemen 4313:Leysingi 4308:Holmgang 4256:Danegeld 4009:(1993). 3674:Archived 3549:10.12.5. 3528:10.12.4. 3128:, p 295. 2895:Category 2802:Hasdingi 2787:Usipetes 2767:Tubantes 2752:Toxandri 2732:Tencteri 2707:Suarines 2692:Sicambri 2687:Semnones 2667:Reudigni 2637:Mattiaci 2627:Marsacii 2578:Lombards 2568:Lacringi 2563:Juthungi 2394:Corconti 2379:Cherusci 2354:Charudes 2334:Chaedini 2304:Bructeri 2289:Bateinoi 2260:Eburones 2255:Condrusi 2250:Caeroesi 2245:Atuatuci 2180:Ambrones 2143:Brisgavi 2138:Alemanni 2016:Paganism 1905:Clothing 1900:Calendar 1847:Germania 1720:See also 1653:. Later 1584:' poem, 1158:definite 760:Burislav 524:and the 341:between 161:Strength 74:or near 66:Location 5924:Related 5494:Naddodd 5419:Hastein 5394:Hagrold 5364:Guthrum 5359:Guthred 5244:Bagsecg 5141:Skeggöx 5131:Halberd 4659:Battles 4635:Estonia 4571:Danelaw 4533:Vinland 4498:Iceland 4423:Wergeld 4388:Tyrfing 4373:Seeress 4318:Mjölnir 4276:Futhark 4239:Culture 4232:Vikings 4196:YouTube 4185:YouTube 4170:8 April 3960:Skírnir 3913:. 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