275:
233:
358:
By the late 15th century, Taíno had displaced earlier languages, except in western Cuba and pockets in
Hispaniola. As the Taíno culture declined during Spanish colonization, the language was replaced by Spanish and other European languages, such as English and French. It is believed to have been
359:
extinct within 100 years of contact, but possibly continued to be spoken in isolated pockets in the
Caribbean until the 19th century. As the first Indigenous language encountered by Europeans in the Americas, it was a major source of new words borrowed into European languages.
1350:
Six sentences of spoken Taíno were preserved. They are presented first in the original orthography in which they were recorded, then in a regularized orthography based on the reconstructed language and lastly in their
English translation:
371:
Classic (Eastern) Taíno, spoken in
Classic Taíno and Eastern Taíno cultural areas. These were the Lesser Antilles north of Guadeloupe, Puerto Rico, central Hispaniola, and the Turks & Caicos (from an expansion in
894:
in which "V" was an unknown or changeable vowel. This suggests that, like many other
Arawakan languages, verbal conjugation for a subject resembled the possessive prefixes on nouns. The negating prefix was
1541:
An un-official census in 1780 in the town of San German, Puerto Rico revealed a large indigenous population, which was proven by an official census in 1799 that recorded about 2,000 natives in the region.
844:
Taíno is not well attested. However, from what can be gathered, nouns appear to have had noun-class suffixes, as in other
Arawakan languages. Attested Taíno possessive prefixes are
1626:
343:
dialect is essentially unattested, but colonial sources suggest it was very similar to
Classic Taíno, and was spoken in the westernmost areas of Hispaniola, the
2551:
379:). Classic Taíno was expanding into eastern and even central Cuba at the time of the Spanish Conquest, perhaps from people fleeing the Spanish in Hispaniola.
2546:
2476:
1525:
2536:
394:
Columbus wrote that "...from Bahama to Cuba, Boriquen to
Jamaica, the same language was spoken in various slight dialects, but understood by all."
315:, it was the most common language throughout the Caribbean. Classic Taíno (Taíno proper) was the native language of the Taíno tribes living in the
2481:
2471:
238:
1762:
Payne D.L., "A classification of
Maipuran (Arawakan) languages based on shared lexical retentions", in: Derbyshire D.C., Pullum G.K. (eds.),
367:
Granberry & Vescelius (2004) distinguish two dialects, one on
Hispaniola and further east, and the other on Hispaniola and further west.
2541:
1798:
2526:
2521:
2466:
936:
285:
2491:
608:
801:
were not permitted in the onset of syllables. The only consonant permitted at the end of a syllable or word in most cases was
312:
1713:
1634:
584:
576:
2531:
2516:
1444:
Since the 2010s, there have been several publications that attempt at reconstructing modern Taíno lexicons by way of
2511:
1791:
1580:
700:
406:, but there has been little research in the area. The following phonemes are reconstructed from Spanish records:
207:
2486:
707:
17:
2506:
2040:
2003:
1556:
923:
can be interpreted as meaning "it has no past". However, the word can also be compared to the Kalinago verb
733:
717:
522:
1510:
1456:. In 2023, activist Jorge Baracutay Estevez and the Higuayagua Taino cultural organization he chairs (as "
833:
829:
818:
802:
792:
788:
777:
765:
749:
745:
641:
637:
633:
622:
618:
614:
2501:
2461:
1784:
1717:
682:
534:
2078:
2496:
2231:
2212:
1692:
1663:
591:
464:
457:
606:
2417:
2400:
1744:
1739:
776:
in modern reconstructions. There was also a high back vowel , which was often interchangeable with
328:
1453:
1445:
499:
492:
473:
2381:
2255:
2220:
1941:
1823:
570:
556:
549:
142:
81:
2361:
2356:
2376:
2288:
2202:
1461:
825:
2023:
8:
2424:
1448:
with other related Arawak languages. Puertorican linguist Javier Hernandez published his
1174:
983:
828:
was predictable and fell on the penultimate syllable of a word, unless the word ended in
645:
514:
73:
2278:
2273:
2051:
2034:
1887:
927:
meaning "to scare". This verb is shared in various Caribbean Arawakan languages such as
2192:
2083:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1961:
1931:
1897:
1851:
1807:
1560:
798:
422:
417:
134:
49:
2334:
2283:
2150:
2045:
1966:
223:
2371:
2366:
2250:
2241:
2226:
2160:
2134:
2129:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2029:
1971:
1926:
1921:
1915:
1846:
1841:
1836:
485:
444:
437:
427:
300:
2556:
2338:
2246:
1452:
in 2018 after a 16-year spanning research project with positive reception among the
2438:
2431:
2410:
2319:
2197:
2124:
2088:
2018:
1910:
1905:
1882:
1856:
1386:
1164:
114:
65:
2013:
2348:
2236:
2062:
2057:
2008:
1983:
1956:
1831:
1776:
1138:
962:
Taíno borrowed words from Spanish, adapting them to its phonology. These include
543:
432:
320:
316:
126:
95:
2386:
2329:
2324:
2314:
2265:
2155:
2104:
1977:
1866:
1280:
387:
103:
99:
69:
2455:
2298:
2293:
1194:
664:
450:
232:
200:
1469:
191:
1244:
784:
676:
659:
390:
cultural areas. These were most of Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, and the Bahamas.
324:
61:
1576:
1341:'mother of all lands' in Taíno language, 'great thing' or 'native land'
1334:
1330:
725:
669:
403:
332:
77:
1468:, a formatted 20,000 word dictionary basing on languages of the wider
1079:
1037:
694:
308:
216:
184:
274:
1190:
1073:
995:
912:
85:
1769:
Derbyshire D.C., "Arawakan languages", in: Bright, William (ed.),
304:
1320:
1223:
1124:
1097:
1091:
1067:
1031:
1013:
383:
348:
344:
340:
169:
57:
41:
1565:. Vol. 1. Philadelphia, C. S. Rafinesque. pp. 215–253.
1457:
1310:
1270:
1233:
1188:, as well as the previous English words in their Spanish form:
1106:
1085:
1055:
1049:
1001:
928:
836:
or a nasal vowel, in which case it fell on the final syllable.
282:
107:
281:
Taíno is an Extinct language according to the criteria of the
1714:"The Future of Language Learning Part 3: Preserving the Past"
1300:
1180:
1061:
1043:
1025:
1007:
53:
1684:
1655:
1290:
352:
336:
45:
1019:
813:"our grandfather". Some words are recorded as ending in
621:
realization occurred at the beginning of a word and the
1627:"The Freaky Mexican Fruit That Can Give You Splinters"
1201:
cayo, guayaba, hamaca, huracán, iguana, jutía, macana
1422:
Let's go, it is not important our master is upset.
402:
The Taíno language was not written. The Taínos used
954:. There is no known corresponding feminine suffix.
1806:
1609:
950:Masculine gender was indicated by the noun suffix
2453:
1205:maíz, manatí, manglar, cimarrón, patata, sabana,
1511:"The Origin and Survival of the Taíno Language"
1466:Hiwatahia: Hekexi Taino Language Reconstruction
632:in their transcriptions, which could represent
856:'his' (sometimes with a different vowel), and
809:, which indicated the masculine gender, as in
2552:Languages of the United States Virgin Islands
1792:
613:, which appears to have been an allophone of
239:other Pre-Columbian languages of the Antilles
1489:
1487:
1485:
1610:Granberry, Julian; Vescelius, Gary (2004).
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1799:
1785:
1555:
1493:
993:English words derived from Taíno include:
817:, which may have represented a word-final
752:is suggested by Spanish transcriptions of
273:
231:
2547:Languages of the Turks and Caicos Islands
2477:Indigenous languages of the United States
1771:International Encyclopedia of Linguistics
1559:(1836). "The Haytian or Taino Language".
1482:
1738:Estevez, Jorge Baracutay (Summer 2023).
1594:
919:which designates the past tense. Hence,
286:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
2537:Languages of the British Virgin Islands
1737:
1612:Languages of the Pre-Columbian Antilles
1368:O cama, guaxeri, guariquen caona yari.
14:
2454:
1624:
1577:"Taino Symbol What some symbols mean?"
1518:Issues in Caribbean Amerindian Studies
1439:
1416:Guaibbá, Cynato machabuca guamechina.
2482:Languages extinct in the 16th century
2472:Indigenous languages of the Caribbean
1780:
1551:
1549:
1531:from the original on December 9, 2022
1508:
1450:Primario Basíco del Taíno-Borikenaíki
1219:Place names of Taíno origin include:
628:Some Spanish writers used the letter
625:realization occurred between vowels.
1740:"Waking a Language from Its Slumber"
1382:Mayani makana, Juan desquivel daka.
1379:Mayani macaná, Juan desquivel daca.
1371:O kãma, waxeri, warikẽ kawõna yari.
1104:Taíno loanwords in Spanish include:
947:would mean "it does not frighten ".
242:
2542:Languages of the Dominican Republic
1345:
382:Ciboney (Western) Taíno, spoken in
24:
2527:Languages of Saint Martin (island)
2522:Languages of Saint Kitts and Nevis
2467:Extinct languages of North America
1618:
1614:. The University of Alabama Press.
1546:
1498:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1374:O, hear, sir, we see gold jewels.
863:Recorded conjugated verbs include
25:
2568:
1689:Diccionario de la lengua española
1660:Diccionario de la lengua española
1494:Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (2012).
1433:Our master is greatly irritated.
1419:Waibá, sinato makabuka wamekina.
1327:'great spirit of the land of man'
911:element has been compared to the
907:meant "it is not important". The
732:
716:
706:
699:
681:
590:
583:
575:
555:
548:
533:
521:
498:
491:
472:
463:
456:
2492:Languages of Antigua and Barbuda
780:and may have been an allophone.
1764:Handbook of Amazonian Languages
1756:
1731:
1695:from the original on 2023-06-02
1666:from the original on 2022-11-30
1583:from the original on 2018-07-05
899:and the attributive prefix was
805:. One exception was the suffix
410:Reconstructed Taíno consonants
1706:
1677:
1648:
1569:
1557:Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel
1502:
1214:
890:Verb-designating affixes were
13:
1:
1475:
957:
373:
1411:Speak us, our grandfather.
783:There was a parallel set of
397:
7:
1748:. Vol. 24, no. 2.
1718:National Museum of Language
1625:Ballew, Dora (2017-10-05).
1496:The Languages of the Amazon
1427:Técheta cynato guamechina.
652:Reconstructed Taíno vowels
362:
10:
2573:
1287:'crocodile' or 'alligator'
943:'to scare'). In this case
935:'to scare, frighten') and
871:("we go" or "let us go"),
839:
2399:
2347:
2307:
2264:
2211:
2185:
2178:
2143:
2097:
2071:
1949:
1940:
1896:
1875:
1822:
1815:
1773:, vol. 1, New York, 1992.
1460:") with help of linguist
1277:'nearby northern outlier'
887:("it is not important").
569:
542:
513:
443:
414:
272:
230:
214:
198:
182:
177:
160:
123:
113:
91:
37:
32:
2532:Languages of the Bahamas
2517:Languages of Puerto Rico
1430:Teketa sinato wamekina.
329:Turks and Caicos Islands
2512:Languages of Montserrat
1766:, vol. 3, Berlin, 1991.
1446:comparative linguistics
303:that was spoken by the
1267:("land") 'native land'
879:("hear", imperative),
744:A distinction between
605:There was also a flap
237:Taíno dialects, among
2487:Languages of Anguilla
1810:(Maipurean) languages
1509:Reyes, David (2004).
1408:Ahiyakawo, warokoel.
1405:Ahiacauo, guarocoel.
1357:Original orthography
892:a-, ka-, -a, -ka, -nV
82:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2507:Languages of Jamaica
2098:Central Upper Amazon
1562:The American Nations
1462:Alexandra Aikhenvald
1397:Dios naboriya daka.
1360:Reconstructed Taíno
1317:'small eastern land'
1297:'great fertile land'
1230:'large-upper-middle'
883:("speak to us") and
258: Classic Taíno
250: Ciboney Taíno
1440:Attempts at revival
1400:I am God's worker.
1394:Dios naboría daca.
1385:Do not kill , I am
1307:'land of mountains'
984:God in Christianity
787:. The nasal vowels
653:
646:Spanish orthography
411:
74:Antigua and Barbuda
2502:Languages of Haiti
2462:Arawakan languages
799:Consonant clusters
651:
409:
50:Dominican Republic
2497:Languages of Cuba
2449:
2448:
2395:
2394:
2213:Central Maipurean
2174:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2115:Baniwa of Guainia
1437:
1436:
742:
741:
603:
602:
311:. At the time of
301:Arawakan language
294:
293:
266:
265:
27:Arawakan language
16:(Redirected from
2564:
2183:
2182:
1947:
1946:
1820:
1819:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1778:
1777:
1750:
1749:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1633:. Archived from
1622:
1616:
1615:
1607:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1553:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1530:
1515:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1491:
1387:Juan de Esquivel
1354:
1353:
1346:Sample sentences
1247:, also rendered
974:("mirror", from
835:
831:
820:
804:
794:
790:
779:
767:
751:
747:
736:
720:
710:
703:
685:
654:
650:
643:
639:
635:
624:
620:
616:
612:
594:
587:
579:
559:
552:
537:
525:
502:
495:
488:
476:
467:
460:
453:
412:
408:
378:
375:
288:
277:
257:
249:
243:
235:
226:
210:
194:
187:
129:
66:Turks and Caicos
30:
29:
21:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2419:Candoshi-Shapra
2391:
2343:
2303:
2260:
2207:
2166:
2139:
2093:
2067:
1936:
1892:
1871:
1811:
1805:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1745:American Indian
1736:
1732:
1722:
1720:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1698:
1696:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1669:
1667:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1640:
1638:
1623:
1619:
1608:
1595:
1586:
1584:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1554:
1547:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1513:
1507:
1503:
1492:
1483:
1478:
1442:
1348:
1217:
1197:, canoa, casabe
1158:(also rendered
966:("sword", from
960:
842:
705:
484:
449:
400:
376:
365:
321:Lesser Antilles
317:Leeward Islands
313:Spanish contact
290:
289:
280:
268:
267:
259:
255:
251:
247:
222:
206:
203:
190:
183:
156:
130:
127:Language family
125:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2570:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2407:
2405:
2402:Macro-Arawakan
2397:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2311:
2309:
2308:Bolivia–Parana
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2270:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2217:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2187:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2075:
2073:
2072:Eastern Nawiki
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2038:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1953:
1951:
1950:Western Nawiki
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1913:
1908:
1902:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1828:
1826:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1804:
1803:
1796:
1789:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1767:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1730:
1705:
1691:(in Spanish).
1676:
1662:(in Spanish).
1647:
1617:
1593:
1568:
1545:
1501:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1328:
1318:
1308:
1298:
1288:
1281:Cayman Islands
1278:
1268:
1241:
1231:
1216:
1213:
959:
956:
841:
838:
740:
739:
737:
730:
728:
722:
721:
714:
712:
697:
691:
690:
688:
686:
679:
673:
672:
667:
662:
657:
648:of their day.
601:
600:
598:
596:
588:
581:
573:
567:
566:
564:
562:
560:
553:
546:
540:
539:
531:
529:
527:
519:
517:
511:
510:
508:
506:
504:
496:
489:
481:
480:
478:
470:
468:
461:
454:
447:
441:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
399:
396:
392:
391:
380:
364:
361:
351:, and most of
335:, and eastern
307:people of the
299:is an extinct
292:
291:
279:
278:
270:
269:
264:
263:
254:
252:
246:
241:
236:
228:
227:
220:
212:
211:
204:
199:
196:
195:
188:
180:
179:
178:Language codes
175:
174:
173:
172:
167:
162:
158:
157:
155:
154:
153:
152:
151:
150:
133:
131:
124:
121:
120:
117:
111:
110:
93:
89:
88:
70:Virgin Islands
39:
38:Native to
35:
34:
26:
18:Taino language
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2569:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2442:
2441:
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2383:
2382:Nomatsiguenga
2380:
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2221:Agavotaguerra
2219:
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2020:
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2015:
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1657:
1651:
1637:on 2020-01-26
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1016:
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870:
866:
861:
859:
855:
851:
847:
837:
827:
822:
816:
812:
808:
800:
796:
786:
781:
775:
771:
764:"ceiba". The
763:
759:
755:
738:
735:
731:
729:
727:
724:
723:
719:
715:
713:
709:
702:
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631:
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253:
245:
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229:
225:
221:
219:
218:
213:
209:
205:
202:
201:Linguist List
197:
193:
189:
186:
181:
176:
171:
168:
166:Classic Taíno
165:
164:
163:
159:
149:
146:
145:
144:
141:
140:
138:
137:
136:
132:
128:
122:
118:
116:
112:
109:
105:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
40:
36:
31:
19:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2401:
2232:Enawenê-Nawê
1942:Upper Amazon
1861:
1770:
1763:
1757:Bibliography
1743:
1733:
1721:. Retrieved
1708:
1697:. Retrieved
1688:
1679:
1668:. Retrieved
1659:
1650:
1639:. Retrieved
1635:the original
1630:
1620:
1611:
1585:. Retrieved
1571:
1561:
1540:
1535:February 19,
1533:. Retrieved
1521:
1517:
1504:
1495:
1470:Ta-Maipurean
1465:
1449:
1443:
1349:
1338:
1325:Ya-mah-ye-ka
1324:
1314:
1304:
1294:
1284:
1274:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1237:
1227:
1218:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1103:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
992:
987:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
961:
951:
949:
944:
940:
932:
924:
920:
916:
908:
904:
900:
896:
891:
889:
884:
880:
876:
875:("we see"),
872:
868:
864:
862:
857:
853:
849:
845:
843:
824:In general,
823:
814:
810:
806:
797:
785:nasal vowels
782:
773:
769:
761:
757:
753:
743:
629:
627:
604:
401:
393:
366:
357:
296:
295:
260:
215:
147:
119:19th century
2377:Matsiguenga
2289:Mashco Piro
1263:("native")
1245:Puerto Rico
1215:Place names
1175:querequequé
795:were rare.
768:is written
580:(gu/gü/hu)
571:Approximant
404:petroglyphs
377: 1200
325:Puerto Rico
143:Ta-Arawakan
62:Puerto Rico
2456:Categories
2387:Pucapucari
2256:Yawalapití
1699:2019-11-18
1670:2019-11-18
1641:2020-01-26
1587:2016-08-05
1476:References
1335:Hispaniola
1243:Boriquén (
958:Vocabulary
867:("I am"),
538:(h/j/g/x)
333:Hispaniola
331:, most of
78:Montserrat
2426:Guajiboan
2362:Ashéninga
2357:Asháninka
2193:Chamicuro
2084:Kurripako
1999:Mandawaca
1994:Mainatari
1989:Kawishana
1962:Amarizana
1932:Wapishana
1876:Palikuran
1852:Parauhano
1824:Caribbean
1464:released
1339:kis-ke-ya
1331:Quisqueya
1253:Borinquen
1139:guaraguao
1134:guanabana
1038:hurricane
937:Parauhano
925:aboúcacha
881:ahiyakawo
772:or final
515:Fricative
451:voiceless
398:Phonology
309:Caribbean
217:Glottolog
185:ISO 639-3
92:Ethnicity
2372:Caquinte
2367:Axininca
2299:Kanamaré
2251:Mehináku
2242:Saraveca
2227:Custenau
2203:Yanesha'
2179:Southern
2161:Shiriana
2135:Yavitero
2030:Warekena
2024:Resígaro
1972:Cabiyari
1927:Parawana
1922:Mawayana
1916:Mapidian
1898:Pidjanan
1847:Kalinago
1842:Garífuna
1837:Caquetio
1816:Northern
1808:Arawakan
1693:Archived
1685:"macana"
1664:Archived
1656:"casabe"
1581:Archived
1526:Archived
1472:branch.
1454:diaspora
1363:English
1305:ha-yi-ti
1228:ba-ha-ma
1191:barbacoa
1074:mangrove
996:barbecue
945:makabuka
921:makabuka
913:Kalinago
905:makabuka
903:. Hence
885:makabuka
858:to-, tu-
811:warokoel
760:, as in
423:Alveolar
418:Bilabial
363:Dialects
224:tain1254
208:tnq.html
161:Dialects
139:Northern
135:Arawakan
86:Anguilla
2440:Puquina
2433:Munichi
2320:Lapachu
2279:Iñapari
2274:Apurinã
2198:Morique
2186:Western
2125:Maipure
2089:Tariana
2052:Yabaâna
2041:Wainumá
2035:Waraikú
2019:Piapoco
2004:Mariaté
1911:Atorada
1906:Aroaqui
1888:Palikúr
1883:Marawan
1857:Shebaya
1723:10 July
1321:Jamaica
1315:i-na-wa
1275:ka-i-ko
1249:Borikén
1240:'twins'
1224:Bahamas
1181:tiburón
1125:cacique
1098:tobacco
1092:savanna
1068:manatee
1032:hammock
1014:cassava
986:, from
972:isíbuse
964:isúbara
933:bokaüya
915:suffix
860:'her'.
852:'our',
840:Grammar
821:sound.
665:Central
644:in the
477:(c/qu)
445:Plosive
438:Glottal
428:Palatal
388:Lucayan
384:Ciboney
349:Jamaica
345:Bahamas
341:Ciboney
319:of the
170:Ciboney
115:Extinct
104:Lucayan
100:Ciboney
58:Jamaica
42:Bahamas
2412:Arauán
2335:Terêna
2284:Cararí
2237:Paresí
2151:Kariaí
2130:Marawá
2120:Guinao
2079:Baniwa
2063:Yumana
2058:Yucuna
2046:Wiriná
2009:Mepuri
1967:Anauyá
1957:Achawa
1832:Lokono
1458:kasike
1311:Inagua
1295:cu-bao
1271:Caicos
1257:borĩkẽ
1238:bimini
1234:Bimini
1209:tabaco
1195:caimán
1184:, and
1165:múcaro
1160:magüey
1156:maguey
1120:batata
1116:auyama
1095:, and
1086:potato
1080:maroon
1056:macana
1050:iguana
1002:caiman
978:) and
976:espejo
968:espada
941:apüüta
929:Lokono
917:-bouca
873:warikẽ
848:'my',
826:stress
617:. The
595:(i/y)
526:(s/z)
503:(d/r)
486:voiced
339:. The
327:, the
283:UNESCO
261:
256:
248:
108:Yamaye
2557:Taíno
2349:Campa
2339:Chané
2330:Pauna
2325:Moxos
2315:Baure
2247:Waura
2156:Manao
2144:Manao
2105:Avane
1984:Guarú
1978:Cabre
1867:Wayuu
1862:Taíno
1529:(PDF)
1524:(2).
1514:(PDF)
1301:Haiti
1285:kaimã
1170:nigua
1144:jaiba
1130:caoba
1107:agutí
1062:maize
1044:hutia
1026:guava
1008:canoe
952:-(e)l
869:waibá
807:-(e)l
762:ceiba
758:ei/ey
677:Close
660:Front
611:]
607:[
544:Nasal
433:Velar
305:Taíno
297:Taíno
148:Taíno
96:Taíno
54:Haiti
33:Taíno
2294:Piro
2266:Piro
2110:Baré
2014:Pasé
1725:2024
1537:2017
1291:Cuba
1261:borĩ
1207:and
1186:tuna
1152:maní
1148:loro
988:Dios
980:Dios
909:buka
877:kãma
865:daka
791:and
748:and
726:Open
711:(e)
704:(ei)
670:Back
386:and
353:Cuba
337:Cuba
46:Cuba
2223:(?)
2163:(?)
2054:(?)
2048:(?)
2037:(?)
2026:(?)
1980:(?)
1974:(?)
1918:(?)
1631:OZY
1337:):
1265:-kẽ
1255:):
1162:),
1154:,
1112:ají
1020:cay
990:).
970:),
901:ka-
897:ma-
854:li-
850:wa-
846:da-
834:/i/
830:/e/
819:/h/
803:/s/
793:/ũ/
789:/ĩ/
778:/o/
766:/e/
756:vs
750:/e/
746:/ɛ/
695:Mid
642:/ʃ/
640:or
638:/s/
634:/h/
623:/ɾ/
619:/d/
615:/d/
192:tnq
2458::
1742:.
1716:.
1687:.
1658:.
1629:.
1596:^
1579:.
1548:^
1539:.
1520:.
1516:.
1484:^
1389:.
1323::
1313::
1303::
1293::
1283::
1273::
1259:,
1251:,
1236::
1226::
1211:.
1203:,
1199:,
1193:,
1178:,
1172:,
1168:,
1150:,
1146:,
1142:,
1136:,
1132:,
1128:,
1122:,
1118:,
1114:,
1110:,
1101:.
1089:,
1083:,
1077:,
1071:,
1065:,
1059:,
1053:,
1047:,
1041:,
1035:,
1029:,
1023:,
1017:,
1011:,
1005:,
999:,
832:,
770:ei
636:,
374:c.
355:.
347:,
323:,
106:,
102:,
98:,
84:,
80:,
76:,
72:,
68:,
64:,
60:,
56:,
52:,
48:,
44:,
2337:–
2249:–
1800:e
1793:t
1786:v
1727:.
1702:.
1673:.
1644:.
1590:.
1522:5
1333:(
982:(
939:(
931:(
815:x
774:é
754:e
734:a
718:o
708:ɛ
701:e
683:i
630:x
609:ɾ
592:j
585:l
577:w
557:n
550:m
535:h
523:s
500:d
493:b
474:k
465:t
458:p
20:)
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