569:. They may have material-saving design features such as using the least metal, occupying the least space necessary, or having the lowest production cost. These design restrictions often result in a cost-effective design that does not do the most efficient job of venting the gases from the engine. Inefficiencies generally occur due to the nature of the combustion engine and its cylinders. Since cylinders fire at different times, exhaust leaves them at different times, and pressure waves from gas emerging from one cylinder might not be completely vacated through the exhaust system when another comes. This creates back pressure and restriction in the engine's exhaust system, restricting the engine's actual performance possibilities.
1089:
682:(also called 'cannons' or 'hotdogs') are straight-through design mufflers that consist of an inner perforated tube, an outer solid tube, and fiberglass sound insulation between the two tubes. They often have less back pressure than original equipment mufflers, but are relatively ineffective at reducing sound levels. Another common type of muffler is the chambered muffler, which consists of a series of concentric or eccentric pipes inside the expansion chamber cavity. These pipes allow sound to travel into them and cause the sound waves to bounce off the closed, flat ends of the pipe. These reflections partially cancel each other out, reducing the sound level.
621:. Generally, most car performance enthusiasts buy aftermarket headers made by companies solely focused on producing reliable, cost-effective, well-designed headers specifically for their cars. Headers can also be custom-designed by a specialty shop. Due to the advanced materials that some aftermarket headers are made of, this can be expensive. An exhaust system can be custom-built for many vehicles and generally is not specific to the car's engine or design except for needing to properly connect solidly to the engine. This is usually accomplished by correct sizing in the design stage and selecting a proper gasket type and size for the engine.
695:
800:, lake pipes evolved a function of practicality. In typical instances, their manifolds routed straight out the front wheel wells posing an asphyxiation risk to the race driver, "lake pipes" were fashioned, extending from the header flange along the rocker panels, bottom side of the vehicle, beneath the doors, thus allowing (1) suspension tuners a lower ride height sufficient for land speed record attempts, and (2) engine tuners ease and flexibility of interchanging different exhaust manifolds without hoisting the vehicle, thus precluding having to wrench undercarriage of the vehicle.
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442:'s GSX-R, often have a twin exhaust system. A "full system" may be bought as an aftermarket accessory, also called a 4-2-1 or 4–1, depending on its layout. In the past, these bikes would come as standard with a single exhaust muffler. This practice lasted until the early 2000s when EU noise and pollution regulations effectively forced companies to use other methods to increase the motorcycle's performance.
664:
1222:
203(a)(3)(A) and (B) of the Clean Air Act (Act). In addition to federal law, forty-five of the fifty States have statutes or regulations prohibiting tampering with pollution control equipment on motor vehicles or driving or selling such vehicles. Thus, vehicle owners who tamper with their vehicles may be subject to substantial penalties under federal and state law.
726:
justification for this was that luxury cars in those days had such an extended rear overhang that the exhaust pipe scraped the ground when the car traversed ramps. The fashion disappeared after customers noted that the rear end of the vehicle is a low-pressure area that collected soot from the exhaust, and its acidic content ate into the chrome-plated rear bumper.
714:). The side of a passenger car on which the exhaust exits beneath the rear bumper usually indicates the market for which the vehicle was designed, i.e., Japanese (and some older British) vehicles have exhausts on the right so they are furthest from the curb in countries which drive on the left, while European vehicles have exhausts on the left.
815:
archetypes, in tandem with smog abatement legislation rendered lake pipes obsolete as a performance option. There is no meaningful performance gain for contemporary vehicles; lake pipes are aesthetic accessories usually chrome-plated. Some allow the driver to control whether the exhaust gas is routed
641:
Catalytic converters can cause back pressure if clogged or not designed for the required flow rate. In these situations, upgrading or removal of the catalytic converter can increase power at high revs. However, the catalytic converter is vital to the vehicle's emission control systems. Therefore, a
572:
Regardless of the negative attributes of steel tube exhaust outlet configurations, engineers who design engine components choose conventional cast iron exhaust manifolds because they list positive attributes, such as an array of heat management properties and superior longevity to any other type of
585:
the exhaust from the cylinders. Headers are generally circular steel tubing with bends and folds calculated to make the paths from each cylinder's exhaust port to the common outlet all equal length and joined at narrow angles to encourage pressure waves to flow through the outlet, not back towards
725:
In the late 1950s, in the United States, manufacturers had a fashion in car styling to form the rear bumper with a hole at each end through which the exhaust would pass. Two outlets symbolized V8 engines. Many expensive cars (Cadillac, Lincoln, Imperial, Packard) were fitted with this design. One
1221:
Under federal law, catalytic converters may not be removed and replaced with "converter replacement pipes" by any person. The Clean Air Act of 1990 prohibits private individuals from installing "converter replacement pipes" on their vehicles. Anyone who installs such pipes would violate section
650:
The piping that connects all of the individual components of the exhaust system is called the exhaust pipe. If the diameter is too small, power at high RPM will be reduced. Piping diameter that is too large can reduce torque at low RPM and can cause the exhaust system to be lower to the ground,
756:
In some trucks, when the silencer (muffler) is front-to-back under the chassis, the end of the tailpipe turns and blows downwards. That protects anyone near a stationary truck from getting a direct blast of the exhaust gas but often raises dust when driving on a dry, dusty surface such as on a
637:
systems) eliminate the catalytic converter. It is a U.S. legal requirement to have a catalytic converter. Converters may not be removed from a vehicle that is used only for "off-road" driving in the United States. The main purpose of a catalytic converter on an automobile is to reduce harmful
597:
A common method of increasing an engine's power output is using upgraded headers. The increased power output is often due to a result of a larger cross-section area of the pipes (reducing the resistance on the exhaust gasses) and designing the pipe lengths so that the pressure wave assists in
675:
typically reduces the noise level from the tailpipe by bouncing sound waves off of the back, front, and sides of the muffler. They are designed to meet the maximum allowable noise level required by government regulations. However, some original equipment mufflers are a significant source of
990:
and reducing the amount of heat from the exhaust being lost into the underbonnet area. This reduces the underbonnet temperature and consequently lowers the intake manifold temperature, increasing power. This also has a positive side effect of preventing damage to heat-sensitive components.
258:
A typical exhaust system. The parts' names translate as follows: Krümmer: manifold (in this case, the exhaust manifold); Hosenrohr: downpipe; Katalysator: catalytic converter; Mittelschalldämpfer: middle silencer (or center muffler); Vorschalldämpfer: front silencer (or pre-muffler);
638:
emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere. They work by transforming the polluted exhaust components into water and carbon dioxide. There is a light-off temperature from which catalytic converters start to be efficient and work properly.
524:
Feeding water into the exhaust pipe cools the exhaust gas and thus lessens the back-pressure at the engine's cylinders. In marine service, the exhaust manifold is often integral to a heat exchanger that allows seawater to cool a closed system of freshwater circulating within the
780:
architecture vehicles with altered geometry suspensions, lake pipes evolved to become a front-engined vehicle exhaust archetype crafted by specialty motorsport engine specialists of the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s, whose focus was the optimization of the
654:
On cars with two sets of exhaust pipes, a crossover pipe is often used to connect the two pipes. Typical designs of crossover pipes are a perpendicular pipe ('H-pipe', due to their shape) or angled pipes that slowly merge and separate ('X-pipe').
458:, all or most of the exhaust system is visible, often with a vertical exhaust pipe. Usually, in such trucks, the silencer is surrounded by a perforated metal sheath to avoid people getting burnt from touching the hot silencer. This sheath may be
717:
The end of the final length of the exhaust pipe where it vents to open air, generally the only visible part of the exhaust system part on a vehicle, often ends with a straight or angled cut but may include a decorative tip. The tip is sometimes
685:
Resonators are sections of pipe that expand to a larger diameter and allow the sound waves to reflect off the walls and cancel out, reducing the noise level. Resonators can be used inside mufflers or as separate components in an exhaust system.
580:
is a manifold specifically designed for performance. During design, engineers create a manifold without regard to weight or cost but instead for optimal flow of the exhaust gases. This design results in a header that is more efficient at
462:
as a display feature. Part of the pipe between the engine and the silencer is often flexible metal industrial ducting, which helps to avoid vibration from the engine being transferred into the exhaust system. Sometimes, a large
610:, exhaust manifolds are usually either a 4-2-1 design (where the four pipes merge into two, followed by a separate merge of these two pipes into one) or a 4-1 design (where the four pipes directly merge into one).
379:, if they are not properly vented to the outdoors. Also, the gases from most machines are scorching; the pipe must be heat-resistant and not pass through or near anything that can burn or be damaged by heat. A
793:, where engine specialists custom-crafted, interchanged, and evaluated one-piece header manifolds of various mil thicknesses, a function of temperature, humidity, elevation, and climate they anticipated.
467:
pipe is vertical to blow the hot, toxic gas well away from people; in such cases, the end of the exhaust pipe often has a hinged metal flap to stop debris, birds, and rainwater from falling inside.
820:
which, affixed by fasteners at the terminal end of exhaust tips, serve to (1) "cap" the exhaust system when not in use and/or (2) indicate that the presence of lake pipes is merely cosmetic.
538:, the exhaust system is usually a vertical passage through the engine structure, and to reduce out-of-water noise, it blows out underwater, sometimes through the middle of the propeller.
1012:. This not only reduces heat loss and lessens back pressure, but also provides an effective way to protect the exhaust system from wear and tear, thermal degradation, and corrosion.
422:
Motorcycle exhausts come in many varieties depending on the type of engine and its intended use. A twin-cylinder bike may have independent exhaust sections, as seen in the
722:. It frequently has a larger pipe than the rest of the exhaust system. This produces a final reduction in pressure and is sometimes used to enhance the car's appearance.
1262:
864:
performance systems for cars with turbochargers. Some turbo-back (and header-back) systems replace stock catalytic converters, while others have less flow restriction.
391:) for optimal efficiency. Also, this should meet the norms of the regulations in each country. In China, China 5; In European countries, EURO 5; In India, BS-4, etc.,
836:) is part of the exhaust system from the header outlet to the final vent to open air — everything from the header back. Header-back systems are generally produced as
890:
Cat-back exhaust systems generally use pipes of larger diameters than the stock system. To reduce backpressure, the mufflers included in these kits are often
887:
to the final vent to open air. This generally includes the pipe from the converter to the muffler, the muffler, and the final length of the pipe to open air.
430:
in the US, or the GPX 250), or a single exhaust section known as a two-into-one (2-1). Four-cylinder machines, super-sport bikes like
Kawasaki's ZX series,
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1436:
1088:
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prevents manufacturers from rejecting warranty claims if the aftermarket parts are of matching quality and specifications to the original parts.
749:), sometimes the end is curved, or has a hinged cover flap which the gas flow blows out of the way, to try to prevent foreign objects (including
994:
Backpressure is most commonly reduced by replacing exhaust manifolds with headers, which have smoother bends and normally wider pipe diameters.
565:
is an assembly designed to collect exhaust gas from two or more cylinders into one pipe. In stock production cars, manifolds are often made of
189:
860:) is part of the exhaust system from the outlet of a turbocharger to the final vent to open air. Turbo-back systems are generally produced as
817:
706:
With trucks, sometimes the silencer is crossways under the front of the cab, and its tailpipe blows sideways to the offside (right side if
1000:
helps reduce exhaust heat radiating from the exhaust pipe and components. One dominant solution to aftermarket upgrades is the use of a
1076:
1299:"Developing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Models to Evaluate Available Energy in Exhaust Systems of Diesel Light-Duty Vehicles"
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1194:
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that squeezes more air and fuel into the cylinder during the intake stroke. This provides greater power and fuel efficiency. See
1330:
894:. If the system is engineered more for show than functionality, it may be tuned to enhance the lower sounds from high-RPM low-
2160:
141:
113:
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An exhaust pipe must be carefully designed to carry toxic and noxious gases away from the users of the machine. Indoor
120:
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associated with high-output internal combustion engines. The name is derived from their use on the vast, empty, dry
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A consequence of the problematic nature of the adaptation of large-diameter exhaust tubing to the undercarriage of
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or other significant components. These upgrades, however, can improve engine performance by reducing the exhaust
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from a bird perching on the exhaust pipe when the vehicle is not being used) getting inside the exhaust pipe.
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as a display feature. Aftermarket exhausts may be made from steel, aluminium, titanium, or carbon fiber.
307:. Depending on the overall system design, the exhaust gas may flow through one or more of the following:
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the exhaust pipe stops it from overheating the engine room where people must work to service the engine.
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of the exhaust system. These parts sometimes can void factory warranties, however the
European Union
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automotive companies, but sometimes can be bought from the high-performance parts department at car
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1331:"What you should know about using, installing or buying aftermarket catalytic converters"
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the pipe lengths are carefully calculated to enhance exhaust flow in a particular engine
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Many automotive companies offer aftermarket exhaust system upgrades as a subcategory of
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Aftermarket exhaust system including headers and a white plasma-sprayed ceramic coating
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With an onboard diesel or petrol (gasoline) engine, below-decks on marine vessels:-
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982:. This is often relatively expensive as it usually includes replacing the entire
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to the standard exhaust system or through the lake pipes. Some are equipped with
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303:. The entire system conveys burnt gases from the engine and includes one or more
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increasing the risk of it being hit and damaged while the car is moving.
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can quickly fill an enclosed space with poisonous exhaust gases such as
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Nachschalldämpfer: rear silencer (or main muffler); Endrohr: tailpipe.
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883:) refers to the portion of the exhaust system from the outlet of the
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Exhaust systems' models investigation by theoretical group methods
1128:- litigation involving right to supply aftermarket exhaust systems
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Aftermarket exhaust parts can increase peak power by reducing the
2200:
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Fernández-Yáñez, P.; Armas, O.; Gómez, A.; Gil, A. (2017-06-08).
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has a vertical exhaust pipe (called stacks or pipes behind the
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387:, it is important to have the exhaust system "tuned" (refer to
296:
1518:"Sound Quality Evaluation of Exhaust Note During Acceleration"
663:
1359:"The Power of 2.5- vs. 3-Inch Exhaust - Engine Masters Ep. 9"
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non-standard product can cause a vehicle to be unroadworthy.
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in
Britain were usually out of sight underneath the chassis.
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451:
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300:
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deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
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Tuning can change the noise of the exhaust system, known as
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499:
415:, all or most of the exhaust system is visible and may be
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730:
906:
Exhaust aftertreatments are devices or methods to meet
667:
Muffler installed in a car (view from rear of muffler)
383:
is an exhaust pipe in a stationary structure. For the
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1437:"The truth about exhaust backpressure and torque"
1126:British Leyland Motor Corp v Armstrong Patents Co
2241:
1515:
1082:Exhaust system of diesel telescopic-arm vehicle
1600:
1233:"Fact Sheet: Exhaust System Repair Guidelines"
438:'s YZF series, latterly titled R6 and R1, and
1586:
1240:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1094:Underbody of a car showing the exhaust system
803:Body-on-frame chassis architecture ceding to
796:No intrinsic performance gain to be derived,
498:uses the pressure of the exhaust to create a
267:Exhaust system of the Opel Corsa B 1.2 petrol
186:The examples and perspective in this article
403:Exhaust piping and silencer (muffler) on a
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1593:
1579:
494:, a bulge in the exhaust pipe known as an
1314:
901:
242:Learn how and when to remove this message
224:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
1659:Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve)
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958:
954:
693:
662:
550:
398:
270:
262:
253:
1269:. Göttingen Cuvillier. pp. 13–34.
689:
14:
2242:
1411:"How Mufflers Work - Inside a Muffler"
1158:How Headers Improve Engine Performance
624:
27:Part of the internal combustion engine
1574:
973:Block Exemption Regulations 1400/2002
840:performance systems for cars without
546:
481:
1389:"Exhaust Performance and Scavenging"
470:In former times, exhaust systems of
172:
99:adding citations to reliable sources
70:
29:
24:
1516:Ohsasa, Y.; Kadomatsu, K. (1995).
529:
354:
25:
2266:
1552:
1195:"Environmental Protection Agency"
1063:Dual exhaust pipes attached to a
1036:Large truck's diesel exhaust pipe
943:Selective non-catalytic reduction
509:
45:This article has multiple issues.
1558:
1087:
1075:
1056:
1041:
1029:
559:In most production engines, the
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75:
34:
1761:Overhead valve (pushrod) layout
1509:
1487:
1459:
1429:
1403:
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1369:from the original on 2021-12-13
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
1467:"Backpressure: Friend or Foe?"
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1323:
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1254:
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1161:
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823:
613:Headers are generally made by
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13:
1:
1202:US Government Printing Office
1169:"Exhaust Science Demystified"
1142:
847:
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586:other cylinders. In a set of
555:Aftermarket exhaust manifold
7:
1099:
867:
200:, discuss the issue on the
10:
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1602:Internal combustion engine
938:Carbon capture and storage
658:
385:internal combustion engine
287:is used to guide reaction
2219:
2183:
2143:
2098:
2070:Diesel particulate filter
2055:
2022:Idle air control actuator
2004:
1971:
1963:Engine control unit (ECU)
1953:
1900:
1854:
1816:
1736:
1621:
1608:
1106:Vehicle emissions control
1022:
926:Diesel particulate filter
920:Exhaust gas recirculation
645:
445:
426:EX250 (also known as the
324:to increase engine power.
2135:Viscous fan (fan clutch)
2047:Throttle position sensor
1756:Overhead camshaft layout
1049:Waste collection vehicle
1674:Core plug (freeze plug)
1261:Volkmann, Jörg (2007).
1132:Exhaust Heat Management
1116:Motor vehicle emissions
998:Exhaust heat management
573:exhaust outlet design.
490:, such as that used on
291:away from a controlled
1365:. MotorTrend Channel.
1051:'s diesel exhaust pipe
964:
902:Exhaust aftertreatment
703:
668:
592:revolutions per minute
556:
408:
346:(UK/India), to reduce
280:
268:
260:
1495:"Your Car's Warranty"
1121:Nitrogen oxide sensor
962:
955:Exhaust system tuning
697:
666:
629:Some systems (called
554:
402:
274:
266:
257:
1915:Compression ignition
1567:at Wikimedia Commons
1505:on 22 February 2015.
1004:coating applied via
932:Diesel exhaust fluid
908:emission regulations
712:driving on the right
690:Tailpipe and exhaust
206:create a new article
198:improve this article
95:improve this article
2065:Catalytic converter
1499:scuderiasystems.com
915:Catalytic converter
885:catalytic converter
708:driving on the left
671:Original equipment
625:Catalytic converter
604:inline-four engines
329:catalytic converter
2191:Knocking / pinging
1783:Combustion chamber
1417:. 19 February 2001
1399:on 12 August 2011.
1316:10.3390/app7060590
965:
791:Los Angeles County
704:
702:has four tailpipes
680:Glasspack mufflers
669:
600:exhaust scavenging
557:
547:Manifold or header
482:Two-stroke engines
409:
342:(North America) /
281:
275:Exhaust manifold (
269:
261:
2255:Engine components
2237:
2236:
2206:Stratified charge
1973:Electrical system
1955:Engine management
1788:Compression ratio
1728:Starter ring gear
1627:rotating assembly
1563:Media related to
1441:uucmotorwerks.com
1415:howstuffworks.com
1347:on 14 April 2014.
1111:Expansion chamber
496:expansion chamber
488:two-stroke engine
279:) on a car engine
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208:, as appropriate.
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16:(Redirected from
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2080:Exhaust manifold
1945:Spark plug wires
1831:Boost controller
1818:Forced induction
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1522:SAE Transactions
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1501:. Archived from
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1340:. Archived from
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1303:Applied Sciences
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1156:How Headers Work
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1006:thermal spraying
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1768:Tappet / lifter
1751:Flathead layout
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783:acoustic effect
767:
710:, left side if
692:
661:
648:
627:
549:
544:
536:outboard motors
532:
530:Outboard motors
512:
504:Kadenacy effect
484:
448:
434:'s CBR series,
397:
377:nitrogen oxides
373:carbon monoxide
357:
355:Design criteria
248:
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2100:Cooling system
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1649:Connecting rod
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1553:External links
1551:
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1486:
1474:veryuseful.com
1458:
1447:on 1 July 2012
1428:
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1393:autolounge.net
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676:backpressure.
660:
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623:
548:
545:
543:
540:
531:
528:
527:
526:
522:
511:
510:Marine engines
508:
483:
480:
465:diesel exhaust
447:
444:
405:Ducati Monster
396:
393:
356:
353:
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351:
336:
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318:
285:exhaust system
250:
249:
232:
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192:of the subject
190:worldwide view
185:
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83:
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26:
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2113:Water cooling
2111:
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2090:Oxygen sensor
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2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:Intake system
2003:
1997:
1996:Starter motor
1994:
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1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
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1961:
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1935:Ignition coil
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1867:Petrol engine
1865:
1863:
1862:Diesel engine
1860:
1859:
1857:
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1826:Blowoff valve
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1743:Cylinder head
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1528:: 2324–2331.
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1175:. 16 May 2005
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1017:exhaust notes
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1007:
1003:
999:
995:
992:
989:
988:back pressure
985:
981:
980:engine tuning
976:
974:
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969:back pressure
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842:turbochargers
839:
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792:
789:northeast of
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775:body-on-frame
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759:building site
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588:tuned headers
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460:chrome plated
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417:chrome plated
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389:tuned exhaust
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349:
345:
341:
337:
334:
333:air pollution
330:
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319:
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312:Cylinder head
310:
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305:exhaust pipes
302:
298:
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289:exhaust gases
286:
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277:chrome plated
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126:
122:
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115:
112: –
111:
107:
106:Find sources:
100:
96:
90:
89:
84:This article
82:
78:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
2120:Electric fan
2056:
1920:Coil-on-plug
1846:Turbocharger
1841:Supercharger
1713:Main bearing
1703:Firing order
1693:Displacement
1639:Block heater
1623:Engine block
1611:Part of the
1610:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1503:the original
1498:
1489:
1477:. Retrieved
1473:
1461:
1449:. Retrieved
1445:the original
1440:
1431:
1419:. Retrieved
1414:
1405:
1397:the original
1392:
1383:
1371:. Retrieved
1362:
1353:
1342:the original
1337:
1325:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1280:. Retrieved
1266:
1256:
1244:. Retrieved
1239:
1227:
1217:
1205:. Retrieved
1201:
1189:
1177:. Retrieved
1172:
1163:
1151:
1016:
1014:
996:
993:
977:
972:
966:
905:
896:displacement
889:
880:
876:
872:
871:
857:
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851:
833:
829:
827:
805:superleggera
802:
797:
795:
771:ladder-frame
768:
755:
728:
724:
716:
705:
684:
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560:
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533:
513:
485:
469:
449:
421:
410:
369:hydrocarbons
358:
322:turbocharger
304:
284:
282:
238:
220:
211:
187:
157:
151:October 2007
148:
138:
131:
124:
117:
105:
93:Please help
88:verification
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
2144:Lubrication
2108:Air cooling
1925:Distributor
1877:Fuel filter
1855:Fuel system
1836:Intercooler
1803:Timing belt
1793:Head gasket
1723:Piston ring
1373:9 September
1363:youtube.com
1010:heat shield
862:aftermarket
838:aftermarket
834:header back
830:Header-back
824:Header-back
700:Corvette C7
619:dealerships
615:aftermarket
542:Terminology
413:motorcycles
395:Motorcycles
2244:Categories
2196:Power band
2156:Oil filter
2130:Thermostat
2075:EGT sensor
2037:MAF sensor
2032:MAP sensor
2017:Air filter
1981:Alternator
1940:Spark plug
1872:Carburetor
1798:Rocker arm
1738:Valvetrain
1669:Crankshaft
1613:Automobile
1309:(6): 590.
1143:References
892:glasspacks
858:turbo back
854:Turbo-back
848:Turbo-back
818:laker caps
765:Lake pipes
608:V8 engines
583:scavenging
492:dirt bikes
407:motorcycle
361:generators
331:to reduce
295:inside an
293:combustion
121:newspapers
50:improve it
1930:Glow plug
1892:Fuel tank
1887:Fuel pump
1654:Crankcase
1534:0096-736X
1479:31 August
1421:31 August
1179:31 August
898:engines.
813:monocoque
809:unit-body
787:lake beds
743:excavator
567:cast iron
428:Ninja 250
214:June 2011
202:talk page
56:talk page
2229:Category
2174:Dry sump
2170:Wet sump
2161:Oil pump
2125:Radiator
2042:Throttle
1902:Ignition
1773:Camshaft
1698:Flywheel
1679:Cylinder
1664:Crankpin
1542:44729295
1367:Archived
1282:17 March
1246:17 March
1207:17 March
1137:Zircotec
1100:See also
949:Scrubber
877:cat back
873:Cat-back
868:Cat-back
673:mufflers
562:manifold
450:In many
424:Kawasaki
411:In most
365:furnaces
344:silencer
196:You may
18:Tailpipe
2201:Redline
2085:Muffler
1986:Battery
1910:Magneto
1338:epa.gov
1069:muffler
1002:ceramic
881:catback
778:chassis
739:tractor
729:When a
720:chromed
659:Muffler
631:catless
594:range.
525:engine.
519:Lagging
476:lorries
456:lorries
381:chimney
340:muffler
135:scholar
2224:Portal
2012:Airbox
1991:Dynamo
1718:Piston
1708:Stroke
1687:layout
1615:series
1540:
1532:
1451:16 May
1273:
1023:Images
945:(SNCR)
875:(also
811:, and
798:per se
646:Piping
635:de-cat
602:. For
578:header
472:trucks
452:trucks
446:Trucks
440:Suzuki
436:Yamaha
297:engine
137:
130:
123:
116:
108:
2184:Other
1808:Valve
1778:Chest
1538:JSTOR
1470:(PDF)
1345:(PDF)
1334:(PDF)
1236:(PDF)
1198:(PDF)
1008:as a
928:(DPF)
922:(EGR)
751:feces
735:truck
486:In a
432:Honda
348:noise
301:stove
204:, or
142:JSTOR
128:books
2166:Sump
1683:bank
1644:Bore
1530:ISSN
1481:2019
1453:2012
1423:2019
1375:2019
1284:2017
1271:ISBN
1248:2017
1209:2017
1181:2019
879:and
856:(or
852:The
832:(or
828:The
698:The
606:and
500:pump
375:and
363:and
314:and
114:news
2151:Oil
1740:and
1625:and
1526:104
1311:doi
1263:"2"
1067:'s
1065:car
773:or
747:cab
741:or
737:or
731:bus
633:or
534:In
299:or
283:An
97:by
2246::
2172:,
1685:,
1536:.
1524:.
1520:.
1497:.
1472:.
1439:.
1413:.
1391:.
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1336:.
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1171:.
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910:.
844:.
807:,
761:.
733:,
576:A
506:.
474:/
454:/
371:,
338:A
327:A
320:A
59:.
2176:)
2168:(
1689:)
1681:(
1594:e
1587:t
1580:v
1544:.
1483:.
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1313::
1307:7
1286:.
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239:(
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221:(
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212:(
194:.
164:)
158:(
153:)
149:(
139:·
132:·
125:·
118:·
91:.
66:)
62:(
20:)
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