306:
813:. The lawyers for the family, Jan Eric Peterson and Fred Zeder, successfully sued the diving board manufacturer, the pool builder, and the National Spa and Pool Institute over the inappropriate depth of the pool. The NSPI had specified a minimum depth of 7 ft 6 in (2.29 m) which proved to be insufficient in the above case. The pool into which Meneely dived was not constructed to the published standards. The standards had changed after the diving board was installed on the non-compliant pool by the homeowner. But the courts held that the pool "was close enough" to the standards to hold NSPI liable. The multimillion-dollar lawsuit was eventually resolved in 2001 for US$ 6.6 million ($ 8 million after interest was added) in favor of the plaintiff. The NSPI was held to be liable, and was financially strained by the case. It filed twice for
161:
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maybe it just needed an injection to get it moving again. The doctor also mooted the idea that it might need keyhole surgery. From there I was sent for an MRI scan. From the scan, we could see that the cartilage had not only torn, it had also flipped up and the joint had come back down on top of it... ...It can be flattened and sewn back down, but the surgeon described it as being a bit like a bent credit card that may snap up again or cause more problems. The only other way to fix the problem was to take it out. “There is a recovery time of four to six weeks,” the doctor said... ...A couple of weeks after surgery, I was back in the pool, building my diving back up again."
387:
318:
1510:
although athletes who place very highly at a national championship will be automatically qualified to compete at the next. Divers must qualify at two different competitions, at least one of which must be a level 1 competition, i.e. a competition with fairly strict judging patterns. Such competitions include the Polar Bear
Invitational in Winnipeg, the Sting in Victoria, and the Alberta Provincial Championships in Edmonton or Calgary. The qualifying scores are determined by DPC according to the results of the preceding year's national competition, and typically do not have much variation from year to year.
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off with a confident dive to build momentum. They also tend to put a very confident dive in front of a very difficult dive to ensure that they will have a good mentality for the difficult dive. Most divers have pre-dive and post-dive rituals that help them either maintain or regain focus. Coaches also play a role in this aspect of the sport. Many divers rely on their coaches to help keep their composure during the meet. In a large meet coaches are rarely allowed on the deck to talk to their athlete so it is common to see coaches using hand gestures or body movements to communicate.
1392:
attempt to create the illusion of being vertical, especially when performing rapidly rotating multiple somersault movements. For back entries, one technique is to allow the upper body to enter slightly short of vertical so that the continuing rotation leaves the final impression of the legs entering vertically. This is called "Knee save". Another is to use "Pike save" movements of scooping the upper body underwater in the direction of rotation so as to counteract the rotation of the legs. Knee saves are performed for back entries and Pike saves are performed for front entries.
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1635:
or 6 optionals. If the meet is a 5 optional meet, then the divers will perform 1 optional from each category (Front, Back, Inward, Reverse, and
Twister) and then 1 voluntary from the category of their choice. The voluntary in this type of meet is always worth a DD (Degree of Difficulty) of 2.0 even if the real DD is worth more or less on a DD sheet. In a 6 optional meet, the divers will yet again perform one dive from each category, but this time they will perform a 6th optional from the category of their choosing, which is worth its actual DD from the DD sheet.
1579:
competition. Depending on the state and the number of athletes competing in the state, certain qualifications must be achieved to compete in the state's championship meet. There are often regional championships and district championships which are necessary to compete in before reaching the state meet to narrow the field to only the most competitive athletes. Most state championship meets consist of eleven dives. The eleven dives are usually split up between two categories: five required (voluntary) dives and six optional dives.
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1639:
combined to determine a team swimming & diving champion. To qualify for a diving event at the NCAA championships, a competitor must first finish in the top three at one of five zone championships, which are held after the various conference championship meets. A diver who scores at least 310 points on the 3 meter springboard and 300 points on the 1 meter springboard in a 6 optional meet can participate in the particular zone championship corresponding to the geographic region in which his or her school lies.
709:
3072:
334:
1418:
538:
225:
1396:
interlocked with the fingers extended towards the water, but a different technique has become favoured during the last few decades. Now the usual practice is for one hand to grasp the other with palms down to strike the water with a flat surface. This creates a vacuum between the hands, arms and head which, with a vertical entry, will pull down and under any splash until deep enough to have minimal effect on the surface of the water (the so-called "rip entry").
1481:
4469:
1733:), conducted in open air locations, usually from improvised platforms up to 89 feet (27 m) high (as compared with 33 feet (10 m) as used in Olympic and World Championship events). Entry to the water is invariably feet-first to avoid the risk of injury that would be involved in head-first entry from that height. The final half-somersault is almost always performed backwards, enabling the diver to spot the entry point and control their rotation.
1017:
55:
1347:
1078:
4479:
1684:
1595:. In USA Diving, Future Champions is the entry level or novice diver category with eight levels of competition. From Future Champions, divers graduate to "Junior Olympic", or JO. JO divers compete in age groups at inter-club competitions, at invitationals, and if qualified, at regional, zone and national competitions. Divers over the age of 19 years of age cannot compete in these events as a JO diver.
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gives low scores for all divers, or consistently gives high scores for the same divers, the judging will yield fair relative results and will cause divers to place in the correct order. However, absolute scores have significance to the individual divers. Besides the obvious instances of setting records, absolute scores are also used for rankings and qualifications for higher level meets.
454:
779:
1514:
the 12 months preceding the national championships, and in an Open age group event), or high placements in previous national championships or international competitions. It is no longer the case that divers may use results from age group events to qualify for senior nationals, or results from Open events to qualify for age group nationals.
2462:
important to note that these injury rates... ...• Do not consider the frequency or duration of swimming by participants in aquatic activities, and • Do not consider how risk varies according to demographic and environmental factors, such as age, gender, pool type, diving board type, or setting (i.e., residential, community center, etc.)"
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perform a more difficult dive, they will receive a score of zero. Under exceptional circumstances, a redive may be granted, but these are exceedingly rare (usually for very young divers just learning how to compete, or if some event outside the diver's control has caused them to be unable to perform-such as a loud noise).
965:
divers were injured in the 2008 Olympics... ...8.1% of divers were injured in the 2012 Olympics." It was further found that "...during the (FINA) World
Championships of 2015, 2013, and 2009... ...older athletes in the diving, high diving, and water polo groups were in the highest risk group for injury."
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which does not compete nationally and does not have a tower event (although divers of this age may choose to compete in Group D). The age group Open is so called because divers of any age, including those over 18, may compete in these events, so long as their dives meet a minimum standard of difficulty.
1657:
Masters' Diving events are normally conducted in age-groups separated by five or ten years, and attract competitors of a wide range of ages and experience (many, indeed, are newcomers to the sport); the oldest competitor in a
Masters' Diving Championship was Viola Krahn, who at the age of 101 was the
1492:
Most provincial level competitions consist of events for six age groups (Groups A, B, C, D, E, and Open) for both genders on each of the three board levels. These age groups roughly correspond to those standardized by FINA, with the addition of a youngest age group for divers 9 and younger, Group E,
1333:
Since the tucked shape is the most compact, it gives the most control over rotational speed, and dives in this position are easier to perform. Dives in the straight position are hardest, since there is almost no scope for altering the speed, so the angular momentum must be created at take-off with a
1208:
In non-twisting armstand dives, the second digit indicates the direction of rotation (0 = no rotation, 1 = forward, 2 = backward, 3 = reverse, 4 = inward) and the third digit indicates the number of half-somersaults. Inward-rotating armstand dives have never been performed, and are generally regarded
979:
When entering the water divers spread their arms and somersault "...either forward or backward underwater... the illusion of a vertical entry and pull extra water down that hole with them in a maneuver that stresses lower back muscles and hip flexors." When divers performs this underwater somersault,
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When looking at "...(NCAA) swimming and diving injuries from 2009 to 2014... ... an injury rate of 1.94 injuries per 1000 athlete exposures (AE) for males and 2.49 injuries per 1000 AE for females, with more injuries happening during practice over competition." It has also been found that "...2.1% of
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It was commented that in 1989 a 22-year-old, who was a "...diver and a member of the Salt Lake
Country Club diving team... ...climbed up on a set of towering rocks... ...about 60 feet..." (18.2 metres). He dove into the water doing a "back flip." He never surfaced from the water and was found several
683:
In the
Olympics or other highly competitive meets, many divers will have nearly the same list of dives as their competitors. The importance for divers competing at this level is not so much the DD, but how they arrange their list. Once the more difficult rounds of dives begin it is important to lead
617:
The score is computed similarly to the scores from other diving events, but has been modified starting with the 2012 London
Olympics for the use of the larger judging panels. Each group of judges will have the highest and lowest scores dropped, leaving the middle score for each diver's execution and
587:
To reduce the subjectivity of scoring in major meets, panels of five or seven judges are assembled; major international events such as the
Olympics use seven-judge panels. For a five-judge panel, the highest and lowest scores are discarded and the middle three are summed and multiplied by the DD. For
1509:
Divers can qualify to compete at the age group national championships, or junior national championships, in their age groups as assigned by FINA up to the age of 18. This competition is held annually in July. Qualification is based on achieving minimum scores at earlier competitions in the season,
1166:
For groups 1 to 4, the number consists of three digits and a letter of the alphabet. The third digit represents the number of half-somersaults. The second digit is either 0 or 1, with 0 representing a normal somersault, and 1 signifying a "flying" variation of the basic movement (i.e. the first half
1702:
Diving is also popular as a non-competitive activity. Such diving usually emphasizes the airborne experience, and the height of the dive, but does not emphasize what goes on once the diver enters the water. The ability to dive underwater can be a useful emergency skill, and is an important part of
1634:
Each division also has rules on the number of dives in each competition. Division II schools compete with 10 dives in competition whereas
Division III schools compete with 11. Division I schools only compete with 6 dives in competition. These 6 dives consist of either 5 optionals and 1 voluntary,
1578:
In the United States scholastic diving at the high school level is usually limited to one meter diving (but some schools use three meter springboards.). Scores from those one meter dives contribute to the swim team's overall score. High school diving and swimming concludes their season with a state
1391:
The rules state that the body should be vertical, or nearly so, for entry. Strictly speaking, it is physically impossible to achieve a literally vertical position throughout the entry as there will inevitably still be some rotational momentum while the body is entering the water. Divers therefore
1237:
Until the mid-1990s the tariff was decided by the FINA diving committee, and divers could only select from the range of dives in the published tariff table. Since then, the tariff is calculated by a formula based on various factors such as the number of twist and somersaults, the height, the group
699:
It is the diver's responsibility to ensure that the dive-sheet is filled in correctly, and also to correct the referee or announcer before the dive if they describe it incorrectly. If a dive is performed which is as submitted but not as (incorrectly) announced, it is declared failed and scores zero
1710:
Such non-competitive diving can occur indoors and outdoors. Outdoor diving typically takes place from cliffs or other rock formations either into fresh or salt water. However, man-made diving platforms are sometimes constructed in popular swimming destinations. Outdoor diving requires knowledge of
1513:
Divers older than 18, or advanced divers of younger ages, can qualify for the senior national championships, which are held twice each year, once roughly in March and once in June or July. Once again, qualification is based on achieving minimum scores at earlier competitions (in this case, within
1399:
Once a diver is completely under the water they may choose to roll or scoop in the same direction their dive was rotating to pull their legs into a more vertical position. Apart from aesthetic considerations, it is important from a safety point of view that divers reinforce the habit of rolling in
1372:
The tilting is done by the arms, which are outstretched to the sides just before the twist. When one arm is moved up and the other is moved down (like turning a big steering wheel), the body reacts by tilting to the side, which then begins the twisting rotation. At the completion of the required
1282:
Since the parabola is symmetrical, the travel away from the board as the diver passes it is twice the amount of the forward travel at the peak of the flight. Excessive forward distance to the entry point is penalized when scoring a dive, but obviously an adequate clearance from the diving board is
1226:
For twisting
Armstand dives, the dive number again has 4 digits, but rather than beginning with the number 5, the number 6 remains as the first digit, indicating that the "twister" will be performed from an Armstand. The second digit indicates the direction of rotation – as above, the third is the
990:
I’d torn some cartilage in my knee, but there was no pain and I continued to train. Just when the Olympics was only eight weeks away my knee got tighter and tighter, like a screw being turned. It became locked in a position and I couldn’t straighten it or bend it... ...We booked a scan. We thought
926:
Group D divers have only recently been allowed to compete on the tower. In the past, the age group could compete only springboard, to discourage children from taking on the greater risks of tower diving. Group D tower was introduced to counteract the phenomenon of coaches pushing young divers to
895:
Tom Daley has described one concussion that occurred to him "I missed my hands before the Beijing World Series and smashed my head at 35mph on to the water...".The concussion resulted in him receiving "headaches, nausea, dizziness...". It also resulted in Daley being "...out of action for six days
747:
This is frequently a source of political friction as the committees are naturally dominated by swimming officials who do not necessarily share or understand the concerns of the diving community. Divers often feel, for example, that they do not get adequate support over issues like the provision of
609:
In synchronised diving events, there is a panel of seven, nine, or eleven judges; two or three to mark the execution of one diver, two or three to mark the execution of the other, and the remaining three or five to judge the synchronisation. The execution judges are positioned two on each side of
524:
Divers have to perform a set number of dives according to established requirements, including somersaults and twists. Divers are judged on whether and how well they completed all aspects of the dive, the conformance of their body to the requirements of the dive, and the amount of splash created by
1488:
In Canada, elite competitive diving is regulated by DPC (Diving Plongeon Canada), although the individual provinces also have organizational bodies. The main competitive season runs from February to July, although some competitions may be held in January or December, and many divers (particularly
1395:
The arms must be beside the body for feet-first dives, which are typically competed only on the 1m springboard and only at fairly low levels of 3m springboard, and extended forwards in line for "head-first" dives, which are much more common competitively. It used to be common for the hands to be
1368:
As the diver leaves the board, the total angular momentum vector is horizontal, pointing directly to the left for a forward dive for example. For twisting rotation to exist, it is necessary to tilt the body sideways after takeoff, so that there is now a small component of this horizontal angular
1233:
All of these dives come with DD (degree of difficulty) this is an indication of how difficult/complex a dive is. The score that the dive receives is multiplied by the DD (also known as tariff) to give the dive a final score. Before a diver competes they must decide on a "list" this is a number of
968:
In relation to springboard diving it has been commented that "The injury-producing forces during the takeoff are related to jumping and deceleration... ...The most common injuries related to this part of the dive are patellar tendinitis, patellar tracking problems, quadriceps tendinitis, Jumper’s
883:
The speed that a diver is travelling at the water surface when they dive from a ten metre platform is around 35mph and when a diver hits the water flat from 10 metres they are brought to rest in about 1 ft. The extreme deceleration when hitting the water flat at around 35mph can cause severe
867:
Water resistance increases with the speed of entry, so entering the water at high-velocity induces rapid deceleration. Jumping into water from a height of 20 feet (6.1 m) results in a person impacting with the water surface at 25 mph (40 km/h). Impacting with the water surface at this velocity is
839:
It has been commented that for spinal cord injuries related to diving board use in the United States that "For the purposes of obtaining rough estimates of diving board-related injury risks," the estimated "...rate of SCI due to diving into swimming pools from diving boards to be on the order of
675:
To win dive meets, divers create a dive list in advance of the meet. To win the meet the diver must accumulate more points than other divers. Often, simple dives with low DDs will look good to spectators but will not win meets. The competitive diver will attempt the highest DD dives possible with
546:
would perform a forward dive and the other an inward dive in the same position, or one would do a reverse and the other a back movement. In these events, the diving would be judged both on the quality of execution and the synchronicity – in timing of take-off and entry, height and forward travel.
691:
Generally, NCAA rules allow for dives to be changed while the diver is on the board, but the diver must request the change directly after the dive is announced. This applies especially in cases where the wrong dive is announced. If the diver pauses during his or her hurdle to ask for a change of
605:
There is a general misconception about scoring and judging. In serious meets, the absolute score is somewhat meaningless. It is the relative score, not the absolute score that wins meets. Accordingly, good judging implies consistent scoring across the dives. Specifically, if a judge consistently
545:
Synchronized diving was adopted as an Olympic sport in 2000. Two divers form a team and perform dives simultaneously. The dives are identical. It used to be possible to dive opposites, also known as a pinwheel, but this is no longer part of competitive synchronized diving. For example, one diver
516:
Most diving competitions consist of three disciplines: 1 m and 3 m springboards, and the platform. Competitive athletes are divided by gender, and often by age group. In platform events, competitors are allowed to perform their dives on either the five, seven and a half (generally just
1638:
The highest level of collegiate competition is the NCAA Division 1 Swimming and Diving Championship. Events at the championship include 1 meter springboard, 3 meter springboard, and platform, as well as various swimming individual and relay events. The points scored by swimmers and divers are
1500:
Adult divers who are not competitive at an elite level may compete in masters diving. Typically, masters are either adults who never practiced the sport as children or teenagers, or former elite athletes who have retired but still seek a way to be involved in the sport. Many diving clubs have
1337:
The opening of the body for the entry does not stop the rotation, but merely slows it down. The vertical entry achieved by expert divers is largely an illusion created by starting the entry slightly short of vertical, so that the legs are vertical as they disappear beneath the surface. A small
957:
It has been commented that "Competitive diving poses unique risks for both traumatic and overuse injuries in practice and competition." It was commented further that "Head, cervical spine, shoulder, and lumbar spine injuries among others are not uncommon, though rates vary significantly in the
679:
In competition, divers must submit their lists beforehand, and once past a deadline (usually when the event is announced or shortly before it begins) they cannot change their dives. If they fail to perform the dive announced, even if they physically cannot execute the dive announced or if they
2461:
In the article "Review of spinal cord injury statistics related to diving and diving board use" (November 2003) it is commented that; "For the purposes of obtaining rough estimates of diving board-related injury risks, we present an estimate of diving board-related SCI rates with caveats. It
999:
In 1983, at the World University Games in Edmonton, Canada, diver Sergei Chalibashvili, aged 21, died when he was attempting a reverse 3 1/2-somersault and his head collided with the hardwood 10 metre diving platform. After the accident he was taken to hospital and died a week later.
1190:
For Group 5, the dive number has 4 digits. The first digit indicates that it is a twisting dive. The second digit indicates the group (1–4) of the underlying movement; the third digit indicates the number of half-somersaults, and the fourth indicates the number of half-twists.
525:
their entry to the water. A possible score out of ten is broken down into three points for the takeoff (meaning the hurdle), three for the flight (the actual dive), and three for the entry (how the diver hits the water), with one more available to give the judges flexibility.
410:
since the early 19th century. The soft landing allowed for more elaborate gymnastic feats in midair as the jump could be made from a greater height. This tradition evolved into 'fancy diving', while diving as a preliminary to swimming became known as 'Plain diving'.
1148:
Difficulty is rated according to the Degree of Difficulty of the dives. Some divers may find pike easier in a flip than tuck, and most find straight the easiest in a front/back dive, although it is still rated the most difficult because of the risk of overrotation.
676:
which they can achieve consistent, high scores. If divers are scoring 8 or 9 on most dives, it may be a sign of their extreme skill, or it may be a sign that their dive list is not competitive, and they may lose the meet to a diver with higher DDs and lower scores.
759:). Although it initially received widespread support from the diving community, the FINA requirement that international competitors had to be registered with their National Governing Body was a major factor in the abandonment of this ambition a few years later.
1357:
The rules state that twisting "must not be generated manifestly on take-off". Consequently, divers must use some of the somersaulting angular momentum to generate twisting movements. The physics of twisting can be explained by looking at the components of the
1626:
In the United States scholastic diving at the college level requires one and three meter diving. Scores from the one and three meter competition contribute to the swim team's overall meet score. College divers interested in tower diving may compete in the
937:
most competition pools are 5 m deep for 10 m platform and 4 m deep for 5 m platform or 3 m springboard. These are currently the FINA recommended minimum depths, however some pools are deeper. The deepest diving pool in Europe is in
808:
with a diving springboard so home diving pools are much less common these days. In the incident, 14-year-old Shawn Meneely made a "suicide dive" (holding his hands at his sides, so that his head hit the bottom first) in a private swimming pool and became a
762:
Since FINA refused to rescind recognition of the ASA as the British governing body for all aquatic sports including diving, this meant that the elite divers had to belong to ASA-affiliated clubs to be eligible for selection to international competition.
1598:
USA Diving sanctions the Winter Nationals championship with one, three meter, and platform events. In the summer USA Diving sanctions the Summer Nationals including all three events with both Junior and Senior divers. USA Diving is sanctioned by the
969:
knee and patellofemoral compression syndrome commonly caused by repetitive stress placed on the patellar or quadriceps tendon during jumping. Vertical jump ability, as well as jumping and landing technique, are believed to influence tendon loading."
975:
It has further been commented that "Concussions are relatively common, as are pulmonary contusions in which the force of impact bruises the lungs." Other injuries that may occur include torn tricep muscles, torn ACL ligaments and lower back issues.
1569:
In the United States, summer diving is usually limited to one meter diving at community or country club pools. Some pools organize to form intra-pool competitions. These competitions are usually designed to accommodate all school-age children.
908:
In competitive diving, FINA takes regulatory steps to ensure that athletes are protected from the inherent dangers of the sport. For example, they impose restrictions according to age on the heights of platforms which divers may compete on.
592:, the two highest scores and two lowest are discarded, leaving three to be summed and multiplied by the DD. (Prior to the London Olympics, the highest and lowest scores were eliminated, and the remaining five scores were multiplied by
1496:
Although Canada is internationally a fairly strong country in diving, the vast majority of Canadian high schools and universities do not have diving teams, and many Canadian divers accept athletic scholarships from American colleges.
858:
is not on duty. It was commetend that "...shallow dives can end up in death or permanent injury." and that in 1988 on lake powell a person "...was left a quadriplegic after diving just 5 feet off a houseboat into the murky lake."
1711:
the water depth and currents as conditions can be dangerous. On occasion, the diver will inadvertently belly flop, entering the water horizontally or nearly so. The diver typically displaces a larger than usual amount of water.
687:
There are some American meets which will allow changes of the position of the dive even after the dive has been announced immediately before execution, but these are an exception to the rules generally observed internationally.
305:
1266:
At the moment of take-off, two critical aspects of the dive are determined, and cannot subsequently be altered during the execution. One is the trajectory of the dive, and the other is the magnitude of the angular momentum.
1234:
optional dives and compulsory dives. The optionals come with a DD limit. this means that a diver must select X number of dives and the combined DD limit must be no more than the limit set by the competition/organisation etc.
1130:
pike – with knees straight but a tight bend at the hips (the median in difficulty of the four). The open pike is a variant where the arms are reached to the side, and the legs are brought straight out with a bend in the
1137:
free – indicates a twisting dive, and a combination of other positions. In the transition between two positions the diver may for example bend their legs or curve at the waist, and points will not be deducted for doing
2928:
528:
The raw score is multiplied by a degree of difficulty factor, derived from the number and combination of movements attempted. The diver with the highest total score after a sequence of dives is declared the winner.
2630:
1501:
masters teams in addition to their primary competitive ones, and while some masters dive only for fun and fitness, there are also masters competitions, which range from the local to world championship level.
1329:
and the moment of inertia is larger when the body has an increased radius, the speed of rotation may be increased by moving the body into a compact shape, and reduced by opening out into a straight position.
287:
In the Tomb of Hunting and Fishing there is a wall painting from around 530 - 500 BCE that shows a person climbing rocks towards a cliff face and a second person diving down the cliff face towards water.
564:
the distance of the diver from the diving apparatus throughout the dive (a diver must not be dangerously close, should not be too far away, but should ideally be within 2 feet (0.61 m) of the platform)
1270:
The speed of rotation – and therefore the total amount of rotation – may be varied from moment to moment by changing the shape of the body, in accordance with the law of conservation of angular momentum.
748:
facilities. Other areas of concern are the selection of personnel for the specialised Diving committees and for coaching and officiating at events, and the team selection for international competitions.
695:
Under FINA law, no dive may be changed after the deadline for the dive-sheet to be submitted (generally a period ranging from one hour to 24 hours, depending on the rulings made by the event organiser).
1642:
A number of colleges and universities offer scholarships to men and women who have competitive diving skills. These scholarships are usually offered to divers with age-group or club diving experience.
983:
Injuries that diver Tom Daley has received include "...concussions, torn triceps, broken ribs, coughed up blood." Tom also has a scar on the top of his head from hitting his head on the diving board.
1238:
etc., and divers are free to submit new combinations. This change was implemented because new dives were being invented too frequently for an annual meeting to accommodate the progress of the sport.
854:
Many diving accidents occur when divers do not account for submerged objects in the water such as rocks and logs. Because of this many beaches and pools prohibit diving in shallow waters or when a
884:
bruising both internal and external, strains to connective tissue securing the organs, possible minor hemorrhaging to lungs and other tissues possibly resulting in a person coughing up blood, a
1338:
amount of additional tuning is available by 'entry save' techniques, whereby underwater movements of the upper body and arms against the viscosity of the water affect the position of the legs.
554:
There are rules governing the scoring of a dive. Usually a score considers three elements of the dive: the approach, the flight, and the entry. The primary factors affecting the scoring are:
2550:
445:
in 1901, the first organization devoted to diving in the world (later amalgamated with the Amateur Swimming Association). Fancy diving was formally introduced into the championship in 1903.
2834:
1145:
Additionally, some dives can be started in a flying position. The body is kept straight with the arms extended to the side, and the regular dive position is assumed at about half the dive.
1274:
The center of mass of the diver follows a parabolic path in free-fall under the influence of gravity (ignoring the effects of air resistance, which are negligible at the speeds involved).
958:
literature. Existing data suggest that as the level of competition elevates, traumatic injuries (including head injury) become relatively less common, while overuse injuries predominate."
1631:
separate from swim team events. NCAA Divisions II and III do not usually compete platform; if a diver wishes to compete platform in college, he or she must attend a Division I school.
2960:
948:
high standard competition divers rarely go more than about 2.5m below the surface, as they roll in the direction of the dive's rotation. This is a technique to produce a clean entry.
930:
However, some divers may safely dive in higher age categories to dive on higher platforms. Usually this occurs when advanced Group C divers wish to compete on the 10 m.
1003:
In 1987 during training diver Nathan Meade, aged 21, died when he struck his head on a 10 metre concrete platform. The dive he was attempting was a reverse 2 1/2 somersault.
1167:
somersault is performed in the straight position, and then the pike or tuck shape is assumed). No flying dive has been competed at a high level competition for many years.
2920:
2887:
1654:
Divers who continue diving past their college years can compete in Masters' Diving programs. Masters' diving programs are frequently offered by college or club programs.
1534:
National championships take place late in the year, usually during November. The competition is held at the National Aquatic Centre in Dublin and consists of four events:
1160:
In competition, the dives are referred to by a schematic system of three- or four-digit numbers. The letter to indicate the position is appended to the end of the number.
2622:
1646:
The NCAA limits the number of years a college student can represent any school in competitions. The limit is four years, but could be less under certain circumstances.
751:
There are sometimes attempts to separate the governing body as a means to resolve these frustrations, but they are rarely successful. For example, in the UK the
1794:
1522:
In the Republic of Ireland facilities are limited to one operational pool at the National Aquatic Centre in Dublin. Other facilities with diving boards at the
584:(DD), which is determined from a combination of the moves undertaken, position used, and height. The DD value is multiplied by the scores given by the judges.
2588:
2502:
367:
makes note of a "Mr. Young" plunging 56 feet (17 m) in 1870, and also states that 25 years prior, a swimmer named Drake could cover 53 feet (16 m).
2656:
972:
It has also been commented that 10-metre platform diving can also "...cause repetitive strain injuries from repeatedly pushing off the concrete platform."
1373:
number of twist rotations, the arm motion is reversed (the steering wheel is turned back), which removes the body's tilt and stops the twisting rotation.
1556:
In the United Kingdom, diving competitions on all boards run throughout the year. National Masters' Championships are held two or three times per year.
1404:
are caused by attempting to re-surface in the opposite direction. Diving from the higher levels increases the danger and likelihood of such injuries.
492:
In the 1928 Olympics, 'plain' and 'fancy' diving were amalgamated into one event – 'Highboard Diving'. The diving event was first held indoors in the
2864:
766:
In the United States scholastic diving is almost always part of the school's swim team. Diving is a separate sport in Olympic and Club Diving. The
481:
added 'fancy diving' and introduced elastic boards rather than fixed platforms. Women were first allowed to participate in the diving events for the
317:
2542:
426:
at a height of 15 feet (4.6 m) in 1893 and the first world championship event, the National Graceful Diving Competition, was held there by the
270:
judgment and air awareness. Some professional divers were originally gymnasts or dancers as both the sports have similar characteristics to diving.
2826:
1587:
In the United States, pre-college divers interested in learning one and three meter or platform diving should consider a club sanctioned by either
2953:
1658:
first person in any sport, male or female, anywhere in the world, to compete in an age-group of 100+ years in a nationally organized competition.
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2480:
1334:
very high degree of accuracy. (A small amount of control is available by moving the position of the arms and by a slight hollowing of the back).
576:
amount of splash – many judges award divers for the amount of splash created by the diver on entry, with less splash resulting in a higher score.
299:, contains a fresco dating to around 500 to 475 BCE that also shows a scene of a person diving into a pool or stream of water from a structure.
2166:
1606:
AAU Diving sanctions one national event per year in the summer. AAU competes on the one, three, and tower to determine the All-American team.
1432:
1205:
For Group 6 – Armstand – the dive number has either three or four digits: Three digits for dives without twist and four for dives with twists.
602:, to allow for comparison to five-judge panels.) The canceling of scores is used to make it difficult for a single judge to manipulate scores.
1974:
567:
the properly defined body position of the diver according to the dive being performed, including pointed toes and feet touching at all times
1152:
An armstand dive may have a higher degree of difficulty outdoors compared to indoors as wind can destabilize the equilibrium of the diver.
160:
27:
This article is about the sport of jumping into water, often acrobatically. For swimming or working below the surface of the water, see
2895:
980:
it is extremely inadvisable to attempt to scoop the trajectory underwater against the rotation as it can cause serious back injuries.
1383:
on them which set the body into twisting rotation. Moving the arms back produces opposite torque which stops the twisting rotation.
1296:
for any given clearance when passing the board, the forward travel distance to the entry point will be less for a higher trajectory.
4051:
3458:
1628:
1354:
Dives with multiple twists and somersaults are some of the most spectacular movements, as well as the most challenging to perform.
814:
767:
341:
Although diving has been a popular pastime across the world since ancient times, the first modern diving competitions were held in
2320:
1093:. The armstand group applies only to Platform competitions, whereas the other five groups apply to both Springboard and Platform.
2792:
2294:
2246:
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4129:
2016:"The Tomb of the Diver and the frescoed tombs in Paestum (southern Italy): New insights from a comparative archaeometric study"
2430:
2304:
1950:
1923:
1896:
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according to a strict reading of the FINA law. But in practice, a re-dive would usually be granted in these circumstances.
119:
1603:
to select team representatives for international diving competitions including the World Championships and Olympic Games.
345:
in the 1880s. The exact origins of the sport are unclear, though it likely derives from the act of diving at the start of
3054:
1779:
945:
diving from 10 m and maintaining a downward streamlined position results in gliding to a stop at about 4.5–5 m.
869:
91:
17:
2769:
2718:
1737:
482:
478:
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1828:
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watersport and navy safety training. Entering water from a height is an enjoyable leisure activity, as is underwater
1462:
1064:
138:
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352:
In the seventeenth century gymnasts moved their equipment to the beaches and "performed acrobatics over the water."
98:
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1600:
1038:
752:
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dive, it will be declared a balk (when the diver stops mid-hurdle) and the change of dive will not be permitted.
72:
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It has also been commented that "The most frequently injured areas are the wrist, shoulder, and lumbar spine."
4508:
3047:
3013:
1759:
1042:
885:
873:
667:
76:
2417:
Appeals Court State of WA, Docket Number:18036-1-III Title: Shawn Meneely, et al. v. S. R. Smith, Inc., et al.
1844:
Holloway, R. Ross (1965). "Conventions of Etruscan Painting in the Tomb of Hunting and Fishing at Tarquinii".
105:
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1764:
274:
holds the record for most Olympic diving medals won, by winning eight medals in total between 1992 and 2008.
433:
It was at this event that the Swedish tradition of fancy diving was introduced to the sport by the athletes
386:
359:
by Ralph Thomas notes English reports of plunging records dating back to at least 1865. The 1877 edition to
4203:
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756:
442:
427:
371:
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2138:
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in 1895. The event consisted of standing and running dives from either 15 or 30 feet (4.6 or 9.1 m).
1134:
tuck – body folded up in a tight ball, hands holding the shins and toes pointed (the easiest of the four)
87:
4122:
2472:
2272:
817:
bankruptcy protection and was successfully reorganized into a new swimming pool industry association.
770:
will separate diving from swimming in special diving competitions after the swim season is completed.
744:. Almost invariably, at national level, diving shares a governing body with the other aquatic sports.
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1814:
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and multiplied by the DD. The result is that the emphasis is on the synchronization of the divers.
441:
techniques from the 10 m diving board at Highgate Pond and stimulated the establishment of the
3916:
1774:
1027:
713:
2188:
570:
the proper amounts of rotation and revolution upon completion of the dive and entry into the water
311:
Fresco. Tomb of Hunting and Fishing. Monterozzi necropolis, Tarquinia, Italy. Around 530 - 500 BCE
4523:
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4256:
3444:
1031:
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days later 120 feet below the surface. The 22-year-old was found to have suffered a broken neck.
65:
40:
4266:
1592:
1523:
1428:
2217:
2204:
2121:
1913:
1201:
5337D – reverse one and a half somersaults with three and a half twists, in the Free position.
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the height of the diver at the apex of the dive, with extra height resulting in a higher score
422:– diving from a great height – gained popularity; the first diving stages were erected at the
4472:
4398:
4186:
4115:
3593:
3425:
3363:
3348:
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2623:"Commonwealth Games 2018: Tom Daley forced to withdraw from individual event with hip injury"
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2108:
1940:
1749:
1619:
1400:
the direction of rotation, especially for forward and inward entries. Back injuries such as
1230:
e.g. 6243D – armstand back double-somersault with one and a half twists in the free position
1106:
in the Inward Group (4), the diver takes off with their back to the water and rotates forward
733:
717:
183:
1100:
in the Back Group (2), the diver takes off with their back to the water and rotates backward
755:
was formed in 1992 with the intention of taking over the governance of Diving from the ASA (
651:
The judges may also disqualify the diver for certain violations during the dive, including:
4365:
4146:
4138:
3934:
3760:
3628:
3306:
3234:
3185:
2027:
783:
611:
589:
501:
174:
36:
1888:
1246:
112:
8:
4393:
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4164:
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a greater height gives a longer flight time and therefore more time to execute maneuvers.
741:
375:
2031:
1440:
986:
Tom has also described the deterioration of a knee injury that he received; "During the
3992:
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3126:
2331:
2090:
2050:
2015:
1861:
987:
826:
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462:
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in the Forward Group (Group 1), the diver takes off facing forward and rotates forward
458:
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1824:
1320:
1251:
849:
790:
292:
28:
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The greatest possible height that can be achieved is desirable for several reasons:
1112:
any dive commencing from a handstand is in the Armstand group (6) (only on platform)
4418:
4408:
4303:
4181:
4041:
4025:
4015:
3982:
3793:
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3513:
3341:
3109:
2827:"Broken wrists, twisted necks and concussions: The brutal nature of Olympic diving"
2753:
2702:
2200:
2150:
2082:
2045:
2035:
1986:
1853:
1692:
1614:
1362:
1359:
1306:
729:
364:
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255:. In addition, unstructured and non-competitive diving is a recreational pastime.
2437:
1622:'s CRWC Natatorium is home to the United States' largest collegiate swimming pool.
4444:
4343:
4071:
4056:
3911:
3878:
3738:
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2706:
2040:
1990:
1881:
1103:
in the Reverse Group (3), the diver takes off facing forward and rotates backward
391:
240:
2431:"Review of spinal cord injury statistics related to diving and diving board use"
1369:
momentum vector along the body's long axis. The tilt can be seen in the photo.
1081:
A male diver performs a reverse in the tuck position from a 3-meter springboard.
896:
and left him unable to dive off his competition height of 10m for three weeks."
517:
called seven), nine, or ten meter towers. In major diving meets, including the
374:(at the time called the Swimming Association of Great Britain) first started a "
4308:
4288:
4261:
4193:
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1704:
1401:
423:
188:
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in 1993, most US and other pool builders are reluctant to equip a residential
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3195:
3180:
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2543:"CLIFFS PLUS DIVING = DANGER: WATER, GRAVITY CAN TURN THRILLER INTO A KILLER"
2391:
1696:
1688:
1677:
1667:
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the height attained is itself one of the factors that the judges will reward.
805:
708:
518:
493:
271:
252:
213:
2741:
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618:
the three middle scores for synchronization. The total is then weighted by
573:
angle of entry – a diver should enter the water straight, without any angle.
4454:
4338:
4323:
4298:
4246:
4226:
4216:
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3158:
2765:
2714:
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2059:
1784:
1142:
These positions are referred to by the letters A, B, C and D respectively.
1109:
any dive incorporating an axial twisting movement is in the Twist group (5)
834:
434:
333:
267:
2086:
1346:
927:
compete in higher age categories, thus putting them at even greater risk.
521:
and the World Championships, platform diving is from the 10 meter height.
4434:
4383:
4350:
4333:
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4273:
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3553:
3493:
3170:
2657:"Tom Daley gives tour of his 'second home' and where he won Olympic gold"
1720:
1480:
1227:
number of half-somersaults, and the fourth is the number of half-twists:
1163:
The first digit of the number indicates the dive group as defined above.
939:
810:
537:
419:
395:
244:
224:
2094:
4413:
4373:
4176:
3899:
3841:
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3613:
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3585:
3538:
3475:
3336:
3244:
3175:
3136:
3114:
1588:
1526:
are undergoing staff training in an effort to start diving programmes.
1377:
889:
877:
830:
737:
558:
if a hand-stand is required, the length of time and quality of the hold
438:
402:
Diving into a body of water had also been a method used by gymnasts in
259:
248:
166:
32:
1865:
1127:
straight – with no bend at the knees or hips (the hardest of the four)
4449:
4010:
3711:
3598:
3548:
3353:
3331:
3321:
3131:
1918:. Vol. 1. Boston, Massachusetts: Cengage Learning. p. 230.
855:
486:
46:
Sport of jumping or falling into water from a platform or springboard
2436:. American Institutes for Research. 21 November 2003. Archived from
1016:
671:
Mixed gender participants of synchronized swimming performing a dive
251:. Diving is an internationally recognized sport that is part of the
54:
4355:
4241:
4096:
4002:
3703:
3618:
3608:
3390:
3385:
3381:
3266:
3212:
3207:
3153:
2689:
Derek Day; Eleanor A. Belilos; Matthew D. Maxwell (November 2023).
2396:
1857:
892:. This is very painful and distressing, but not life-threatening.
470:
658:
improper equipment usage (e.g., female divers not using hair ties)
4313:
4293:
4278:
4236:
4211:
3846:
3693:
3558:
3311:
3224:
3121:
1489:
international level athletes) will train and compete year round.
1255:
1123:
During the flight of the dive, one of four positions is assumed:
610:
the pool, and they score the diver which is nearer to them. The
415:
403:
342:
296:
170:
3028:
2954:"Nathan Meade, one of Australia's premier divers, was killed..."
4403:
4046:
3326:
3148:
1945:. Los Angeles, California: Getty Publications. pp. 95–96.
1683:
1380:
1077:
505:
407:
378:" in 1883. The Plunging Championship was discontinued in 1937.
541:
A man and a woman perform synchronized diving in Brazil, 2014.
4231:
1259:
263:
236:
2888:"Tom Daley's Covid ordeal: 'My oxygen levels were dropping'"
2122:
Swimming – Section III – How To Go Into The Water – Plunging
1672:
4020:
3271:
3239:
2327:
778:
725:
2790:
1887:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. pp.
922:
Group A (16/18 year): 5 m, 7.5 m & 10 m
919:
Group B (14/15 year): 5 m, 7.5 m & 10 m
655:
receiving a score of 0 on all dives performed in the event
3894:
453:
1376:
An alternative explanation is that the moving arms have
1085:
There are six "groups" into which dives are classified:
933:
Points on pool depths in connection with diving safety:
258:
Competitors possess many of the same characteristics as
3023:
3008:
3018:
2691:"Competitive Diving Injuries: An Epidemiologic Review"
2503:"Overview of Diving Injuries - Injuries and Poisoning"
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1795:
List of 10 meter diving platforms in the United States
1183:
113B – flying forward one-and-a-half somersaults, pike
2793:"3 Reasons for Knee Pain During Your Diving Takeoff"
2742:"The basics of competitive diving and its injuries"
2139:"The basics of competitive diving and its injuries"
2073:Holloway, R. Ross (2006). "The Tomb of the Diver".
1985:(5). American College of Sports Medicine: 351–356.
1959:
1879:Janson, Horst Woldemar; Janson, Anthony F. (2004).
79:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1972:
1880:
1350:A twisting dive performed from a 10-meter platform
323:Fresco. Tomb of the Diver. Paestum, Italy. 470 BCE
2574:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2465:
1198:5211A – back dive, half twist, straight position.
4495:
3466:
2684:
2682:
2425:
2423:
2321:"Appendix 2: FINA table of degree of difficulty"
1915:Gardner's Art Through the Ages: A Global History
1309:remains constant throughout the dive, but since
4137:
2948:
2946:
2695:Current Emergency and Hospital Medicine Reports
2296:Sports and Games of the 18th and 19th Centuries
1180:305C – reverse two-and-a-half somersaults, tuck
916:Group C (12/13 year): 5 m & 7.5 m
218:Part of the Summer Olympic programme since 1904
3069:
2650:
2648:
2565:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:
1725:A recently developing section of the sport is
952:
720:, waves to the crowd before diving into water.
4123:
3452:
3055:
2679:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2473:"Tombstoning – 'Don't jump into the unknown'"
2420:
2014:Alberghina, Maria Francesca (24 April 2020).
1425:The examples and perspective in this section
2943:
2921:"Soviet Diver Is Dead A Week After Accident"
2915:
2913:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2791:Jeff Comings; G. John Mullen (21 May 2014).
1975:"Competitive Diving Principles and Injuries"
1878:
1177:203C – back one-and-a-half somersaults, tuck
994:
337:Plunging, the first competitive diving sport
2645:
2520:
1938:
1819:. Guinness World Records Limited. pp.
1529:
1222:624C – armstand back double somersault tuck
1045:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
469:Plain diving was first introduced into the
4130:
4116:
3459:
3445:
3062:
3048:
2885:
2603:
2114:
2013:
1911:
1447:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
437:and C F Mauritzi. They demonstrated their
2910:
2807:
2739:
2216:Henry, William and Sinclair, Archibland.
2136:
2101:
2049:
2039:
1942:Abundance of Life: Etruscan Wall Painting
1661:
1504:
1463:Learn how and when to remove this message
1065:Learn how and when to remove this message
631:The synchronisation scores are based on:
139:Learn how and when to remove this message
2620:
2354:
2352:
2072:
1843:
1682:
1671:
1613:
1479:
1345:
1245:
1076:
782:A sign prohibiting diving at a beach in
777:
707:
666:
536:
452:
385:
332:
239:of jumping or falling into water from a
223:
2824:
2223:
1812:
1219:612B – armstand forward somersault pike
940:Ponds Forge International Sports Centre
903:
820:
724:The global governing body of diving is
662:
641:synchronisation of rotations and twists
228:Woman performing a "swallow dive", 1937
31:. For the same, without apparatus, see
14:
4496:
2578:
2241:
2239:
2194:
1736:Competitive high diving is run as the
1544:Irish Open Senior Diving Championships
1541:Irish Open Junior Diving Championships
1517:
1300:
1241:
1087:Forward, Back, Inward, Reverse, Twist,
795:
532:
4111:
3440:
3043:
2857:"Tom Daley: I swear underwater a lot"
2363:. Pool & Spa News. Archived from
2358:
2349:
2292:
1883:History of Art: The Western Tradition
1573:
1186:104C – front double somersaults, tuck
511:
4478:
2931:from the original on 30 January 2023
2654:
2009:
2007:
1411:
1043:adding citations to reliable sources
1010:
870:temporary paralysis of the diaphragm
862:
843:
614:saw the first use of eleven judges.
77:adding citations to reliable sources
48:
35:. For competitive scuba diving, see
2886:Mulkerrins, Jane (1 October 2021).
2483:from the original on 7 January 2022
2330:. 15 September 2009. Archived from
2236:
1932:
1905:
1872:
1837:
1780:List of Olympic medalists in diving
712:A mixed-sex pair, participating in
549:
266:, including strength, flexibility,
24:
2633:from the original on 10 April 2018
2579:Kolich, Heather (5 October 2009).
2553:from the original on 15 March 2022
1738:Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series
1649:
1538:Irish Open Age Group Championships
913:Group D (11 & under): 5 m
25:
4535:
3002:
2772:from the original on 10 June 2024
2721:from the original on 10 June 2024
2231:Ref Encyclopedia of British sport
2004:
1731:2013 World Aquatics Championships
1609:
1551:
1118:
4477:
4468:
4467:
3070:
2963:from the original on 29 May 2024
2867:from the original on 4 June 2024
2837:from the original on 25 May 2024
2621:McGeehan, Matt (10 April 2018).
2591:from the original on 24 May 2024
2359:Brown, AmyJo (30 January 2004).
2169:from the original on 29 May 2024
1564:
1559:
1416:
1015:
316:
304:
159:
53:
2987:
2975:
2879:
2849:
2825:Wharton, David (29 July 2021).
2784:
2733:
2495:
2455:
2411:
2387:"Deep Impact: Back Yard Danger"
2379:
2313:
2286:
2265:
2210:
2181:
2130:
2075:American Journal of Archaeology
1979:Current Sports Medicine Reports
1846:American Journal of Archaeology
1601:United States Olympic Committee
1155:
840:0.028 per 100,000 swimmers..."
753:Great Britain Diving Federation
381:
64:needs additional citations for
2655:Ball, Elliot (8 August 2023).
2299:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
2066:
1806:
1714:
1582:
1006:
588:seven-judge panels, as of the
448:
13:
1:
2758:10.1016/s0278-5919(05)70145-9
2155:10.1016/S0278-5919(05)70145-9
1939:Steingräber, Stephan (2006).
1800:
1765:Diving at the Summer Olympics
1547:Novice Competition (8–18 yrs)
1407:
1283:essential on safety grounds.
1277:
1216:600A – armstand dive straight
703:
647:forward travel from the board
3468:Extreme and adventure sports
2707:10.1249/JSR.0000000000000401
2207:, pp. 720–21 (13th ed. 1877)
2041:10.1371/journal.pone.0232375
1991:10.1249/JSR.0000000000000401
1174:101A – forward Dive Straight
850:Cliff jumping § Dangers
791:Cliff jumping § Dangers
757:Amateur Swimming Association
372:Amateur Swimming Association
282:
7:
4139:Water sports and activities
2507:MSD Manual Consumer Version
2273:"A brief history of diving"
1973:Nathaniel S. Jones (2017).
1816:Guinness World Records 2014
1743:
1443:, discuss the issue on the
1341:
953:Competitive diving injuries
868:capable of giving a person
328:
247:, usually while performing
10:
4540:
2746:Clinics in Sports Medicine
2143:Clinics in Sports Medicine
1718:
1665:
1429:the English-speaking world
1209:as physically impossible.
847:
824:
788:
644:time of entry to the water
443:Amateur Diving Association
277:
26:
4463:
4427:
4364:
4202:
4145:
4034:
4001:
3965:
3945:Aggressive inline skating
3927:
3887:
3829:
3776:
3702:
3627:
3584:
3474:
3414:
3374:
3082:
2795:. Swimming World Magazine
1912:S. Kleiner, Fred (2011).
1770:Diving at the Asian Games
1475:
995:Competitive diving deaths
773:
498:1934 British Empire Games
428:Royal Life Saving Society
212:
207:
199:
194:
181:
158:
2752:(2). Elsevier: 293–303.
2740:B D Rubin (April 1999).
2701:(5). Elsevier: 351–356.
2581:"How Cliff Diving Works"
2149:(2). Elsevier: 293-303.
2137:B D Rubin (April 1999).
2126:The Sportsman's magazine
1775:La Quebrada Cliff Divers
1386:
714:FINA World Championships
580:Each dive is assigned a
465:from the fourth Olympiad
2109:The swimming instructor
1813:Glenday, Craig (2013).
1431:and do not represent a
479:1908 Olympics in London
4389:Outrigger canoe racing
2293:Crego, Robert (2003).
2220:, p.110-19, 411 (1893)
1699:
1680:
1662:Non-competitive diving
1623:
1530:National championships
1524:University of Limerick
1505:National championships
1485:
1351:
1263:
1082:
988:first lockdown in 2020
786:
721:
672:
542:
466:
399:
338:
229:
39:. For other uses, see
4509:Summer Olympic sports
4399:Synchronized swimming
3821:Parachuting/Skydiving
3426:Winter Olympic sports
3364:Greco-Roman wrestling
3076:Summer Olympic sports
2984:George Rackham (1975)
2087:10.3764/aja.110.3.365
1760:Divers by nationality
1750:Aquatic timing system
1686:
1675:
1620:University of Houston
1617:
1483:
1349:
1249:
1080:
825:Further information:
800:After an incident in
781:
734:synchronised swimming
728:, which also governs
718:synchronised swimming
711:
670:
540:
456:
390:A man dives into the
389:
376:plunging championship
336:
227:
3935:Freestyle scootering
3761:Traditional climbing
3375:Discretionary sports
2337:on 13 September 2015
2229:Cox, Richard et al.
2205:British rural sports
1441:improve this section
1427:deal primarily with
1039:improve this section
821:Spinal cord injuries
784:Kirkland, Washington
663:Competitive strategy
612:2012 London Olympics
590:2012 London Olympics
582:degree of difficulty
502:1948 Summer Olympics
361:British Rural Sports
175:2016 Summer Olympics
73:improve this article
37:sport diving (sport)
4394:Synchronized diving
4204:Activities on water
4147:Activities in water
3862:Powered paragliding
3689:Whitewater kayaking
3684:Whitewater canoeing
3359:Freestyle wrestling
3255:Rhythmic gymnastics
3250:Artistic gymnastics
3029:USA Masters' Diving
2959:. 22 October 1987.
2443:on 17 November 2010
2253:on 30 December 2013
2247:"History of Diving"
2191:, pp. 149–50 (1904)
2032:2020PLoSO..1532375A
1755:Cannonball (diving)
1689:jumping off a cliff
1518:Republic of Ireland
1317:rotational velocity
1315:angular momentum =
1301:Control of rotation
1242:Mechanics of diving
888:, broken bones, or
876:, broken bones, or
796:Recreational diving
742:open water swimming
533:Synchronized diving
457:Swedish high diver
184:governing body
155:
88:"Diving" sport
18:Synchronized diving
4384:Dragon boat racing
3993:Ski mountaineering
3756:Free solo climbing
3694:Whitewater rafting
2996:Ron O'Brien (1992)
2111:, pp. 60–64 (1883)
1700:
1681:
1676:A man diving into
1624:
1574:High school diving
1486:
1352:
1264:
1083:
904:Competitive diving
827:Spinal cord injury
787:
722:
673:
543:
512:Competitive diving
467:
463:1908 Olympic Games
418:, the practice of
400:
339:
230:
153:
4491:
4490:
4440:Modern pentathlon
4105:
4104:
3751:Big wall climbing
3499:Kite landboarding
3434:
3433:
3422:Paralympic sports
3277:Modern pentathlon
3105:Marathon Swimming
2306:978-0-313-31610-4
2201:Walsh, John Henry
2120:(2 August 1845).
2107:Wilson, William.
1952:978-0-89236-865-5
1925:978-1-4390-8578-3
1898:978-0-13-182895-7
1473:
1472:
1465:
1321:moment of inertia
1305:The magnitude of
1252:Tomb of the Diver
1075:
1074:
1067:
863:Impact with water
844:Submerged objects
293:Tomb of the Diver
222:
221:
149:
148:
141:
123:
29:underwater diving
16:(Redirected from
4531:
4514:Acrobatic sports
4481:
4480:
4471:
4470:
4419:Water volleyball
4409:Water basketball
4132:
4125:
4118:
4109:
4108:
4042:Adventure racing
4016:Extreme sledding
3983:Freestyle skiing
3794:Ski-BASE jumping
3667:Technical diving
3514:Mountainboarding
3461:
3454:
3447:
3438:
3437:
3342:Beach volleyball
3083:Mandatory sports
3074:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3041:
3040:
3035:Diving mentality
2997:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2950:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2927:. 17 July 1983.
2917:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2898:on 1 August 2022
2894:. Archived from
2883:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2863:. 18 July 2011.
2853:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2822:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2686:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2663:. Archived from
2652:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2618:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2576:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2539:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2469:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2442:
2435:
2427:
2418:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2356:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2336:
2325:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2249:. Archived from
2243:
2234:
2227:
2221:
2214:
2208:
2198:
2192:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2134:
2128:
2118:
2112:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2053:
2043:
2011:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1970:
1957:
1956:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1886:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1810:
1693:Colliding Rivers
1468:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1448:
1420:
1419:
1412:
1360:angular momentum
1307:angular momentum
1070:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1050:
1019:
1011:
886:compressed spine
874:compressed spine
635:time of take-off
627:
626:
622:
601:
600:
596:
550:Scoring the dive
365:John Henry Walsh
320:
308:
163:
156:
152:
144:
137:
133:
130:
124:
122:
81:
57:
49:
21:
4539:
4538:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4528:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4487:
4459:
4423:
4360:
4198:
4141:
4136:
4106:
4101:
4072:Obstacle racing
4057:Extreme ironing
4030:
3997:
3961:
3923:
3912:Mountain biking
3883:
3879:Wingsuit flying
3825:
3772:
3739:Alpine climbing
3698:
3623:
3580:
3470:
3465:
3435:
3430:
3410:
3370:
3186:Mountain biking
3078:
3068:
3005:
3000:
2994:Diving for Gold
2992:
2988:
2982:Diving Complete
2980:
2976:
2966:
2964:
2952:
2951:
2944:
2934:
2932:
2925:Washington Post
2919:
2918:
2911:
2901:
2899:
2884:
2880:
2870:
2868:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2840:
2838:
2823:
2808:
2798:
2796:
2789:
2785:
2775:
2773:
2738:
2734:
2724:
2722:
2687:
2680:
2670:
2668:
2661:Plymouth Herald
2653:
2646:
2636:
2634:
2627:The independent
2619:
2604:
2594:
2592:
2577:
2566:
2556:
2554:
2549:. 8 June 1989.
2541:
2540:
2521:
2511:
2509:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2486:
2484:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2456:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2402:
2400:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2370:
2368:
2367:on 4 March 2004
2357:
2350:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2291:
2287:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2256:
2254:
2245:
2244:
2237:
2233:, p. 111 (2000)
2228:
2224:
2215:
2211:
2199:
2195:
2187:Thomas, Ralph.
2186:
2182:
2172:
2170:
2135:
2131:
2119:
2115:
2106:
2102:
2071:
2067:
2026:(4): e0232375.
2012:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1971:
1960:
1953:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1877:
1873:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1746:
1723:
1717:
1670:
1664:
1652:
1650:Masters' Diving
1612:
1585:
1576:
1567:
1562:
1554:
1532:
1520:
1507:
1478:
1469:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1438:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1389:
1344:
1303:
1280:
1244:
1158:
1121:
1071:
1060:
1054:
1051:
1036:
1020:
1009:
997:
955:
942:at 5.85 m.
906:
865:
852:
846:
837:
823:
798:
793:
776:
706:
665:
638:height attained
624:
620:
619:
598:
594:
593:
552:
535:
514:
459:Arvid SpĂĄngberg
451:
392:Great South Bay
384:
331:
324:
321:
312:
309:
285:
280:
195:Characteristics
177:
145:
134:
128:
125:
82:
80:
70:
58:
47:
44:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4537:
4527:
4526:
4524:Jumping sports
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4504:Diving (sport)
4489:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4475:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4431:
4429:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4370:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4309:Stone skipping
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4262:Paddleboarding
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4208:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4194:Water aerobics
4191:
4190:
4189:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4157:
4151:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4135:
4134:
4127:
4120:
4112:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4052:Cheese rolling
4049:
4044:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4007:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3973:Extreme skiing
3969:
3967:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3957:Roller skating
3954:
3953:
3952:
3947:
3940:Inline skating
3937:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3801:Bungee jumping
3798:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3734:Mountaineering
3731:
3730:
3729:
3727:Mixed climbing
3719:
3717:Crane climbing
3714:
3708:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3633:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3590:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3480:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3464:
3463:
3456:
3449:
3441:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3351:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3307:Sport climbing
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3151:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3067:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3004:
3003:External links
3001:
2999:
2998:
2986:
2974:
2942:
2909:
2878:
2848:
2806:
2783:
2732:
2678:
2667:on 29 May 2024
2644:
2602:
2564:
2519:
2494:
2464:
2454:
2419:
2410:
2378:
2348:
2312:
2305:
2285:
2264:
2235:
2222:
2209:
2193:
2180:
2129:
2113:
2100:
2065:
2003:
1958:
1951:
1931:
1924:
1904:
1897:
1871:
1858:10.2307/502183
1852:(4): 341–347.
1836:
1829:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1790:Shallow diving
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1745:
1742:
1719:Main article:
1716:
1713:
1687:Man and woman
1663:
1660:
1651:
1648:
1611:
1610:College diving
1608:
1584:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1553:
1552:United Kingdom
1550:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1531:
1528:
1519:
1516:
1506:
1503:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1435:of the subject
1433:worldwide view
1424:
1422:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1402:hyperextension
1388:
1385:
1343:
1340:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1279:
1276:
1243:
1240:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1157:
1154:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1119:Dive positions
1117:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1073:
1072:
1023:
1021:
1014:
1008:
1005:
996:
993:
954:
951:
950:
949:
946:
943:
924:
923:
920:
917:
914:
905:
902:
864:
861:
845:
842:
822:
819:
797:
794:
775:
772:
705:
702:
664:
661:
660:
659:
656:
649:
648:
645:
642:
639:
636:
578:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
551:
548:
534:
531:
513:
510:
450:
447:
424:Highgate Ponds
383:
380:
355:The 1904 book
330:
327:
326:
325:
322:
315:
313:
310:
303:
284:
281:
279:
276:
220:
219:
216:
210:
209:
205:
204:
201:
197:
196:
192:
191:
189:World Aquatics
186:
179:
178:
164:
147:
146:
61:
59:
52:
45:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4536:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4484:
4476:
4474:
4466:
4465:
4462:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4445:Sailing races
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4379:Dinghy racing
4377:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4340:
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4284:Riverboarding
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3811:Cliff jumping
3809:
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3564:River surfing
3562:
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3554:Street luging
3552:
3550:
3547:
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3529:Skateboarding
3527:
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3517:
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3484:Bellyboarding
3482:
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3396:Flag football
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3349:Weightlifting
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3194:
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2399:. 2 June 1999
2398:
2394:
2393:
2392:60 Minutes II
2388:
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2021:
2017:
2010:
2008:
1992:
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1984:
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1969:
1967:
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1963:
1954:
1948:
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1698:
1697:Glide, Oregon
1694:
1690:
1685:
1679:
1678:Lake Michigan
1674:
1669:
1668:Cliff jumping
1659:
1655:
1647:
1644:
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1636:
1632:
1630:
1621:
1616:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1596:
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1590:
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1571:
1565:Summer diving
1560:United States
1557:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1527:
1525:
1515:
1511:
1502:
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1467:
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1453:November 2010
1446:
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1239:
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1228:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1212:For example:
1210:
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1200:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1194:For example:
1192:
1185:
1182:
1179:
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1173:
1172:
1171:
1170:For example:
1168:
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1079:
1069:
1066:
1058:
1055:February 2023
1048:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1024:This section
1022:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1004:
1001:
992:
989:
984:
981:
977:
973:
970:
966:
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879:
875:
871:
860:
857:
851:
841:
836:
832:
828:
818:
816:
812:
807:
806:swimming pool
803:
792:
785:
780:
771:
769:
764:
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572:
569:
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563:
560:
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556:
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547:
539:
530:
526:
522:
520:
519:Olympic Games
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
490:
488:
484:
483:1912 Olympics
480:
476:
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464:
460:
455:
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301:
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289:
275:
273:
272:Dmitri Sautin
269:
265:
261:
256:
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253:Olympic Games
250:
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238:
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226:
217:
215:
211:
206:
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187:
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165:Chinese pair
162:
157:
151:
143:
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132:
129:February 2010
121:
118:
114:
111:
107:
104:
100:
97:
93:
90: –
89:
85:
84:Find sources:
78:
74:
68:
67:
62:This article
60:
56:
51:
50:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
4455:Yacht racing
4428:Competitions
4339:Water skiing
4324:Wakeboarding
4299:Skimboarding
4257:Kneeboarding
4247:Kiteboarding
4227:Cable skiing
4217:Bodyboarding
4187:synchronized
4172:Scuba diving
4165:synchronized
4159:
4082:Powerbocking
4077:Orienteering
4067:Fell running
4062:Extreme Pogo
3988:Speed skiing
3950:Vert skating
3874:Speed flying
3852:Hang gliding
3806:Cliff-diving
3784:BASE jumping
3722:Ice climbing
3679:Water skiing
3657:Scuba diving
3629:Water sports
3571:Wakeboarding
3544:Snowboarding
3534:Skimboarding
3524:Sandboarding
3509:Longboarding
3504:Kiteboarding
3489:Bodyboarding
3418:
3317:Table tennis
3287:Rugby sevens
3260:Trampolining
3230:Field hockey
3218:Show jumping
3191:Road cycling
3164:Canoe sprint
3159:Canoe slalom
3099:
2993:
2989:
2981:
2977:
2965:. Retrieved
2956:
2933:. Retrieved
2924:
2900:. Retrieved
2896:the original
2891:
2881:
2869:. Retrieved
2860:
2851:
2839:. Retrieved
2830:
2797:. Retrieved
2786:
2774:. Retrieved
2749:
2745:
2735:
2723:. Retrieved
2698:
2694:
2669:. Retrieved
2665:the original
2660:
2635:. Retrieved
2626:
2593:. Retrieved
2584:
2555:. Retrieved
2547:Deseret News
2546:
2510:. Retrieved
2506:
2497:
2485:. Retrieved
2476:
2467:
2457:
2445:. Retrieved
2438:the original
2413:
2401:. Retrieved
2390:
2381:
2369:. Retrieved
2365:the original
2361:"No Diving?"
2339:. Retrieved
2332:the original
2315:
2295:
2288:
2276:. Retrieved
2267:
2255:. Retrieved
2251:the original
2225:
2212:
2196:
2183:
2171:. Retrieved
2146:
2142:
2132:
2125:
2116:
2103:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2023:
2019:
1994:. Retrieved
1982:
1978:
1941:
1934:
1914:
1907:
1882:
1874:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1815:
1808:
1785:Scuba diving
1735:
1726:
1724:
1709:
1701:
1656:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1625:
1605:
1597:
1586:
1577:
1568:
1555:
1533:
1521:
1512:
1508:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1484:The DPC logo
1459:
1450:
1426:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1356:
1353:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1304:
1285:
1281:
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1236:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1193:
1189:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:Dive numbers
1151:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1122:
1115:
1090:
1086:
1084:
1061:
1052:
1037:Please help
1025:
1002:
998:
985:
982:
978:
974:
971:
967:
963:
960:
956:
932:
929:
925:
907:
898:
894:
882:
866:
853:
838:
835:Quadriplegia
799:
765:
761:
750:
746:
723:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
650:
630:
616:
608:
604:
586:
581:
579:
553:
544:
527:
523:
515:
491:
468:
435:Otto Hagborg
432:
413:
401:
382:Fancy diving
370:The English
369:
360:
356:
354:
351:
340:
290:
286:
268:kinaesthetic
257:
232:
231:
150:
135:
126:
116:
109:
102:
95:
83:
71:Please help
66:verification
63:
4435:Boat racing
4366:Team sports
4351:Windsurfing
4334:Wakesurfing
4329:Wakeskating
4274:Parasailing
4252:Kiteboating
4222:Bodysurfing
4155:Aquajogging
4087:Slacklining
3869:Parasailing
3857:Paragliding
3816:Tombstoning
3662:Cave diving
3647:High diving
3637:Coasteering
3586:Motorsports
3576:Windsurfing
3549:Snowskating
3494:Dirtsurfing
3476:Boardsports
2861:Radio Times
2341:4 September
2278:17 December
2257:17 December
1727:High Diving
1721:High diving
1715:High diving
1583:Club diving
1007:Dive groups
811:tetraplegic
494:Empire Pool
449:Olympic era
420:high diving
396:Long Island
245:springboard
4498:Categories
4414:Water polo
4374:Canoe polo
4177:Snorkeling
4097:Zip-lining
3978:Freeriding
3900:BMX racing
3842:Air racing
3837:Aerobatics
3768:Skyrunning
3674:Snorkeling
3652:Jet Skiing
3642:Freediving
3614:Rally raid
3604:Rallycross
3539:Skysurfing
3337:Volleyball
3245:Gymnastics
3203:Equestrian
3176:BMX racing
3137:Basketball
3115:Water polo
3019:AAU Diving
3014:USA Diving
2447:8 December
2081:(3): 371.
1801:References
1729:(e.g. see
1666:See also:
1593:AAU Diving
1589:USA Diving
1408:By country
1378:precession
1278:Trajectory
890:concussion
878:concussion
848:See also:
831:Paraplegia
815:Chapter 11
802:Washington
789:See also:
738:water polo
704:Governance
475:1904 event
249:acrobatics
167:Chen Aisen
99:newspapers
33:freediving
4450:Triathlon
4011:Bobsleigh
3789:Free BASE
3712:Canyoning
3599:Motocross
3419:See also:
3354:Wrestling
3332:Triathlon
3322:Taekwondo
3132:Badminton
3127:Athletics
2892:The Times
2403:5 January
1445:talk page
1262:. 470 BCE
1026:does not
856:lifeguard
487:Stockholm
439:acrobatic
283:Antiquity
4519:Aquatics
4473:Category
4356:Yachting
4344:barefoot
4304:Skurfing
4242:Kayaking
4232:Canoeing
4182:Swimming
4026:Skeleton
4003:Sledding
3917:Downhill
3704:Climbing
3619:Snocross
3609:Rallying
3594:Drifting
3401:Lacrosse
3386:Softball
3382:Baseball
3297:Shooting
3267:Handball
3235:Football
3213:Eventing
3208:Dressage
3154:Canoeing
3110:Swimming
3095:Artistic
3090:Aquatics
2961:Archived
2929:Archived
2865:Archived
2835:Archived
2831:LA Times
2770:Archived
2766:10230565
2719:Archived
2715:28902759
2631:Archived
2595:15 March
2589:Archived
2585:mapquest
2557:15 March
2551:Archived
2512:16 March
2487:15 March
2481:Archived
2397:CBS News
2371:15 April
2218:Swimming
2189:Swimming
2167:Archived
2163:10230565
2095:40024548
2060:32330186
2020:PLOS ONE
1744:See also
1705:swimming
1439:You may
1342:Twisting
1250:Fresco.
1091:Armstand
730:swimming
496:for the
471:Olympics
357:Swimming
347:swimming
329:Plunging
260:gymnasts
241:platform
208:Presence
203:Aquatics
182:Highest
4483:Commons
4314:Surfing
4294:Sailing
4279:Rafting
4267:standup
4237:Fishing
4212:Boating
3928:Rolling
3888:Cycling
3847:Gliding
3777:Falling
3559:Surfing
3391:Cricket
3312:Surfing
3292:Sailing
3225:Fencing
3171:Cycling
3122:Archery
2637:14 June
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2028:Bibcode
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349:races.
343:England
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278:History
264:dancers
235:is the
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173:at the
171:Lin Yue
113:scholar
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4319:Tubing
4289:Rowing
4160:Diving
4047:Caving
4035:Others
3966:Skiing
3830:Flying
3406:Squash
3327:Tennis
3282:Rowing
3149:Boxing
3100:Diving
2967:29 May
2935:29 May
2902:30 May
2871:4 June
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2799:29 May
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774:Safety
506:London
408:Sweden
233:Diving
154:Diving
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2477:RoSPA
2441:(PDF)
2434:(PDF)
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2324:(PDF)
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1862:JSTOR
1387:Entry
1260:Italy
1131:hips.
237:sport
120:JSTOR
106:books
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3424:and
3272:Judo
3240:Golf
3024:NCAA
3009:FINA
2969:2024
2937:2024
2904:2024
2873:2024
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2639:2024
2597:2022
2559:2022
2514:2023
2489:2022
2449:2010
2405:2012
2373:2007
2343:2013
2328:FINA
2301:ISBN
2280:2012
2259:2012
2175:2024
2159:PMID
2056:PMID
1998:2024
1947:ISBN
1920:ISBN
1893:ISBN
1825:ISBN
1629:NCAA
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3142:3x3
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2754:doi
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