1820:
250:
2490:
2166:
1363:
2930:
234:
625:
145:
10143:
5468:
10048:
9990:
84:
10058:
588:
43:
2103:, which was formed by the General Syrian Conference in September 2017. The domestic group has appointed Mohammed al-Sheikh as head of the Government with 11 more ministers for Interior, Justice, Endowment, Higher Education, Education, Health, Agriculture, Economy, Social Affairs and Displaced, Housing and Reconstruction and Local Administration and Services. Al-Sheikh, in a press conference held at the
968:, from March 2011 until the start of August 2011, was characterized by a consensus for nonviolent struggle among the uprising's participants. Thus the conflict could not have been yet characterized as a "civil war", until army units defected in response to government reprisals against the protest movement. This occurred 2012, allowing the conflict to meet the definition of "civil war."
2073:
2017, it presided over 12 provincial councils and over 400 elected local councils. It also operates a major border crossing between Syria and Turkey, which generates an estimated $ 1 million revenue each month. It is internationally recognized by the
European Union and the United States, among others. It maintains diplomatic ties with some non-FSA rebel groups, such as
249:
2469:, announced that the Free Syrian Army would work with demonstrators to bring down the system, and declared that all security forces attacking civilians are justified targets. It has also been reported that many former Syrian Consulates are trying to band together a Free Syrian Navy from fishermen and defectors to secure the coast.
1876:, uncle of Bashar al-Assad. Rifaat al-Assad has expressed the wish to replace Bashar al-Assad with the authoritarian state apparatus intact, and to guarantee the safety of government members, while also making vague allusions to a "transition". Rifaat has his own political organisation, the United National Democratic Rally.
3276:
2421:
was perceived as the ultimate military force of the Syrian
Opposition, but with the collapse of many FSA factions and emergence of powerful Islamist groups, it became clear to the opposition that only a cooperation of secular military forces and moderate Islamists could form a sufficient coalition to
2156:
with a joint head. In
January 2014, a number of parties, social actors, and civil institutions announced the formation of the Autonomous Administration to fill the power vacuum that existed at that time in the Syrian Kurdish regions. Although its authority has not been recognized or authorized by any
1041:
A July 2015 ORB International poll of 1,365 adults across all of Syria's 14 governorates found that about 26 percent of the population supported the Syrian opposition (41 percent in the areas it controlled), compared to 47 percent who supported the Syrian Arab
Republic's government (73 percent in the
2391:
refers to the external relations of the self-proclaimed oppositional Syrian Arab
Republic, which sees itself as the genuine Syria. The region of control of Syrian opposition affiliated groups is not well defined. The Turkish government recognizes Syrian opposition as the genuine Syrian Arab Republic
2072:
choosing the
Minister of Defense. The SIG is based in Turkey. It has been the primary civilian authority throughout most of opposition-held Syria. Its system of administrative local councils operate services such as schools and hospitals in these areas, as well as the Free Aleppo University. By late
4922:
In 2013, the Syrian opposition included a large number of
Islamist brigades that were neither moderate nor jihadist but were aligned with the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood, under an umbrella organization called the Commission of the Shields of the Revolution. Two years later, the brigades have begun to
1776:
in 1980. The Muslim
Brotherhood has issued statements of support for the Syrian uprising. Other sources have described the group as having "risen from the ashes", "resurrected itself" to be a dominant force in the uprising. The Muslim Brotherhood has constantly lost influence with militants on the
1383:. It has relations with other opposition organizations such as the Syrian National Council, the previous iteration of an exilic political body attempting to represent the grassroots movement; the union of the two was planned, but has failed to realize. Moderate Islamic preacher
2348:, which between them controlled Idlib. According to the Syrian National Coalition, in 2017 there were 404 opposition-aligned local councils operating in villages, towns, and cities controlled by rebel forces. In 2016, the Syrian Interim Government became established within the
2464:
personnel, its formation was announced on 29 July 2011 in a video released on the
Internet by a uniformed group of deserters from the Syrian military who called upon members of the Syrian army to defect and join them. The leader of the group, who identified himself as Colonel
3268:
1018:. Despite tensions, the Syrian National Council retained a degree of ties with the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces. Syrian opposition groups held reconciliation talks in Astana, Kazakhstan in October 2015. In late 2015, the
1387:, who had protested on the Syrian street in the early nonviolent phase of the uprising, served a term as the president of the coalition, but soon resigned his post, frustrated with the gap between the body and the grassroots of the uprising inside Syria.
5562:
1374:
is a coalition of opposition groups and individuals, mostly exilic, who support the Syrian revolutionary side and oppose the Assad government ruling Syria. It formed on 11 November 2012 at a conference of opposition groups and individuals held in
1982:. It established in its national charter the launch of public freedoms, the start of a national dialogue, and work on drafting a new constitution. The Front participated in the 2012 elections and achieved the second place, after the list of the
3408:
1174:. Assad regime introduced Law No. 49 in 1980 which banned the movement and instituted death penalty of anyone accused of membership in the Brotherhood. In response, the Syrian Islamic Front was established the same year to topple the
5024:
4849:
2848:
4963:
3779:
1050:(71 percent in the areas it controlled). A March 2018 ORB International Poll with a similar method and sample size found that support had changed to 40% Syrian government, 40% Syrian opposition (in general), 15%
2368:
The Syrian Free Army maintains the al-Tanf
Garrison. Due to this garrison being inside an American De-Escalation zone, the garrison is not often attacked, nor does it often attempt to expand its territory.
4533:
5765:
5074:
9770:
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Various Syrian opposition groups have at least some presence in seven Syrian governorates, though none is fully under the control of the entity. Governorates with partial opposition control include:
4061:
2034:-associated Syrian political party that affirms the interests of the working class and other hard-working Syrians. They also fight for the recognition of them as a representative of these interests.
1837:
which constitutes a coalition of Turkmen parties and groups in Syria. It is against the partition of Syria after the collapse of Baath government. The common decision of Syrian Turkmen Assembly is:
1014:
government suspended that year. The Syrian National Council, initially a part of the Syrian National Coalition, withdrew on 20 January 2014 in protest at the decision of the coalition to attend the
3050:
3947:
5735:
3303:
2977:
8606:
2107:
has also announced the formation of four commissions: Inspection Authority, Prisoners and missing Affairs, Planning and Statistics Authority, and the Union of Trade Unions. The founder of the
3008:
6336:
5563:"Memorandum of Understanding between the National Coordination Body for Democratic Change in Syria â NCB and the Change and Liberation Front | ÙÙŰŠŰ© ۧÙŰȘÙŰłÙÙ Ű§ÙÙŰ·ÙÙŰ© ÙÙÙÙ Ű§ÙŰȘŰșÙÙ۱ ۧÙŰŻÙÙ
Ù۱ۧ۷Ù"
5050:
5021:
3752:
3541:
8672:
4593:
8880:
7355:
2126:, moderate values and regularly participates in international peace talks; the SSG enforces a strict interpretation of Islamic law and stringently rejects talks with the Syrian regime.
6101:
1472:, but this changed a few months later when violence in Syria intensified. The Syrian National Council seeks the end of Bashar al-Assad's rule and the establishment of a modern, civil,
3404:
1946:
5791:
3520:
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1500:
1371:
1357:
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413:
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8983:
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1900:: Political gathering of political parties and organizations, citizens independent of parties, and public figures. It was established in 1979 and consists of five parties: the
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7940:
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7041:
6912:
4745:
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8721:
1939:, who is the former vice-president, along with a number of opposition figures abroad. He was previously one of the symbols of the regime during the days of former President
3897:
8108:
4960:
4083:
3783:
1839:"Regardless of any ethnic or religious identity, a future in which everybody can be able to live commonly under the identity of Syrian is targeted in the future of Syria."
1211:
5204:
4358:
8384:
7559:
7375:
7012:
1245:
and financed by the wealthy Damascene Sanqar family, it led to a final statement refusing compromise or reform solutions, and to the election of a 31-member leadership.
2552:. These forces are characterized by a less hostile attitude towards the Syrian regime than other opposition brigades. They function de facto as the armed forces of the
1410:
and long repressed by the Assad government, it has participated in opposition structures since the beginning of the conflict. Abdul-Ahad Astepho is a member of the SNC.
9750:
6772:
2475:: An armed opposition structure of Syrian Turkmens fighting against Syrian Armed Forces. It is also the military wing of Syrian Turkmen Assembly. It is led by Colonel
1854:: Network of local protest groups that organise and report on protests as part of the Syrian civil war, founded in 2011. As of August 2011, the network supported
1395:, both of whom had also protested on the street in Syria early in the uprising, were elected as vice presidents. Mustafa Sabbagh is the coalition's secretary-general.
1164:
who are to be consulted on solving contemporary challenges. The power of the ruler is also to be checked by the provisions laid out in an Islamic constitution through
961:
were local protest-organizing committees. These formed in April 2011, as protesters graduated from spontaneous protests to protests organized by meetings beforehand.
10467:
8309:
8293:
8166:
7932:
7713:
7529:
7227:
7033:
6904:
5238:
4413:
3870:
1626:(FSA) on 23 September 2012, the FSA has dismissed the NCC as an extension of the government, stating that "this opposition is just the other face of the same coin".
1529:, a Syrian opposition group supporting the overthrow of Bashar al-Assad's government. It grants local opposition groups representation in its national organization.
9942:
8389:
7662:
7555:
7371:
7231:
2382:
984:
835:
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and hosts several of its institutions on its territory. The seat of Syria in the Arab League is reserved for the Syrian opposition since 2014, but not populated.
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4001:
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formal agreement involving the sovereign Syrian state or any international power, its presence in the region and its ability to wield power was unchallenged.
2144:
is an area that extends in northeastern Syria and includes parts of the governorates Al-Hasakah, Al-Raqqa, Aleppo and Deir ez-Zor. The capital of the area is
10457:
9005:
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7958:
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1580:
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1550:
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810:
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8339:
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5548:
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5428:
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4031:
2480:
2153:
1503:, with the SNC having 22 out of 60 seats. The Council withdrew from the Coalition on 20 January 2014 in protest at the decision of the Coalition to attend
716:
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3438:
3058:
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9805:
9790:
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8405:
8202:
8138:
7340:
7201:
7177:
6644:
6608:
6583:
4775:
3939:
2898:
1003:
673:
6164:
6120:
5727:
5022:"Entretien avec Randa Kassis, opposante et intellectuelle syrienne porte-parole de la Coalition des Forces LaĂŻques et membre du Conseil National Syrien"
4210:
3299:
7963:
7896:
7749:
7479:
6980:
6613:
2969:
6349:
4986:
4878:
4511:
3813:
9133:
8839:
7968:
6051:
2553:
2220:
2141:
2135:
1954:
1137:
1067:
5120:
2540:(SDF): An alliance that brings together many multi-ethnic and multi-religious militias, and is controlled by the forces affiliated with the Kurdish
8232:
7494:
7383:
6670:
6593:
6318:
5172:
5097:
5891:
3000:
1858:
and opposed local armed resistance and international military intervention as methods of opposing the Syrian government. Key people are activists
9860:
9775:
9745:
8359:
8262:
8192:
8113:
8033:
7789:
7140:
7135:
6696:
5047:
4192:
3756:
2817:
1950:
6009:
3460:
10384:
9104:
8472:
8374:
7876:
7524:
6665:
5915:
4600:
2336:, the interim seat of the Syrian Interim Government was proposed to be Idlib, in the Idlib Governorate. However, this move was rejected by the
1795:
and democratic opposition that appeared during the Syrian civil war. It came about through the union of a dozen Muslim and Christian, Arab and
6098:
930:
The Syrian opposition has evolved since the beginning of the Syrian conflict from groups calling for the overthrow of the Assad government in
9780:
8908:
8730:
7911:
7881:
7824:
7271:
6828:
6603:
6573:
2798:
2149:
1882:: Syrian coalition of 40 Syrian opposition groups to unite their efforts during the Syrian civil war that was announced on 19 August 2011 in
5983:
5698:
9765:
9740:
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8935:
8930:
8913:
8222:
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7345:
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6752:
6722:
6639:
5953:
5787:
5505:
3657:
3516:
1458:
1215:
965:
958:
5938:
1622:(SNC) reaffirmed that despite broadening its membership, it would not join with "currents close to NCC". Despite the NCC recognizing the
9838:
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8900:
8521:
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7393:
6727:
6717:
6701:
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2827:
1788:
874:
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9205:
9109:
8482:
8043:
7804:
7729:
6515:
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5137:
3192:
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823:
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10419:
10389:
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1917:
1280:
The Syrian opposition does not have a definitive political structure. In December 2015, members of the Syrian opposition convened in
1010:. The Syrian National Coalition was subsequently considered to take the seat of Syria in the Arab League, with the representative of
5005:
4901:
4737:
3545:
10353:
9850:
9000:
8217:
8207:
7973:
7652:
4143:
1615:
1526:
765:
6234:
4388:
9099:
8620:
8562:
8508:
8454:
8227:
7587:
7405:
7017:
6747:
3893:
3729:
1975:
1846:: An opposition party of Syrian Turkmens, which was founded in February 2012. The chairman of the political party is Yusuf Molla.
1711:
4087:
3217:
2855:. She fled Syria in 2011 but continues to be an outspoken critic of the al-Assad government from abroad, from Europe and the US.
1819:
9957:
9885:
8988:
8760:
8740:
8536:
8272:
7657:
7069:
6742:
5194:
4350:
3753:"Lack of U.S. Peace Movement Solidarity with Syrian Uprising and the "No Good Guys Excuse" | Fellowship of Reconciliation"
2862:
2254:
1851:
1611:
1504:
1324:
1219:
1015:
867:
668:
5526:
1729:
The Syrian Democratic Council is considered an "alternative opposition" bloc. Its leaders included former NCC members such as
854:
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9800:
8682:
8654:
8423:
8324:
8083:
8008:
7948:
7682:
7592:
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5862:
5825:
5643:
5382:
4714:
3681:
3609:
2648:, Syrian writer and thinker, participated in finding the Committees for the Civil Society in Syria, wrote the first draft of
648:
4451:
4327:
4297:
2581:: The major rebel fighting coalition independent of the FSA in the period 2012â2013, including the moderate Islamist groups
10358:
10118:
9010:
8750:
8615:
8467:
8098:
7819:
7814:
6732:
6588:
5230:
2943:
2434:
2412:
2349:
2247:
2185:
1879:
1607:
1047:
3862:
9967:
9162:
8354:
7871:
7697:
6975:
6261:
4421:
4005:
3839:
1905:
1515:
1284:, Saudi Arabia: 34 groups attended the convention, which aimed to produce a unified delegation for negotiations with the
988:
9025:
6332:
6077:
3031:
2909:, where he served as Vice President of the National Coalition for several sessions. He is also a founding member of the
1002:, was formed in November 2012 and has gained recognition as the "legitimate representative of the Syrian people" by the
9880:
9870:
9735:
9714:
9694:
9679:
9061:
8735:
8635:
8277:
7330:
7162:
6950:
6788:
6629:
6142:
4259:
4166:
3490:
3107:
2948:
2889:
2518:- Free Syrian Army unit trained by, and politically very close too, the United States. It remains the last unit in the
2020:
and Islamic ideologies. Therefore, ethnic and religious minorities constituted the largest proportion of party members.
1983:
1869:
1745:
1707:
1533:
56:
31:
5312:
3159:
10401:
9895:
9845:
9719:
9684:
9144:
8701:
8595:
8128:
8118:
7916:
7779:
7567:
7534:
7157:
6737:
6598:
6302:
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3978:
2501:
1932:
1897:
1778:
1749:
1703:
661:
180:
126:
70:
17:
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10158:
9916:
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9336:
8854:
8691:
8462:
8247:
7739:
7118:
7007:
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6816:
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6568:
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1909:
1493:
1403:
840:
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3639:
3576:
3378:
233:
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10374:
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9900:
9246:
8844:
8786:
8237:
8103:
8028:
7866:
7687:
7612:
6216:
3352:
2596:
2578:
2572:
1989:
1901:
992:
93:
30:
This article is about Syrian opposition during the Syrian Civil War. For other historic opposition in Syria, see
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There is a sharp ideological divide between the two competing opposition civil authorities: The SIG espouses
1967:
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615:
553:
392:
8745:
6843:
6838:
5095:"Randa Kassis est membre du comité directeur de la Coalition des forces laïques et démocratiques syriennes."
4027:
1522:(a secularist born into a Christian family) is the official spokesman of the SNC, and also ran for chairman.
1071:
9962:
9875:
9833:
9236:
8706:
8428:
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1843:
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521:
343:
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2593:, deploying up to half the opposition's fighting force. Its main members joined the Islamic Front in 2013.
1026:
in North Syria and began to execute some authority in the area. In 2017, the opposition government in the
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1949:: This party was founded in February 2000. It is a social liberal political party. It is headed by Mrs.
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5931:"Will Syrian opposition move interim government to Idlib? â Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East"
3468:
2545:
2442:
2189:
2051:
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1654:
1649:). It has taken part in numerous opposition demonstrations, including storming the Syrian embassy in
1136:. In line with the teachings of Rashid Rida, the Muslim Brotherhood advocates the replacement of the
1019:
924:
920:
800:
742:
691:
643:
428:
325:
261:
240:
2599:: A coalition of mainly Arab and Turkmen opposition fighters in Northern Syria, armed and backed by
2302:
Governorates under partial control of opposition groups aligned with the Syrian Democratic Council:
2264:
Governorates under partial control of opposition groups aligned with the Syrian Interim Government:
1099:
The rule of Assad dynasty was marked by heavy repression of secular opposition factions such as the
991:, with three of those (France, United Kingdom and the United States) being permanent members of the
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3604:. 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN: Routledge. pp. 9, 19â20, 115â116, 120.
2914:
2893:
2776:, doctor and artist, considered one of the most prominent members of the Syrian opposition movement
2537:
2489:
2224:
2116:
1966:
Several political parties and organizations existed inside Syria, and they reached the dome of the
1811:, with a safe zone and cities. The president of the coalition, who is also a member of the SNC, is
1695:
1592:
1051:
6488:
5290:
5167:
Basil, Yousuf; Richard Roth; Mick Krever; Salma Abdelaziz; Mohamed Fadel Fahmy (5 February 2012).
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8267:
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8003:
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7002:
5987:
5694:
2624:
2472:
2321:
1913:
1830:
1619:
1426:
1420:
1269:
1054:, 10% al-Nusra Front, and 4% Islamic State (crossover may exist between supporters of factions).
976:
954:; that is, groups and individuals who have had a history of dissidence against the Syrian state.
805:
747:
5758:"A power struggle over education emerges between rival opposition governments in Idlib province"
9828:
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8570:
8531:
8182:
8133:
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980:
400:
97:
62:
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1499:
In November 2012 the Council agreed to unite with several other opposition groups to form the
1202:
began to take shape in early 2011, Syrian protesters began consolidating opposition councils.
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513:
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2006/2008, briefed Presidents of the United States, and called for Syria Revolution in 2006.
2056:
At a conference held in Istanbul on 19 March 2013 members of the National Coalition elected
1606:
The NCC generally has poor relationships with other Syrian political opposition groups. The
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parties, who called the minorities of Syria to support the fight against the government of
1718:. The last group is led by former National Coalition president and Syrian National Council
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from the time of the 1963 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat until 21 April 2011, when it was rescinded by
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Turkish-controlled territories and territories controlled by the Syrian Interim Government
2115:, was appointed as deputy prime minister for military affairs. The SSG is associated with
987:. The Syrian National Council was recognized or supported in some capacity by at least 17
218:
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5728:"HTS-backed civil authority moves against rivals in latest power grab in northwest Syria"
5407:"An administrative decision from the leadership of the National Salvation Front in Syria"
5002:
2872:
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2680:, prominent economist, professor, former member of Syrian Parliament and a member of the
2461:
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2291:
2268:
1936:
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1469:
1214:, the first convention of the Syrian opposition, took place on 26 April 2011, during the
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through an armed revolution. The Front got widespread support from the traditional Sunni
1150:
434:
6230:
6025:"Refworld | Country Reports on Terrorism 2017 - State Sponsors of Terrorism: Syria"
5469:"ŰŰČŰš ŰŁŰ۱ۧ۱ - ۧÙŰŰČŰš ۧÙÙÙۚ۱ۧÙÙ Ű§ÙŰłÙŰ±Ù - ۧÙŰ„ŰčÙŰ§Ù ŰčÙ Ű§Ű·ÙŰ§Ù ŰŰČŰš "ŰŁŰ۱ۧ۱" ۧÙŰłÙŰ±Ù ŰšÙÙۧۯ۩ Ù۳ۧۊÙŰ©"
4380:
4135:
1803:. The Coalition has also called for military intervention in Syria, under the form of a
1741:. The SDC was rejected by some other opposition groups due to its system of federalism.
562:
158:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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In 2014, the military forces associated with the Syrian Opposition were defined by the
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2119:(HTS) and not recognised by the rest of the opposition, which is in conflict with HTS.
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Official logo of the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces.
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in March 2016. However, it rejected the invitations because no representatives of the
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2970:"Turkey's Idlib Incursion and the HTS Question: Understanding the Long Game in Syria"
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1518:, a socialist party which played a "key role" in forming the SNC. The Party's leader
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1027:
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Discours de Bachar al-Assad: "Comme dâhabitude, il ressort le complot de lâĂ©tranger"
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Ufuk UlutaĆ (2011). "The Syrian Opposition in the Making: Capabilities and Limits".
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2016:. This ideology was more attractive to minorities in that region, at the expense of
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oppose the NCC calls to dialogue with the Syrian government. In September 2012 the
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of representatives of the Syrian opposition held from 31 May until 3 June 2011 in
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5195:"Syrian Local Coordinating Committees on Taking Up Arms and Foreign Intervention"
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3353:"Clinton to Syrian opposition: Ousting al-Assad is only first step in transition"
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2009:
1925:
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1066:. For decades, the country was partially stable with a series of coups until the
1011:
943:
915:
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697:
373:
210:
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2567: : An Insurgent umbrella organisation of Salafist Rebels that were lead by
2148:, a town belonging to the Al-Raqqa governorate. The Administration is headed by
1737:, who resigned from the SDC in March 2016 in protest of its announcement of the
1603:'s government and have denounced some of its members as ex-government insiders.
1114:; which successfully capitalised on the widespread Sunni resentment against the
624:
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5226:
4621:"Kurdish-Arab coalition fighting Islamic State in Syria creates political wing"
3699:
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2811:
2802:
2779:
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2590:
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2427:
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1996:, the party believes that the Syrian nation is one community together with the
1940:
1671:. It later left the NCC and joined the Syrian Democratic Council in late 2015.
1584:
1537:
1384:
1344:
1313:
1248:
After the Antalya conference, a follow-up meeting took place two days later in
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and associated Syrian anti-Assad groups with certain territorial control as an
280:
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6257:
6073:
3835:
3300:"EU ministers recognise Syrian National Council as legitimate representatives"
2460:
that has been active during the Syrian civil war. Composed mainly of defected
1986:. They achieved 5 seats. Among the different parties united in the Front are:
1772:
between 1976 until 1982. The party is banned in Syria and membership became a
1744:
The Syrian Democratic Council was invited to participate in the international
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9619:
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The Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria Framework and Resources
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2423:
2341:
2112:
2074:
2057:
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1691:
1485:
1392:
1318:
1300:, which calls for the establishment of a transitional governing body in Syria
1141:
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Syria has been an independent republic since 1946 after the expulsion of the
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6138:
4902:"Aleppo Battle: Al Qaeda's Jabhat Al-Nusra is Friend To Syrian Rebel Groups"
4054:"Syrian National Council, Syria's rebel government, opens offices in Turkey"
2360:
The Salvation Government extends authority mostly in the Idlib Governorate.
104:
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9549:
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9499:
9494:
9302:
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5364:
5166:
4707:"Syrian opposition co-leader speaks about Kurdish-Baathist party relations"
3542:"ORB/IIACSS POLL IN IRAQ AND SYRIA GIVES RARE INSIGHT INTO PUBLIC OPINION."
2844:
2823:
2767:
2724:
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for Syria, the Syrian Interim Government (SIG). Hitto has announced that a
1834:
1812:
1698:. The council includes more than a dozen blocs and coalitions that support
1687:
1519:
1477:
491:
479:
6118:
1 week with the "free syrian army" â February 2012 â Arte reportage 1 of 2
5851:
The Kurds of Northern Syria. Volume 2: Governance, Diversity and Conflicts
5635:
5527:"Russia Bids to Unite Syria's Fractured Opposition | Russia | RIA Novosti"
5374:
5338:
2770:
activist, who has been called "one of Syria's leading opposition thinkers"
2068:
will be formed which will be led by between 10 and 12 ministers, with the
1046:(58 percent in the areas it controlled), and 22 percent who supported the
950:) had been used to refer to traditional political actors, for example the
10414:
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2027:
1804:
1719:
1199:
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1007:
1006:(CCASG) and as a "representative of aspirations of Syrian people" by the
6283:
Ghazal, Amal, Hanssen, Jens (2015). Ghazal, Amal; Hanssen, Jens (eds.).
6165:"Defecting troops form 'Free Syrian Army', target Assad security forces"
5231:"Coalition of Factions From the Streets Fuels a New Opposition in Syria"
3051:"Residents of northwestern Syria replace Syrian pound with Turkish lira"
1544:
10216:
10132:
9312:
5815:
4738:"Interview with Ilham Ahmad Co-chair of Syria Democratic Council (MSD)"
3643:
3272:
2739:
2422:
battle both the Syrian Government forces and radical Jihadists such as
1792:
1730:
1723:
1699:
4847:
Syria's Muslim Brotherhood is gaining influence over anti-Assad revolt
1957:. It is the first opposition political party headed by a Syrian woman.
1571:), is a Syrian bloc chaired by Hassan Abdel Azim and consisting of 13
1110:. The biggest organised resistance to the Baâathist rule has been the
10307:
9604:
6139:"Free Syrian Army Founded by Seven Officers to Fight the Syrian Army"
5788:"The Syrian General Conference Faces the Interim Government in Idlib"
5695:"Syrian rebels to choose interim defence minister | Middle East"
5199:
5082:
4961:"Les partis d'opposition laĂŻcs syriens unissent leurs forces Ă Paris"
4354:
2701:
2031:
1872:: formed in Paris on 13 November 2011 during the Syrian civil war by
1686:
The Syrian Democratic Council was established on 10 December 2015 in
1650:
1489:
1388:
1103:
6465:
Syrian National Coalition Of Syrian Revolution and Opposition Forces
3080:
2129:
2099:
is an alternative government of the Syrian opposition seated within
1536:: An opposition party, constituted in Istanbul on 21 March 2012, of
1130:, an influential Sunni Islamic theologian who is respected as their
971:
Opposition groups in Syria took a new turn in late 2011, during the
10181:
9322:
9270:
6493:
5287:"United National Democratic Rally ۧÙŰȘŰŹÙ
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4677:"Haytham Manna Elected Joint Chairman of Syrian Democratic Council"
4290:"Carnegie Middle East Center: The Syrian Democratic People's Party"
3943:
3806:"Carnegie Middle East Center: The Assyrian Democratic Organization"
2743:
2727:
2355:
2145:
1979:
1883:
1450:
1265:
1257:
1249:
1175:
1115:
541:
495:
358:
308:
254:
Areas under control of various opposition groups as of January 2024
6258:"Islamist Mergers in Syria: Ahrar al-Sham Swallows Suqour al-Sham"
5471:. 25 November 2020. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020
3327:"France recognises Syrian council, proposes military intervention"
3326:
2875:
Sunni Muslim scholar and preacher, currently residing in exile in
1924:
joined this coalition, and it was one of the participants in the "
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10287:
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10246:
10221:
10206:
10176:
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5565:. 25 November 2015. Archived from the original on 3 November 2014
4947:
4857:
4164:
3035:
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2519:
2123:
2081:, which is one of the largest armed groups in Idlib Governorate.
1993:
1768:: Islamist party founded in 1930. The brotherhood was behind the
1759:
1576:
1501:
National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces
1372:
National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces
1358:
National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces
1352:
National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces
1294:
National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces
1231:
1000:
National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces
385:
380:
291:
3461:"Syria's newly-formed opposition coalition draws mixed reaction"
2736:, human rights lawyer, democracy activist and political prisoner
2522:
area, and functions as the de facto opposition government there.
1664:, the main Kurdish party in Syria and the dominant party in the
10292:
10201:
10196:
6794:
Relations between Syrian government and Kurdish groups in Syria
6558:
5118:
Syrian Turkmens ask equality in opposition, HĂŒrriyet Daily News
4342:
3940:"Arab League under pressure, resists freezing Syria membership"
3558:
NEW ORB POLL: 52% SYRIANS BELIEVE ASSAD REGIME WILL WIN THE WAR
2618:
2600:
2400:
2013:
2005:
2001:
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1738:
1668:
1454:
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1156:
10004:
5529:. 2 October 2013. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013
5409:. 20 August 2011. Archived from the original on 20 August 2011
3517:"Syrian opposition sign joint document in Kazakhstan's Astana"
3001:"Idlib still wary of attack despite Turkish-Russian agreement"
2169:
Military situation in the Syrian Civil War as of January 2024.
10302:
10271:
10256:
10251:
10236:
10211:
10186:
9938:
Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference
6553:
4113:
4110:"Why Syria's Kurds Will Determine the Fate of the Revolution"
2627:: An Islamist rebel group formed in early 2018 and including
2614:
2530:: An Islamist rebel group formed in November 2013 and led by
2395:
The opposition as a whole is characterised as "terrorist" by
2176:
1595:. Some opposition activists have accused the NCC of being a "
1380:
1183:
1166:
931:
772:
330:
6333:
Syria Kurds adopt constitution for autonomous federal region
5169:"Opposition group calls for strike as Syrian violence grows"
4351:"The Current Impasse in Syria: Interview with Haytham Manna"
4207:"Syrian opposition groups sign coalition deal â Middle East"
3722:"Syrian opposition seeks unified front at Riyadh conference"
1468:
Initially, the council denied seeking to play the role of a
1191:
to rise as the most powerful opposition force by the 1980s.
10226:
10191:
6339:
from the original on 5 October 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
6010:"World powers drawing up Syrian rebel 'terrorist' red list"
5816:
Enab Baladi Online (opposition website) (9 November 2017).
4234:"Syrian opposition agrees deal, chooses preacher as leader"
2783:
2396:
1796:
1540:. Ziyad Hasan leads the Syrian Democratic Turkmen Movement.
1376:
1261:
1145:
1132:
1023:
483:
317:
4556:
2853:
A Woman in the Crossfire: Diaries of the Syrian Revolution
1777:
ground, who have defected from the Brotherhood affiliated
5443:
4408:
4406:
4028:"Syrian council wants recognition as voice of opposition"
2847:, Syrian author and journalist. She was awarded the 2012
2534:. It was always a loose alliance and was defunct by 2015.
1575:
parties and "independent political and youth activists".
558:
9943:
International recognition of the Syrian National Council
2383:
International recognition of the Syrian National Council
1307:, which called for negotiations on a peaceful transition
1252:, then another gathering in Paris that was addressed by
1154:. The Islamic government should implement laws based on
1076:. The head of state since 1971 has been a member of the
6352:. Foundation for defense of democracies. Archived from
5286:
5003:"RĂ©pression en Syrie: Al Assad seul contre tous ?"
4260:"Main bloc quits Syrian National Coalition over Geneva"
4084:"Syrian National Council Holds First Congress in Tunis"
3670:
Arab Spring: Negotiating in the Shadow of the Intifadat
3491:"Main bloc quits Syrian National Coalition over Geneva"
2449:. Members of the Syrian Revolutionary Command Council:
1690:. It was co-founded by prominent human rights activist
1629:
Notable former members of the Committee have included:
1268:
set up a permanent transitional council in form of the
4403:
4165:
AP 4:15 p.m. EST 11 November 2012 (11 November 2012).
2556:
and are also recognized as such by the Administration.
1583:'s main umbrella group. The NCC initially had several
1332:
The December 2015 convention notably did not include:
9006:
National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change
6286:
Contemporary Middle Eastern and North African History
6099:
Bearing Witness in Syria: A Correspondent's Last Days
5261:"Exiled Assad's uncle wants to lead Syria transition"
4414:"Damascus meeting calls for peaceful change in Syria"
1653:
in August 2012. It later left the NCC and joined the
1587:
political parties as members, but all except for the
1557:
National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change
1551:
National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change
1545:
National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change
1305:
National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change
1187:
and the conservative population; enabling the Syrian
952:
National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change
6231:"Leading Syrian rebel groups form new Islamic Front"
6191:"Syrian Army Colonel Defects forms Free Syrian Army"
5954:"Why Moscow now sees value in Syrian local councils"
5892:"ۧÙ۱ۊۧ۳۩ ÙۧÙÙÙۧۚ - ۧÙۄۯۧ۱۩ ۧÙ۰ۧŰȘÙŰ© ÙŰŽÙ
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5811:
5809:
5722:
5720:
5718:
5716:
5503:
4799:"Outlawed Muslim Brotherhood supports Syrian revolt"
2961:
2925:
2372:
907:
6645:
Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war
6217:"Former Syrian Consulates Support Free Syrian Navy"
5849:Allsopp, Harriet; van Wilgenburg, Wladimir (2019).
5818:"Who Will Lead Idleb's New 'Salvation Government?'"
3405:"Libya NTC says recognises Syrian National Council"
3032:"Falling lira hits Syrian enclave backed by Turkey"
1722:. In August 2016 the SDC opened a public office in
1042:areas it controlled), 35 percent who supported the
1004:
Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf
4444:"National Coordination Body for Democratic Change"
2283:- Limited Control on Northern areas next to Idlib.
6404:Dreams and Shadows: The Future of the Middle East
6074:"Syria Army Defectors Press Conference â 9â23â11"
6044:"Turkey Plans Military Exercise on Syrian Border"
5912:IMPACT - Civil Society Research and Development.
5806:
5750:
5713:
5225:
4564:"Syria Salvation Conference: Our Main Principles"
3863:"The Syrian opposition: who's doing the talking?"
2554:Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria
2221:Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria
2142:Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria
2136:Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria
2130:Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria
10468:Anti-government factions of the Syrian civil war
10439:
6023:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for.
5875:New administration formed for northeastern Syria
5583:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
5547:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
5489:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
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4086:. Tunisia Live. 16 December 2011. Archived from
3854:
2849:PEN Pinter International Writer of Courage Award
2814:, an academic and former spokesperson of the SNC
2635:, the largest rebel fighting groups in NW Syria.
2617:and NW Syria formed in early 2018 and backed by
2356:Territories governed by the Salvation Government
1565:National Coordination Body for Democratic Change
1264:before yet another meeting on 23 August 2011 in
919:) is the political structure represented by the
8203:Syrian Liberation FrontâTahrir al-Sham conflict
8114:Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate
6697:International reactions to the Syrian civil war
6193:. Asharq Alawsat. 1 August 2011. Archived from
5138:"Syrian woman activist wins human rights award"
4936:"France hails Syria council, develops contacts"
3777:
3193:"Asad's Armed Opposition: The Free Syrian Army"
1733:, a "key figure" in the Syrian opposition, and
1243:National Organization for Human Rights in Syria
1148:elected by qualified Muslim delegates known as
1092:, Hafez's eldest surviving son and the current
957:The first opposition structures to form in the
6614:Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017âpresent)
6167:. World Tribune. 3 August 2011. Archived from
5951:
4828:Syria's Muslim Brotherhood rise from the ashes
4474:"Syria opposition groups fail to reach accord"
3716:
3714:
3324:
3269:"The main components of the Syrian opposition"
3160:"How the Syrian Revolution Became Militarized"
2967:
2084:
1760:Other groups affiliated with Syrian opposition
1694:and was intended as the political wing of the
10020:
6509:
4735:
3297:
2639:
2603:since May 2017, partially reorganized as the
1449:, is a Syrian opposition coalition, based in
875:
10458:Rebel groups that actively control territory
7356:Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (DecâJan)
6753:2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria
6640:Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war
6317:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6282:
5984:"Iran's Unwavering Support to Assad's Syria"
3894:"Syrian activists form a 'national council'"
3108:"The Syrian Opposition's Leadership Problem"
2666:, leading Human-Rights Advocate, Founder of
2045:
1675:
1296:, which supported the implementation of the
202:
9896:Second Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal
7136:Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012â2013)
6702:Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war
6376:"Syria's Kilo pledges to continue struggle"
4768:"Muslim Brotherhood Behind Syrian Uprising"
4320:"Carnegie Middle East Center: George Sabra"
4191:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
4167:"Syrian opposition groups reach unity deal"
4112:. IKJNEWS. 15 December 2011. Archived from
3780:"Syrian opposition groups reach unity deal"
3711:
3696:
3437:. Sydney Morning Herald. 27 November 2011.
2828:Coalition of Secular and Democratic Syrians
2253:(For a more detailed, interactive map, see
2077:, but is in conflict with the more extreme
1961:
1789:Coalition of Secular and Democratic Syrians
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
27:Political groups opposed to Bashar al-Assad
10473:States and territories established in 2013
10057:
10027:
10013:
9891:First Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal
8840:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party â Syria Region
8039:East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (AprâMay)
7800:East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (AprâMay)
6516:
6502:
5444:"Ahrar - Liberal Party of Syria - english"
5203:. Arab Studies Institute. 31 August 2011.
4534:"Syria's opposition SNC to expand, reform"
3656:
3602:The Ba'th and the creation of Modern Syria
3134:"Syria's spontaneously organised protests"
2437:, which in turn was mainly relying on the
2389:foreign relations of the Syrian opposition
2379:Foreign relations of the Syrian opposition
1978:: The front was founded in August 2011 in
1890:
1645:in Lebanon (itself part of the anti-Assad
1414:
1398:Notable members of the Coalition include:
1256:. It took a number of further meetings in
1022:relocated its headquarters to the city of
882:
868:
248:
107:. Please do not remove this message until
10420:Union of Arab National Olympic Committees
9771:International demonstrations and protests
7877:September Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack
7173:Rif Dimashq offensive (Nov 2012âFeb 2013)
6255:
5506:"Syria's political struggle: Spring 2012"
4002:"Syrian dissidents form national council"
3971:"Syrian dissidents form national council"
3244:"Syrian Civil War | Facts & Timeline"
3158:Kouddous, Sharif Abdel (23 August 2012).
2998:
2271:- Control on Eastern areas next to Idlib.
998:A broader opposition umbrella group, the
181:Learn how and when to remove this message
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
9917:Universal jurisdiction trials in Germany
9001:Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution
6289:. Oxford University Press. p. 651.
6041:
5958:Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East
5873:van Wilgenburg, Wladimir (2018/09/06). "
5048:"Syrie: Pourquoi Assad reste au pouvoir"
4020:
3650:
3509:
3493:. The Times of Israel. 21 January 2014.
3157:
3081:"Bashar al-Assad: Facing down rebellion"
3048:
2992:
2488:
2164:
1818:
1637:, a party representing the interests of
1616:Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution
1527:Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution
1510:Notable members of the Council include:
1361:
448:General Assembly / General Shura Council
103:Relevant discussion may be found on the
6981:Rif Dimashq clashes (Nov 2011-Mar 2012)
6748:US intervention in the Syrian civil war
6295:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199672530.001.0001
5362:
5313:"Syrian coalition against Assad formed"
3999:
3968:
3891:
3860:
3599:
3131:
2999:al-Khateb, Khaled (19 September 2018).
2656:, president of the national council of
1976:Popular Front for Change and Liberation
1669:Democratic Federation of Northern Syria
14:
10440:
8385:Northwestern offensive (Dec 19âMar 20)
7663:Northwestern Syria offensive (OctâNov)
6400:
6136:
6127:. YouTube. Retrieved on 23 March 2012.
5845:
5843:
5738:from the original on 19 September 2018
5666:
5623:
5441:
5319:. Agence France-Presse. 19 August 2011
4623:. GlobalPost (AFP). 10 December 2015.
4615:
4613:
4348:
3993:
3690:
3359:from the original on 28 September 2013
3029:
2913:, as well as a founding member of the
2863:Local Coordination Committees of Syria
2670:, first Syrian to testify in front of
2255:Template:Syrian Civil War detailed map
2160:
1918:Arab Socialist Democratic Ba'ath Party
1852:Local Coordination Committees of Syria
1612:Local Coordination Committees of Syria
1220:Antalya Conference for Change in Syria
1070:seized power in Syria in 1963 after a
979:(SNC), which has received significant
10008:
9886:Idlib demilitarization (2018âpresent)
9656:
9386:
8812:
8673:April 2014 Jordanian border airstrike
8493:Tahrir al-ShamâJunud al-Sham conflict
8233:Southern Damascus offensive (AprâMay)
8198:Southern Damascus offensive (JanâFeb)
8109:Northwestern campaign (Oct 17âFeb 18)
8099:Deir ez-Zor offensive (Sep 17âMar 18)
6814:
6535:
6497:
6458:
5964:from the original on 22 February 2017
5828:from the original on 14 November 2018
5794:from the original on 23 November 2017
5768:from the original on 14 November 2018
5701:from the original on 19 December 2013
4796:
4627:from the original on 10 December 2015
4391:from the original on 20 November 2011
4231:
4173:from the original on 13 November 2012
4136:"Q&A: Syrian opposition alliance"
4064:from the original on 20 December 2011
3962:
3732:from the original on 19 December 2018
3333:from the original on 26 November 2011
3306:from the original on 29 February 2012
3279:from the original on 24 February 2014
1160:(Islamic law) with the assistance of
916:[almÊËÊaËÉŸadË€Étus.suËËÉŸÉȘj.ja]
914:
10354:Arab LeagueâEuropean Union relations
9011:Syrian Revolution General Commission
8751:January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria
7530:Second Battle of the Shaer gas field
6733:Turkish occupation of northern Syria
6523:
6237:from the original on 25 January 2014
6080:from the original on 5 December 2013
6022:
5599:"ŰșۧÙŰ© ۧÙŰŰČŰš ۧÙŰłÙŰ±Ù Ű§ÙÙÙÙ
Ù Ű§ÙŰ„ŰŹŰȘÙ
ۧŰčÙ"
5293:from the original on 27 October 2014
5207:from the original on 24 January 2012
5148:from the original on 15 January 2012
4899:
4881:from the original on 23 October 2017
4687:from the original on 23 October 2017
4647:"Inauguration of the 1st MSD office"
4514:from the original on 9 November 2011
4270:from the original on 22 January 2014
4232:Gamal, Rania El (11 November 2012).
4213:from the original on 30 January 2014
3977:. Miami Herald Media. Archived from
3950:from the original on 7 November 2017
3900:from the original on 7 November 2017
3842:from the original on 26 October 2014
3816:from the original on 26 October 2014
3778:Rebhy, Abdullah (11 November 2012).
3523:from the original on 10 October 2015
3497:from the original on 22 January 2014
3483:
3411:from the original on 11 October 2011
2944:Belligerents in the Syrian Civil War
2435:Syrian Revolutionary Command Council
2413:Syrian Revolutionary Command Council
1970:. Among these parties are included:
1880:Syrian Revolution General Commission
1608:Syrian Revolution General Commission
1457:), formed in August 2011 during the
1443:Syrian National Transitional Council
138:
77:
36:
9968:Syrian civil war in popular culture
9861:UN Security Council Resolution 2118
7790:Northern Aleppo offensive (MarâJun)
7480:Northern Aleppo offensive (FebâJul)
7463:First Battle of the Shaer gas field
6407:. New York: Penguin Press. p.
6264:from the original on 1 October 2018
5952:Anton Mardasov (20 February 2017).
5840:
5339:"ۧÙŰȘŰŹÙ
Űč ۧÙÙŰ·ÙÙ Ű§ÙŰŻÙÙ
ÙŰ±Ű§Ű·Ù ÙÙ ŰłÙ۱ÙŰ©"
4610:
4570:. 23 September 2012. Archived from
4420:. 23 September 2012. Archived from
4361:from the original on 4 January 2013
4240:from the original on 4 January 2014
4034:from the original on 1 October 2015
3885:
3836:"Assyrians and the Syrian Uprising"
3567:. ORB International. 15 March 2015.
3441:from the original on 12 August 2013
2652:, and participated in drafting the
2363:
1288:. Notable groups present included:
1275:
989:member states of the United Nations
947:
903:
203:
24:
9871:2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement
9062:Authenticity and Development Front
8736:2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown
8731:December 2011 Turkish border clash
8522:Ahrar al-ShamâLevant Front clashes
7979:Southwestern Daraa offensive (Feb)
7892:Western al-Bab offensive (OctâNov)
7750:Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (FebâMar)
7018:December Jabal al-Zawiya massacres
6789:Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria
6743:Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria
6630:Casualties of the Syrian civil war
6054:from the original on 16 April 2015
5790:. Enab Baladi. 18 September 2017.
5669:"Ù
ێ۱ÙŰč ۚ۱ÙۧÙ
ŰŹ ŰŰČŰš ۧÙۄ۱ۧۯ۩ ۧÙŰŽŰčŰšÙŰ©"
5627:The Rise and Fall of Greater Syria
5046:Alexandre Del Valle (2 June 2011)
4900:Masi, Alessandria (9 March 2015).
4837:|By Khaled Yacoub Oweis|6 May 2012
4736:Yousif Ismael (13 February 2017).
4540:. 2 September 2012. Archived from
4484:from the original on 23 March 2012
4466:
4454:from the original on 25 April 2013
3782:. Associated Press. Archived from
3467:. 13 November 2012. Archived from
3407:. Khaleej Times. 11 October 2011.
3325:Andrew Rettman (24 October 2011).
3298:thejournal.ie (27 February 2012).
3105:
2968:Charles Lister (31 October 2017).
2949:List of political parties in Syria
2890:Air Force Intelligence Directorate
2406:
1870:Syrian National Democratic Council
1708:Kurdish National Alliance in Syria
1534:Syrian Democratic Turkmen Movement
32:Syrian opposition (disambiguation)
25:
10484:
8761:Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident
8702:Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut
8655:April 2014 Iraqi border airstrike
8223:Northern Homs offensive (AprâMay)
8208:Southern Damascus offensive (Mar)
7949:Wadi Barada offensive (2016â2017)
7815:May Jableh & Tartous bombings
7765:February Sayyidah Zaynab bombings
7730:Second Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin
7683:East Aleppo offensive (2015â2016)
7070:Idlib Governorate operation (Apr)
6738:Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone
6482:
6432:
6335:". TheNewArab. 31 December 2016.
6145:from the original on 29 July 2012
6042:Albayrak, Ayla (4 October 2011).
5697:. World Bulletin. 29 March 2013.
5624:Yonker, Carl C. (15 April 2021).
5267:from the original on 26 June 2012
4984:"UN: Syria death toll tops 2,700"
4875:"Free Article for Non-Subscriber"
4748:from the original on 20 June 2017
4330:from the original on 29 June 2017
4300:from the original on 29 June 2017
4146:from the original on 24 June 2018
3873:from the original on 13 July 2012
3861:Skelton, Charlie (12 July 2012).
3642:. 1 February 2012. Archived from
3640:"The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria"
3379:"UK Recognizes Syrian Opposition"
3030:Ashawi, Khalil (28 August 2018).
2373:Recognition and foreign relations
1933:National Salvation Front in Syria
1910:Arab Revolutionary Workers' Party
1779:Shields of the Revolution Council
1750:Movement for a Democratic Society
1704:Movement for a Democratic Society
1591:left in October 2011 to join the
1579:has defined the committee as the
1476:. The SNC National Charter lists
1034:, backed by the Islamist faction
52:This article has multiple issues.
10463:Member states of the Arab League
10141:
10056:
10047:
10046:
9989:
9988:
9705:2017 Northern regional elections
9337:Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria
8948:RussiaâSyriaâIranâIraq coalition
8813:
8463:Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah
8360:Turkish offensive into northeast
8340:Northwestern offensive (AprâAug)
8228:Eastern Qalamoun offensive (Apr)
7897:Khan al-Shih offensive (OctâNov)
7740:January Sayyidah Zaynab bombings
7008:Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush
6889:2010s in Syria political history
6635:Refugees of the Syrian civil war
6452:
6426:
6394:
6368:
6342:
6325:
6276:
6223:
6209:
6183:
6157:
6130:
6111:
6092:
6066:
6035:
6016:
6002:
5986:. 27 August 2013. Archived from
5976:
5945:
5923:
5906:
5884:
5867:
5780:
5504:Elizabeth O'Bagy (7 June 2012).
5263:. Al Arabiya. 14 November 2011.
5241:from the original on 13 May 2013
5175:from the original on 13 May 2013
5070:Julien Peyron (11 January 2012)
4993:, Al Jazeera, 19 September 2011.
4912:from the original on 12 May 2019
4809:from the original on 13 May 2013
4778:from the original on 13 May 2013
4717:from the original on 3 July 2017
4381:"Guide to the Syrian opposition"
4004:. The Edmond Sun. Archived from
4000:Yezdani, Ä°pek (23 August 2011).
3969:Yezdani, Ipek (23 August 2011).
3750:
3049:Ghuraibi, Yousef (1 July 2020).
2980:from the original on 4 June 2019
2928:
2917:and its first elected president.
2795:, writer and political dissident
2752:, politician and writer and pre-
2026:: Founded on August 21, 2012 by
1947:Ehrar - The Syrian Liberal Party
1906:Syrian Democratic People's Party
1902:Democratic Arab Socialists Union
1833:: A recently formed assembly of
1516:Syrian Democratic People's Party
1404:Assyrian Democratic Organization
623:
586:
232:
143:
82:
41:
10034:
9901:Syrian Constitutional Committee
9247:International Freedom Battalion
8845:Syrian Social Nationalist Party
8243:Deir ez-Zor offensive (MayâJun)
8193:Rif Dimashq offensive (FebâApr)
8139:Battle of Deir ez-Zor (SepâNov)
7994:East Aleppo offensive (JanâApr)
7969:Deir ez-Zor offensive (JanâFeb)
7959:Desert campaign (Dec 16âApr 17)
7825:Rif Dimashq offensive (JunâOct)
7805:Rif Dimashq offensive (AprâMay)
7745:Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb)
7613:Battle of Nasib Border Crossing
7495:Rif Dimashq offensive (AugâNov)
7341:Rif Dimashq offensive (SepâNov)
7272:Rif Dimashq offensive (MarâAug)
7141:Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug-Oct)
6976:Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011â2014)
6951:June Jisr ash-Shughur operation
6260:. Carnegie Middle East Center.
6137:Landis, Joshua (29 July 2011).
5853:. London; New York City; etc.:
5687:
5660:
5617:
5591:
5555:
5519:
5497:
5461:
5435:
5399:
5366:The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria
5356:
5331:
5305:
5279:
5253:
5219:
5187:
5160:
5130:
5111:
5088:
5064:
5040:
5015:
4996:
4977:
4954:
4934:John Irish (16 September 2011)
4928:
4893:
4867:
4840:
4821:
4797:Ghosh, Palash (11 April 2011).
4790:
4760:
4729:
4699:
4669:
4653:. 1 August 2016. Archived from
4639:
4586:
4526:
4496:
4436:
4373:
4349:Haddad, Bassam (30 June 2012).
4312:
4282:
4252:
4225:
4199:
4158:
4128:
4102:
4076:
4046:
3932:
3828:
3798:
3771:
3744:
3632:
3593:
3570:
3551:
3535:
3453:
3423:
3397:
3371:
3345:
3318:
3291:
3261:
3236:
3210:
3011:from the original on 8 May 2019
2717:politician and liberal democrat
2613:: A coalition of FSA groups in
2597:Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army
2579:Syrian Islamic Liberation Front
2573:Syrian Islamic Liberation Front
1990:Syrian Social Nationalist Party
1746:Geneva III peace talks on Syria
1714:, and since September 2016 the
1712:LawâCitizenshipâRights Movement
811:National Coordination Committee
753:National Coordination Committee
60:or discuss these issues on the
8756:Assassination of Andrei Karlov
8626:May 2018 IsraelâIran incidents
8325:ISIL insurgency in Deir-ez-Zor
8069:Southern Raqqa offensive (Jun)
7872:September Deir ez-Zor air raid
7862:Western al-Bab offensive (Sep)
7820:Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Jun)
7810:Northern Raqqa offensive (May)
7698:Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown
6435:"Who's who: Abdulhakim Bashar"
5937:. 7 April 2015. Archived from
5513:Institute for the Study of War
5448:Ahrar - Liberal Party of Syria
5369:. Cambridge University Press.
5363:Conduit, Dara (29 July 2019).
5229:; Hwaida Saad (30 June 2011).
4877:. Stratfor. 27 February 2012.
3185:
3151:
3132:Ghattas, Kim (22 April 2011).
3125:
3099:
3073:
3042:
3023:
2575:to the form the Islamic Front.
1824:Syrian opposition randa kassis
1343:Salafist armed groups such as
13:
1:
10349:Arab League monitors in Syria
10115:United States Central Command
9700:2017 Northern local elections
9690:2015 Northern local elections
9052:National Front for Liberation
8989:Local Coordination Committees
8537:Northern Aleppo clashes (Oct)
8375:Israeli missile strikes (Nov)
8019:Khan Shaykhun chemical attack
7316:Khan al-Assal chemical attack
7112:18 July 2012 Damascus bombing
6926:Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb
6711:Specific groups and countries
6536:
5603:ۧÙŰŰČŰš ۧÙŰłÙŰ±Ù Ű§ÙÙÙÙ
Ù Ű§ÙۧۏŰȘÙ
ۧŰčÙ
5127:, 17 December 2012, Istanbul.
5012:, France 24, 11 January 2012.
4774:. Beirut. AP. 29 April 2011.
3544:ORB International July 2015.
2954:
2905:figures participating in the
2892:officer who later joined the
2820:, co-spokesperson for the SNC
2633:Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement
2611:National Front for Liberation
2560:Other rebel fighting forces:
2040:
1224:Antalya Opposition Conference
1084:(1971â2000). Syria was under
1057:
975:, as they united to form the
925:alternative Syrian government
616:Politics of Syrian opposition
10119:United States military bases
9963:2015 European migrant crisis
9237:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
8129:Euphrates Crossing offensive
7623:Western al-Hasakah offensive
7583:Eastern al-Hasakah offensive
7451:Qalamoun offensive (JunâAug)
7207:Quneitra Governorate clashes
6946:Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh
6874:Syrian occupation of Lebanon
6815:
6623:Effects and ongoing concerns
5894:(in Arabic). 27 October 2022
5667:Ùۧ۳ÙÙÙ (13 September 2013).
4906:International Business Times
4803:International Business Times
4742:Washington Kurdish Institute
4030:. Reuters. 10 October 2011.
3755:. Forusa.org. Archived from
3431:"Libya to arm syrian rebels"
3383:International Business Times
2901:: one of the most prominent
2835:, leader of protests in Homs
1935:: It was founded in 2005 by
1898:Democratic National Assembly
1844:Syrian Turkmen National Bloc
1198:commonly referred to as the
1030:was challenged by the rival
7:
10390:Economic and Social Council
9851:U.S.âRussia peace proposals
9806:Syrian government reactions
9796:Status of the Golan Heights
9791:Sectarianism and minorities
9715:2020 parliamentary election
9695:2016 parliamentary election
9680:2012 parliamentary election
9657:
9615:Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid
9515:Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni
9362:Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan
9221:Northern Democratic Brigade
9077:Muslim Brotherhood in Syria
9072:Revolutionary Commando Army
8953:Popular Mobilization Forces
8741:2012 Turkish border clashes
8330:DĂȘrik prison escape attempt
7735:Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan)
7688:2015â2016 Latakia offensive
7658:Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep)
7653:Palmyra offensive (JulâAug)
7540:Deir ez-Zor offensive (Dec)
7525:Second Inter-Rebel Conflict
7301:Bayda and Baniyas massacres
6609:Sectarianism and minorities
6584:Syrian government reactions
6256:Aron Lund (23 March 2015).
4448:Carnegie Middle East Center
4324:Carnegie Middle East Center
4294:Carnegie Middle East Center
3810:Carnegie Middle East Center
3674:University of Georgia Press
3197:www.washingtoninstitute.org
3112:Carnegie Middle East Center
2921:
2706:Forum for National Dialogue
2494:Revolutionary Commando Army
2235:Revolutionary Commando Army
2207:Syrian Salvation Government
2105:Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing
2097:Syrian Salvation Government
2091:Syrian Salvation Government
2085:Syrian Salvation Government
2000:region. This also includes
1496:as its guiding principles.
1032:Syrian Salvation Government
908:
711:Syrian Salvation Government
296:Revolutionary Commando Army
219:
109:conditions to do so are met
10:
10489:
9846:Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan
9720:2021 presidential election
9685:2014 presidential election
9387:
8931:medical facility targeting
8787:Deir ez-Zor missile strike
8746:2013 Reyhanlı car bombings
8665:Jordanian border incidents
8310:Idlib inter-rebel conflict
8248:As-Suwayda offensive (Jun)
8124:Eastern campaign (SepâDec)
7912:Aleppo offensive (Nov-Dec)
7882:Aleppo offensive (SepâOct)
7852:Operation Euphrates Shield
7780:Battle of Maarrat al-Numan
7668:Aleppo offensive (OctâDec)
7593:Battle of Sarrin (JunâJul)
7588:Battle of Sarrin (MarâApr)
7535:Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin
7384:First Inter-rebel conflict
7346:Aleppo offensive (OctâDec)
7255:Raqqa campaign (2012â2013)
7158:Battle of Maarrat al-Numan
5106:Radio France International
4568:NCC/NCB official statement
3892:the CNN (23 August 2011).
3577:Syria's state of emergency
2640:List of opposition figures
2410:
2376:
2239:United States Armed Forces
2133:
2088:
2049:
1984:National Progressive Front
1679:
1548:
1461:against the government of
1418:
1355:
1212:Istanbul Meeting for Syria
1205:
29:
10410:
10367:
10336:
10316:
10280:
10157:
10150:
10139:
10070:
10042:
9984:
9925:
9909:
9814:
9728:
9667:
9663:
9652:
9393:
9382:
9321:
9308:Group of the One and Only
9288:Military activity of ISIL
9278:
9269:
9229:
9181:People's Protection Units
9171:
9163:Smaller political parties
9143:
9134:Autonomous Administration
9132:
9090:
9034:
8974:
8965:
8899:
8891:Palestine Liberation Army
8863:
8830:
8823:
8819:
8808:
8779:
8720:
8681:
8663:
8634:
8605:
8594:
8555:
8501:
8447:
8424:Idlib Governorate clashes
8398:
8350:Hass refugee camp bombing
8286:
8238:Deir ez-Zor clashes (Apr)
8159:
8074:Jobar offensive (JunâAug)
8049:Maskanah Plains offensive
8044:Desert campaign (MayâJul)
7974:Daraa offensive (FebâJun)
7925:
7706:
7548:
7446:Second siege of Wadi Deif
7441:Kafr Zita chemical attack
7406:Daraa offensive (FebâMay)
7364:
7277:Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl
7220:
7026:
7013:Idlib Governorate clashes
6998:Daraa Governorate clashes
6966:Jabal al-Zawiya operation
6897:
6827:
6823:
6810:
6781:
6710:
6689:
6653:
6622:
6546:
6542:
6531:
6489:Syrian Civil War Overview
6233:. BBC. 22 November 2013.
4504:"Meet Syria's Opposition"
3435:The Sydney Morning Herald
2546:People's Protection Units
2443:Syrian National Coalition
2332:In April 2015, after the
2190:Syrian Interim Government
2052:Syrian Interim Government
2046:Syrian Interim Government
1770:Islamic uprising in Syria
1739:Northern Syria Federation
1716:Syria's Tomorrow Movement
1682:Syrian Democratic Council
1676:Syrian Democratic Council
1655:Syrian Democratic Council
1447:National Council of Syria
1112:Syrian Muslim Brotherhood
1020:Syrian Interim Government
942:, the term "opposition" (
934:and who have opposed its
921:Syrian National Coalition
801:Syrian National Coalition
743:Syrian National Coalition
692:Syrian Interim Government
669:Antalya conference (2011)
568:
552:
540:
530:
520:
502:
475:
471:
461:
457:
452:
444:
440:
427:âą Prime Minister of
425:
414:Syrian National Coalition
410:
406:
391:
379:
369:
354:
304:
247:
229:
197:
152:This article needs to be
9298:Khalid ibn al-Walid Army
9242:Kurdistan Workers' Party
9186:Women's Protection Units
9158:Kurdish National Council
8607:Israel and Golan Heights
8478:Battle of Qamishli (Apr)
8320:Battle of Baghuz Fawqani
8079:Quneitra offensive (Jun)
8034:April Turkish airstrikes
8009:Hama offensive (MarâApr)
7842:Southern Aleppo campaign
7785:Battle of Qamishli (Apr)
7678:Homs offensive (Nov-Dec)
7648:Quneitra offensive (Jun)
7578:Southern Syria Offensive
7212:Talbiseh bakery massacre
7163:First siege of Wadi Deif
7153:Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz
7050:January al-Midan bombing
6782:Agreements and dialogues
6763:Syrian Democratic Forces
6108:. NYTimes (4 March 2012)
6104:15 February 2017 at the
5100:12 February 2012 at the
3624:: CS1 maint: location (
3355:. CNN. 6 December 2011.
2915:Kurdish National Council
2894:Syrian Democratic Forces
2689:, former head of the SNC
2550:Women's Protection Units
2538:Syrian Democratic Forces
2502:U.S. Army Special Forces
2350:Turkish Controlled areas
2060:as prime minister of an
1962:Parliamentary opposition
1914:Arab Socialists Movement
1702:in Syria, including the
1696:Syrian Democratic Forces
1641:and affiliated with the
1593:Kurdish National Council
1340:party and its affiliates
1170:(consultation) with the
1052:Syrian Democratic Forces
766:Administrative divisions
412:âą President of the
288:
273:
258:
220:al-MuÊ»araážatu al-SĆ«rÄ«yah
9776:International reactions
9761:Human rights violations
9252:Sinjar Resistance Units
9211:Syriac Military Council
9201:Army of Revolutionaries
9136:of North and East Syria
8996:Syrian National Council
8850:Arab Socialist Movement
8771:Operation Spring Shield
8712:Qalamoun (JulâAug 2017)
8692:Lebanese border clashes
8586:Northern border clashes
8547:Northwest clashes (Dec)
8527:Jabal al-Bishrī clashes
8429:Kafr-Takharim airstrike
8278:Northern border clashes
7999:March Damascus bombings
7964:Idlib clashes (JanâMar)
7917:Palmyra offensive (Dec)
7795:Palmyra offensive (Mar)
7628:Palmyra offensive (May)
7473:Battle of Tabqa Airbase
7468:Eastern Syria offensive
7351:Battle of al-Yaarubiyah
5881:. Retrieved 2023/05/12.
5123:10 October 2017 at the
5053:3 February 2016 at the
5027:26 October 2014 at the
5008:15 January 2012 at the
4989:11 October 2017 at the
4966:19 October 2017 at the
4941:15 October 2015 at the
4852:9 December 2017 at the
4833:15 October 2015 at the
3600:Rpberts, David (2015).
3563:9 November 2019 at the
3248:Encyclopedia Britannica
3057:. Idlib. Archived from
2625:Syrian Liberation Front
2473:Syrian Turkmen Brigades
2322:Deir ez-Zor Governorate
1891:Other opposition groups
1831:Syrian Turkmen Assembly
1620:Syrian National Council
1427:Syrian National Council
1421:Syrian National Council
1415:Syrian National Council
1406:: a party representing
1270:Syrian National Council
977:Syrian National Council
909:al-MuÊ»araážatu s-SĆ«rÄ«yah
806:Syrian National Council
748:Syrian National Council
370:Official languages
9953:Syrian detainee report
9839:UN supervision mission
9829:Friends of Syria Group
9751:Damaged heritage sites
9153:Democratic Union Party
9105:Jordanian intervention
9026:Syrian Patriotic Group
8855:Syrian Communist Party
8766:2020 Balyun airstrikes
8621:February 2018 incident
8268:Qamishli clashes (Sep)
8183:Operation Olive Branch
8024:Shayrat missile strike
7857:Aleppo summer campaign
7847:Battle of al-Rai (Aug)
7760:February Homs bombings
7618:Battle of Yarmouk Camp
7608:Second Battle of Idlib
7321:Khan al-Assal massacre
7284:Ghouta chemical attack
6666:Early insurgency phase
6459:spare (7 March 2014).
6433:S, T. (5 March 2014).
6401:Wright, Robin (2008).
5077:9 January 2013 at the
4209:. Al Jazeera English.
2801:, son of assassinated
2788:prisoner of conscience
2542:Democratic Union Party
2509:
2334:Second Battle of Idlib
2258:
1922:Communist Labour Party
1826:
1791:: nucleus of a Syrian
1754:Democratic Union Party
1662:Democratic Union Party
1589:Democratic Union Party
1367:
1298:2012 Geneva Communique
1172:Ahl al-Hall wa-al-âAqd
1151:Ahl al-Hall wa-al-âAqd
841:Arab League membership
401:provisional government
10344:Arab Peace Initiative
10124:Joint Defence Council
9958:Syrian media coverage
9834:Kofi Annan peace plan
9257:ĂzĂźdxan Women's Units
9206:SDF military councils
8936:military intervention
8909:Hezbollah involvement
8864:Military and militias
8707:North Lebanon clashes
8468:Missile strikes (Jan)
8355:Missile strikes (Aug)
8273:Missile strikes (Sep)
8218:Missile strikes (Apr)
8213:Douma chemical attack
8064:Daraa offensive (Jun)
7755:Al-Shaddadi offensive
7693:Tishrin Dam offensive
7573:Daraa Offensive (Jan)
7568:Air Force An-26 crash
7510:Daraa offensive (Oct)
7394:Deir ez-Zor offensive
7260:Battle of Raqqa (Mar)
7060:First Battle of Idlib
6884:Human rights in Syria
6758:Kurdish Area in Syria
6574:Background and causes
6076:. Syria2011archives.
5636:10.1515/9783110729092
5375:10.1017/9781108758321
5142:Amnesty International
3646:on 30 September 2019.
3548:(see tables 1 and 8).
2786:and world's youngest
2746:human rights activist
2704:, former head of the
2650:the Statement of 1000
2571:, It Merged with the
2492:
2447:Islamic Front (Syria)
2168:
2117:Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham
1992:: Founded in 1932 in
1822:
1482:judicial independence
1459:Syrian civil uprising
1437:) sometimes known as
1365:
1218:. There followed the
1216:Syrian civil uprising
1179:military dictatorship
983:and recognition as a
981:international support
966:Syrian uprising phase
10267:United Arab Emirates
9866:Geneva II conference
9824:Arab League monitors
9801:Spillover in Lebanon
9710:2018 local elections
9675:2011 local elections
9455:Fahd Jassem al-Freij
9216:Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa
9042:Syrian National Army
9016:Syrian Support Group
8542:Operation Claw-Sword
8517:Battle of al-Hasakah
8263:As-Suwayda (Aug-Nov)
8104:Hama offensive (Sep)
7954:January Azaz bombing
7867:5 September bombings
7638:Tell Abyad offensive
7436:Battle of Al-Malihah
7336:Battle of Tell Abyad
7331:Battle of Ras al-Ayn
7082:May Battle of Rastan
6879:Damascus Declaration
6723:Russian intervention
6681:Syrian peace process
6671:2012â2013 escalation
6654:Phases and processes
6594:Inter-rebel conflict
6579:Syrian peace process
6356:on 22 September 2012
6197:on 29 September 2011
6123:3 April 2016 at the
5941:on 26 December 2016.
5734:. 13 December 2017.
5108:, 18 September 2011.
4974:, 18 September 2011.
4972:Agence France-Presse
4683:. 14 December 2015.
4606:on 19 December 2018.
4574:on 26 September 2012
4142:. 16 November 2011.
4060:. 15 December 2011.
3946:. 12 November 2011.
3275:. 24 February 2012.
2911:Damascus Declaration
2756:Minister of Industry
2682:Damascus Declaration
2658:Damascus Declaration
2654:Damascus Declaration
2605:Syrian National Army
2565:Syrian Islamic Front
2246: Controlled by
2233: Controlled by
2219: Controlled by
2205: Controlled by
2198:Turkish Armed Forces
2177:Syrian Arab Republic
2175: Controlled by
2066:technical government
1953:and her deputy, Mr.
1128:Muhammad Rashid Rida
1122:was inspired by the
1036:Hayat Tahrir al-Sham
985:partner for dialogue
936:Ba'athist government
721:Dep Prime Minister:
594:Syrian Arab Republic
488:United States dollar
277:Salvation Government
9756:Foreign involvement
9635:Abdurrahman Mustafa
9590:Yassin al-Haj Saleh
9555:Abdul Halim Khaddam
9067:Army of Free Tribes
9035:Opposition militias
8926:Russian involvement
8914:Iranian involvement
8871:Syrian Armed Forces
8650:Operation al-Shabah
8616:March 2017 incident
8335:Tell Rifaat clashes
8151:Beit Jinn offensive
8144:Abu Kamal offensive
8084:Idlib clashes (Jul)
8054:East Hama offensive
7775:Battle of Tel Abyad
7515:Al-Safira offensive
7505:Homs school bombing
7294:Battle of al-Qusayr
7289:Al-Qusayr offensive
7092:Battle of al-Haffah
7065:Battle of al-Qusayr
6941:May Talkalakh siege
6849:Corrective Movement
6728:Turkish involvement
6718:Russian involvement
6461:"Abdulhakim Bachar"
6439:The Syrian Observer
6171:on 27 November 2011
6048:Wall Street Journal
6012:. 10 November 2015.
5990:on 16 November 2020
5822:The Syrian Observer
5764:. 10 January 2018.
5037:, 11 November 2011.
4544:on 19 February 2014
4510:. 1 November 2011.
4266:. 21 January 2014.
3786:on 28 November 2012
3759:on 10 November 2013
3728:. 8 December 2015.
3672:. Athens, Georgia:
3582:24 May 2013 at the
3471:on 16 November 2012
3218:"We Live as in War"
2873:Muhammad al-Yaqoubi
2841:, prominent blogger
2826:, president of the
2793:Yassin al-Haj Saleh
2544:represented by the
2462:Syrian Armed Forces
2307:Hasakah Governorate
2292:Hasakah Governorate
2269:Latakia Governorate
2161:Territorial control
1937:Abdul Halim Khaddam
1807:similar to that of
1581:internal opposition
1573:left-wing political
1494:political pluralism
1470:government in exile
1189:Ikhwan al-Muslimeen
435:Abdurrahman Mustafa
96:of this article is
9575:Ali Mahmoud Othman
9021:Adopt a Revolution
8984:National Coalition
8976:Interim government
8576:Damascus airstrike
8483:US airstrike (Jun)
8473:US airstrike (Feb)
8439:Deir ez-Zor ambush
8380:Qah missile strike
8258:As-Suwayda attacks
8253:Southern offensive
8094:Qalamoun (JulâAug)
8004:Al-Jinah airstrike
7770:Khanasir offensive
7490:Quneitra offensive
7250:Damascus offensive
7245:Battle of Shadadeh
7107:Battle of Damascus
7097:Al-Qubeir massacre
7075:Battle of Taftanaz
6986:Battle of Zabadani
5920:(October 2019): 2.
5235:The New York Times
5144:. 7 October 2011.
4772:The Stafford Voice
4594:"Parked at Loopia"
4480:. 4 January 2012.
4008:on 4 December 2012
3981:on 3 February 2022
3924:has generic name (
3666:I. William Zartman
3385:. 24 February 2012
3224:. 11 November 2011
3222:Human Rights Watch
3087:. 3 September 2018
2907:National Coalition
2695:, a leader in the
2510:
2426:and in some cases
2317:Aleppo Governorate
2287:Aleppo Governorate
2259:
2062:interim government
2024:Popular Will Party
1856:civil disobedience
1827:
1766:Muslim Brotherhood
1643:Syriac Union Party
1635:Syriac Union Party
1597:front organization
1408:Assyrians in Syria
1368:
1254:Bernard Henri Levy
1196:revolutionary wave
1094:President of Syria
717:Mohammed Al-Sheikh
429:interim government
262:Interim Government
10453:Politics of Syria
10448:Syrian opposition
10435:
10434:
10359:Foreign relations
10332:
10331:
10002:
10001:
9980:
9979:
9976:
9975:
9933:Exclusive mandate
9910:War crimes trials
9881:2016 Geneva talks
9648:
9647:
9640:Fadlallah al-Haji
9595:Bouthaina Shaaban
9378:
9377:
9374:
9373:
9370:
9369:
9265:
9264:
9196:Al-Sanadid Forces
9191:Anti-Terror Units
9128:
9127:
8961:
8960:
8876:Syrian Resistance
8832:Politics of Syria
8804:
8803:
8800:
8799:
8796:
8795:
8571:Al-Sukhnah attack
8532:Jarqli airstrikes
8414:COVID-19 pandemic
8370:November bombings
8188:Battle of Khasham
8134:Mayadin offensive
8119:Battle of Harasta
7989:Palmyra offensive
7673:Al-Hawl offensive
7633:Qamishli bombings
7431:Latakia Offensive
7389:Battle of Markada
7202:Battle of Darayya
7178:Battle of Darayya
7102:Battle of Tremseh
6921:Syrian Revolution
6854:Islamist uprising
6806:
6805:
6802:
6801:
6661:Syrian revolution
6604:Cities and towns
6418:978-1-59420-111-0
6141:. Syria Comment.
5863:978-1-83860-445-5
5645:978-3-11-072909-2
5384:978-1-108-75832-1
4713:. 28 April 2017.
4651:Hawar News Agency
4424:on 3 October 2012
4090:on 8 January 2012
3683:978-0-8203-4824-7
3676:. p. 302 f.
3611:978-0-415-83882-5
2899:Abdulhakim Bachar
2672:American Congress
2668:Tharwa Foundation
2607:in December 2017.
2587:Al-Tawhid Brigade
2498:M240B machine gun
2312:Raqqa Governorate
2297:Raqqa Governorate
2275:Idlib Governorate
2248:the Islamic State
2101:Idlib Governorate
2012:and southeastern
1968:People's Assembly
1647:March 14 Alliance
1639:Syriac Christians
1435:al-WaáčanÄ« as-SĆ«ri
1286:Syrian government
1118:hegemony. Syrian
1108:liberal democrats
1080:, beginning with
1028:Idlib Governorate
1012:Bashar Al-Assad's
896:Syrian opposition
892:
891:
824:Foreign relations
795:Political parties
609:
608:
605:
604:
599:
598:
463:âą Formation
199:Syrian Opposition
191:
190:
183:
173:
172:
137:
136:
129:
75:
18:Syrian Opposition
16:(Redirected from
10480:
10155:
10154:
10145:
10060:
10059:
10050:
10049:
10029:
10022:
10015:
10006:
10005:
9992:
9991:
9766:Humanitarian aid
9746:Chemical weapons
9741:Cities and towns
9665:
9664:
9654:
9653:
9610:Fadwa Souleimane
9600:Abdulbaset Sieda
9580:Ibrahim Qashoush
9570:Ali Habib Mahmud
9480:Hamza al-Khateeb
9475:Kamal al-Labwani
9465:Haitham al-Maleh
9460:Suheil al-Hassan
9398:Ammar Abdulhamid
9384:
9383:
9357:Malhama Tactical
9342:Caucasus Emirate
9276:
9275:
9141:
9140:
9047:Free Syrian Army
8972:
8971:
8828:
8827:
8821:
8820:
8810:
8809:
8603:
8602:
8560:
8506:
8452:
8434:Ayn Issa clashes
8403:
8291:
8164:
8089:Central campaign
7984:Qaboun offensive
7930:
7907:Battle of al-Bab
7830:Manbij offensive
7711:
7553:
7416:Al-Otaiba ambush
7369:
7240:Battle of Safira
7225:
7195:Halfaya massacre
7146:Darayya massacre
7129:Siege of Base 46
7124:Battle of Anadan
7119:Battle of Aleppo
7055:Battle of Rastan
7031:
7003:Battle of Rastan
6971:Siege of Latakia
6936:Siege of Baniyas
6902:
6859:Latakia protests
6825:
6824:
6812:
6811:
6564:Syrian civil war
6544:
6543:
6533:
6532:
6525:Syrian civil war
6518:
6511:
6504:
6495:
6494:
6476:
6475:
6473:
6471:
6456:
6450:
6449:
6447:
6445:
6430:
6424:
6422:
6398:
6392:
6391:
6389:
6387:
6382:on 27 April 2020
6378:. Archived from
6372:
6366:
6365:
6363:
6361:
6346:
6340:
6329:
6323:
6322:
6316:
6308:
6280:
6274:
6273:
6271:
6269:
6253:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6242:
6227:
6221:
6220:
6213:
6207:
6206:
6204:
6202:
6187:
6181:
6180:
6178:
6176:
6161:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6150:
6134:
6128:
6115:
6109:
6096:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6085:
6070:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6059:
6039:
6033:
6032:
6020:
6014:
6013:
6006:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5995:
5980:
5974:
5973:
5971:
5969:
5949:
5943:
5942:
5927:
5921:
5910:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5899:
5888:
5882:
5871:
5865:
5847:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5833:
5813:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5799:
5784:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5773:
5754:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5743:
5724:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5706:
5691:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5680:
5664:
5658:
5657:
5621:
5615:
5614:
5612:
5610:
5595:
5589:
5588:
5582:
5574:
5572:
5570:
5559:
5553:
5552:
5546:
5538:
5536:
5534:
5523:
5517:
5516:
5510:
5501:
5495:
5494:
5488:
5480:
5478:
5476:
5465:
5459:
5458:
5456:
5454:
5439:
5433:
5432:
5426:
5418:
5416:
5414:
5403:
5397:
5396:
5360:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5349:
5335:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5324:
5309:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5298:
5283:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5272:
5257:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5246:
5223:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5191:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5180:
5164:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5153:
5134:
5128:
5115:
5109:
5092:
5086:
5068:
5062:
5044:
5038:
5019:
5013:
5000:
4994:
4981:
4975:
4958:
4952:
4932:
4926:
4925:
4923:slowly disperse.
4919:
4917:
4897:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4871:
4865:
4844:
4838:
4825:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4814:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4733:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4657:on 4 August 2016
4643:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4617:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4599:. Archived from
4598:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4560:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4410:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4387:. 25 July 2012.
4377:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4346:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4286:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4190:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4169:. Usatoday.com.
4162:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4116:on 26 April 2012
4106:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4024:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4013:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3923:
3919:
3917:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3718:
3709:
3708:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3623:
3615:
3597:
3591:
3590:, 17 April 2011.
3574:
3568:
3555:
3549:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3016:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2974:War on the Rocks
2965:
2938:
2933:
2932:
2886:Syrian Air Force
2861:, leader in the
2774:Kamal al-Labwani
2730:and former judge
2721:Haitham al-Maleh
2697:Free Syrian Army
2664:Ammar Abdulhamid
2516:Syrian Free Army
2496:fighters during
2454:Free Syrian Army
2439:Free Syrian Army
2419:Free Syrian Army
2364:Al-Tanf Garrison
2346:Army of Conquest
2281:Hama Governorate
2245:
2232:
2218:
2204:
2183:
2174:
2109:Free Syrian Army
2070:Free Syrian Army
2018:Arab nationalism
1998:Fertile Crescent
1864:Suhair al-Atassi
1756:, were invited.
1624:Free Syrian Army
1474:democratic state
1276:Political groups
1126:movement led by
1124:Syrian Salafiyya
1101:Arab nationalist
993:Security Council
973:Syrian Civil War
949:
940:Syrian civil war
918:
911:
905:
904:ۧÙÙ
Űčۧ۱۶۩ ۧÙŰłÙ۱ÙŰ©
884:
877:
870:
715:Prime Minister:
696:Prime Minister:
627:
611:
610:
590:
589:
583:
582:
570:
569:
511:
348:Syrian Free Army
299:
289:
284:
274:
269:
259:
252:
236:
224:
222:
214:
206:
205:
204:ۧÙÙ
Űčۧ۱۶۩ ۧÙŰłÙ۱ÙŰ©
195:
194:
186:
179:
168:
165:
159:
147:
146:
139:
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125:
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118:
112:
86:
85:
78:
67:
45:
44:
37:
21:
10488:
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10406:
10363:
10328:
10312:
10276:
10146:
10137:
10066:
10038:
10033:
10003:
9998:
9972:
9921:
9905:
9810:
9724:
9659:
9644:
9625:Razan Zaitouneh
9530:Burhan Ghalioun
9505:Ammar al-Qurabi
9413:al-Assad family
9403:Ali al-Abdallah
9389:
9366:
9352:Junud al-Makhdi
9347:Ajnad al-Kavkaz
9317:
9261:
9225:
9167:
9145:DFNS Government
9135:
9124:
9100:US intervention
9092:Foreign support
9086:
9030:
8957:
8919:Liwa Fatemiyoun
8901:Foreign support
8895:
8886:al-Quds Brigade
8859:
8815:
8792:
8775:
8716:
8697:Battle of Sidon
8677:
8659:
8630:
8590:
8561:
8556:
8551:
8507:
8502:
8497:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8404:
8399:
8394:
8300:
8296:
8292:
8287:
8282:
8173:
8169:
8165:
8160:
8155:
8059:Battle of Raqqa
8014:Battle of Tabqa
7939:
7935:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7887:Dabiq offensive
7835:Tokhar massacre
7720:
7716:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7643:KobanĂź massacre
7603:Idlib Offensive
7598:Battle of Bosra
7558:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7500:Siege of KobanĂź
7456:Battle of Arsal
7421:Idlib offensive
7401:Battle of Morek
7374:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7267:Daraa offensive
7230:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7168:Battle of Harem
7040:
7036:
7032:
7027:
7022:
6991:Battle of Douma
6911:
6907:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6864:Damascus Spring
6819:
6798:
6777:
6773:U.S. task force
6768:Rojava conflict
6706:
6685:
6649:
6618:
6538:
6527:
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6125:Wayback Machine
6116:
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5385:
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5343:www.mafhoum.com
5337:
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5285:
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5227:Shadid, Anthony
5224:
5220:
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5193:
5192:
5188:
5178:
5176:
5165:
5161:
5151:
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5125:Wayback Machine
5116:
5112:
5102:Wayback Machine
5093:
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5079:Wayback Machine
5069:
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5055:Wayback Machine
5045:
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5029:Wayback Machine
5020:
5016:
5010:Wayback Machine
5001:
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4991:Wayback Machine
4982:
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4968:Wayback Machine
4959:
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4933:
4929:
4915:
4913:
4898:
4894:
4884:
4882:
4873:
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4868:
4862:Washington Post
4854:Wayback Machine
4845:
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4826:
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4681:Syrian Observer
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4478:Financial Times
4472:
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4264:Times of Israel
4258:
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3598:
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3584:Wayback Machine
3575:
3571:
3565:Wayback Machine
3556:
3552:
3540:
3536:
3526:
3524:
3519:. Tengri News.
3515:
3514:
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3500:
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3142:
3140:
3130:
3126:
3116:
3114:
3106:Sayigh, Yezid.
3104:
3100:
3090:
3088:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3064:
3062:
3047:
3043:
3028:
3024:
3014:
3012:
2997:
2993:
2983:
2981:
2966:
2962:
2957:
2934:
2927:
2924:
2859:Razan Zaitouneh
2782:, blogger from
2687:Burhan Ghalioun
2642:
2441:(with links to
2417:Initially, the
2415:
2409:
2407:Military forces
2385:
2377:Main articles:
2375:
2366:
2358:
2330:
2252:
2251:
2243:
2241:
2230:
2228:
2216:
2214:
2202:
2200:
2181:
2179:
2172:
2170:
2163:
2138:
2132:
2093:
2087:
2054:
2048:
2043:
2010:Sinai Peninsula
1964:
1955:Khaled al-Bitar
1926:Damascus Spring
1920:. In 2006, the
1893:
1874:Rifaat al-Assad
1860:Razan Zaitouneh
1835:Syrian Turkmens
1801:Bashar al-Assad
1774:capital offence
1762:
1684:
1678:
1601:Bashar al-Assad
1553:
1547:
1538:Syrian Turkmens
1505:talks in Geneva
1463:Bashar al-Assad
1423:
1417:
1360:
1354:
1278:
1239:Ammar al-Qurabi
1208:
1090:Bashar al-Assad
1060:
959:Syrian uprising
938:. Prior to the
888:
859:
855:Other countries
846:
845:
836:SNC recognition
826:
816:
815:
796:
788:
787:
768:
758:
757:
738:
730:
729:
698:Jawad Abu Hatab
687:
679:
678:
664:
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618:
587:
561:
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464:
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35:
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12:
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5:
10486:
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10475:
10470:
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10455:
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10433:
10432:
10430:
10429:
10428:
10427:
10425:Pan Arab Games
10417:
10411:
10408:
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10405:
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10399:
10394:
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10387:
10377:
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10264:
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10009:
10000:
9999:
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9973:
9971:
9970:
9965:
9960:
9955:
9950:
9945:
9940:
9935:
9929:
9927:
9926:Related topics
9923:
9922:
9920:
9919:
9913:
9911:
9907:
9906:
9904:
9903:
9898:
9893:
9888:
9883:
9878:
9873:
9868:
9863:
9858:
9856:39th G8 summit
9853:
9848:
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9842:
9841:
9831:
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9809:
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9607:
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9597:
9592:
9587:
9582:
9577:
9572:
9567:
9565:Bassma Kodmani
9562:
9557:
9552:
9547:
9542:
9537:
9535:Razan Ghazzawi
9532:
9527:
9522:
9517:
9512:
9507:
9502:
9497:
9492:
9487:
9485:Tal al-Mallohi
9482:
9477:
9472:
9470:Moaz al-Khatib
9467:
9462:
9457:
9452:
9450:Anwar al-Bunni
9447:
9442:
9441:
9440:
9438:Hafez Makhlouf
9435:
9430:
9425:
9420:
9410:
9408:Adnan al-Aroor
9405:
9400:
9394:
9391:
9390:
9380:
9379:
9376:
9375:
9372:
9371:
9368:
9367:
9365:
9364:
9359:
9354:
9349:
9344:
9339:
9334:
9332:Tahrir al-Sham
9328:
9326:
9319:
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9316:
9315:
9310:
9305:
9300:
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8758:
8753:
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8704:
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8679:
8678:
8676:
8675:
8669:
8667:
8661:
8660:
8658:
8657:
8652:
8647:
8645:Akashat ambush
8641:
8639:
8632:
8631:
8629:
8628:
8623:
8618:
8612:
8610:
8600:
8592:
8591:
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8565:
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8552:
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8519:
8513:
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8499:
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8496:
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8490:
8485:
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8465:
8459:
8457:
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8444:
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8441:
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8410:
8408:
8396:
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8392:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8352:
8347:
8342:
8337:
8332:
8327:
8322:
8317:
8315:Manbij bombing
8312:
8306:
8304:
8284:
8283:
8281:
8280:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8260:
8255:
8250:
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8230:
8225:
8220:
8215:
8210:
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8177:
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8111:
8106:
8101:
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8091:
8086:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8061:
8056:
8051:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8029:Aleppo bombing
8026:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7966:
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7956:
7951:
7945:
7943:
7923:
7922:
7920:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7902:Raqqa campaign
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7849:
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7807:
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7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7485:Hama Offensive
7482:
7477:
7476:
7475:
7465:
7460:
7459:
7458:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
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7426:Battle of Hosn
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7348:
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7328:
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7318:
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7311:Hatla massacre
7308:
7306:Hama offensive
7303:
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7280:
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7264:
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7236:
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7218:
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7209:
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7199:
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7190:Hama offensive
7187:
7185:Aqrab massacre
7182:
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7180:
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7165:
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7138:
7133:
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7104:
7099:
7094:
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7087:Houla massacre
7084:
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6931:Siege of Daraa
6928:
6923:
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6895:
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6886:
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6876:
6871:
6869:Qamishli riots
6866:
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6708:
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6690:World reaction
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6547:Main overviews
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6483:External links
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5630:. De Gruyter.
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4508:Foreign Policy
4495:
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3700:Insight Turkey
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3329:. EUObserwer.
3317:
3290:
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3209:
3184:
3150:
3124:
3098:
3072:
3061:on 5 July 2020
3041:
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2940:
2939:
2923:
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2919:
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2896:
2879:
2870:
2867:Sakharov Prize
2856:
2851:for her book,
2842:
2839:Razan Ghazzawi
2836:
2833:Fadwa Suleiman
2830:
2821:
2815:
2812:Bassma Kodmani
2809:
2796:
2790:
2780:Tal al-Mallohi
2777:
2771:
2757:
2747:
2737:
2734:Anwar al-Bunni
2731:
2718:
2708:
2699:
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2675:
2661:
2646:Abdulrazak Eid
2641:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2622:
2608:
2594:
2591:Jaysh al-Islam
2583:Suqour al-Sham
2576:
2569:Ahrar ash-Sham
2558:
2557:
2535:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2508:, 4 March 2020
2500:training with
2487:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2428:al-Nusra Front
2411:Main article:
2408:
2405:
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2338:al-Nusra Front
2329:
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2134:Main article:
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2089:Main article:
2086:
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2079:Tahrir al-Sham
2050:Main article:
2047:
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2042:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2021:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1944:
1941:Hafez al-Assad
1929:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1877:
1867:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1817:
1816:
1786:
1761:
1758:
1680:Main article:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1658:
1657:in late 2015.
1549:Main article:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1530:
1523:
1419:Main article:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1385:Moaz al-Khatib
1356:Main article:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1345:Al-Nusra Front
1341:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1325:Southern Front
1321:
1316:
1314:Jaysh al-Islam
1310:armed groups:
1308:
1301:
1277:
1274:
1226:, a three-day
1207:
1204:
1082:Hafez al-Assad
1059:
1056:
1044:Al-Nusra Front
890:
889:
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281:Tahrir al-Sham
253:
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9816:Peace process
9813:
9807:
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9782:
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9620:Yaser Tabbara
9618:
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9611:
9608:
9606:
9603:
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9598:
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9585:Dawoud Rajiha
9583:
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9540:Ghassan Hitto
9538:
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9526:
9523:
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9518:
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9513:
9511:
9510:Suheir Atassi
9508:
9506:
9503:
9501:
9498:
9496:
9493:
9491:
9490:Fida al-Sayed
9488:
9486:
9483:
9481:
9478:
9476:
9473:
9471:
9468:
9466:
9463:
9461:
9458:
9456:
9453:
9451:
9448:
9446:
9445:Riad al-Asaad
9443:
9439:
9436:
9434:
9433:Rami Makhlouf
9431:
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9409:
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9309:
9306:
9304:
9301:
9299:
9296:
9294:
9291:
9289:
9286:
9285:
9283:
9281:
9280:Islamic State
9277:
9274:
9272:
9268:
9258:
9255:
9253:
9250:
9248:
9245:
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9240:
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9068:
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9060:
9058:
9057:Army of Glory
9055:
9053:
9050:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9040:
9039:
9037:
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9027:
9024:
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8505:
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8494:
8491:
8489:
8488:Daraa clashes
8486:
8484:
8481:
8479:
8476:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8466:
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8427:
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8420:
8419:Afrin bombing
8417:
8415:
8412:
8411:
8409:
8407:
8402:
8397:
8391:
8390:US airstrikes
8388:
8386:
8383:
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8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8361:
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8356:
8353:
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8348:
8346:
8345:June bombings
8343:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8313:
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8308:
8307:
8305:
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8299:
8295:
8290:
8285:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
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8191:
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8168:
8163:
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8149:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
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8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7946:
7944:
7942:
7938:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7836:
7833:
7832:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7727:
7725:
7723:
7719:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7576:
7574:
7571:
7569:
7566:
7565:
7563:
7561:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7474:
7471:
7470:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7457:
7454:
7453:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7411:Maan massacre
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7386:
7385:
7382:
7381:
7379:
7377:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7326:Adra massacre
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7295:
7292:
7291:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7278:
7275:
7274:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7261:
7258:
7257:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7237:
7235:
7233:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7196:
7193:
7192:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7179:
7176:
7175:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7147:
7144:
7143:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7121:
7120:
7117:
7113:
7110:
7109:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7076:
7073:
7072:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7047:
7045:
7043:
7039:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6983:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6961:Siege of Homs
6959:
6957:
6956:Siege of Hama
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6918:
6916:
6914:
6910:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6836:
6834:
6832:
6831:
6826:
6822:
6818:
6813:
6809:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6786:
6784:
6780:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6715:
6713:
6709:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6694:
6692:
6688:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6658:
6656:
6652:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6627:
6625:
6621:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6589:Belligerents
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6551:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6534:
6530:
6526:
6519:
6514:
6512:
6507:
6505:
6500:
6499:
6496:
6490:
6487:
6486:
6466:
6462:
6455:
6440:
6436:
6429:
6420:
6414:
6410:
6406:
6405:
6397:
6381:
6377:
6371:
6355:
6351:
6345:
6338:
6334:
6328:
6320:
6314:
6306:
6304:9780191751387
6300:
6296:
6292:
6288:
6287:
6279:
6263:
6259:
6252:
6236:
6232:
6226:
6218:
6212:
6196:
6192:
6186:
6170:
6166:
6160:
6144:
6140:
6133:
6126:
6122:
6119:
6114:
6107:
6103:
6100:
6095:
6079:
6075:
6069:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6038:
6030:
6026:
6019:
6011:
6005:
5989:
5985:
5979:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5948:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5926:
5919:
5917:
5909:
5893:
5887:
5880:
5876:
5870:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5846:
5844:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5812:
5810:
5793:
5789:
5783:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5753:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5723:
5721:
5719:
5717:
5700:
5696:
5690:
5674:
5670:
5663:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5628:
5620:
5604:
5600:
5594:
5586:
5580:
5564:
5558:
5550:
5544:
5528:
5522:
5514:
5507:
5500:
5492:
5486:
5470:
5464:
5449:
5445:
5438:
5430:
5424:
5408:
5402:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5367:
5359:
5344:
5340:
5334:
5318:
5314:
5308:
5292:
5288:
5282:
5266:
5262:
5256:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5222:
5206:
5202:
5201:
5196:
5190:
5174:
5170:
5163:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5133:
5126:
5122:
5119:
5114:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5096:
5091:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5073:
5067:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5049:
5043:
5036:
5035:
5030:
5026:
5023:
5018:
5011:
5007:
5004:
4999:
4992:
4988:
4985:
4980:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4962:
4957:
4950:
4949:
4944:
4940:
4937:
4931:
4924:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4896:
4880:
4876:
4870:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4848:
4843:
4836:
4832:
4829:
4824:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4793:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4763:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4732:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4702:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4672:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4642:
4626:
4622:
4616:
4614:
4602:
4595:
4589:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4559:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4529:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4499:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4469:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4439:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4409:
4407:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4376:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4345:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4315:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4285:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4255:
4239:
4235:
4228:
4212:
4208:
4202:
4194:
4188:
4172:
4168:
4161:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4131:
4115:
4111:
4105:
4089:
4085:
4079:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4049:
4033:
4029:
4023:
4007:
4003:
3996:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3965:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3935:
3927:
3922:|author=
3915:
3899:
3895:
3888:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3857:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3801:
3785:
3781:
3774:
3758:
3754:
3751:Kahf, Mohja.
3747:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3717:
3715:
3706:
3702:
3701:
3693:
3685:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3653:
3645:
3641:
3635:
3627:
3621:
3613:
3607:
3603:
3596:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3573:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3554:
3547:
3543:
3538:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3456:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3410:
3406:
3400:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3332:
3328:
3321:
3305:
3301:
3294:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3249:
3245:
3239:
3223:
3219:
3213:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3154:
3139:
3135:
3128:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3086:
3082:
3076:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3045:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2995:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2960:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2926:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:and the 2011
2864:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2818:Radwan Ziadeh
2816:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2807:Mashaal Tammo
2804:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2750:Marwan Habash
2748:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2711:Riyad al-Turk
2709:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2693:Riad al-Asaad
2691:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2634:
2630:
2629:Ahrar al-Sham
2626:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2532:Ahrar al-Sham
2529:
2528:Islamic Front
2526:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2482:
2478:
2477:Muhammad Awad
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:Riad al-Asaad
2463:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2390:
2384:
2380:
2370:
2361:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2342:Ahrar al-Sham
2339:
2335:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2256:
2249:
2240:
2236:
2226:
2222:
2212:
2208:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2178:
2167:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2127:
2125:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2113:Riad al-Asaad
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2075:Ahrar al-Sham
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2058:Ghassan Hitto
2053:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1956:
1952:
1951:Yasmine Merhi
1948:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1783:Islamic Front
1780:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1757:
1755:
1752:, led by the
1751:
1747:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1735:Haytham Manna
1732:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1692:Haytham Manna
1689:
1683:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1486:press freedom
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1393:Suheir Atassi
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1364:
1359:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1335:
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10375:Demographics
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10100:Headquarters
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9550:Randa Kassis
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9495:Riad al-Turk
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2973:
2963:
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2845:Samar Yazbek
2824:Randa Kassis
2768:human rights
2725:human rights
2678:Aref Dalilah
2559:
2458:Paramilitary
2432:
2416:
2394:
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778:Governorates
674:Human rights
662:Constitution
649:Coat of arms
573:
554:Internet TLD
531:Calling code
492:Syrian pound
480:Turkish lira
362:
355:Largest city
344:Al-Tanf Base
334:
329:
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312:
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10324:South Sudan
10052:Arab League
10036:Arab League
9948:Syria Files
9630:Rami Jarrah
9560:Michel Kilo
9545:Salim Idris
9520:Aref Dalila
9293:Dokumacılar
9082:Grey Wolves
8581:Hama attack
6268:13 November
5968:21 February
5879:Kurdistan24
5855:I.B. Tauris
5832:13 November
5798:13 December
5772:14 November
5742:14 November
5705:9 September
5675:(in Arabic)
5605:(in Arabic)
5059:France Soir
5034:France Soir
4864:12 May 2012
4548:2 September
4518:13 November
4395:13 November
4365:26 November
4236:. Reuters.
4120:21 December
4094:21 December
4068:21 December
4058:Global Post
4038:19 November
4012:19 November
3975:World Wires
3954:21 December
3790:11 November
3389:29 February
3363:2 September
3337:24 November
3310:29 February
3283:1 September
3055:Enab Baladi
2936:Asia portal
2882:Hussam Awak
2805:politician
2799:Fares Tammo
2766:writer and
2760:Michel Kilo
2403:and Syria.
2150:Siham Qaryo
2028:Qadri Jamil
1805:no-fly zone
1720:Ahmad Jarba
1338:Kurdish PYD
1200:Arab Spring
1073:coup d'Ă©tat
1008:Arab League
737:Legislature
702:President:
574:Preceded by
445:Legislature
10442:Categories
10317:Candidates
10217:Mauritania
10151:Membership
10133:Arab Union
10128:Parliament
9736:Casualties
9325:and allies
9313:Liwa Dawud
8967:Opposition
8780:Elsewhere:
7520:Idlib Raid
6830:Background
6676:Ceasefires
6386:7 December
6360:25 January
6350:"Our Team"
6241:20 January
5935:Al-Monitor
5297:26 October
5245:5 February
5211:5 February
5179:5 February
4885:21 January
4813:25 January
4782:25 January
4418:Reuters UK
4334:26 October
4304:26 October
4274:20 January
3869:. London.
3846:26 October
3820:26 October
3763:21 January
3658:Samir Aita
3588:Al Jazeera
3527:7 November
3501:20 January
3475:25 January
3415:10 October
3273:BBC Arabic
3271:. London:
3253:29 January
3177:29 January
3164:The Nation
3143:29 January
3117:29 January
3091:29 January
3065:28 January
3005:Al-Monitor
2955:References
2740:Maher Arar
2723:, leading
2481:Ali Basher
2445:) and the
2186:Controlled
2154:Farid Atti
2041:Governance
2030:. It is a
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393:Government
381:Demonym(s)
164:March 2018
117:March 2018
94:neutrality
57:improve it
10337:Diplomacy
10308:Venezuela
10281:Observers
10232:Palestine
10095:Geography
9781:Massacres
9668:Elections
9605:Riad Seif
9271:Islamists
8597:Spillover
6844:1966 coup
6839:1963 coup
6599:Spillover
6569:Timeline
6537:Overviews
6313:cite book
6084:9 October
6058:4 October
5654:234838604
5393:201528149
5323:25 August
5271:15 August
5200:Jadaliyya
5152:5 January
5083:France 24
4488:16 August
4355:Jadaliyya
4244:4 January
4217:4 January
4187:cite news
4177:4 January
3985:24 August
3914:cite news
3904:24 August
3620:cite book
3172:0027-8378
2764:Christian
2742:, Syrian-
2715:communist
2702:Riad Seif
2032:communist
1651:Stockholm
1490:democracy
1389:Riad Seif
783:Districts
686:Executive
522:Drives on
503:Time zone
346:(used by
105:talk page
63:talk page
10182:Djibouti
10110:Military
10072:Politics
9994:Category
9786:Refugees
9323:al-Qaeda
6817:Timeline
6337:Archived
6262:Archived
6235:Archived
6201:7 August
6175:7 August
6149:7 August
6143:Archived
6121:Archived
6102:Archived
6078:Archived
6052:Archived
6029:Refworld
5994:1 August
5962:Archived
5826:Archived
5792:Archived
5766:Archived
5736:Archived
5699:Archived
5579:cite web
5543:cite web
5485:cite web
5423:cite web
5291:Archived
5265:Archived
5239:Archived
5205:Archived
5173:Archived
5146:Archived
5121:Archived
5098:Archived
5075:Archived
5051:Archived
5025:Archived
5006:Archived
4987:Archived
4964:Archived
4939:Archived
4916:10 March
4910:Archived
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4831:Archived
4807:Archived
4776:Archived
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4715:Archived
4685:Archived
4661:3 August
4625:Archived
4512:Archived
4482:Archived
4452:Archived
4389:Archived
4385:BBC News
4359:Archived
4328:Archived
4298:Archived
4268:Archived
4238:Archived
4211:Archived
4171:Archived
4144:Archived
4140:BBC News
4062:Archived
4032:Archived
3948:Archived
3944:Al Ahram
3898:Archived
3871:Archived
3840:Archived
3814:Archived
3730:Archived
3707:(3): 92.
3660:(2015).
3580:Archived
3561:Archived
3546:PDF link
3521:Archived
3495:Archived
3445:8 August
3439:Archived
3409:Archived
3357:Archived
3331:Archived
3304:Archived
3277:Archived
3138:BBC News
3085:BBC News
3009:Archived
2978:Archived
2922:See also
2744:Canadian
2728:activist
2631:and the
2548:and the
2146:Ain Issa
1980:Damascus
1884:Istanbul
1666:de facto
1451:Istanbul
1266:Istanbul
1258:Istanbul
1250:Brussels
1176:Assadist
948:ۧÙÙ
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476:Currency
359:Damascus
335:de facto
322:de facto
309:Damascus
98:disputed
10380:Economy
10298:Eritrea
10288:Armenia
10262:Tunisia
10247:Somalia
10222:Morocco
10207:Lebanon
10177:Comoros
10172:Bahrain
10167:Algeria
10159:Members
10105:History
10085:Council
10080:Charter
9658:Related
9230:Support
8881:PFLP-GC
8683:Lebanon
8563:Jan-Dec
8509:JanâDec
8455:JanâDec
8406:JanâDec
8302:SepâDec
8298:MayâAug
8294:JanâApr
8175:SepâDec
8171:MayâAug
8167:JanâApr
7941:SepâDec
7937:MayâAug
7933:JanâApr
7722:SepâDec
7718:MayâAug
7714:JanâApr
7560:AugâDec
7556:JanâJul
7376:AugâDec
7372:JanâJul
7232:MayâDec
7228:JanâApr
7042:SepâDec
7038:MayâAug
7034:JanâApr
6913:SepâDec
6909:MayâAug
6905:JanâApr
5171:. CNN.
4948:Reuters
4858:Liz Sly
4752:27 June
4721:27 June
4691:27 June
4150:22 June
3896:. CNN.
3877:14 July
3736:22 June
3726:bbc.com
3668:(ed.).
3662:"Syria"
3036:Reuters
2903:Kurdish
2877:Morocco
2803:Kurdish
2660:abroad.
2520:Al-Tanf
2506:al-Tanf
2124:secular
2111:, Col.
1994:Lebanon
1793:secular
1781:to the
1585:Kurdish
1577:Reuters
1445:or the
1232:Antalya
1206:History
1194:As the
1116:Alawite
1038:(HTS).
773:Capital
638:Symbols
398:Unitary
363:claimed
313:claimed
305:Capital
292:al-Tanf
154:updated
10293:Brazil
10202:Kuwait
10197:Jordan
9729:Issues
9428:Rifaat
9418:Bashar
9388:People
9120:Turkey
8789:(Iran)
8722:Turkey
6559:Rojava
6470:18 May
6444:18 May
6415:
6301:
5898:12 May
5861:
5679:12 May
5652:
5642:
5609:12 May
5569:12 May
5533:12 May
5475:12 May
5453:12 May
5413:12 May
5391:
5381:
5348:12 May
4631:26 May
4262:. The
3680:
3608:
3465:Xinhua
3170:
2869:winner
2619:Turkey
2601:Turkey
2401:Russia
2244:
2231:
2217:
2203:
2196:) and
2184:
2182:
2173:
2014:Turkey
2008:, the
2006:Cyprus
2002:Kuwait
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1809:Kosovo
1710:, the
1706:, the
1610:, the
1599:" for
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1455:Turkey
1441:, the
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944:Arabic
900:Arabic
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386:Syrian
374:Arabic
290:
275:
260:
211:Arabic
207:
10402:Sport
10303:India
10272:Yemen
10257:Syria
10252:Sudan
10237:Qatar
10212:Libya
10187:Egypt
10062:Lists
9423:Maher
9110:Qatar
8824:Syria
6554:Syria
5650:S2CID
5509:(PDF)
5389:S2CID
4711:Rudaw
4604:(PDF)
4597:(PDF)
3664:. In
3015:8 May
2984:8 May
2884:, ex-
2754:Assad
2713:, ex-
2615:Idlib
2344:-led
1381:Qatar
1184:ulema
1167:shura
1162:ulema
932:Syria
526:right
331:Idlib
10368:Life
10227:Oman
10192:Iraq
10090:Flag
8636:Iraq
8558:2023
8504:2022
8450:2021
8401:2020
8289:2019
8162:2018
7928:2017
7709:2016
7551:2015
7367:2014
7223:2013
7029:2012
6900:2011
6472:2023
6446:2023
6413:ISBN
6388:2011
6362:2013
6319:link
6299:ISBN
6270:2018
6243:2014
6203:2011
6177:2011
6151:2011
6086:2011
6060:2011
5996:2020
5970:2017
5900:2023
5859:ISBN
5834:2018
5800:2017
5774:2018
5744:2018
5707:2013
5681:2023
5640:ISBN
5611:2023
5585:link
5571:2023
5549:link
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