2998:, which was a symbol of bravery and valor. Men who did not take heads could not cross the rainbow bridge into the spirit world upon death as per the religion of Gaya. Each tribe has its own origin story for the tradition of headhunting but the theme is similar across tribes. After the great flood, headhunting originated due to boredom (South Tsou Sa'arua, Paiwan), to improve tribal singing (Ali Mountain Tsou), as a form of population control (Atayal, Taroko, Bunun), simply for amusement and fun (Rukai, Tsou, Puyuma) or particularly for the fun and excitement of killing intellectually disabled individuals (Amis). Once the victims had been decapitated and displayed the heads were boiled and left to dry, often hanging from trees or displayed on slate shelves referred to as "skull racks". A party returning with a head was cause for celebration, as it was believed to bring good luck and the spiritual power of the slaughtered individual was believed to transfer into the headhunter. If the head was that of a woman it was even better because it meant she could not bear children. The Bunun people would often take prisoners and inscribe prayers or messages to their dead on arrows, then shoot their prisoner with the hope their prayers would be carried to the dead. Taiwanese Hoklo Han settlers and Japanese were often the victims of headhunting raids as they were considered by the indigenous to be liars and enemies. A headhunting raid would often strike at workers in the fields, or set a dwelling alight and then decapitate the inhabitants as they fled the burning structure. It was also customary to later raise the victim's surviving children as full members of the community. Often the heads themselves were ceremonially 'invited' to join the community as members, where they were supposed to watch over the community and keep them safe. The indigenous inhabitants of Taiwan accepted the convention and practice of headhunting as one of the calculated risks of community life. The last groups to practice headhunting were the Paiwan, Bunun, and Atayal groups. Japanese rule ended the practice by 1930, (though Japanese were not subject to this regulation and continued to headhunt their enemies throughout World War II) and as late as 2003 there are elder Taiwanese that could recall the practice firsthand.
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Chinese visitors and residents. Most of them were engaged in seasonal fishing, hunting, and trading. The population fluctuated throughout the year peaking during winter. A small minority brought
Chinese plants with them and grew crops such as apples, oranges, bananas, watermelons. Some estimates of the Chinese population put it at 2,000. There were two Chinese villages. The larger one was located on an island that formed the Bay of Tayouan. It was inhabited year-round. The smaller village was located on the mainland and would eventually become the city of Tainan. In the early 17th century, a Chinese man described it as being inhabited by pirates and fishermen. One Dutch visitor noted that an aboriginal village near the Sino-Japanese trade center had a large number of Chinese and there was "scarcely a house in this village . . . that does not have one or two or three, or even five or six Chinese living there." The villagers' speech contained many Chinese words and sounded like "a mixed and broken language."
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development and delivery of travel and visitation experiences to a range of individuals and groups who wish to see, understand, and experience the nature of different destinations and the way people live, work, and enjoy life in those destinations. The attitude of local people towards tourists constitutes one of the elements of a destination's tourism value chain. The attraction is a tourist area's experience theme, however the main appeal is the formation of the fundamentals of the tourism image in the region . Attraction sources can be diverse, including the area's natural resources, economic activities, customs, development history, religion, outdoor recreation activities, events and other related resources. This way, the awareness of indigenous resources constitutes an attraction to tourists. The aboriginal culture is an important indicator of tourism products' attractiveness and a new type of economic sources.
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popular
Taiwanese imagination and sometimes treated as facts in Taiwanese politics and identity. Many Taiwanese claim to be part indigenous. Chen suggests that the estimates resulted from manipulation of sample sizes. The lack of methodological rigor suggests the numbers were meant for local consumption. In all other scientific studies, genetic markers for indigenous ancestry make up a minute portion of the genome. In 2021, Marie Lin, who was the source of the larger indigenous ancestry numbers, co-authored an article stating that there are "distinct patterns of genetic structure between the Taiwanese Han and indigenous populations." The paper also suggest East Asian ancestry may have mixed with indigenous peoples in their southward expansion 4,000 years ago, which can lead to data that may be misinterpreted as recent Taiwanese Han-indigenous admixtures.
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as they all had similar political motives to protect their collective needs as part of the labor force. The indigenous became the most skilled iron-workers and construction teams on the island often selected to work on the most difficult projects. The result was a mass exodus of indigenous members from their traditional lands and the cultural alienation of young people in the villages, who could not learn their languages or customs while employed. Often, young aborigines in the cities fall into gangs aligned with the construction trade. Recent laws governing the employment of laborers from
Indonesia, Vietnam and the Philippines have also led to an increased atmosphere of xenophobia among urban indigenous, and encouraged the formulation of a pan-indigenous consciousness in the pursuit of political representation and protection.
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assaults. By
January 1915, all indigenous peoples in northern Taiwan were forced to hand over their guns to the Japanese, however head hunting and assaults on police stations by indigenous still continued after that year. Between 1921 and 1929 Aboriginal raids died down, but a major revival and surge in Aboriginal armed resistance erupted from 1930 to 1933 for four years during which the Musha Incident occurred and Bunun carried out raids, after which armed conflict again died down. According to a 1933-year book, wounded people in the Japanese war against the Aboriginals numbered around 4,160, with 4,422 civilians dead and 2,660 military personnel killed. According to a 1935 report, 7,081 Japanese were killed in the armed struggle from 1896 to 1933 while the Japanese confiscated 29,772 indigenous people's guns by 1933.
2911:, argued that "the reason that Taiwan is being coveted by is that the land is too empty." He recommended subjugating the indigenous and populating their territory with Chinese settlers. As a result, the administration of Taiwan was expanded and campaigns against the indigenous were launched. The two sub-prefects responsible for indigenous affairs were moved to inner Shushalian (Puli) and eastern Taiwan (Beinan), the focal points for colonization. Starting in 1874, mountain roads were built to make the region more accessible and indigenous people were brought into formal submission to the Qing. In 1875, the ban on entering Taiwan was lifted. In 1877, 21 guidelines on subjugating indigenous peoples and opening the mountains were issued. Agencies for recruiting settlers were established on the coastal mainland and in
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2711:, guaranteed by the Qing, were owned by the communities and their individual members. The communities would commonly offer Han farmers a permanent patent for use, while maintaining ownership (skeleton) of the subsoil (田骨), which was called "two lords to a field" (一田兩主). The Plains peoples were often cheated out of land or pressured to sell at unfavorable rates. Some disaffected subgroups moved to central or eastern Taiwan, but most remained in their ancestral locations and acculturated or assimilated into Han society. Despite this, the vast majority of rebellions did not originate from indigenous peoples but the Han settlers, and the mountain aborigines were left to their own devices until the last 20 years of Qing rule. During the
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Taiwan, but the idea that
Taiwanese people are not overwhelmingly descended from Han settlers is false. According to Akatuang, Taiwan's independence should not be founded on the idea of genetic lineages and these people who believe in the blood line theory "ignore scientific evidence because they want to believe they are different from China." This harmed the legitimacy of the Pingpu movement for recognition and reparations and was deeply insulting: "The Pingpu were the first of Taiwan's Indigenous peoples to face colonization. After the Han people came, they stole our land. They murdered our ancestors. Then after a few hundred years, they said we were the same people. Do you think a Pingpu person can accept this?"
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indigenous people out of settlement areas. The policy of marking settler boundaries and segregating them from indigenous territories became official policy in 1722 in response to the Zhu Yigui uprising. Fifty-four stelae were used to mark crucial points along the settler-indigenous boundary. Han settlers were forbidden from crossing into indigenous territory but settler encroachment continued, and the boundaries were rebuilt in 1750, 1760, 1784, and 1790. Settlers were forbidden from marrying indigenous as marriage was one way settlers obtained land. While the settlers drove colonization and acculturation, the Qing policy of quarantine dented the impact on aborigines, especially mountain indigenous people.
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Saichong'a the establishment of administration and land surveys in
Gamalan. Saichong'a initially refused but then changed his mind and sent a memorial to the emperor in 1808 recommending the incorporation of Gamalan. The issue was discussed by the central government officials and for the first time, one official went on record saying that if aboriginal territory was incorporated, not only would it end the pirate threat but the government would stand to profit from the land itself. In 1809, the emperor ordered for Gamalan to be incorporated. The next year an imperial decree for the formal incorporation of Gamalan was issued and a Gamalan sub-prefect was appointed.
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following
Japanese colonial period due to the absence of state sponsored land deprivation for the majority of Qing rule. In the 50-year period of Japanese rule that followed, the Taiwanese aborigines lost their right to legal ownership of land and were confined to small reserves one-eighth the size of their ancestral lands. However even had Japan not taken over Taiwan, the plains indigenous were on the way to losing their residual rights to land. By the last years of Qing rule, most of the plains aborigines had been acculturated to Han culture, around 20–30% could speak their mother tongues, and gradually lost their land ownership and rent collection rights.
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customs would be better suited to lead villages. The
Japanese encouraged aborigines to maintain traditional costumes and selected customs that were not considered detrimental to society, but invested much time and money in efforts to eliminate traditions deemed unsavory by Japanese culture, including tattooing. By the mid-1930s as Japan's empire was reaching its zenith, the colonial government began a political socialization program designed to enforce Japanese customs, rituals and a loyal Japanese identity upon the aborigines. By the end of World War II, aborigines whose fathers had been killed in pacification campaigns were volunteering to serve in
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2101:/matrifocal societies. A man married into a woman's family after a courtship period during which the woman was free to reject as many men as she wished. In the age-grade communities, couples entered into marriage in their mid-30s when a man would no longer be required to perform military service or hunt heads on the battle-field. In the matriarchal system of the Siraya, it was also necessary for couples to abstain from marriage until their mid-30s, when the bride's father would be in his declining years and would not pose a challenge to the new male member of the household. It was not until the arrival of the
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roughly 90,000 indigenous had formally submitted to Qing rule. This number increased to 800 villages with 148,479 indigenous over the following years. However the cost of getting them to submit was exorbitant. The Qing offered them materials and paid village chiefs monthly allowances. Not all the indigenous were under effective control and land reclamation in eastern Taiwan occurred at a slow pace. From 1884 to 1891, Liu launched more than 40 military campaigns against the aborigines with 17,500 soldiers. A third of the invasion force was killed or disabled in the conflict, amounting to a costly failure.
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2868:. The "displacement scenario" may also stem from the inland migrations of Plains indigenous subgroups, who were displaced by either Han or other Plains indigenous and chose to move to the Iilan plain in 1804, the Puli basin in 1823 and another Puli migration in 1875. Each migration consisted of a number of families and totaled hundreds of people, not entire communities. There are also recorded oral histories that recall some Plains indigenous people were sometimes captured and killed by Highlands peoples while relocating through the mountains. However, as
2969:), native to the island and in particular the mountainous areas. The production and shipment of camphor (used in herbal medicines and mothballs) was then a significant industry on the island, lasting up to and including the period of Japanese rule. These early encounters often involved headhunting parties from the Highland peoples, who sought out and raided unprotected Han forest workers. Together with traditional Han concepts of Taiwanese behavior, these raiding incidents helped to promote the Qing-era popular image of the "violent" aborigine.
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2447:), the Dutch subjugated and burned Mattau. Since Mattau was the most powerful village in the area, the victory brought a spate of peace offerings from other nearby villages, many of which were outside the Siraya area. This was the beginning of Dutch consolidation over large parts of Taiwan, which brought an end to centuries of inter-village warfare. The new period of peace allowed the Dutch to construct schools and churches aimed to acculturate and convert the indigenous population. Dutch schools taught a romanized script (
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However, the mid-1930s marked a shift in the intercultural dynamic, as the
Japanese began to play a far more dominant role in the culture of the Highland groups. This increased degree of control over the Mountain peoples continued during Kuomintang rule. Within these two broad eras, there were many differences in the individual and regional impact of the colonizers and their "civilizing projects". At times the foreign powers were accepted readily, as some communities adopted foreign clothing styles and cultural practices (
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the island became incorporated into the wider global economy by a succession of competing colonial regimes from Europe and Asia. In some cases groups of indigenous resisted colonial influence, but other groups and individuals readily aligned with the colonial powers. This alignment could be leveraged to achieve personal or collective economic gain, collective power over neighboring villages or freedom from unfavorable societal customs and taboos involving marriage, age-grade and child birth.
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invited to the apology, who only counted officials rather than traditional leaders, were was also criticized. Aboriginal
Transitional Justice Alliance president Kumu Hacyo described the apology as "a political show that was put on in an extremely bureaucratic fashion" lacking in sincerity and evasive in nature. In response to the "apology" ceremony held by Tsai, KMT Aboriginal lawmakers refused to attend. Indigenous peoples demanded that recompense from Tsai to accompany the apology.
1866:. In addition, legal barriers to the use of traditional surnames persisted until the 1990s, and cultural barriers remain. Indigenous peoples were not permitted to use their indigenous traditional names on official identification cards until 1995 when a ban on using indigenous names dating from 1946 was finally lifted. One obstacle is that household registration forms allow a maximum of 15 characters for personal names. However, indigenous names are still phonetically translated into
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which drew more than a hundred fishing junks from Fujian each year during winter. The fishing season lasted six to eight weeks. Some of them camped on Taiwan's shores and many began trading with the indigenous people for deer products. The southwestern Taiwanese trade was of minor importance until after 1567 when it was used as a way to circumvent the ban on Sino-Japanese trade. The Chinese bought deerskins from the aborigines and sold them to the Japanese for a large profit.
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benefit the Imperial government by consolidating administrative control over the entire island, opening up vast tracts of land for exploitation. To satisfy these needs, "the Japanese portrayed and catalogued Taiwan's indigenous peoples in a welter of statistical tables, magazine and newspaper articles, photograph albums for popular consumption". The Japanese based much of their information and terminology on prior Qing era narratives concerning degrees of "civilization".
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3561:) was often used against the Plains indigenous by the Taiwanese. The Hoklo Taiwanese term was forced upon indigenous like the Pazeh. In November 2016, a racist anti-indigenous slur was also used by Chiu Yi-ying, a DPP Taiwanese legislator, who said that the term meant "‘unreasonable people" and was meant to describe the actions of KMT lawmakers. KMT caucus whip Sufin Siluko accused Chiu of directing the term at himself and another indigenous KMT legislator.
2414:. However, Spanish influence wavered almost from the beginning, so that by the late 1630s they had already withdrawn most of their troops. After they were driven out of Taiwan by a combined Dutch and aboriginal force in 1642, the Spanish "had little effect on Taiwan's history". Dutch influence was far more significant: expanding to the southwest and north of the island, they set up a tax system and established schools and churches in many villages.
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3375:: "although certainly more 'equal' than they were 20, or even 10, years ago, the indigenous inhabitants in Taiwan still remain on the lowest rungs of the legal and socioeconomic ladders". On the other hand, bright spots are not hard to find. A resurgence in ethnic pride has accompanied the indigenous cultural renaissance, which is exemplified by the increased popularity of aboriginal music and greater public interest in indigenous culture.
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essence manufacturing a genealogy based on names rather than blood, and taking the place of the kinship organizations commonly found in China. The practice was so widespread that today's family books are largely unreliable. Many Plains indigenous joined the brotherhoods to gain protection of the collective as a type of insurance policy against regional strife, and through these groups they took on a Han identity with a Han lineage.
3413:. Following the success in addressing the UN, the "Return Our Land" movement evolved into the Aboriginal Constitution Movement, in which the indigenous representatives demanded appropriate wording in the ROC Constitution to ensure indigenous Taiwanese "dignity and justice" in the form of enhanced legal protection, government assistance to improve living standards in indigenous communities, and the right to identify themselves as "
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2574:, dispatched teachers to indigenous tribes to provide them with supplies and teach them more advanced farming techniques. He also gave them Ming gowns and caps while eating with their chiefs and gifting tobacco to indigenous people who were gathered in crowds to meet and welcome him as he visited their villages after he defeated the Dutch. Schools were set up to teach the indigenous people the Chinese language, writing, and the
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was often communal, with a series of conceptualized concentric rings around each village. The innermost ring was used for gardens and orchards that followed a fallowing cycle around the ring. The second ring was used to cultivate plants and natural fibers for the exclusive use of the community. The third ring was for exclusive hunting and deer fields for community use. The plains indigenous peoples hunted herds of spotted
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genetic studies. However the idea that Taiwanese Han are a hybrid population genetically different from Chinese Han has been used as a basis for Taiwanese independence from China. This belief has been called the "myth of indigenous genes" by some researchers such as Shu-juo Chen and Hong-kuan Duan, who say that "genetic studies have never supported the idea that Taiwanese Han are genetically different with Chinese Han."
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describe the aborigines as living in independent villages of varying size. Between these villages there was frequent trade, intermarriage, warfare and alliances against common enemies. Using contemporary ethnographic and linguistic criteria, these villages have been classed by anthropologists into more than 20 broad (and widely debated) ethnic groupings, which were never united under a common polity, kingdom or "tribe".
1507:), Kakabu, Makatao, Pazeh, Siraya, and Taivoan. The act of petitioning for recognized status, however, does not always reflect any consensus view among scholars that the relevant group should in fact be categorized as a separate ethnic group. The Siraya will become the 17th ethnic group to be recognized once their status, already recognized by the courts in May 2018, is officially announced by the central government.
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indigenous heritage. In a 1994 study, it was found that 71% of the families surveyed would object to their daughter marrying an indigenous man. For much of the KMT era the government definition of indigenous identity had been 100% indigenous parentage, leaving any intermarriage resulting in a non-indigenous child. Later the policy was adjusted to the ethnic status of the father determining the status of the child.
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between the village and urban schools resulted in imposing many social barriers on indigenous, which prevent many from moving beyond vocational training. Students transplanted into urban schools face adversity, including isolation, culture shock, and discrimination from their peers. The cultural impact of poverty and economic marginalization has led to an increase in alcoholism and prostitution among indigenous.
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2687:. The attention paid by the Qing authorities to indigenous land rights was part of a larger administrative goal to maintain a level of peace on the turbulent Taiwan frontier, which was often marred by ethnic and regional conflict. The frequency of rebellions, riots, and civil strife in Qing dynasty Taiwan is often encapsulated in the saying "every three years an uprising; every five years a rebellion".
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a project "Follow the Footsteps of Indigenous Hunters". Academics and members from environmental NGOs have suggested a new way of hunting: to replace shotgun with camera. Hunters benefit from the satisfaction of ecotourists who may spot wild animals under the instructions of accompanied indigenous hunters . The rarer the animals are witnessed by tourists, the higher the pay will be to the hunters.
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allocated to museums and culture centers focusing on Taiwan's aboriginal heritage. Critics often call the ventures exploitative and "superficial portrayals" of aboriginal culture, which distract attention from the real problems of substandard education. Proponents of ethno-tourism suggest that such projects can positively impact the public image and economic prospects of the indigenous community.
1481:(CIP). To gain this recognition, communities must gather a number of signatures and a body of supporting evidence with which to successfully petition the CIP. Formal recognition confers certain legal benefits and rights upon a group, as well as providing them with the satisfaction of recovering their separate identity as an ethnic group. As of June 2014, 16 people groups have been recognized.
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governor but the governor refused to act due to fear of conflict. In 1797, a new Tamsui sub-prefect issued permit and financial support for Wu to recruit settlers for land reclamation, which was illegal. Wu's successors were unable to register the reclaimed land on government registers. Local officials supported land reclamation but could not officially recognize it.
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peoples in Taiwan have traditionally had a custom of sexual division of labor. Women did the sewing, cooking and farming, while the men hunted and prepared for military activity and securing enemy heads in headhunting raids, which was a common practice in early Taiwan. Women were also often found in the office of priestesses or mediums to the gods.
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Taiwan's 14th official ethnic group. Previously the Sakizaya had been listed as Amis and the Sediq as Atayal. Hla'alua and Kanakanavu were recognized as the 15th and 16th ethnic group on 26 June 2014. A full list of the recognized ethnic groups of Taiwan, as well as some of the more commonly cited unrecognized peoples, is as follows:
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indigenous community should be strategic in nature. The use of a strategic planning process enables indigenous culture to be regarded as an important characteristic requiring careful consideration, rather than a feature to be exploited, or an incidental characteristic that is overshadowed by the natural features of the environment.
2290:) in Taiwan on 3 November 1574 and used it as a base to launch raids. They left for Penghu after being attacked by natives and the Ming navy dislodged them from their bases. He later returned to Wankan on 27 December 1575 but left for Southeast Asia after losing a naval encounter with Ming forces on 15 January 1576. The pirate
3454:. The central government has taken steps to allow romanized spellings of aboriginal names on official documents, offsetting the long-held policy of forcing a Han name on an aborigine. A relaxed policy on identification now allows a child to choose their official designation if they are born to mixed indigenous/Han parents.
1726:; other surveys suggest this accounted for 21 thousand Amis, 51 thousand Bunun, 10.5 thousand Paiwan, with the remainder belonging to other peoples. They are descendants of Taiwanese indigenous living on this island before the 1949 evacuation of the PRC and tracking back further to the Dutch colony in the 17th century. In
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wildlife even in the context of indigenous hunting, but the regulations should be updated to accommodate the need of indigenous hunting. The indigenous community mostly disagreed with the ruling made only by Han Chinese judges. The Bunun hunter eventually received a presidential pardon, but the law is still not updated.
1833:. Taking a Han name was a necessary step in instilling Confucian values in the aborigines. Confucian values were necessary to be recognized as a full person and to operate within the Confucian Qing state. A surname in Han society was viewed as the most prominent legitimizing marker of a patrilineal ancestral link to the
3395:, four decades of martial law controlled the discourse of culture and politics on Taiwan. The political liberalization Taiwan experienced leading up to the official end of martial law on 15 July 1987, opened a new public arena for dissenting voices and political movements against the centralized policy of the KMT.
1846:(潘) as a modification of their designated status as Fan (番: "barbarian"). One family of Pazeh became members of the local gentry. complete with a lineage to Fujian province. In other cases, families of Plains indigenous adopted common Han surnames, but traced their earliest ancestor to their locality in Taiwan.
5747:'s ethnic affairs department, although aborigines are now allowed to use their traditional names following a 1995 amendment to the Personal Names Act, only 890 out of the total of 460,000 indigenous Taiwanese have done so because of the past stigma attached to the names and the complicated formalities involved"
3117:, lāhè āléi) engaged in guerilla warfare against the Japanese for twenty years. Raho Ari's revolt was sparked when the Japanese implemented a gun control policy in 1914 against the indigenous people in which their rifles were impounded in police stations when hunting expeditions were over. The Dafen incident
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war in 1913–14 under Sakuma. Indigenous continued to fight against the Japanese after 1915. Aboriginals were subjected to military takeover and assimilation. In order to exploit camphor resources, the Japanese fought against the Bngciq Atayal in 1906 and expelled them. The war is called "Camphor War" (樟腦戰爭).
3214:, withdrawing its government and 1.3 million refugees to Taiwan. The KMT installed an authoritarian form of government and shortly thereafter inaugurated a number of political socialization programs aimed at nationalizing Taiwanese people as citizens of a Chinese nation and eradicating Japanese influence.
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Due to the close proximity of indigenous land to the mountains, many communities have hoped to cash in on hot spring ventures and hotels, where they offer singing and dancing to add to the ambience. The Wulai Atayal in particular have been active in this area. Considerable government funding has been
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the creation of Taiwan Aboriginal Culture Park, is not a panacea. Although these create new jobs, aborigines are seldom given management positions. Moreover, some national parks have been built on indigenous lands against the wishes of the local communities, prompting one Taroko activist to label the
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Indigenous groups are seeking to preserve their folkways and languages as well as to return to, or remain on, their traditional lands. Eco-tourism, sewing and selling carvings, jewellery and music have become viable areas of economic opportunity. However, tourism-based commercial development, such as
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The competition between different ways of representing and interpreting indigenous culture among local tourism operators does exist and creates tensions between indigenous tour guides and the NGOs which help to design and promote ethno/ecotourism. E.g., in a Sioulin Township, the government sponsored
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Large-scale construction began in 1978 on a site 100 m (330 ft) from the Immorod fishing fields. The Tao alleges that government sources at the time described the site as a "factory" or a "fish cannery", intended to bring "jobs home of the Tao/Yami, one of the least economically integrated
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The influence of 19th- and 20th-century missionaries has both transformed and maintained aboriginal integration. Many of the churches have replaced earlier community functions, but continue to retain a sense of continuity and community that unites members of aboriginal societies against the pressures
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In the highest self reports, 5.3 percent of Taiwan's population claimed indigenous heritage. Estimates of genetic indigenous ancestry reported by Lin range from 13%, 26%, and as high as 85%, the latter number being published in an editorial that was not peer-reviewed. These numbers have taken hold in
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The Plains "Pingpu" indigenous of Taiwan criticized Lin's studies, which follows the "blood line theory" of Taiwanese nationalism. Alak Akatuang, secretary of the Pingpu Indigenous Peoples Cultural Association, said that the pan-green camp used the indigenous peoples to create a national identity for
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in 2013 for hunting protected animals with an illegally modified shotgun, and convicted in 2015, prompting political discourse over the indigenous right to hunt, conservation, and gun control. In 2021 the constitutional court ruled that the government has the right to regulate guns and the hunting of
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began at Dafen when a police platoon was slaughtered by Raho Ari's clan in 1915. A settlement holding 266 people called Tamaho was created by Raho Ari and his followers near the source of the Laonong River and attracted more Bunun rebels to their cause. Raho Ari and his followers captured bullets and
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was finalized on 17 April 1895, Taiwan was ceded by the Qing Empire to Japan. Taiwan's incorporation into the Japanese political orbit brought Taiwanese indigenous into contact with a new colonial structure, determined to define and locate indigenous people within the framework of a new, multi-ethnic
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Imperial Chinese and European societies had little contact with the Highland indigenous until expeditions to the region by European and American explorers and missionaries commenced in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The lack of data before this was primarily the result of a Qing quarantine on the
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A Taiwan Pacification and Reclamation Head Office was established with eight pacification and reclamation bureaus. Four bureaus were located in eastern Taiwan, two in Puli (inner Shuishalian), one in the north, and one on the western border of the mountains. By 1887, about 500 indigenous villages, or
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In 1806 it was reported that a pirate, Cai Qian, was within the vicinity of Gamalan. Taiwan Prefect Yang once again recommended opening up Gamalan, arguing that to abandon it would cause trouble on the frontier. Later another pirate band tried to occupy Gamalan. Yang recommended to the Fuzhou General
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In 1787, a Chinese settler named Wu Sha tried to reclaim land in Gamalan but was defeated by indigenous people. The next year, the Tamsui sub-prefect convinced the Taiwan prefect, Yang Tingli, to support Wu Sha. Yang recommended subjugating the natives and opening Gamalan for settlement to the Fujian
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As the Dutch began subjugating indigenous villages in the south and west of Taiwan, increasing numbers of Han immigrants looked to exploit areas that were fertile and rich in game. The Dutch initially encouraged this, since the Han were skilled in agriculture and large-scale hunting. Several Han took
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approved a proposal that designated 1 August as Indigenous Peoples' Day in Taiwan. In celebration of the special day, President Tsai issued an official apology to the country's indigenous people and outlined steps to further promote legislation and involve organizations related to indigenous causes,
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According to Mr. Lupiliyan, a Paiwan man who has participated in exchange activities sponsored by the government, the current government is still a colonial establishment and is "using the colonized to protect its international position." However he believes that the main beneficiaries are still the
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The democratic era has been a time of great change, both constructive and destructive, for the indigenous of Taiwan. Since the 1980s, increased political and public attention has been paid to the rights and social issues of the indigenous communities of Taiwan. Indigenous peoples have realized gains
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on promoting aboriginal culture as part of the Taiwanese nationalist discourse against the KMT. However, this voting pattern can be explained on economic grounds, and as part of an inter-ethnic power struggle waged in the electorate. Some aborigines see the rhetoric of Taiwan nationalism as favoring
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was minor. Despite the politicized dramatization of the Plains indigenous, their "rediscovery" as a matter of public discourse has had a lasting effect on the increased socio-political reconceptualization of Taiwan—emerging from a Han Chinese-dominant perspective into a wider acceptance of Taiwan as
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were often employed and dispatched as interpreters to assist in the trade of goods between Han merchants and Highlands aborigines. The indigenous people traded cloth, pelts and meat for iron and matchlock rifles. Iron was a necessary material for the fabrication of hunting knives—long, curved sabers
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in central Taiwan. The inner mountain area of Shuishalian was inhabited by 24 indigenous villages and six of them occupied the flat and fertile basin area. The indigenous had submitted as early as 1693 but they remained non-acculturated. In 1814, some settlers were able to obtain reclamation permits
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were indigenous who paid taxes, performed corvée, and had adopted Han Chinese culture to some degree. When the Qing annexed Taiwan, there were 46 indigenous villages under government control: 12 in Fengshan and 34 in Zhuluo. These were likely inherited from the Zheng regime. In the Yongzheng period,
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Zhengs brought 70,000 soldiers to Taiwan and immediately began clearing large tracts of land to support its forces. The expansion of Chinese settlements often came at the expense of aboriginal tribes, causing rebellions flared up over the course of Zheng rule. In one campaign, several hundred Shalu
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Four centuries of non-indigenous rule can be viewed through several changing periods of governing power and shifting official policy toward aborigines. From the 17th century until the early 20th, the impact of the foreign settlers—the Dutch, Spanish, and Han—was more extensive on the Plains peoples.
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officially lists 16 major groupings as "tribes," the consensus among scholars maintains that these 16 groupings do not reflect any social entities, political collectives, or self-identified alliances dating from pre-modern Taiwan. The earliest detailed records, dating from the Dutch arrival in 1624,
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The economic boom resulted in drawing large numbers of indigenous peoples out of their villages and into the unskilled or low-skilled sector of the urban workforce. Manufacturing and construction jobs were generally available for low wages. The aborigines quickly formed bonds with other communities
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announced that he had an indigenous great-grandmother and that "Now you shouldn't say: 'you are indigenous, I am not.' Everyone is indigenous." Descendants of plains indigenous have opposed the usage of their ancestors in the call for Taiwanese independence. Genetic studies show genetic differences
3282:
Authoritarian rule under the Kuomintang ended gradually through a transition to democracy, which was marked by the lifting of martial law in 1987. Soon after, the KMT transitioned to being merely one party within a democratic system, though maintaining a high degree of power in indigenous districts
3257:
and teach basic ideology. In 1951 a major political socialization campaign was launched to change the lifestyle of many aborigines, to adopt Han customs. A 1953 government report on mountain areas stated that its aims were chiefly to promote Mandarin to strengthen a national outlook and create good
3101:
were the words used to describe indigenous by Kabayama Sukenori. A hardline anti indigenous position aimed at the destruction of their civilization was implemented by Fukuzawa Yukichi. The most tenacioius opposition was mounted by the Bunan and Atayal against the Japanese during the brutal mountain
2747:
uprising which occurred in 1721, Lan Dingyuan, an advisor to Lan Tingzhen, who led forces against the rebellion, advocated for expansion and land reclamation to strengthen government control over the Chinese settlers. He wanted to convert the aborigines to Han culture and turn them into subjects of
2653:
government defeated the Ming loyalist forces maintained by the Zheng family in 1683, Taiwan became increasingly integrated into the Qing dynasty. Qing forces ruled areas of Taiwan's highly populated western plain for over two centuries, until 1895. This era was characterized by a marked increase in
2309:
Initially Chinese merchants arrived in northern Taiwan and sold iron and textiles to the Taiwanese indigenous peoples in return for coal, sulfur, gold, and venison. Later the southwestern part of Taiwan surpassed northern Taiwan as the destination for Chinese traders. The southwest had mullet fish,
1758:
sometimes followed gradually in the wake of broad social currents, particularly the removal of ethnic markers (such as bound feet, dietary customs and clothing), which had formerly distinguished ethnic groups on Taiwan. The removal or replacement of these brought about an incremental transformation
4051:
The attractive tourist destination includes natural resources, infrastructure, customs and culture, as well as the characteristics of the local industry. Thus, the role of the local community in influencing the tourism development activities is clear. The essence of tourism in today's world is the
3614:
The idea that "We are all indigenous people" was initially welcomed by indigenous leaders but has faced increasing opposition as it became viewed as a tool for Taiwanese independence. On 9 August 2005, a celebration for the constitutional reforms protecting indigenous rights was held, during which
3568:
Due to these reasons, the anthropologist Scott Simon argues that the current political climate amongst indigenous people highlights a "paradox of indigeneity." Simon explains that despite the DPP's strong support of indigenous discourse and apologies to indigenous communities, Taiwanese Indigenous
3273:
The pattern of intermarriage continued, as many KMT soldiers married indigenous women who were from poorer areas and could be easily bought as wives. Modern studies show a high degree of genetic intermixing. Despite this, many contemporary Taiwanese are unwilling to entertain the idea of having an
3071:
sailors was massacred by a Paiwan group from the village of Mudan in southern Taiwan. The resulting Japanese policy, published twenty years before the onset of their rule on Taiwan, cast Taiwanese indigenous as "vicious, violent and cruel" and concluded "this is a pitfall of the world; we must get
2863:
may have occasionally fled to the mountains, foothills or eastern plain to escape hostile groups of Han or other aborigines. The "displacement scenario" is more likely rooted in the older customs of many Plains groups to withdraw into the foothills during headhunting season or when threatened by a
2742:
recommended land reclamation in Taiwan but Kangxi was worried that this would cause instability and conflicts. By the time of Yongzheng's reign, the Qing extended control over the entire western plains, but this was to better control the settlers and maintain security. The quarantine policies were
2077:
villages were constructed of dwellings made of thatch and bamboo, raised 2 m (6.6 ft) from the ground on stilts, with each household having a barn for livestock. A watchtower was located in the village to look out for headhunting parties from the Highland peoples. The concept of property
1853:
The degree to which any one of these forces held sway over others is unclear. Preference for one explanation over another is sometimes predicated upon a given political viewpoint. The cumulative effect of these dynamics is that by the beginning of the 20th century the Plains indigenous were almost
1770:
Within the Taiwanese Han Hoklo community itself, differences in culture indicate the degree to which mixture with aboriginals took place, with most pure Hoklo Han in Northern Taiwan having almost no Aboriginal admixture, which is limited to Hoklo Han in Southern Taiwan. Plains aboriginals who were
1746:
Archeological, linguistic and anecdotal evidence suggests that Taiwan's indigenous peoples have undergone a series of cultural shifts to meet the pressures of contact with other societies and new technologies. Beginning in the early 17th century, indigenous Taiwanese faced broad cultural change as
1517:
Nine people groups were originally recognized before 1945 by the Japanese government. The Thao, Kavalan and Truku were recognized by Taiwan's government in 2001, 2002 and 2004 respectively. The Sakizaya were recognized as a 13th on 17 January 2007, and on 23 April 2008 the Sediq were recognized as
1019:
and successive regimes, the epithet "cooked" was synonymous with having assimilated to Han cultural norms, and living as a subject of the Empire, but it retained a pejorative designation to signify the perceived cultural lacking of the non-Han people. This designation reflected the prevailing idea
3947:
Although many aborigines assumed Han religious practices, several sub-groups sought protection from the European missionaries, who had started arriving in the 1860s. Many of the early Christian converts were displaced groups of Plains indigenous that sought protection from the oppressive Han. The
3549:
In 2016, indigenous protestors criticized Tsai for not returning to Chen Shui-bian's New Partnership quasi-state relationship which she did not mention in her apology to the indigenous. The location of the apology, the Japanese colonial administration's governor-general, as well as the indigenous
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to procure the hides. The deer trade attracted the first Han traders to indigenous villages, but as early as 1642 the demand for deer greatly diminished the deer stocks. This drop significantly reduced the prosperity of indigenous peoples, forcing many aborigines to take up farming to counter the
2048:
By the beginning of the 20th century, the Plains peoples had largely been assimilated into contemporary Taiwanese culture as a result of European and Han colonial rule. Until the latter half of the Japanese colonial era the Mountain peoples were not entirely governed by any non-indigenous polity.
950:
Taxonomies imposed by colonizing forces divided the aborigines into named subgroups, referred to as "tribes". These divisions did not always correspond to distinctions drawn by the indigenous themselves. However, the categories have become so firmly established in government and popular discourse
4259:
Liu et. al (2023) stated that the ancestors of Taiwanese Austronesians originated from the southeastern coasts of Neolithic China. Some Northeast Asian admixture might have been introduced before Taiwanese Austronesians dispersed into Southeast Asian islands and Oceania. Amis were believed to be
3636:
Many indigenous communities did not evenly share in the benefits of the economic boom Taiwan experienced during the last quarter of the 20th century. They often lacked satisfactory educational resources on their reservations, undermining their pursuit of marketable skills. The economic disparity
3457:
The present political leaders in the indigenous community, led mostly by indigenous elites born after 1949, have been effective in leveraging their ethnic identity and socio-linguistic acculturation into contemporary Taiwanese society against the political backdrop of a changing Taiwan. This has
3163:
Life under the Japanese changed rapidly as many of the traditional structures were replaced by a military power. Indigenous people who wished to improve their status looked to education rather than headhunting as the new form of power. Those who learned to work with the Japanese and follow their
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of 1930, for example, a Seediq group was decimated by artillery and supplanted by the Taroko (Truku), which had sustained periods of bombardment from naval ships and airplanes dropping mustard gas. A quarantine was placed around the mountain areas enforced by armed guard stations and electrified
2801:
villages remained stable throughout the Qianlong period. Two indigenous affairs sub-prefects were appointed to manage aboriginal affairs in 1766. One was in charge of the north and the other in charge of the south, both focused on the plains aborigines. Boundaries were built to keep the mountain
2313:
When a Portuguese ship sailed past southwestern Taiwan in 1596, several of its crew members who had been shipwrecked there in 1582 noticed that the land had become cultivated and now had people working it, presumably by settlers from Fujian. When the Dutch arrived in 1623, they found about 1,500
725:
in Taiwan are included, pending future official recognition. When including those of mixed ancestry, such a number is possibly more than a million. Academic research suggests that their ancestors have been living on Taiwan for approximately 15,000 years. A wide body of evidence suggests that the
3610:
analysis demonstrated that 85% of the Taiwanese Han population had some degree of indigenous origin. Other studies by Chen Shun-Shen state that 20% to 60%, and then more than 88% of Taiwanese Han have indigenous blood. These studies were criticized by other researchers and refuted by subsequent
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Beginning in the first year of Japanese rule, the colonial government embarked on a mission to study the indigenous so they could be classified, located and "civilized". The Japanese "civilizing project", partially fueled by public demand in Japan to know more about the empire, would be used to
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By the end of the Qing period, the western plains were fully developed as farmland with about 2.5 million Chinese settlers. The mountainous areas were still largely autonomous under the control of indigenous. Indigenous land loss under the Qing occurred at a relatively slow pace compared to the
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province. The Qing government officially sanctioned controlled Han settlement, but sought to manage tensions between the various regional and ethnic groups. Therefore, it often recognized the plains peoples' claims to deer fields and traditional territory. The Qing authorities hoped to turn the
1849:
In many cases, large groups of immigrant Han would unite under a common surname to form a brotherhood. Brotherhoods were used as a form of defense, as each sworn brother was bound by an oath of blood to assist a brother in need. The brotherhood groups would link their names to a family tree, in
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The 1930 "New Flora and Silva, Volume 2" said of the mountain indigenous that the "majority of them live in a state of war against Japanese authority". The Bunun and Atayal were described as the "most ferocious" indigenous people, and police stations were targeted by indigenous in intermittent
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in the 17th century that the marriage and child-birth taboos were abolished. There is some indication that many of the younger members of Sirayan society embraced the Dutch marriage customs as a means to circumvent the age-grade system in a push for greater village power. Almost all indigenous
1874:
ruled that Article 4, Paragraph 2 of the Status Act for Indigenous Peoples was unconstitutional. The paragraph, which reads "Children of intermarriages between Indigenous Peoples and non-Indigenous Peoples taking the surname of the indigenous father or mother, or using a traditional Indigenous
1775:
between "short-route" and "long-route" The ethnic identity of assimilated Plains Aboriginals in the immediate vicinity of Tainan was still known since a pure Hoklo Taiwanese girl was warned by her mother to stay away from them. The insulting name "fan" was used against Plains indigenous by the
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was charged with the task of surveying the entire population of Taiwanese indigenous, applying the first systematic study of aborigines on Taiwan. Ino's research is best known for his formalization of eight peoples of Taiwanese aborigines: Atayal, Bunun, Saisiat, Tsou, Paiwan, Puyuma, Ami and
1484:
The Council of Indigenous Peoples consider several limited factors in a successful formal petition. The determining factors include collecting member genealogies, group histories and evidence of a continued linguistic and cultural identity. The lack of documentation and the extinction of many
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Indigenous peoples were represented by eight members out of 225 seats in the Legislative Yuan. In 2008, the number of legislative seats was cut in half to 113, of which Taiwanese indigenous are represented by six members, three each for lowland and highland peoples. The tendency of Taiwanese
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One popular narrative holds that all of the Gaoshan peoples were originally Plains peoples, which fled to the mountains under pressure from Han encroachment. This strong version of the "migration" theory has been largely discounted by contemporary research as the Gaoshan people demonstrate a
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in Wu-lao-wan village which sparked a rebellion in December 1652 at the same time as the Chinese rebellion. Two Dutch translators were beheaded by the Wu-lao-wan indigenous people and in a subsequent fight, 30 indigenous and another two Dutch people died. After an embargo of salt and iron on
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one language, that attaches economic and social advantages to the prestige language. As generations pass, use of the indigenous language often fades or disappears, and linguistic and cultural identity recede as well. However, some groups are seeking to revive their indigenous identities. One
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such as the Presidential Office's Indigenous Historical Justice and Transitional Justice Committee. The government hopes the day will remind the public of the diverse ethnic groups in Taiwan by bringing greater respect for indigenous peoples' cultures and history and promoting their rights.
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enterprises can be translated into reality: formulation of strategies and how they may be expected to interact with important aspects of indigenous culture. In addition to being locally directed and relevant, the planning process for the establishment of an ethno/ecotourism enterprise in an
4000:(or Yami). In the 1970s the island was designated as a possible site to store low and medium grade nuclear waste. The island was selected on the grounds that it would be cheaper to build the necessary infrastructure for storage and it was thought that the population would not cause trouble.
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empire. The means of accomplishing this goal took three main forms: anthropological study of the natives of Taiwan, attempts to reshape the indigenous in the mold of the Japanese, and military suppression. The indigenous and Han joined to violently revolt against Japanese rule in the 1907
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Critics of the KMT's program for a centralized national culture regard it as institutionalized ethnic discrimination, point to the loss of several indigenous languages and a perpetuation of shame for being an aborigine. Hsiau noted that Taiwan's first democratically elected president,
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In 1723, aborigines living in Dajiaxi village along the central coastal plain rebelled. Government troops from southern Taiwan were sent to put down this revolt, but in their absence, Han settlers in Fengshan County rose up in revolt under the leadership of Wu Fusheng, a settler from
3096:
policy was formulated with Japan trying to play indigenous and Han against each other to their own benefit when Japan alternated between fighting the two with Japan first fighting Han and then fighting indigenous. Nationalist Japanese claim indigenous were treated well by Kabayama.
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plants". The Tao have since stood at the forefront of the anti-nuclear movement and launched several exorcisms and protests to remove the waste they claim has resulted in deaths and sickness. The lease on the land has expired, and an alternative site has yet to be selected.
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ended in 1885. However few settlers went to Taiwan and those that did were accosted by aborigines and the harsh climate. Governor Liu was criticized for the high cost and little gain from the colonization activities. Liu resigned in 1891 and the colonization efforts ceased.
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They were far more geographically accessible than the Mountain peoples, and thus had more dealings with the foreign powers. The reactions of indigenous people to imperial power show not only acceptance, but also incorporation or resistance through their cultural practices
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in northeastern Taiwan. It was separated from the western plains and Tamsui (Danshui) by mountains. There were 36 indigenous villages in the area and the Kavalan people had started paying taxes as early as the Kangxi period (r. 1661–1722), but they were non-acculturated
4201:
in France, Pulima is supported by the Indigenous Peoples Cultural Foundation. Dancers and musicians from Taiwan as well as abroad feature in the festival, which takes place between November and February every second year, and awards a prize called the Pulima Art Prize.
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Due to discrimination or repression throughout the centuries, the indigenous peoples of Taiwan have experienced economic and social inequality, including a high unemployment rate and substandard education. Some indigenous groups today continue to be unrecognized by the
3497:
Indigenous peoples have criticized politicians for abusing the "indigenization" movement for political gains, such as indigenous opposition to the DPP's "rectification" by recognizing the Taroko for political reasons, with the majority of mountain townships voting for
3952:, offered a form of power against the Qing establishment and could thus make demands on the government to provide redress for the complaints of Plains indigenous. Many of these early congregations have served to maintain aboriginal identity, language and cultures.
7024:"From 1684 to 1895, 159 major incidents of civil disturbances rocked Taiwan, including 74 armed clashes and 65 uprisings led by wanderers. During the 120 years from 1768 to 1887, approximately 57 armed clashes occurred, 47 of which broke out from 1768 to 1860" (
1841:
of Han mythology. Possession of a Han surname, then, could confer a broad range of significant economic and social benefits upon indigenous, despite a prior non-Han identity or mixed parentage. In some cases, members of Plains indigenous adopted the Han surname
1883:
descent. Though the applicant was of Truku descent through her mother, her application used her father's Chinese surname and was denied. The Constitutional Court ruled that the law, as written, was a violation of gender equality guaranteed by Article 7 of the
4157:. The Amis couple successfully sued Enigma's record label, which then paid royalties to the French museum that held the master recordings of the traditional songs, but the original artists, who had been unaware of the Enigma project, remained uncompensated.
2563:. The Sincan indigenous people then proceeded to work for the Chinese and behead Dutch people in executions. The frontier indigenous in the mountains and plains also surrendered and defected to the Chinese on 17 May 1661, celebrating their freedom from
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of 1731–1732, ensured the Plains peoples would remain an important factor in crafting Qing frontier policy until the end of Qing rule in 1895. By 1732, five different ethnic groups were in revolt but the rebellion was defeated by the end of the year.
3534:
ran an editorial in 2008 that rejected the idea of an apology to the indigenous, and rejected the idea of comparing Australian Aborigines' centuries of 'genocidal' suffering at the hands of White Australians to the suffering of indigenous in Taiwan.
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physiology, material cultures and customs that have been adapted for life at higher elevations. Linguistic, archeological, and recorded anecdotal evidence also suggests there has been island-wide migration of indigenous peoples for over 3,000 years.
1175:) "plains compatriots" were invented, to remove the presumed taint of Japanese influence and reflect the place of Taiwan's indigenous people in the Chinese Nationalist state. The KMT later adopted the use of all the earlier Japanese groupings except
3925:
to Taiwan's indigenous people. Many Plains indigenous adopted Han religious practices, though there is evidence that many indigenous customs were transformed into local Taiwanese Han beliefs. In some parts of Taiwan the Siraya spirit of fertility,
2810:
Although Qing quarantine policies were maintained in the early 19th century, attitudes towards indigenous territories started to shift. Local officials repeatedly advocated for the colonization of indigenous territories, especially in the cases of
927:, some efforts have been under way in indigenous communities to revive traditional cultural practices and preserve their distinct traditional languages on the now Han Chinese majority island and for the latter to better understand more about them.
2665:
During the Qing dynasty's two-century rule over Taiwan, the population of Han on the island increased dramatically. However, it is not clear to what extent this was due to an influx of Han settlers, who were predominantly displaced young men from
3301:
activists seized upon the new image of the Plains indigenous as a means to directly challenge the KMT's official narrative of Taiwan as a historical part of China, and the government's assertion that Taiwanese were "pure" Han Chinese. Many
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Under the theme "MICAWOR – Turning Over", it displayed the talents of 26 groups of Taiwanese and international artists, and included a series of international forums, artist lectures, workshops and many other events. It collaborated with
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peoples despite being indigenous people themselves, tend to remain quite skeptical and continue to be more inclined to vote for the KMT, a political party that has largely rejected and resisted the popularization of indigenous discourse.
9542:
Huang, Xiufeng; Xia, Zi-Yang; Bin, Xiaoyun; He, Guanglin; Guo, Jianxin; Adnan, Atif; Yin, Lianfei; Huang, Youyi; Zhao, Jing; Yang, Yidong; Ma, Fuwei; Li, Yingxiang; Hu, Rong; Yang, Tianle; Wei, Lan-Hai; Wang, Chuan-Chao (30 June 2022).
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the majority Hoklo speakers rather than themselves. Indigenous areas also tend to be poor and their economic vitality tied to the entrenched patronage networks established by the Kuomintang over the course of its fifty-five year reign.
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had pigs and chicken but no cows, sheep, donkeys, or horses. It produced little iron, had no writing system, taxation, or penal code, and was ruled by a king with four or five commanders. The natives used stone blades and practiced
2234:
visited Taiwan in 1349 and noted that the customs of its inhabitants were different from those of Penghu's population, but did not mention the presence of other Chinese. He mentioned the presence of Chuhou pottery from present day
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maintained uneasy neutrality. In 1629 a Dutch expeditionary force searching for Han pirates was massacred by warriors from Mattau, and the victory inspired other villages to rebel. In 1635, with reinforcements having arrived from
1804:
into the mountains, where they became the Highland peoples of today. A more recent view asserts that through widespread intermarriage between Han and aborigines between the 17th and 19th centuries, the aborigines were completely
3620:
between Taiwanese Han and mountain indigenous. According to Chen and Duan, the genetic ancestry of individuals cannot be traced with certainty and attempts to construct identity through genetics are "theoretically meaningless."
3577:
Hunting is a traditional way of life with cultural and religious significance to the indigenous Taiwanese, but the practice has been strictly regulated by the ROC government in the name of gun control and wildlife conservation.
3294:
During the period of political liberalization, which preceded the end of martial law, academic interest in the Plains indigenous surged as amateur and professional historians sought to rediscover Taiwan's past. The opposition
6200:
Turton, M. (2021). Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south. Taiwan's relations with the Philippines date back millenia, so it's a mystery that it's not the jewel in the crown of the New Southbound Policy. Taiwan
2730:(r. 1722–1735), and Qianlong (r. 1735–1796) emperors, the Qing court deliberately restricted the expansion of territory and government administration in Taiwan. A government permit was required for settlers to go beyond the
2497:
Multiple indigenous villages in frontier areas rebelled against the Dutch in the 1650s due to oppression such as when the Dutch ordered indigenous women for sex, deer pelts, and rice be given to them from indigenous in the
2254:. The people of Fujian sailed closer to Taiwan and the Ryukyus in the mid-16th century to trade with Japan while evading Ming authorities. Chinese who traded in Southeast Asia also began taking an East Sea Compass Course (
2904:). For six months Japanese soldiers occupied southern Taiwan and Japan argued that it was not part of the Qing dynasty. The result was the payment of an indemnity by the Qing in return for the Japanese army's withdrawal.
1776:
Taiwanese, and the Hoklo Taiwanese speech was forced upon Aborigines like the Pazeh. Hoklo Taiwanese has replaced Pazeh and driven it to near extinction. Indigenous status has been requested by Plains indigenous peoples.
1459:
7825:
1485:
indigenous languages as the result of colonial cultural and language policies have made the prospect of official recognition of many ethnicities a remote possibility. Current trends in ethno-tourism have led many former
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region to the east of the "earth oxen" (土牛) border, which ran along the eastern edge of the western plain. Han contact with the mountain peoples was usually associated with the enterprise of gathering and extracting
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has been cited as having the potential to change the balance of the legislature. Citing these six seats in addition with five seats from smaller counties that also tend to vote pan-blue has been seen as giving the
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through fabricating aboriginal land lease requests. In 1816, the government sent troops to evict the settlers and destroy their strongholds. Stelae were erected demarcating the land forbidden to Chinese settlers.
11306:
4055:
While there is an important need to link the economic, cultural, and ecological imperatives of development in the context of tourism enterprises, there is the key question of implementation and how the idea of
3236:
Taiwanese indigenous peoples first encountered the Nationalist government in 1946, when the Japanese village schools were replaced by schools of the KMT. Documents from the Education Office show an emphasis on
28:
4184:
The Pulima Art Festival (藝術節; also known as Pulima Arts Festival) is a biennial event held since 2012 which showcases indigenous art and culture and is the biggest indigenous contemporary art event in Taiwan.
3287:. However, they did so as an elected government rather than a dictatorial power. The elected KMT government supported many of the bills that had been promoted by indigenous groups. The tenth amendment to the
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and if need be die for the Emperor of Japan. The Japanese colonial experience left an indelible mark on many older aborigines who maintained an admiration for the Japanese long after their departure in 1945.
2429:
village soon appeared at the Dutch stockade to barter and trade; an overture which was readily welcomed by the Dutch. The Sirayan villages were, however, divided into warring factions: the village of Sinckan
6071:
Uncovering Southeast Asia's Past: Selected Papers from the 10th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists : the British Museum, London, 14th–17th September
4309:
2175:
in the spring of 230. They brought back several thousand natives but 80 to 90 percent of the soldiers died to unknown diseases. Some scholars have identified this island as Taiwan while others do not. The
2756:
The Qing did little to administer the indigenous and rarely tried to subjugate or impose cultural change upon them. Indigenous peoples were classified into two general categories: acculturated aborigines
7846:
2526:
in 1867. The chief, Tanketok, explained that this was because in ages past, the white men came and almost exterminated their tribe, and their ancestors passed down their desire for revenge. According to
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To some degree the movement has been successful. Beginning in 1998, the official curriculum in Taiwan schools has been changed to contain more frequent and favorable mention of indigenous. In 1996 the
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that were generally used as a forest tool. These blades became notorious among Han settlers, given their alternative use to decapitate Highland indigenous enemies in customary headhunting expeditions.
1464:
10820:
3406:) to highlight the problems experienced by indigenous communities all over Taiwan, including: prostitution, economic disparity, land rights and official discrimination in the form of naming rights.
1194:, though the divisions are not and have never been based strictly on geographical location. The Amis, Saisiat, Tao and Kavalan are all traditionally Eastern Plains cultures. The distinction between
4385:
In the case of travel writings, the Qing literati use of "raw" and "cooked" are closer in meaning to "unfamiliar" and "familiar", on the basis of culture/language and interaction with Han settlers.
3875:
that helped their societies find meaning and order. Although there is no evidence of a unified belief system shared among the various indigenous groups, there is evidence that several groups held
3425:. The KMT government initially opposed the term, due to its implication that other people on Taiwan, including the KMT government, were newcomers and not entitled to the island. The KMT preferred
934:
in 2001 signify an important milestone for the revitalization activity of Taiwanese indigenous people, which is Taiwan's first ethnocentric education system. The Austronesian Cultural Festival in
9098:
Lo, Yun-Hua; Cheng, Hsueh-Chien; Hsiung, Chia-Ni; Yang, Show-Ling; Wang, Han-Yu; Peng, Chia-Wei; Chen, Chun-Yu; Lin, Kung-Ping; Kang, Mei-Ling; Chen, Chien-Hsiun; Chu, Hou-Wei (1 October 2021).
828:
For centuries, Taiwan's indigenous inhabitants experienced economic competition and military conflict with a series of colonizing newcomers. Centralized government policies designed to foster
3894:
snake and use the diamond patterns on its back in many designs. In many Plains Aborigines societies, the power to communicate with the supernatural world was exclusively held by women called
3122:
guns and slew Japanese in repeated hit and run raids against Japanese police stations by infiltrating over the Japanese "guardline" of electrified fences and police stations as they pleased.
2324:
pirates. General Shen of Wuyu defeated the pirates and met a native chieftain named Damila who presented them with gifts. Chen witnessed these events and wrote an account of Taiwan known as
2748:
the Qing. However, the Qianlong Emperor kept the administrative structure of Taiwan largely unchanged and in 1744, he dismissed recommendations by officials to allow settlers to claim land.
2226:
in 1292 to demand its loyalty to the Yuan dynasty, but the officials ended up in Taiwan and mistook it for Ryukyu. After three soldiers were killed, the delegation immediately retreated to
1715:
3409:
In 1988, amid the ATA's Return Our Land Movement, in which aborigines demanded the return of lands to the original inhabitants, the ATA sent its first representative to the United Nations
3253:, are currently considered offensive to the Taiwanese indigenous peoples. Much of the burden of educating the indigenous was undertaken by unqualified teachers, who could, at best, speak
2336:
and Quanzhou. They learned their languages to trade with them. Chinese items such as agate beads, porcelain, cloth, salt, and brass were traded in return for deer meat, skins, and horns.
2073:. The village sites in southern Taiwan were more populated than other locations. Some villages supported a population of more than 1,500 people, surrounded by smaller satellite villages.
2109:
For centuries, Taiwan's aboriginal peoples experienced economic competition and military conflict with a series of colonizing peoples. Centralized government policies designed to foster
2654:
the number of Han Chinese on Taiwan, continued social unrest, the piecemeal transfer (by various means) of large amounts of land from the indigenous to the Han, and the nearly complete
1792:
The complexity and scope of aboriginal assimilation and acculturation on Taiwan has led to three general narratives of Taiwanese ethnic change. The oldest holds that Han migration from
1510:
There is discussion among both scholars and political groups regarding the best or most appropriate name to use for many of the people groups and their languages, as well as the proper
2298:
officials started issuing ten licenses each year for Chinese junks to trade in northern Taiwan. Chinese records show that after 1593, each year five licenses were granted for trade in
5101:
4558:
Hung, Hsiao-Chun; Iizuka, Yoshiyuki; Bellwood, Peter; Nguyen, Kim Dung; Bellina, Bérénice; Silapanth, Praon; Dizon, Eusebio; Santiago, Rey; Datan, Ipoi; Manton, Jonathan H. (2007).
8679:
919:
The bulk of contemporary Taiwanese indigenous peoples mostly reside both in their traditional mountain villages as well as increasingly in Taiwan's urban areas. There are also the
13016:
8649:
2789:
The Qianlong administration forbade enticing indigenous to submit due to fear of conflict. In the early Qianlong period, there were 299 named indigenous villages. Records show 93
10187:
1888:, since children in Taiwan usually take their father's surname, which in practice, meant that indigenous status could be acquired via paternal descent, but not maternal descent.
3871:
Before contact with Christian missionaries during both the Dutch and Qing periods, Taiwanese indigenous peoples held a variety of beliefs in spirits, gods, sacred symbols and
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up residence in Siraya villages. The Dutch used Han agents to collect taxes, hunting license fees and other income. This set up a society in which "many of the colonists were
1754:, as the degree of the "civilizing projects" increased during each successive regime, the aborigines found themselves in greater contact with outside cultures. The process of
669:
888:. The revival of ethnic pride is expressed in many ways by the indigenous peoples, including the incorporation of elements of their culture into cultural commodities such as
11778:
Text of President Tsai Ing-wen's 2016 apology to indigenous peoples (includes links to translations of the apology in 16 indigenous languages as well as English and Japanese
5942:
5163:
4004:
areas in Taiwan". When the facility was completed in 1982, however, it was in fact a storage facility for "97,000 barrels of low-radiation nuclear waste from Taiwan's three
2041:, one of the most extensive sea-based trade networks of a single geological material in the prehistoric world. It was in existence for 3,000 years from 2000 BCE to 1000 CE.
9915:
Blusse, Leonard (2006). "The Eclipse of the Inibs: The Dutch Protestant Mission in 17th Century Taiwan and its Persecution of Native Priestesses". In Yeh Chuen-Rong (ed.).
3490:
The deep-rooted hostility between indigenous and (Taiwanese) Hoklo, and the indigenous communities' effective KMT networks, contribute to indigenous skepticism against the
10653:
Kang, Peter (2003). "A Brief Note on the Possible Factors Contributing to the Large Village Size of the Siraya in the Early Seventeenth Century". In Leonard Blusse (ed.).
2551:) after arriving in Taiwan in 1661 and ousting the Dutch in 1662. The Taiwanese indigenous tribes who were previously allied with the Dutch against the Chinese during the
4260:
genetically similar to the diaspora but Rukais were also suggested. The latter can be explained by Rukais maintaining high average genetic affinities throughout history.
1470:
Clickable imagemap of highland peoples according to traditional geographical distribution. Alternate spellings or names: Pazih (Pazeh); Taroko (Truku, Seediq); Yami (Tao)
4256:
According to Huang et. al (2022), Austronesian speakers in Taiwan, such as Ami and Atayal, derive their ancestries from a Late Neolithic Fujianese source (66.9–74.3%).
3565:
Taiwanese indigenous people. Lupiliyan says that Austronesian diplomacy and international exchanges provide them with templates on how to revitalize their own culture.
11320:
3221:
in China and opposing competing concepts of a loose federation following the demise of the imperial Qing. The project was designed to create a strong national Chinese
8527:
13963:
2586:
were killed. By the start of 1684, a year after the end of Zheng rule, areas under cultivation in Taiwan had tripled in size since the end of the Dutch era in 1660.
2117:, as well as continued contact with the colonizers through trade, intermarriage and other dispassionate intercultural processes, have resulted in varying degrees of
10173:
938:
is one means by which community members promote indigenous culture. In addition, several indigenous communities have become extensively involved in the tourism and
11007:
1503:
Other indigenous groups or subgroups that have pressed for recovery of legal indigenous status include Chimo (who have not formally petitioned the government, see
1190:
labels in use today maintain the form given by the Qing to reflect indigenous' acculturation to Han culture. The current recognized indigenous are all regarded as
1300:. The numbers of people who have successfully registered, including Kaohsiung City Government that has opened to register but not yet recognized, as of 2017 are:
1061:(1895–1945), anthropologists from Japan maintained the binary classification. In 1900 they incorporated it into their own colonial project by employing the term
10293:
7840:
1817:
studies have shown a pattern of cultural shift mutually experienced by both Han and Plains indigenous, resulting in a hybrid culture. Today people who comprise
992:), while the Dutch referred to Taiwan's original inhabitants as "Indians" or "blacks", based on their prior colonial experience in what is currently Indonesia.
13082:
11804:
4366:
4166:
2246:
By the early 16th century, increasing numbers of Chinese fishermen, traders and pirates were visiting the southwestern part of the island. Some merchants from
10041:
Chen, Chiukun (1999). "From Landlords To Local Strongmen: The Transformation Of Local Elites In Mid-Ch'ing Taiwan, 1780–1862". In Murray A. Rubinstein (ed.).
2490:
but the military and the administrative structures were Dutch". Despite this, local alliances transcended ethnicity during the Dutch period. For example, the
14696:
14505:
8618:
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are spearheaded by aborigines. Political activism and sizable public protests regarding the logging of the Chilan Formosan Cypress, as well as efforts by an
10828:
6033:
Hung, Hsiao-chun; Nguyen, Kim Dung; Bellwood, Peter; Carson, Mike T. (2013). "Coastal Connectivity: Long-Term Trading Networks Across the South China Sea".
3266:, said in a famous interview: "... In the period of Japanese colonialism a Taiwanese would be punished by being forced to kneel out in the sun for speaking
1456:
12095:
10759:
6096:
Bellwood P, Hung HC, Iizuka Y (2011). "Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction". In Benitez-Johannof P (ed.).
2332:
visited the natives but they remained hidden. Afterwards they came into contact with Chinese people from the harbors of Huimin, Chonglong, and Lieyu in
1455:
12007:
11963:
9934:
Blust, Robert (1999). "Subgrouping, circularity and extinction: some issues in Austronesian comparative linguistics". In E. Zeitoun; P.J.K. Li (eds.).
8596:
4090:, to focus on issues of interest to the indigenous community. This came on the heels of a "New wave of Indigenous Pop", as aboriginal artists, such as
3306:
activists framed the Plains indigenous experience in the existing anti-colonialism/victimization Taiwanese nationalist narrative, which positioned the
662:
10436:
Harrison, Henrietta (2001). "Changing Nationalities, Changing Ethnicities: Taiwan Indigenous Villages in the years after 1946". In David Faure (ed.).
9845:
Bird, Michael I; Hope, Geoffrey; Taylor, David (2004). "Populating PEP II: the dispersal of humans and agriculture through Austral-Asia and Oceania".
1460:
14595:
5927:
3988:, "focused debate on natural resource management and specifically on the involvement of aboriginal people therein". Another high-profile case is the
1463:
1003:, and toward a system that defined the aborigines relative to their submission or hostility to Qing rule. Qing used the term "raw/wild/uncivilized" (
11733:
10749:
Li, Paul Jen-kuei (1992). "History of the Movements of Austronesian Speaking Peoples of Taiwan: An Exploration From Linguistic Data and Phenomena".
6184:
Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000), "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan", Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 20: 153–158,
5913:
3371:
in both the political and economic spheres. Though progress is ongoing, there remain a number of still unrealized goals within the framework of the
3291:
also stipulates that the government would protect and preserve indigenous culture and languages and also encourage them to participate in politics.
3072:
rid of them all". Japanese campaigns to gain aboriginal submission were often brutal, as evidenced in the desire of Japan's first Governor General,
14600:
12002:
10215:
Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, R.O.C. (DGBAS). (2000). National Statistics, Republic of China (Taiwan).
8985:
8846:
8823:
8801:
8778:
8755:
7803:
6219:
Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011). Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction. Semantic Scholar.
5523:
5491:
3960:. Several church leaders have emerged from within the communities to take on leadership positions in petitioning the government in the interest of
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5555:
1969:
and nearby islands, from the volcanic rock found there. This suggests heavy sea traffic took place between these islands and Taiwan at this time.
14744:
4500:
2494:
in 1652, a Han farmers' uprising, was defeated by an alliance of 120 Dutch musketeers with the aid of Han loyalists and 600 indigenous warriors.
2270:
from which the name "Taiwan" is derived. By the late 16th century, Chinese from Fujian were settling in southwestern Taiwan. The Chinese pirates
2258:) that passed southwestern and southern Taiwan. Some of them traded with the Taiwanese aborigines. During this period, Taiwan was referred to as
9345:
Kachniewska, Magdalena (2016), Indigenous tourism clusters development in Taiwan: economic and cultural foundations of sustainability (in print)
3398:
In December 1984, the Taiwan Aboriginal People's Movement was launched when a group of indigenous political activists, aided by the progressive
14635:
13287:
12039:
12014:
10969:
Matsuda, Kyoko (2003). "Ino Kanori's 'History' of Taiwan: Colonial ethnology, the civilizing mission and struggles for survival in East Asia".
9826:
Anderson, Christian A. (2000). "New Austronesian Voyaging: Cultivating Amis Folk Songs for the International Stage". In Blundell, David (ed.).
3996:, a small tropical island 60 km (37 mi; 32 nmi) off the southeast coast of Taiwan. The inhabitants are the 4,000 members of the
10079:
8474:
4609:
Trejaut, Jean A.; Poloni, Estella S.; Yen, Ju-Chen; Lai, Ying-Hui; Loo, Jun-Hun; Lee, Chien-Liang; He, Chun-Lin; Lin, Marie (1 January 2014).
2835:
Unlike Gamalan, debates on Shuishalian resulted in its continued status as a closed-off area. Shuishalian refers to the upstream areas of the
1078:
for the "civilized tribes", and creating a category of "recognized tribes" for the aborigines who had formerly been called "uncivilized". The
14663:
13956:
6068:
Hung HC, Iizuka Y, Bellwood P (2006). "Taiwan Jade in the Context of Southeast Asian Archaeology". In Bacus EA, Glover IC, Pigott VC (eds.).
1875:
Peoples name, shall acquire Indigenous Peoples status," was ruled unconstitutional after a non-indigenous father had taken his daughter to a
1466:
655:
1465:
14843:
13712:
10721:
3160:). This is the direct antecedent of the taxonomy used today to distinguish people groups that are officially recognized by the government.
2470:
1789:
important political aspect of this pursuit is petitioning the government for official recognition as a separate and distinct ethnic group.
1458:
11514:
Tsuchida, S.; Yamada, Y. (1991). "Ogawa's Siraya/Makatao/Taivoan comparative vocabulary". In S. Tsuchida; Y. Yamada; T. Moriguchi (eds.).
5109:
2535:(1898), the old people of Kong-a-na, about 15 miles from Sin-kang, loved white men and the old women there said they were their kindred.
2455:
the Siraya language. This script maintained occasional use through the 18th century. Today only fragments survive, in documents and stone
1461:
1457:
14109:
12816:
10803:
9892:
The Formosan Encounter: Notes on Formosa's Aboriginal Society — A selection of Documents from Dutch Archival Sources Vol. I & Vol. II
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neighboring village, as observed by the Dutch during their punitive campaign of Mattou in 1636 when the bulk of the village retreated to
11185:
The Quest for Difference Versus the Wish to Assimilate: Aborigines and Their Struggle for Cultural Survival in Times of Multiculturalism
6380:
3890:. Other reports describe animal skulls and the use of human heads in societal beliefs. The Paiwan and other southern groups worship the
2518:
on Taiwan. Dutch colonialism left different impressions on different indigenous groups in Taiwan. The Koaluts (Guizaijiao) tribe of the
2207:") referred to the island chain to the northeast of Taiwan, but some scholars believe it may have referred to Taiwan in the Sui period.
13141:
12796:
11797:
4718:
3110:
1838:
1202:
people continues to affect Taiwan's policies regarding indigenous peoples, and their ability to participate effectively in government.
11717:
11151:
Rolett, Barry V.; Jiao, Tianlong; Lin, Gongwu (2002). "Early seafaring in the Taiwan Strait and the search for Austronesian origins".
10535:
9789:(2005). "Pirates, Pelts, and Promises: The Sino-Dutch Colony of Seventeenth-Century Taiwan and the Aboriginal Village of Favorolang".
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The struggle over land resources was one source of conflict. Large areas of the western plain were subject to large land rents called
14031:
11758:
9393:
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through an established system of patronage networks. The KMT continued to hold the reins of power for another decade under President
1467:
4430:
1462:
14897:
14866:
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13949:
13464:
13444:
12088:
10554:
Hsiau, A-chin (1997). "Language Ideology in Taiwan: The KMT's language policy, the Tai-yü language movement, and ethnic politics".
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5991:
5155:
1949:. Chipped-pebble tools dating from perhaps as early as 15,000 years ago suggest that the initial human inhabitants of Taiwan were
1500:
have been officially recognized. The remaining twelve recognized groups are traditionally regarded as mountain indigenous people.
13469:
13087:
12921:
12697:
10217:
8535:
8444:
3410:
11695:
11336:
Stainton, Michael (2006). "Hou Shan/Qian Shan Mugan: Categories of Self and Other in a Tayal Village". In Yeh Chuen-Rong (ed.).
6883:. Vol. 10 of TANAP monographs on the history of the Asian-European interaction (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 222.
5049:
2707:(番大租—literally, "Barbarian Big Rent"), a category which remained until the period of Japanese colonization. The large tracts of
14678:
14615:
12744:
8709:
4344:
3466:
1961:
era around 6,000 years ago, with the advent of agriculture, domestic animals, polished stone adzes and pottery. The stone
10445:
Harrison, Henrietta (2003). "Clothing and Power on the Periphery of Empire: The Costumes of the Indigenous People of Taiwan".
10314:
7216:
1023:
As the Qing consolidated their power over the plains and struggled to enter the mountains in the late 19th century, the terms
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4476:
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3384:
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108 indigenous villages submitted as a result of encouragement and enticement from the Taiwan regional commander, Lin Liang.
1885:
848:. For example, of the approximately 26 known languages of the Taiwanese indigenous peoples – collectively referred to as the
10861:
Liu, Tao Tao (2006). "The last Huntsmen's Quest for Identity: Writing From the Margins in Taiwan". In Yeh Chuen-Rong (ed.).
2620:
13504:
13222:
13146:
12791:
12052:
6548:
5005:
1445:
637:
11597:
11229:
5780:
3317:-speaking people began identifying themselves as Plains indigenous, though any initial shift in ethnic consciousness from
3217:
The KMT pursued highly centralized political and cultural policies rooted in the party's decades-long history of fighting
1477:
officially recognizes distinct people groups among the indigenous community based upon the qualifications drawn up by the
14345:
14061:
13299:
13099:
13094:
12975:
12953:
12886:
12081:
11183:
Rudolph, Michael (2003). "Religion and the Formation of Taiwanese Identities". In Paul R. Katz; Maury Rubinstein (eds.).
4339:
4218:
4214:
4080:
2847:
Local officials advocated for supporting colonization efforts into the mid-1800s but their recommendations were ignored.
2016:
1297:
877:
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11709:
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Taiwan's 400 year History: The Origins and Continuing Development of the Taiwanese Society and People (English Printing)
896:
and sports. Taiwan's Austronesian speakers were formerly distributed over much of the Taiwan archipelago, including the
14779:
13119:
13072:
11923:
10426:
9776:
9577:
6888:
6278:"Trade ornaments as indicators of social changes resulting from indirect effects of colonialism in northeastern Taiwan"
3383:
The movement for indigenous cultural and political resurgence in Taiwan traces its roots to the ideals outlined in the
2901:
2872:
explained in detail, documented evidence shows that the majority of Plains people remained on the plains, intermarried
2607:
2203:
agriculture to grow rice, millet, sorghum, and beans. Later the name Liuqiu (whose characters are read in Japanese as "
931:
2462:
The Dutch soon found trade in deerskins and venison in the East Asian market to be a lucrative endeavor and recruited
999:
expanded over wider groups of people, writers and gazetteers recast their descriptions away from reflecting degree of
14658:
14550:
13304:
13040:
12882:
12751:
11542:
11436:
11212:
11144:
11094:
11077:
11060:
10854:
10704:
10646:
10484:
10348:
10305:
10273:
10245:
10205:
10110:
10034:
10014:
9990:
9908:
9900:
9880:
9835:
7650:
6110:
6080:
6008:
Pawley A (2002). "The Austronesian dispersal: languages, technologies and people". In Bellwood PS, Renfrew C (eds.).
4229:
2158:
1057:; 'High Mountain peoples') were used interchangeably with the epithets "civilized" and "uncivilized". During
962:
11379:
History, Culture and Ethnicity: Selected Papers from the International Conference on the Formosan Indigenous Peoples
11338:
History, Culture and Ethnicity: Selected Papers from the International Conference on the Formosan Indigenous Peoples
10863:
History, Culture and Ethnicity: Selected Papers from the International Conference on the Formosan Indigenous Peoples
10593:
Hsu, Wen-hsiung (1980). "Frontier Social Organization and Social Disorder in Ch'ing Taiwan". In Ronald Knapp (ed.).
9917:
History, Culture and Ethnicity: Selected Papers from the International Conference on the Formosan Indigenous Peoples
2683:
taxes on the indigenous, which made the plains indigenous people directly responsible for payment to the government
2567:
under the Dutch rule by hunting down Dutch people and beheading them and trashing their Christian school textbooks.
2459:
markers. The schools also served to maintain alliances and open aboriginal areas for Dutch enterprise and commerce.
2406:, with the hope of interrupting Portuguese and Spanish trading alliances with China. The Spanish also established a
2163:
Early Chinese histories refer to visits to eastern islands that some historians identify with Taiwan. Troops of the
2125:. For example, of the approximately 26 known languages of the Taiwanese aborigines (collectively referred to as the
1906:
1015:) for those who had pledged their allegiance through their payment of a head tax. According to the standards of the
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14856:
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14375:
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13349:
13202:
13077:
12994:
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11704:
6097:
3191:
1876:
1759:
from "Fan" (番, barbarian) to the dominant Confucian "Han" culture. During the Japanese and KMT periods centralized
735:
10060:
Chen, Henry C. L.; Hay, Peter (2004). "Dissenting Island Voices: Environmental Campaigns in Tasmania and Taiwan".
8610:
4699:
3458:
allowed indigenous people a means to push for greater political space, including the still unrealized prospect of
2057:, deer hides, sugar, tea, and rice. At numerous other times changes from the outside world were forcibly imposed.
2037:. This trading network began between the animist communities of Taiwan and the Philippines which later became the
14736:
14102:
12668:
Note: On the map, "Mountain Indigenous Areas" are in dark green and "Plains Indigenous Areas" are in light green.
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5236:
4329:
10774:
5075:
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14587:
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13055:
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Conflict and Commerce in Maritime East Asia: The Zheng Family and the Shaping of the Modern World, c. 1620–1720
9578:"The genomic diversity of Taiwanese Austronesian groups: Implications for the "Into- and Out-of-Taiwan" models"
6854:
3436:
1691:
1681:
190:
10740:
8387:
Damm, Jens (2012). "Multiculturalism in Taiwan and the Influence of Europe". In Damm, Jens; Lim, Paul (eds.).
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is a word used to describe uncooked food, unworked land, unripened-fruit, unskilled labor or strangers, while
2559:
and defected to Koxinga's Chinese forces. The aboriginals of Sincan defected to Koxinga after he offered them
614:
585:
14917:
14774:
14711:
14558:
14490:
14465:
14362:
14126:
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13454:
13339:
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12734:
11682:
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10438:
In Search of the Hunters and Their Tribes: Studies in the History and Culture of the Taiwan Indigenous People
10000:
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In search of the hunters and their tribes: studies in the history and culture of the Taiwan indigenous people
4402:
states: "We originally had no surnames, please bestow on us the Han surnames, Pan, Chen, Li, Wang, Tan, etc."
3861:
3447:
3440:
3399:
2367:
1988:. They spread throughout the rest of the Philippines and eventually migrated further to the other islands of
1771:
mixed and assimilated into the Hoklo Han population at different stages were differentiated by the historian
1478:
1454:
1206:
942:
industries with the goal of achieving increased economic self-reliance and maintaining cultural integration.
710:
388:
209:
10711:
Lamley, Harry J (1981). "Subethnic Rivalry in the Ch'ing Period". In Emily Martin Ahern; Hill Gates (eds.).
8588:
4910:
3840:
Young residents in the Bunun village of Lona, Taiwan dress up for the traditional Christmas holiday (not an
3258:
customs. This was included in the Shandi Pingdi Hua (山地平地化) policy to "make the mountains like the plains".
2719:
acculturated aborigine villages never rebelled and over 200 non-acculturated aboriginal villages submitted.
1730:, Henan, there exists a "Taiwan Village" (台灣村) whose inhabitants' ancestors migrated from Taiwan during the
1514:
of that name. Commonly cited examples of this ambiguity include (Seediq/Sediq/Truku/Taroko) and (Tao/Yami).
14797:
14520:
14001:
13369:
13237:
10871:
10675:
10491:
Hill, Catherine; Soares, Pedro; Mormina, Maru; Macaulay, Vincent; Clarke, Dougie; Clarke, Petya B. (2007).
5744:
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1957:
era. These people survived by eating marine life. Archeological evidence points to an abrupt change to the
1767:
and culturalism, directed education, genealogical customs and other traditions toward ethnic assimilation.
869:
4244:
The Pulima Arts Festival took place from 2020 to 2021 and several videos of participants are available on
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13197:
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12906:
12690:
12146:
11731:
11311:
10062:
Changing Islands – Changing Worlds: Proceedings of the Islands of the world VIII International Conference
9947:. Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies of the University of California. China Research Monograph 46.
9666:
Andrade, Tonio (2008d). "Chapter 4: La Isla Hermosa: The Rise of the Spanish Colony in Northern Taiwan".
5893:
3857:
3157:
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fences until the most remote high mountain villages could be relocated closer to administrative control.
2972:
2659:
2637:
2452:
1830:
1145:
were added later, for a total of nine recognized peoples. During the early period of Chinese Nationalist
1082:
of 1930 led to many changes in aboriginal policy, and the Japanese government began referring to them as
1024:
967:
11253:
11029:
10926:
10912:
10227:
Diamond, Norma (1995). "Defining the Miao: Ming, Qing and Contemporary Views". In Stevan Harrell (ed.).
10146:
8977:
8962:
8838:
8815:
8793:
8770:
8747:
7795:
6210:
Everington, K. (2017). Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Taiwan News.
5513:
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5306:
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were removed from the villages to eliminate their influence and pave the way for Dutch missionary work.
3114:
1972:
From around 5000 to 1500 BC, Taiwanese indigenous peoples started a seaborne migration to the island of
880:. Since the early 1980s, many indigenous groups have been actively seeking a higher degree of political
14912:
14861:
14851:
14759:
14754:
14095:
14077:
13790:
13742:
13374:
13324:
13311:
13217:
13060:
12786:
10283:
Edmondson, Robert (2002). "The February 28 Incident and National Identity". In Stephane Corcuff (ed.).
10161:
Taiwan At The Crossroads: Human Rights, Political Development and Social Change on the Beautiful Island
9530:
9448:
8724:
8558:
5545:
3018:
2194:" early in the 7th century. They brought back captives, cloth, and armour. The Liuqiu described by the
1058:
11286:
Stainton, Michael (1999). "The Politics of Taiwan Aboriginal Origins". In Murray A. Rubinstein (ed.).
10638:
Culture, Self and Adaptation: The Psychological Anthropology of Two Malayo-Polynesian Groups in Taiwan
4492:
726:
Taiwanese indigenous peoples had maintained regular trade networks with numerous regional cultures of
14630:
14515:
14405:
13722:
13695:
13690:
13050:
12896:
12857:
12438:
12182:
12057:
11772:
10188:
1. Statistics of Indigenous Population in Taiwan and Fukien Areas for Townships, Cities and Districts
4719:"'Indigenous in spirit, even if not by blood': Han Chinese seek a new identity among Taiwan's tribes"
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3845:
2860:
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2463:
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in southwestern Taiwan and left shortly after. Lin Feng moved his pirate forces to Wankan (in modern
2066:
1918:
1801:
1751:
1486:
920:
749:, with linguistic, genetic and cultural ties to other Austronesian peoples. Taiwan is the origin and
722:
632:
334:
11414:
11101:
10370:
14535:
14370:
14041:
14011:
13458:
13384:
13207:
13134:
12916:
12911:
12862:
12451:
12200:
12104:
12062:
11652:
10091:
8466:
7818:
4304:
3310:-speaking Taiwanese in the role of indigenous people and the victims of successive foreign rulers.
2383:
1784:
Many of these forms of assimilation are still at work today. For example, when a central authority
757:, whose descendant groups today include the majority of the ethnic groups throughout many parts of
642:
14480:
11496:
Tsuchida, Shigeru (1983). "Austronesian Languages in Formosa". In S.A. Wurm; Hiro Hattori (eds.).
9952:
Brown, Melissa J. (2001). "Reconstructing ethnicity: recorded and remembered identity in Taiwan".
4044:. At times, the creation of national parks has resulted in forced resettlement of the aborigines.
14568:
13996:
13830:
13655:
13389:
13282:
13006:
12901:
12872:
12867:
11386:
Tai, Eika (1999). "The Assimilationist Policy and the Aborigines in Taiwan under Japanese Rule".
10356:
4394:
One account of this "identity shift" occurs in the area called Rujryck by the Dutch, now part of
3603:
3333:, to the point that the legislative seats allocated to the indigenous are popularly described as
3203:
3118:
2556:
2345:
1989:
14455:
10729:
10586:
Collective Rights of Indigenous Peoples: Identity Based Movements of Plains Indigenous in Taiwan
3194:
on 2 September and the subsequent appropriation of the island by the Chinese Nationalist Party (
2306:. However these licenses merely acknowledged already existing illegal trade at these locations.
14827:
14721:
14573:
14470:
14415:
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13486:
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13162:
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12683:
10811:
6126:
Hung HC, Iizuka Y, Bellwood P, Nguyen KD, Bellina B, Silapanth P, et al. (December 2007).
4194:
3936:
3579:
3392:
2782:
who paid taxes but did not perform corvée and did not practice Han Chinese culture were called
2146:
2142:
2009:
1985:
1929:, with linguistic and genetic ties to other Austronesian ethnic groups, such as peoples of the
1441:
897:
865:
754:
11377:
Suenari, Michio (2006). "A Century of Japanese Anthropological Studies on Taiwan Aborigines".
8423:
8045:
7768:
7721:
7667:
7640:
7574:
6878:
6605:
2266:("the country of Dahui"), a corruption of Tayouan, a tribe that lived on an islet near modern
1182:
Despite recent changes in the field of anthropology and a shift in government objectives, the
14668:
14530:
14475:
14220:
13875:
13840:
13354:
13260:
13255:
13232:
13033:
12891:
12811:
12806:
11446:
Thompson, Lawrence G. (1964). "The earliest eyewitness accounts of the Formosan aborigines".
10221:. Excerpted from Table 29: The characteristics of indigenous population in Taiwan-Fukien Area
8411:
7859:
7694:
7613:
6844:
6806:
6377:
6231:"Standardization of ceramic shape: A case study of Iron Age pottery from northeastern Taiwan"
6012:. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge. pp. 251–273.
5921:
4198:
4154:
4086:
A full-time indigenous radio station, "Ho-hi-yan", was launched in 2005 with the help of the
3973:
3230:
3185:
3064:
3036:
2629:
2603:
2114:
2102:
1755:
924:
833:
132:
11399:
10384:
10009:. London, Edinburgh, New York: Marshall Brothers Ltd. reprinted by SMC Publishing Inc 1996.
14907:
14764:
14650:
14620:
14583:
14500:
13835:
13810:
13707:
13001:
12739:
12411:
11714:
11116:
Between Assimilation and Independence: The Taiwanese Encounter Nationalist China, 1945–1950
10955:
9983:
Is Taiwan Chinese? : The Impact of Culture, Power and Migration on Changing Identities
9850:
9755:
9524:
8496:
6242:
5957:
5854:
4334:
4291:
4150:
4138:
4037:
3226:
2816:
2564:
2552:
2528:
2491:
2083:
2030:
1897:
1854:
completely acculturated into the larger ethnic Han group, and had experienced nearly total
1009:) to define those people who had not submitted to Qing rule, and "cooked/tamed/civilized" (
909:
885:
837:
170:
11755:
11670:
How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century
9757:
How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century
9746:
How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century
9735:
How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century
9724:
How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century
9713:
How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century
9702:
How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century
9691:
How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century
9680:
How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century
9669:
How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century
9658:
How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century
9647:
How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century
9636:
How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century
9390:
3081:
2695:. Indigenous participation in major revolts during the Qing era, including the Taokas-led
2015:
There is evidence that indigenous Taiwanese continued trading with the Philippines in the
1661:
1047:
1031:
219:
200:
8:
14410:
13765:
13727:
13702:
13566:
13538:
13177:
13172:
13023:
12840:
12781:
12771:
11274:"Formosa's first Nations and the Japanese: from Colonial Rule to Postcolonial Resistance"
10959:
10694:
Knapp, Ronald G (1980). "Settlement and Frontier Land Tenure". In Ronald G. Knapp (ed.).
10004:
4427:
4146:
4057:
3949:
3342:
3165:
3010:
2965:
2840:
2544:
2515:
2183:
2138:
2087:
1926:
861:
750:
746:
739:
718:
71:
11587:
11403:
10264:
Ebrey, Patricia (1996). "Surnames and Han Chinese Identity". In Melissa J. Brown (ed.).
9854:
9721:
Andrade, Tonio (2008i). "Chapter 9: Lord and Vassal: Company Rule over the Aborigines".
9602:
6246:
5961:
5894:"The Early Austronesian Migration To Luzon: Perspectives From The Peñablanca Cave Sites"
5859:
5027:
3080::20). The Seediq indigenous fought against the Japanese in multiple battles such as the
923:, which have always lived in the lowland areas of the island. Ever since the end of the
14769:
14563:
14495:
14460:
14425:
13972:
13845:
13800:
13633:
13546:
13364:
13334:
12980:
12958:
12623:
12618:
11463:
10986:
10899:
10624:
10616:
10517:
10492:
10462:
9969:
9814:
9806:
9132:
9070:
8907:
6587:
6297:
6258:
6162:
6149:
6127:
6050:
5981:
4645:
4610:
4586:
4559:
4238:
4209:
in 2016. In 2016, the Atamira Dance Company and Black Grace came from New Zealand, and
4111:
3961:
3841:
3597:
3484:
3479:
3338:
2696:
2599:
2575:
2251:
2126:
2079:
2038:
1867:
1859:
881:
849:
115:
87:
11777:
11767:
10365:
Website of Government Information Office, Republic of China. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
9862:
8436:
6566:"Chen Di's Record of Formosa (1603) and an Alternative Chinese Imaginary of Otherness"
4134:. Music has given indigenous both a sense of pride and a sense of cultural ownership.
3972:
The indigenous communities of Taiwan are closely linked with ecological awareness and
3964:
and seeking a balance between the interests of the communities and economic vitality.
374:
350:
14625:
14420:
14202:
13929:
13912:
13850:
13780:
13757:
13660:
13638:
13628:
13601:
13596:
13425:
13379:
13316:
13277:
13247:
13110:
12963:
12756:
12723:
12638:
12613:
12590:
12526:
12511:
12305:
12287:
12119:
12114:
11854:
11692:
11563:
11538:
11432:
11363:
11341:
11291:
11208:
11140:
11119:
11090:
11073:
11056:
10990:
10946:
Low, Y.F. (9 November 2005). "DPP encourages aborigines to adopt traditional names".
10891:
10850:
10700:
10642:
10628:
10606:
10522:
10480:
10466:
10422:
10344:
10269:
10241:
10201:
10106:
10046:
10030:
10010:
9986:
9920:
9904:
9896:
9876:
9831:
9818:
9772:
9607:
9137:
9119:
8944:
8911:
8899:
8392:
7774:
7731:
7700:
7673:
7646:
7619:
7580:
6884:
6850:
6591:
6544:
6301:
6262:
6167:
6106:
6076:
6069:
6054:
6013:
5973:
5874:
4997:
4650:
4632:
4591:
4472:
4349:
4324:
3860:
groups have mobilized their members around Christian organizations; most notably the
3607:
3372:
3254:
3222:
3199:
3073:
2727:
2355:
2275:
2191:
2134:
2122:
1901:
1863:
1785:
1539:
857:
845:
468:
318:
310:
128:
119:
111:
11429:
Taiwan's Imagined Geography: Chinese Colonial Travel Writing and Pictures, 1683–1895
10903:
9936:
Selected papers from the Eighth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics
9744:
9733:
9722:
9711:
9700:
9689:
9678:
9667:
9656:
9645:
8701:
7208:
For a detailed overview of the many migrations of Taiwanese indigenous tribes, see (
6846:
Pentecost of the Hills in Taiwan: The Christian Faith Among the Original Inhabitants
5986:
5288:
4611:"Taiwan Y-chromosomal DNA variation and its relationship with Island Southeast Asia"
3852:
Of the current population of Taiwanese indigenous, about 70% identify themselves as
3433:(早住民, "Early People") to evoke a sense of general historical immigration to Taiwan.
3084:, 1902 Renzhiguan incident (人止關事件), and the 1903 Zimeiyuan incident (姊妹原事件). In the
3063:
Japan's sentiment regarding indigenous peoples was crafted around the memory of the
2350:
14809:
14706:
14610:
14605:
14510:
14440:
14286:
14276:
14259:
14254:
14249:
13855:
13775:
13571:
13494:
13449:
13436:
13344:
13329:
13067:
12648:
12501:
12491:
12486:
12424:
12401:
12391:
12386:
12328:
12259:
12236:
12141:
11992:
11525:
The Seventeenth-Century Transformation: Taiwan Under the Dutch and the Cheng Regime
11484:
11459:
11455:
11162:
10978:
10883:
10598:
10563:
10512:
10504:
10454:
10322:
10122:
9961:
9858:
9798:
9597:
9589:
9556:
9127:
9111:
8925:
8891:
7213:
6577:
6289:
6250:
6185:
6157:
6139:
6042:
5965:
5905:
5864:
4640:
4622:
4581:
4571:
4399:
3985:
3922:
3887:
3554:
3514:
3469:
started in a bid for more official recognition of land as traditional territories.
3307:
3267:
3242:
3238:
2712:
2615:
2611:
2395:
2130:
1997:
1772:
1764:
1629:
1016:
889:
853:
802:
580:
245:
166:
10664:
Japanese Colonialism in Taiwan: Land Tenure, Development and Dependency, 1895–1945
9499:
2094:
farming. Sugar and rice were grown as well, but mostly for use in preparing wine.
14305:
14291:
14232:
13905:
13825:
13820:
13815:
13795:
13747:
13685:
13643:
13606:
13591:
13581:
13576:
13556:
13521:
13516:
13192:
13129:
12766:
12633:
12608:
12582:
12468:
12363:
12358:
12353:
12343:
12338:
12333:
12320:
12264:
12241:
12218:
12156:
12136:
11884:
11879:
11762:
11750:
11737:
11721:
11699:
10887:
10793:
Lin, Jean (6 May 2006). "Resettled Truku blast plans for hotels in Taroko park".
9766:
9710:
Andrade, Tonio (2008h). "Chapter 8: "The Only Bees on Formosa That Give Honey"".
9397:
7934:
7922:
7910:
7898:
7886:
7871:
7751:
7220:
6384:
6254:
6046:
4466:
4434:
4398:
city. A document signed by the village heads dating from the seventh year of the
4190:
4029:
3931:
3891:
3836:
3543:
3539:
3524:
3520:
3459:
3207:
3093:
3045:
3026:
2923:
2918:
Efforts to settle in indigenous territories were renewed under the governance of
2633:
2503:
Wu-lao-wan, the indigenous people were forced to sue for peace in February 1653.
2448:
2407:
2363:
2291:
2243:, suggesting that Chinese merchants had already visited the island by the 1340s.
2172:
1594:
1579:
1559:
1497:
1293:
717:, with the nationally recognized subgroups numbering about 600,303 or 3% of the
493:
488:
296:
123:
103:
91:
41:
14803:
11669:
11234:. June 1999 International Aboriginal Rights Conference in Taipei. Archived from
10982:
10285:
Memories of the Future: National Identity Issues and the Search for a New Taiwan
9634:
9593:
8725:"Apology failed to explicitly acknowledge Aboriginal sovereignty: demonstrators"
6748:
4984:
3059:
couple in traditional clothing. Taken in pre-World War II Japanese-ruled Taiwan.
1171:
1168:
1158:
1155:
1090:
1071:
1011:
1005:
982:(1603), identifies the indigenous people of Taiwan as simply "Eastern Savages" (
216:
197:
14820:
14540:
14445:
14315:
14161:
14149:
13865:
13805:
13784:
13737:
13586:
13561:
13359:
13182:
12989:
12600:
12554:
12478:
12460:
12381:
12373:
12251:
12228:
12164:
12029:
11942:
11932:
11859:
11825:
11782:
11686:
11612:
11235:
11166:
11069:
Pingpu bazai zu cang sang shi (The Difficult History of the Pazih Plains Tribe)
10671:
9473:
9422:
8879:
6132:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
5943:"Language phylogenies reveal expansion pulses and pauses in Pacific settlement"
5771:
5224:"Kavalan become official Aboriginal group". Taipei City Government. 5 May 2005.
4462:
4360:
4210:
4127:
4087:
3451:
3388:
3250:
3211:
3137:
3085:
3068:
3041:
3030:
3022:
2985:
2897:
2836:
2812:
2723:
2595:
2523:
2426:
2422:
2371:
2359:
2223:
2200:
2164:
2118:
2110:
1855:
1834:
1731:
1610:
1590:
1543:
1493:
1122:
1079:
901:
841:
829:
762:
727:
604:
542:
532:
463:
280:
95:
11516:
Linguistic Materials of the Formosan Sinicized Populations I: Siraya and Basai
11488:
11273:
10567:
10458:
9802:
8895:
8880:"Yearning for Recognition: Indigenous Formosans and the Limits of Indigeneity"
6660:
6582:
6565:
6293:
6189:
5909:
2358:
in bilingual parallel format, from the first half of the 17th century, in the
1910:
A map showing the migration of the Austronesians out of Taiwan from c. 3000 BC
955:
distinctions, serving to shape in part today's political discourse within the
14881:
14673:
14398:
14335:
14266:
14237:
13917:
13870:
13770:
13648:
13621:
13616:
13611:
13551:
13511:
13045:
12801:
12761:
12643:
12628:
12572:
12564:
12541:
12531:
12496:
12419:
12396:
12310:
12297:
12279:
12210:
12073:
12034:
12019:
11987:
11975:
11970:
11958:
11937:
11899:
11889:
11869:
11864:
11849:
11839:
11743:
10218:
Preliminary statistical analysis report of 2000 Population and Housing Census
10067:
9786:
9630:
9561:
9544:
9123:
9115:
9075:
8903:
6534:
5838:
5001:
4636:
4319:
4314:
4310:
A New Partnership Between the Indigenous Peoples and the Government of Taiwan
4277:
4123:
4115:
4099:
4070:
4005:
3993:
3989:
3981:
3906:
3883:
3363:
3314:
3173:
3136:
indigenous rebels beheaded by Japanese indigenous allies, in 1931 during the
3133:
2951:
2919:
2655:
2519:
2475:
2435:
2434:) was at war with Mattau (Madou) and its ally Baccluan, while the village of
2382:
During the European period (1623–1662) soldiers and traders representing the
2287:
2074:
1871:
1843:
1818:
1723:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1625:
1617:
1602:
1598:
1551:
1547:
1535:
1527:
1289:
1130:
1126:
1110:
1000:
913:
905:
609:
599:
594:
570:
566:
556:
537:
498:
478:
473:
458:
448:
327:
107:
99:
75:
33:
11598:"The Formosan Language Archive: Linguistic Analysis and Language Processing"
10407:
6144:
5969:
4627:
4576:
2278:
visited Taiwan in 1563 and 1574 respectively. Lin Daoqian was a pirate from
14388:
14320:
14300:
12653:
12506:
12192:
12024:
11997:
11874:
11844:
10895:
10687:
Under An Imperial Sun: Japanese Colonial Literature of Taiwan and The South
10620:
10526:
9943:
Brown, Melissa J (1996). "On Becoming Chinese". In Melissa J. Brown (ed.).
9699:
Andrade, Tonio (2008g). "Chapter 7: The Challenges of a Chinese Frontier".
9611:
9141:
7819:"TCI0002344126".&searchmode=basic&tcihsspage=tcisearch_opt2_search
6409:
Tanaka Fumio 田中史生 (2008). "Kodai no Amami Okinawa shotō to kokusai shakai"
6171:
5977:
5878:
5691:
The change involves only the addition of a water radical to the character (
5550:
5518:
5486:
5311:
4887:
4654:
4595:
4222:
4172:
4103:
4025:
3914:
3910:
3876:
3531:
3499:
3359:
3322:
3318:
3284:
3106:
3006:
2947:
2908:
2877:
2873:
2650:
2507:
2499:
2418:
2399:
2295:
2211:
1880:
1814:
1735:
1633:
1621:
1583:
1575:
1555:
1531:
1511:
1492:
Among the Plains groups that have petitioned for official status, only the
1142:
1114:
996:
935:
590:
561:
518:
483:
453:
364:
252:
146:
37:
10102:
Becoming "Japanese" Colonial Taiwan and The Politics of Identity Formation
9768:
Lost Colony: The Untold Story of China's First Great Victory Over the West
4075:
3225:(as defined by the state) at the expense of local cultures. Following the
2915:. However efforts to promote settlement in Taiwan petered out soon after.
2069:
mainly lived in stationary village sites surrounded by defensive walls of
1870:, and many names require more than the allotted space. In April 2022, the
14383:
14271:
14215:
14210:
14178:
14173:
13526:
11980:
11909:
11904:
11834:
11534:
Learning To Be Chinese: The Political Socialization of Children in Taiwan
10119:
Educating Urban Indigenous Students in Taiwan: Six Teachers' Perspectives
9099:
6128:"Ancient jades map 3,000 years of prehistoric exchange in Southeast Asia"
4743:
4560:"Ancient jades map 3,000 years of prehistoric exchange in Southeast Asia"
4355:
4107:
3865:
3616:
3263:
3056:
2995:
2734:
at the mid-point of the western plains. In 1715, the governor-general of
2731:
2487:
2271:
2231:
2219:
2215:
2187:
2178:
2098:
1977:
1954:
1950:
1930:
1810:
1738:. In 2005, 2,674 people of the village identified themselves as Gaoshan.
1670:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1214:
Population of officially recognized Taiwanese indigenous peoples in 1911
1134:
1118:
1020:
that anyone could be civilized/tamed by adopting Confucian social norms.
794:
731:
574:
513:
508:
503:
443:
11467:
10602:
10257:
Rescuing History from the Nation: Questioning Narratives of Modern China
9810:
7842:殖産興業、集団移住与文化生成:以 Tayal[bng'ciq]与Tayal[msbtunux]土地所有的変化為例
7615:
Tropics of Savagery: The Culture of Japanese Empire in Comparative Frame
6153:
3502:. The Atayal and Seediq slammed the Truku for their name rectification.
2896:
invaded indigenous territory in southern Taiwan in what is known as the
2386:
maintained a colony in southwestern Taiwan (1624–1662) near present-day
14833:
14430:
14393:
14227:
13227:
11894:
9973:
9545:"Genomic Insights Into the Demographic History of the Southern Chinese"
9100:"Detecting Genetic Ancestry and Adaptation in the Taiwanese Han People"
7669:
China and Its Others: Knowledge Transfer through Translation, 1829–2010
4131:
3997:
3853:
3510:
3506:
3330:
3218:
3195:
3148:
2991:
2943:
2815:
and Shuishalian. The Gamalan or Kavalan people were situated in modern
2708:
2571:
2168:
2025:
2005:
1993:
1942:
1523:
1146:
1138:
939:
840:
and other intercultural processes, have resulted in varying degrees of
798:
790:
778:
10696:
China's Island Frontier: Studies in the Historical Geography of Taiwan
10595:
China's Island Frontier: Studies in the Historical Geography of Taiwan
9211:
7766:
6543:(Project Gutenberg ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 116.
6538:
3886:
were reported by Dutch sources to incorporate bird imagery into their
3354:
1093:
14749:
14330:
14193:
14139:
14118:
13980:
12549:
12128:
11726:
10127:
7727:
5869:
5842:
5795:
5772:"Constitutional Court strikes down legal clause on Indigenous status"
5079:
4234:
4206:
4119:
3957:
2912:
2881:
2865:
2744:
2692:
2667:
2444:
2333:
2001:
1958:
1938:
1806:
1797:
1760:
1727:
959:(ROC), and affecting Taiwan's policies regarding indigenous peoples.
893:
806:
782:
758:
11307:"Presbyterians and the Aboriginal Revitalization Movement in Taiwan"
10198:
A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology
9965:
9032:
8611:"Protesters accuse Dalai Lama of staging 'political show' in Taiwan"
4700:"Taiwan's Han Chinese seek a new identity among the island's tribes"
3848:
and Protestant faiths, and the town holds two large holiday parades.
3172:
The Japanese troops used indigenous women as sex slaves, so called "
2680:
2250:
were familiar enough with the indigenous peoples of Taiwan to speak
2141:. These languages are of unique historical significance, since most
14168:
13860:
13187:
12521:
12348:
12174:
11475:
Tsao, Feng-fu (1999). "The Language Planning Situation in Taiwan".
10508:
9688:
Andrade, Tonio (2008f). "Chapter 6: The Birth of Co-colonization".
7642:
The American Colonial State in the Philippines: Global Perspectives
5819:
4996:] (in Japanese). Governor-General of Taiwan. 1913. p. 46.
4095:
3297:
3246:
2739:
2671:
2583:
2329:
2279:
2240:
2227:
1934:
1914:
1669:
people as one of Taiwan's ethnic groups, pictured here between the
952:
864:. These languages are of unique historical significance since most
786:
721:'s population. This total is increased to more than 800,000 if the
266:
154:
12675:
11203:
Statecraft and Political Economy on the Taiwan Frontier, 1600–1800
11192:
Shepherd, John R. (1986). "Sinicized Siraya Worship of A-li-tsu".
4193:
word meaning "creative or highly skilled people". Inspired by the
836:, as well as continued contact with the colonizers through trade,
14814:
14325:
14281:
14244:
11355:
9677:
Andrade, Tonio (2008e). "Chapter 5: The Fall of Spanish Taiwan".
8497:"Taiwan aboriginal lawmaker to take struggle against Japan to UN"
8063:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4245:
3513:
at its headquarters in honor of the 60th anniversary of Taiwan's
3509:
displayed a massive photo of the anti-Japanese indigenous leader
2960:
2560:
2548:
2511:
2440:
2431:
2411:
2317:
2299:
2283:
2054:
2034:
1981:
1946:
1645:
975:
818:
766:
371:
150:
13971:
10846:
ping pu bai she gu wen shu (Old Texts From 100 Ping Pu Villages)
10821:"A New Wave of Indigenous Pop—The Music of Pur-dur and Samingad"
10026:
Qing dai Taiwan tu zhe di quan, (Land Rights in Qing Era Taiwan)
9828:
Austronesian Taiwan: Linguistics, History, Ethnology, Prehistory
9743:
Andrade, Tonio (2008k). "Chapter 11: The Fall of Dutch Taiwan".
9732:
Andrade, Tonio (2008j). "Chapter 10: The Beginning of the End".
7507:
4137:
The issue of ownership was exemplified when the musical project
3646:
Unemployment among the indigenous population of Taiwan (2005–09)
3051:
1435:
14183:
12706:
12516:
12269:
11362:. Washington D.C.: Taiwanese Cultural Grass Roots Association.
11012:
A Chinese Pioneer Family: The Lins of Wu-Feng, Taiwan 1729–1895
10121:(Doctoral dissertation). University of Maryland, College Park.
10071:
9644:
Andrade, Tonio (2008b). "Chapter 2: A Scramble for Influence".
9341:
9339:
9337:
9335:
7226:
6880:
The Colonial 'civilizing Process' in Dutch Formosa: 1624 – 1662
6849:(illustrated ed.). Hope Publishing House. pp. 96–97.
5997:
on 12 February 2014 – via Austronesian linguistics - ANU.
5156:"Gov't officially recognizes two more aboriginal people groups"
4395:
3927:
3918:
3879:
3844:). Christian missionaries have converted many residents to the
2735:
2675:
2387:
2303:
2267:
2247:
2236:
2204:
2091:
2070:
1966:
1793:
1674:
1606:
1474:
1285:
956:
822:
774:
770:
714:
11194:
Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica No. 58
7250:
6926:
6924:
6700:
4515:
3523:
led indigenous legislators to protest against the Japanese at
3402:(PCT), established the Alliance of Taiwan Aborigines (ATA, or
1891:
742:
and later by successive governments towards the 20th century.
422:
14156:
14144:
14134:
13976:
11586:
Yeh, Yu-ting (2003). Atayal Narratives and Folktales, in the
11536:. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.
11221:
Marriage and Mandatory Abortion among the 17th Century Siraya
10547:
Taiwan zhong bu ping pu zhu (Plains Tribes of Central Taiwan)
8672:"Dalai Lama visits Taiwan typhoon victims amid Chinese anger"
7665:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4142:
4091:
3872:
2893:
2684:
2679:
Plains peoples into loyal subjects, and adopted the head and
2456:
2403:
2321:
1973:
1687:
814:
810:
393:
379:
14087:
11560:
Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty: His Life, Times, and Legacy
11019:
Meyer, Mahlon (8 January 2001). "The Other Side of Taiwan".
10342:. Taipei: Shung Ye Museum of Formosan Aborigines Publishing.
9332:
7593:
7471:
7048:
7046:
6824:
6648:
6636:
5375:
3329:
In many districts Taiwanese aborigines tend to vote for the
2751:
10138:
Taiwan at the end of The 20th Century: The Gains and Losses
9259:
9199:
8861:"China loophole: Why Taiwan relies on Indigenous diplomacy"
8222:
8186:
8138:
8104:
8102:
7696:
Japanese Assimilation Policies in Colonial Korea, 1910–1945
7435:
7286:
7058:
6921:
3179:
2391:
2328:(An Account of the Eastern Barbarians). According to Chen,
2020:
1962:
1821:
demonstrate major cultural differences from Han elsewhere.
11756:
Shung Ye Museum of Formosan Aborigines another description
10640:. Taipei, Taiwan: Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica.
9033:"Plains Indigenous Ancestors and Taiwan Blood Nationalism"
9011:
9009:
9007:
8528:"Taiwanese Politician Faces Charges Over Yasukuni Protest"
8087:
7988:
7411:
7387:
7274:
7214:
Distribution of Austronesian in Taiwan depicting migration
7006:
6378:
http://www.strongwindpress.com/pdfs/HKFax/No_HK2013-41.pdf
5807:
4815:
4762:
4666:
4664:
4021:
1984:
populations of the islands. This was the beginning of the
11605:
Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing
11518:. Tokyo: The University of Tokyo, Linguistics Department.
11223:. Arlington VA: The American Anthropological Association.
10490:
9633:(2008a). "Chapter 1: Taiwan on the Eve of Colonization".
9235:
8333:
7399:
7043:
6736:
6688:
6332:
5801:
5663:
5661:
5609:
5363:
4965:
4205:
The festival was held in Taipei in 2012 and 2014, and in
825:
respectively are also a part of the Austronesian family.
56:(Non-status and unrecognized indigenous peoples excluded)
13412:
11086:
Taiwan pingpu zu shi (History of Taiwan's Pingpu Tribes)
10806:[Genetic profile for non-Indigenous Taiwanese].
10493:"A Mitochondrial Stratigraphy for Island Southeast Asia"
9576:
Liu, Dang; Ko, Albert Min-Shan; Stoneking, Mark (2023).
9283:
9271:
9247:
9223:
8285:
8174:
8099:
8015:
7554:
7262:
6812:
6712:
6624:
6505:
6503:
6501:
6433:
6431:
6429:
6427:
6344:
6125:
6032:
5411:
5339:
4863:
4557:
4016:
3341:. This may seem surprising in light of the focus of the
2467:
economic impact of losing their most vital food source.
11590:. Taipei: The Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica
10698:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 55–68.
9004:
8771:"Rights groups call on Tsai to return Aboriginal lands"
8345:
8321:
8027:
7976:
7952:
7940:
7638:
7576:
Japanese Taiwan: Colonial Rule and its Contested Legacy
7483:
6994:
6953:
6951:
6911:
6909:
6907:
6788:
6776:
6764:
6724:
6277:
6230:
5399:
5135:
5133:
5131:
5129:
5127:
4827:
4661:
3586:
3494:(DPP) and the indigenous tendency to vote for the KMT.
3245:
and citizenship — with a curriculum steeped in pro-KMT
3082:
Xincheng incident (新城事件), Truku battle (太魯閣之役) (Taroko)
11100:
10872:"Aboriginal Fractions: Enumerating Identity in Taiwan"
9301:
9187:
8357:
8309:
8162:
7773:. Shung Ye Museum of Formosan Aborigines. p. 27.
7542:
6970:
6676:
6467:
6455:
6320:
5710:
5658:
5438:
5387:
5351:
4941:
4875:
4839:
4803:
4681:
4679:
4445:
4443:
3472:
2522:
attacked American survivors of a shipwreck during the
2514:) drove out the Dutch and established the short-lived
2425:) Harbor, Siraya-speaking representatives from nearby
11477:
Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development
10556:
Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development
10476:
Operation China. Introducing all the Peoples of China
9655:
Andrade, Tonio (2008c). "Chapter 3: Pax Hollandica".
9423:"Taiwan designates Aug. 1 as Indigenous Peoples' Day"
9148:
8467:"Lawmaker and aborigines forbidden to visit Yasukuni"
8297:
8210:
8150:
8114:
8005:
8003:
7821:樟腦戰爭與'tayal (msbtunux) / (bng'ciq)初探--殖民主義、近代化與民族的動態一
7796:"Legislator May Chin calls for return of Atayal land"
7611:
7495:
7447:
6498:
6486:
6443:
6424:
6390:
6361:
6359:
5940:
5698:
5597:
5020:"The latest figures of registration of Siraya people"
4929:
3190:
Japanese rule of Taiwan ended in 1945, following the
2887:
2053:), and engaged in cooperative trade in goods such as
995:
Beginning nearly a century later, as the rule of the
315:
301:
285:
271:
257:
11744:
Shung Ye Museum of Formosan Aborigines official site
11030:"Aboriginal rights advocates blast cultural tourism"
10760:"The Dispersal of The Formosan Aborigines in Taiwan"
10588:. New York, NY: Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group.
10409:
Between Trade and Legitimacy, Maritime and Continent
9771:(illustrated ed.). Princeton University Press.
9160:
8559:"Tokyo police charge lawmaker May Chin with assault"
7964:
7719:
7377:
7375:
7360:
7348:
7338:
7336:
7321:
7298:
7190:
7166:
7142:
7130:
7118:
7106:
6982:
6948:
6936:
6904:
6515:
6308:
5743:
states: "According to a documentary released by the
5585:
5575:
5573:
5462:
5450:
5428:
5426:
5327:
5259:
5257:
5207:
5205:
5124:
4779:
4267:
4126:) became international pop-stars. The rock musician
2640:, 1871: "A Native Hunting Party Baksa Formosa 1871".
2320:
visited Taiwan in 1603 on an expedition against the
1690:(PRC) officially recognizes indigenous Taiwanese as
11048:
11014:. Princeton New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
10597:. HI: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 85–104.
10412:(Ph.D. thesis). University of California, Berkeley.
9217:
9047:
8239:
8237:
8051:
7530:
7513:
7459:
6010:
Examining the farming/language dispersal hypothesis
5941:Gray RD, Drummond AJ, Greenhill SJ (January 2009).
5898:
Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association
5673:
5646:
5269:
5024:
Ethnic Affairs Commission of Tainan City Government
4676:
4608:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4468:
Why Taiwan Matters: Small Island, Global Powerhouse
4440:
4167:
International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples
4149:", which was selected as the official theme of the
3349:
3013:
as Imperial Japanese Army corps during World War II
2145:consider Taiwan to be the original homeland of the
1829:Several factors encouraged the assimilation of the
868:consider Taiwan to be the original homeland of the
355:
339:
11205:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
11118:. Stanford California: Stanford University Press.
10168:Council Of Labor Affairs, Executive Yuan. (2010).
8794:"Pazeh writers get awards for preserving language"
8261:
8249:
8000:
7618:. University of California Press. pp. 39–41.
7082:
7031:
6356:
6095:
6067:
5770:
5482:"Pazeh writers get awards for preserving language"
5190:
4994:Governor-General of Taiwan Statistic Yearbook 1911
4953:
4851:
2538:
1656:
736:began settling on the island from the 17th century
11500:. Canberra: Australian Academy of the Humanities.
10715:. CA: Stanford University Press. pp. 283–88.
9894:. Taipei: Shung Ye Museum of Formosan Aborigines.
9097:
8126:
7372:
7333:
7178:
7154:
7094:
7070:
6408:
6387:title夷洲问题再辨析 (PDF). . (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2015-09-28)}.
6276:Wang, Li-Ying; Marwick, Ben (29 September 2020).
5621:
5570:
5423:
5254:
5202:
3450:was promoted to a ministry-level rank within the
2218:people started visiting Taiwan. The Yuan emperor
1741:
14879:
14601:Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia
11812:
11252:Shih, Hsiu-chuan; Loa, Iok-sin (24 April 2008).
11231:Legal Status of the Indigenous Peoples of Taiwan
10927:"Environmentalists take aim at nuclear industry"
10738:The Legislative Yuan Republic of China. (2004).
10268:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
9403:
9348:
9320:
9026:
9024:
8992:
8273:
8234:
8075:
7666:James St. André; Hsiao-yen Peng (January 2012).
7572:
7423:
6089:
5769:Lin, Chang-shun; Sabatier, Luke (1 April 2022).
5546:"Pingpu activists demand government recognition"
5237:"Meet Taiwan's Newest Official Indigenous Group"
4532:
3940:) can also be traced to the earlier matrilineal
3378:
3198:, or KMT) on 25 October. In 1949, on losing the
2589:
1779:
14745:Association of East Asian Research Universities
11673:. Columbia University Press, Gutenberg e-Books.
11551:Approaching Sovereignty over the Diaoyu Islands
11002:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
10737:
9360:
8375:
8198:
7767:Shun yi Taiwan yuan zhu min bo wu guan (2001).
7713:
7238:
5750:
5722:
5178:
4564:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3930:(A-li-tsu) has become assimilated into the Han
3898:. During the period of Dutch colonization, the
3249:. Some elements of the curriculum, such as the
2230:in China. Another expedition was sent in 1297.
1453:
1099:
1062:
12103:
11513:
11413:
10913:"Interview: Aboriginal name activists hopeful"
10229:Cultural Encounters of China's Ethic Frontiers
10045:. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. pp. 133–62.
9844:
9575:
9312:
9071:"The Siraya's Fight for Recognition in Taiwan"
7699:. University of Washington Press. p. 74.
7659:
7232:
6229:Wang, Li-Ying; Marwick, Ben (1 October 2020).
5934:
5813:
4911:"Saisiyat people launch referendum initiative"
2410:in northern Taiwan (1626–1642) in present-day
2339:
1284:Since 2005, some local governments, including
1088:
1069:
14697:China–Japan–Korea Friendship Athletic Meeting
14103:
13957:
12949:
12691:
12089:
11798:
11150:
10722:"Chimo seek recognition of aboriginal status"
10533:
9541:
9442:
9440:
9378:
9037:Taiwan: A Radical Quarterly in Social Studies
9021:
7756:. Nova Science Publishers. 1998. p. 277.
7632:
5926:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 (
5825:
5307:"FEATURE: Seeking headhunter roots in Taiwan"
5050:"呼應蔡英文平埔政策!花蓮富里首開「鄉定原民」先例,2年過去卻不滿百人登記是發生啥事呢?"
3387:(1948). Although the Republic of China was a
3326:a multi-cultural and multi-ethnic community.
3233:, which was to last for nearly four decades.
1436:Indigenous ethnic groups recognized by Taiwan
663:
214:
195:
11768:BBC News: Taiwan's aborigines find new voice
10200:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
9985:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
9889:
9400:; requires Windows Media Player 9 or higher.
8792:Hua, Meng-ching; Pan, Jason (15 June 2014).
8589:"EDITORIAL: 'ethnic card,' Aboriginal-style"
7605:
7256:
6706:
5381:
5150:
5148:
4225:, Australia also performed at the festival.
4171:In 2016, the administration under President
3229:in 1947, the Kuomintang placed Taiwan under
3001:
2555:in 1652 turned against the Dutch during the
2060:
11705:Digital Museum of Taiwan Indigenous Peoples
11408:. London: Longmans and Green & Company.
10751:Newsletter of Taiwan History Field Research
10689:. Honolulu, HA: University of Hawaii Press.
10577:Contemporary Taiwanese Cultural Nationalism
10266:Negotiating Ethnicities in China and Taiwan
10259:. Chicago, Il: University of Chicago Press.
10240:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
10104:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
9945:Negotiating Ethnicities in China and Taiwan
9873:Taiwan: Linguistics, History and Prehistory
9535:
8678:. Kaohsiung, Taiwan (AFP). 31 August 2009.
7692:
7686:
7566:
6402:
6275:
6228:
6099:Paths of Origins: The Austronesian Heritage
6035:Journal of Island & Coastal Archaeology
5768:
3546:and denounced it as politically motivated.
3487:11 seats before the first vote is counted.
3067:, when, in 1871, a group of 54 shipwrecked
2950:mother and child in sling in Lona Village,
2097:Many of the plains indigenous peoples were
1892:History of the Taiwanese indigenous peoples
1699:
966:A Taiwanese aborigine woman and infant, by
14110:
14096:
13964:
13950:
12698:
12684:
12096:
12082:
11805:
11791:
11710:Academia Sinica: Formosan Language Archive
11596:Zeitoun, Elizabeth; Yu, Ching-Hua (2005).
11431:. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.
11173:
11139:Republished 1993, Taipei, SMC Publishing.
10865:. Taipei: SMC Publishing. pp. 427–30.
10657:. Taipei: SMC Publishing. pp. 111–27.
10478:. Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library Pub.
10231:. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
9938:. Taipei: Academia Sinica. pp. 31–94.
9437:
9064:
9062:
8642:"Dalai Lama visits Taiwan typhoon victims"
7417:
7393:
6235:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
6001:
4160:
3880:beliefs in certain birds and bird behavior
3277:
2190:sent three expeditions to a place called "
670:
656:
54:~600,303 or 3% of the population of Taiwan
27:
14596:China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit
11595:
11579:The Colonisation and Settlement of Taiwan
11507:The Cambridge History of China 9 Volume 1
11504:
11398:
11196:. Taipei: Academia Sinica. pp. 1–81.
11132:
11021:Newsweek (Atlantic Edition) Asian Section
10516:
10340:In Search of the Hunters and Their Tribes
10282:
10214:
10126:
9890:Blusse, Leonard; Everts, Natalie (2000).
9601:
9560:
9178:
9131:
8853:
8748:"KMT Aborigine lawmakers to skip apology"
8192:
7760:
7599:
7477:
7052:
7018:
6830:
6581:
6161:
6143:
5985:
5868:
5858:
5145:
4670:
4644:
4626:
4585:
4575:
4241:, with a "Festival in Festival" program.
3538:Indigenous peoples protested against the
2850:
2786:(submitted non-acculturated aborigines).
2773:bears the opposite meaning. To the Qing,
2752:Qing classification of indigenous peoples
2171:are recorded visiting an island known as
2029:jade industry in the Philippines and the
14078:Indigenous peoples by geographic regions
11740:Reed Institute's Formosa Digital Library
11495:
11445:
11335:
11304:
11285:
11218:
11207:Reprinted 1995, SMC Publishing, Taipei.
11200:
11191:
11113:
11055:Reprinted 1997, Taipei: SMC Publishing.
10473:
10444:
10435:
10291:
10235:
10195:
10163:. Washington D.C.: Asia Resource Center.
9999:
9870:
9825:
9764:
9753:
9742:
9731:
9720:
9709:
9698:
9687:
9676:
9665:
9654:
9643:
9629:
9265:
9253:
9241:
9205:
9030:
8926:"狩獵權釋憲失敗 原民立委:社會對「自然資源利用」與「生態保育」仍有誤解/沃草"
8617:. Agence France-Presse. 31 August 2009.
8339:
8327:
8303:
8228:
8144:
8108:
8093:
8069:
7994:
7882:
7880:
7453:
7292:
7280:
7268:
7202:
7064:
7012:
6930:
6876:
6794:
6754:
6742:
6730:
6718:
6694:
6654:
6642:
6630:
6509:
6492:
6437:
6350:
6338:
6119:
6061:
5692:
5591:
5417:
5369:
5345:
5139:
5078:. TITV. 10 November 2017. Archived from
4971:
4947:
4881:
4869:
4833:
4821:
4773:
4717:Kuo, Lily; Chen, Alicia (9 April 2022).
4698:Kuo, Lily; Chen, Alicia (4 April 2022).
4526:
4449:
4074:
4020:
3835:
3435:
3353:
3180:Kuomintang single-party rule (1945–1987)
3128:
3050:
3005:
2942:
2869:
2619:
2469:
2349:
2050:
1913:
1905:
1824:
1763:government policies, rooted in ideas of
1660:
1449:
961:
11585:
11410:Reprinted 1996, Taipei, SMC Publishing.
11376:
11251:
11182:
11006:
10968:
10684:
10399:State and society in the Taiwan miracle
10226:
10185:Council of Indigenous Peoples. (2004).
10184:
10167:
10059:
9785:
9277:
9182:
9068:
9059:
9031:Chen, Shu-juo; Duan, Hong-kuan (2008).
8978:"Tsai failing nation's Aborigines: KMT"
8884:International Journal of Taiwan Studies
8503:. Associated Press. 14 September 2005.
8351:
7982:
7958:
7946:
7560:
7548:
7525:
7316:
6962:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHang2015 (
6782:
6770:
6666:
6533:
6478:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHang2015 (
6105:. Artpostasia Pte Ltd. pp. 30–41.
5891:
5837:
5615:
5275:
4809:
4716:
4697:
3650:
3411:Working Group on Indigenous Populations
3077:
2152:
14880:
14616:East Asian Bureau of Economic Research
11693:Council of Indigenous Peoples (Taiwan)
11531:
11388:Current Politics and Economics of Asia
11049:Montgomery-McGovern, Janet B. (1922).
10997:
10954:
10710:
10539:. (5 May 2005). Taipei City Government
10294:"Creating 'Indian Country' in Taiwan?"
10144:
9914:
9754:Andrade, Tonio (2008l). "Conclusion".
9229:
8988:from the original on 24 December 2016.
8849:from the original on 24 December 2016.
8826:from the original on 24 December 2016.
8804:from the original on 11 November 2014.
8791:
8781:from the original on 24 December 2016.
8768:
8758:from the original on 4 September 2016.
8735:from the original on 24 December 2016.
8722:
8599:from the original on 24 December 2016.
8565:. Staff Reporter in TOKYO. p. 1.
8391:. Wiesbaden: Springer VS. p. 95.
8057:
8033:
7935:Japan's progress number ... July, 1935
7849:from the original on 24 December 2016.
7806:from the original on 24 December 2016.
7753:Current Politics and Economics of Asia
7645:. Duke University Press. p. 249.
7465:
6842:
6007:
5603:
5196:
4461:
4345:Shung Ye Museum of Formosan Aborigines
4179:
3478:aborigines to vote for members of the
3467:Indigenous Ketagalan Boulevard Protest
2907:The imperial commissioner for Taiwan,
2644:
1489:to continue to seek cultural revival.
317:
14091:
13945:
13411:
13213:Opinion polling on Taiwanese identity
12948:
12835:
12721:
12679:
12077:
11786:
11557:
11522:
11278:The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus
11271:
11018:
10713:The Anthropology of Taiwanese Society
10693:
10583:
10574:
10553:
10549:. Taipei, Taiwan: Academia Historica.
10382:
10337:
10312:
10263:
10254:
10238:The Discourse of Race in Modern China
10158:
10099:
10077:
10028:. Taipei, Taiwan: Academia Historica.
9980:
9951:
9942:
9933:
9446:
9289:
9166:
8975:
8877:
8836:
8682:from the original on 28 December 2016
8652:from the original on 28 December 2016
8621:from the original on 28 December 2016
8556:
8525:
8315:
8291:
8267:
8255:
8216:
8180:
8168:
8156:
8120:
8021:
8009:
7877:
7793:
7000:
6942:
6563:
6521:
6461:
6449:
6396:
6365:
5734:
5679:
5667:
5627:
5579:
5468:
5456:
5444:
5432:
5405:
5393:
5263:
5211:
5166:from the original on 11 November 2014
4893:
4545:
4017:Parks, tourism, and commercialization
3976:issues on the island, as many of the
3517:from Japan to the Republic of China.
3391:member and signatory to the original
3385:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
3289:Constitution of the Republic of China
3210:led the Kuomintang in a retreat from
2376:The Gospel of St. Matthew in Formosan
2294:also used Taiwan as a base. In 1593,
1430:
817:of contemporary central and southern
13223:Special non-state-to-state relations
12053:List of indigenous peoples of Taiwan
11548:
11474:
11426:
11227:
11000:The Politics of Formosan Nationalism
10670:
10652:
10544:
10416:
10405:
10396:
10385:"Taiwan's aborigines find new voice"
10116:
10040:
10023:
9474:"MICAWOR – 2018 PULIMA Art Festival"
9449:"Pulima Art Festival opts for south"
9154:
8816:"DPP lawmaker sorry for ethnic slur"
8745:
8639:
8386:
8132:
7838:
7816:
7536:
7489:
7076:
7037:
7025:
6988:
6976:
6957:
6915:
6818:
6682:
6473:
6326:
6314:
6026:
5892:Mijares, Armand Salvador B. (2006).
5716:
5357:
4935:
4845:
4797:
4785:
4228:The 2018 festival took place in the
3967:
3948:missionaries, under the articles of
3934:. The use of female spirit mediums (
3587:Claimed admixture with Taiwanese Han
3460:Indigenous People's Autonomous Areas
2805:
2547:was established by Zheng Chenggong (
2510:loyalist forces of Zheng Chenggong (
2506:The Dutch period ended in 1662 when
1446:List of Indigenous peoples of Taiwan
638:List of indigenous peoples of Taiwan
66:Regions with significant populations
12705:
11385:
11083:
11066:
10945:
10924:
10910:
10869:
10860:
10843:
10818:
10801:
10792:
10719:
10635:
10592:
10368:
10354:
10304:(1 (Winter)): 33–44. Archived from
10135:
9409:
9354:
9326:
9193:
9069:Waksman, Itamar (14 January 2022).
9053:
9015:
8998:
8712:from the original on 19 March 2017.
8363:
8279:
8243:
8081:
7828:from the original on 13 March 2017.
7501:
7304:
5756:
5740:
5728:
5704:
5685:
5652:
5640:
5558:from the original on 12 August 2016
5333:
5184:
5108:. 13 September 2016. Archived from
5008:from the original on 22 April 2016.
4857:
4691:
4685:
4340:Formosan Aboriginal Culture Village
4081:Formosan Aboriginal Culture Village
3473:Indigenous political representation
3099:unenlightened and stubbornly stupid
2938:
2761:) and non-acculturated aborigines (
2578:. Those who refused were punished.
2019:. Eastern Taiwan was the source of
2017:Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere
1504:
13:
11576:
11498:Language Atlas of the Pacific Area
11354:
11027:
10757:
10748:
10661:
10497:American Journal of Human Genetics
10178:Machine translated English version
10147:"Tribe wants official recognition"
9549:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
9366:
8942:
8839:"KMT slams DPP over Japan imports"
8837:Hsiao, Alison (17 November 2016).
8204:
7970:
7639:Julian Go; Anne L. Foster (2003).
7441:
7429:
7405:
7381:
7366:
7354:
7342:
7327:
7244:
7209:
7196:
7184:
7172:
7160:
7148:
7136:
7124:
7112:
7100:
7088:
5916:from the original on 16 July 2023.
5234:
4959:
3631:
3313:By the late 1980s many Hoklo- and
3076:, to "...conquer the barbarians" (
2902:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
2888:Colonization in reaction to crises
2608:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
1298:Taiwanese Plain Indigenous peoples
932:NDHU College of Indigenous Studies
14:
14929:
11632:
11051:Among the Head-Hunters of Formosa
10819:Liu, Alexandra (24 August 2000).
10680:. Cambridge: The Riverside Press.
10145:Chuang, Jimmy (14 October 2005).
9447:Baker, Diane (10 November 2016).
8976:Hsiao, Alison (1 December 2016).
8746:Yang, Chun-huei (1 August 2016).
8723:Gerber, Abraham (2 August 2016).
8569:from the original on 3 March 2016
8557:Chang, Mao-sen (12 August 2011).
8507:from the original on 3 March 2016
8477:from the original on 3 March 2016
5783:from the original on 1 April 2022
5526:from the original on 3 March 2016
5514:"Pazeh poets honored at ceremony"
5494:from the original on 3 March 2016
5026:. 2 December 2016. Archived from
4230:Museum of Contemporary Art Taipei
4079:Young woman playing music in the
3542:during his visit to Taiwan after
3419:the people who lived here first,"
2474:Taiwanese indigenous depicted in
2159:Early Chinese contact with Taiwan
1296:in 2016, have begun to recognize
745:Taiwanese indigenous peoples are
14780:Ludwigshafen East Asia Institute
14192:
14055:
14040:
14025:
14010:
13995:
13923:
13911:
13900:
13899:
13142:List of administrative divisions
12437:
11715:An overview of the people groups
11254:"Sediq recognized as 14th tribe"
10911:Loa, Iok-sin (27 January 2007).
10401:. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe.
10313:Eyton, Laurence (3 March 2004).
9569:
9518:
9492:
9466:
9425:. Focus Taiwan CNA. 29 July 2016
9415:
9383:
9372:
9306:
9295:
9172:
9091:
8969:
8963:"President pardons Bunun hunter"
8955:
8945:"被宣告「部分違憲」的王光祿案,法律仍未真正看到原住民狩獵文化"
8936:
8918:
8871:
8830:
8808:
8785:
8762:
8739:
8716:
8694:
8664:
8633:
8603:
8581:
8550:
8519:
8489:
8459:
8429:
8417:
8405:
8380:
8369:
8039:
7928:
7916:
7904:
7892:
7865:
7853:
7832:
7810:
7787:
7744:
7519:
7310:
6870:
6836:
6800:
6598:
6557:
6527:
6371:
4284:
4270:
3572:
3350:Aborigines in the democratic era
2008:. Taiwan is the homeland of the
1921:boy and woman by Paul Ibis, 1877
1041:; 'Plains peoples') and
951:over time that they have become
723:indigenous peoples of the plains
421:
14898:Indigenous peoples of East Asia
13924:
11678:Taiwan Aboriginal Culture Park,
11415:Tao demand relocation of waste"
11272:Simon, Scott (4 January 2006).
11187:. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
11154:Journal of Early Modern History
11102:Premier apologizes to Tao tribe
11053:. Boston: Small Maynard and Co.
10741:Members of the Legislative Yuan
9104:Molecular Biology and Evolution
8878:Simon, Scott (20 August 2020).
8822:. 19 November 2016. p. 3.
8595:. 25 February 2008. p. 8.
8447:from the original on 7 May 2016
8389:European perspectives on Taiwan
6282:Archaeological Research in Asia
6269:
6222:
6213:
6204:
6194:
6178:
6075:. NUS Press. pp. 203–215.
5885:
5831:
5762:
5633:
5538:
5506:
5474:
5299:
5281:
5228:
5217:
5094:
5068:
5042:
5012:
4977:
4903:
4791:
4736:
4503:from the original on 4 May 2017
4388:
4379:
4330:List of ethnic groups in Taiwan
2662:people to Chinese Han customs.
2539:Kingdom of Tungning (1661–1683)
2137:and several are to some degree
1980:, intermingling with the older
1800:in the 17th century pushed the
1657:Indigenous Taiwanese in the PRC
860:and several are to some degree
394:
380:
356:
340:
14727:EAFF E-1 Football Championship
14702:East Asian Football Federation
11460:10.1080/02549948.1964.11731044
11340:. Taipei: SMC Publishing Inc.
11290:. New York: M.E. Sharpe, Inc.
11219:Shepherd, John Robert (1995).
11174:Rubinstein, Murray A. (1999).
11028:Mo, Yan-chih (21 March 2005).
10925:Loa, Iok-sin (8 August 2010).
10666:. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
10421:. Cambridge University Press.
10196:Crossley, Pamela Kyle (1999).
10140:. Taipei: Tonsan Publications.
9919:. Taipei: SMC Publishing Inc.
8769:Gerber, Abraham (8 May 2016).
8640:Wang, Amber (31 August 2009).
7794:Hsiao, Alison (15 June 2016).
7612:Robert Thomas Tierney (2010).
5814:Bird, Hope & Taylor (2004)
4602:
4551:
4485:
4455:
4421:
4153:. The main chorus was sung by
2979:
2884:, and adopted a Han identity.
2354:The opening paragraphs of the
2262:("little eastern island") and
1756:acculturation and assimilation
1742:Assimilation and acculturation
1682:List of ethnic groups in China
1109:The latter group included the
1053:
1037:
988:
983:
945:
316:
302:
286:
272:
258:
231:Taiwanese original inhabitants
215:
196:
1:
14775:Journal of East Asian Studies
14712:East Asian Judo Championships
14559:East Asia Climate Partnership
14117:
12836:
12735:Timeline of Taiwanese history
11683:Council of Indigenous Peoples
11558:Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2012).
11137:. London: Hurst and Blackett.
10802:Lin, Marie (11 August 2007).
9863:10.1016/s1040-6182(03)00135-6
9797:(2) (2nd ed.): 295–321.
7720:Murray A. Rubinstein (2015).
6415:Kodai chūsei no kyōkai ryōiki
5826:Rolett, Jiao & Lin (2002)
4409:
3913:eras, Han immigrants brought
3862:Presbyterian Church in Taiwan
3448:Council of Indigenous Peoples
3441:Council of Indigenous Peoples
3400:Presbyterian Church in Taiwan
3379:Indigenous political movement
2590:Qing dynasty rule (1683–1895)
2570:Koxinga's son and successor,
1780:Current forms of assimilation
1479:Council of Indigenous Peoples
1207:Government Information Office
1162:) "mountain compatriots" and
740:Dutch colonial administration
14888:Taiwanese indigenous peoples
14798:Horses in East Asian warfare
14341:other ethnic groups in China
13500:Taiwanese indigenous peoples
13238:Taiwan independence movement
11814:Taiwanese indigenous peoples
11773:Taiwan Indigenous Television
11658:Resources in other libraries
11644:Taiwanese indigenous peoples
11611:(2): 167–200. Archived from
10964:. New York: F. H. Revell Co.
10948:Central News Agency — Taiwan
10888:10.1080/01459740.2011.630333
10810:(in Chinese). Archived from
10720:Lee, Abby (29 August 2003).
9791:The Journal of Asian Studies
9760:. Columbia University Press.
9749:. Columbia University Press.
9738:. Columbia University Press.
9727:. Columbia University Press.
9716:. Columbia University Press.
9705:. Columbia University Press.
9694:. Columbia University Press.
9683:. Columbia University Press.
9672:. Columbia University Press.
9661:. Columbia University Press.
9650:. Columbia University Press.
9639:. Columbia University Press.
9614:– via Oxford Academic.
7233:Tsuchida & Yamada (1991)
6612:(in Chinese). pp. 21–29
6413:. In Ikeda Yoshifumi (ed.).
6255:10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102554
6047:10.1080/15564894.2013.781085
5843:"Taiwan's gift to the world"
5745:Democratic Progressive Party
5289:"鄧州"台灣村"高山族的歷史記憶-台灣問題論文-論文網"
4493:"One Island, Twenty Tongues"
4471:. Rowman & Littlefield.
4414:
4300:Taiwan Indigenous Television
3689:Labor participation rate (%)
3492:Democratic Progressive Party
2421:arrived in 1624 at Tayouan (
2090:as well as conducting light
870:Austronesian language family
683:Taiwanese indigenous peoples
415:Taiwanese indigenous peoples
181:Taiwanese indigenous peoples
22:Taiwanese indigenous peoples
7:
13395:Water supply and sanitation
12722:
11312:Cultural Survival Quarterly
10983:10.1080/0275720032000129938
10773:(1): 271–78. Archived from
10685:Kleeman, Faye Yuan (2003).
10536:Ho Hi Yan Hits the Airwaves
10292:Ericsson, Niclas S (2004).
10192:. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
10170:Aboriginal Labor Statistics
10078:Cheng, Zoe (1 April 2007).
4263:
4251:
3831:
3580:A Bunun hunter was arrested
3553:The derogatory term "fan" (
3055:Colorized photograph of an
2994:of Orchid Island practiced
2973:Taiwanese Plains indigenous
2963:from Camphor Laurel trees (
2880:immigrants from Fujian and
2715:period (1735–1796), the 93
2636:in Kaohsiung nowadays), by
2632:in Ba̍k-sa (木柵, as part of
2340:European period (1623–1662)
1100:
1063:
10:
14934:
14852:Needham Research Institute
14760:East Asia Image Collection
14755:East Asian Economic Review
14190:
13713:Inventions and discoveries
13218:Political status of Taiwan
12787:Taiwan under Japanese rule
12452:County-Administered Cities
12105:Taiwanese Indigenous Areas
11681:Bureau of Cultural Parks,
11532:Wilson, Richard W (1970).
11427:Teng, Emma Jinhua (2004).
11305:Stainton, Michael (2002).
11248:. Retrieved 24 March 2007.
11201:Shepherd, John R. (1993).
11167:10.1163/156852302322454576
10921:Accessed 13 November 2007.
10848:. Taipei: Academia Sinica.
10758:Li, Paul Jen-kuei (2001).
9875:. Taipei: SMC Publishing.
9830:. Taipei: SMC Publishing.
9622:
9218:Montgomery-McGovern (1922)
8702:"Dalai Lama Visits Taiwan"
7845:. 中央研究院民族学研究所. p. 6.
7514:Montgomery-McGovern (1922)
7257:Blusse & Everts (2000)
6707:Blusse & Everts (2000)
5912:(inactive 18 March 2024).
5382:Blusse & Everts (2000)
5102:"西拉雅平埔族註記、高市熟男266人.熟女207人"
4164:
4068:
3842:official holiday in Taiwan
3602:in 2007 reported that the
3429:(先住民, "First people"), or
3183:
3019:Taiwan under Japanese rule
3016:
2983:
2593:
2343:
2156:
1895:
1688:People's Republic of China
1679:
1439:
980:Record of the Eastern Seas
14842:
14788:
14735:
14687:
14649:
14631:Human rights in East Asia
14582:
14549:
14516:Sino-Xenic pronunciations
14361:
14201:
14125:
14074:
13987:
13895:
13756:
13673:
13537:
13485:
13478:
13435:
13407:
13246:
13155:
13108:
12973:
12944:
12850:
12831:
12730:
12717:
12666:
12599:
12581:
12563:
12540:
12477:
12459:
12446:
12435:
12410:
12372:
12319:
12296:
12278:
12250:
12227:
12209:
12191:
12173:
12155:
12127:
12111:
12058:Plains indigenous peoples
12048:
11951:
11918:
11820:
11653:Resources in your library
11588:Formosan Language Archive
11505:Twitchett, Denis (2002).
11489:10.1080/01434639908666383
11381:. Taipei: SMC Publishing.
11228:Shih, Cheng-Feng (1999).
11114:Phillips, Steven (2003).
11088:. Taipei: SMC Publishing.
11071:. Taipei: SMC Publishing.
10998:Mendel, Douglass (1970).
10870:Liu, Jennifer A. (2012).
10568:10.1080/01434639708666322
10459:10.1215/10679847-11-2-331
10440:. Taipei: SMC Publishing.
10369:Gao, Pat (4 April 2007).
10315:"Pan-blues' winning ways"
10255:Duara, Presenjit (1995).
10181:Retrieved 28 August 2010.
9981:Brown, Melissa J (2004).
9803:10.1017/s0021911805000793
9594:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad122
9302:"Premier apologizes" 2002
8896:10.1163/24688800-00302002
8865:Christian Science Monitor
8646:The Sydney Morning Herald
8437:"國民黨紀念光復稱莫那魯道抗日英雄 – 台灣立報"
7579:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
7573:Andrew D. Morris (2015).
6843:Covell, Ralph R. (1998).
6583:10.1017/S0018246X1900061X
6540:How Taiwan Became Chinese
6294:10.1016/j.ara.2020.100226
6190:10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751
5910:10.7152/bippa.v26i0.11995
5106:Kaohsiung City Government
4744:"總統參加「國立東華大學原住民民族學院」開院典禮"
4155:Difang and his wife, Igay
4042:environmental colonialism
3558:
3192:armistice with the allies
3002:Japanese rule (1895–1945)
2861:Plains Indigenous Peoples
2722:During the reigns of the
2628:hunting party with their
2464:plains indigenous peoples
2398:between the company, the
2067:plains indigenous peoples
2061:Plains indigenous peoples
1925:Indigenous Taiwanese are
1802:Plains indigenous peoples
1487:Plains Indigenous peoples
1167:
1154:
1089:
1070:
1046:
1030:
1010:
1004:
921:plains indigenous peoples
633:Plains indigenous peoples
405:
387:
370:
363:
349:
333:
326:
309:
295:
279:
265:
251:
244:
239:
235:
227:
208:
189:
185:
180:
165:
160:
144:
139:
86:
81:
70:
65:
53:
48:
26:
13208:One Country on Each Side
13120:Administrative divisions
12063:Indigenous Area (Taiwan)
11405:Japanese Rule in Formosa
11282:Accessed 22 August 2010.
11133:Pickering, W.A. (1898).
10971:History and Anthropology
10767:Language and Linguistics
10745:Accessed 22 August 2010.
10734:Accessed 22 August 2010.
10655:Around and About Formosa
10397:Gold, Thomas B. (1986).
10383:Gluck, Caroline (2005).
10379:Accessed 22 August 2010.
10287:. New York: M.E. Sharpe.
10236:Dikotter, Frank (1992).
10100:Ching, Leo T.S. (2001).
9871:Blundell, David (2000).
9847:Quaternary International
9765:Andrade, Tonio (2011a).
9562:10.3389/fevo.2022.853391
9526:2020 Pulima Art Festival
8526:James (12 August 2011).
8072:, pp. 47–8, 140–41.
7923:The Japan Year Book 1933
7887:The Japan Year Book 1937
7444:, pp. 174–175, 166.
7212:). For detailed map see
6610:National Central Library
6564:Jenco, Leigh K. (2020).
6417:
6410:
4988:
4433:27 November 2012 at the
4372:
4359:(2011 film based on the
4305:Indigenous Area (Taiwan)
4064:
2797:villages. The number of
2582:tribes people in modern
2384:Dutch East India Company
1752:Plains indigenous people
1718:identified 600 thousand
1692:one of its ethnic groups
643:Indigenous Area (Taiwan)
191:Traditional Chinese
58:3,479 in Mainland China
14903:Ethnic groups in Taiwan
14893:Ancient peoples of Asia
14717:East Asian martial arts
14664:Archaeological cultures
13390:Uniform Invoice lottery
13305:State-owned enterprises
13078:Office of the President
11761:10 January 2008 at the
11667:Andrade, Tonio (2002).
11592:Accessed 13 April 2007.
11523:Wills, John E. (2015).
11423:Accessed 17 March 2007.
11110:Accessed 17 March 2007.
11008:Meskill, Johanna Menzel
10545:Hong, Mei Yuan (1997).
10541:Accessed 17 March 2007.
10474:Hattaway, Paul (2003).
10223:Accessed 18 March 2007.
10159:Cohen, Marc J. (1988).
10155:Accessed 21 April 2007.
10096:Accessed 22 April 2007.
10024:Chen, Chiu-kun (1997).
9867:Accessed 31 March 2007.
8706:The Wall Street Journal
8376:"Legislative Yuan" 2004
7672:. Rodopi. p. 142.
6877:Hsin-Hui, Chiu (2008).
6145:10.1073/pnas.0707304104
5970:10.1126/science.1166858
5779:. Central News Agency.
4671:Zeitoun & Yu (2005)
4628:10.1186/1471-2156-15-77
4577:10.1073/pnas.0707304104
4529:, pp. 39, 93, 425.
4367:Indigenous Peoples' Day
4161:Indigenous Peoples' Day
3604:human leukocyte antigen
3278:Transition to democracy
3204:Chinese Communist Party
2990:Every tribe except the
2626:plain indigenous people
2557:Siege of Fort Zeelandia
2346:Taiwan under Dutch rule
1879:office to register her
1750:Particularly among the
852:– at least ten are now
738:, at the behest of the
357:Thòi-vân Ngièn-chhu-mìn
210:Simplified Chinese
14844:Science and technology
14828:The Book of Five Rings
14722:East Asian Youth Games
13350:Semiconductor industry
13168:Cross-Strait relations
13125:Special municipalities
12777:Taiwan under Qing rule
11821:Nationwide Recognized
10662:Ka, Chih-ming (1995).
10575:Hsiau, A-chin (2000).
10393:Accessed 6 March 2007.
10371:"The Revitalized Vote"
10298:Harvard Asia Quarterly
10117:Chou, Hui-min (2005).
10001:Campbell, Rev. William
9116:10.1093/molbev/msaa276
6570:The Historical Journal
5828:, pp. 307–8, 313.
4195:Edinburgh Art Festival
4083:
4032:
3892:Formosan hundred pacer
3849:
3465:In February 2017, the
3443:
3367:
3147:Japanese ethnographer
3140:
3060:
3014:
2955:
2851:Migration to highlands
2743:maintained. After the
2641:
2482:
2390:. This established an
2379:
2302:and five licenses for
2222:sent officials to the
2010:Austronesian languages
1986:Austronesian expansion
1965:were mass-produced on
1922:
1911:
1877:household registration
1858:from their respective
1677:
1471:
1442:Demographics of Taiwan
971:
898:Central Mountain Range
755:Austronesian expansion
695:Austronesian Taiwanese
14127:Countries and regions
13233:Taiwanese nationalism
12752:Early Chinese contact
11288:Taiwan: A New History
11258:Taipei Times (Taiwan)
11176:Taiwan: A New History
11135:Pioneering In Formosa
11034:Taipei Times (Taiwan)
10931:Taipei Times (Taiwan)
10917:Taipei Times (Taiwan)
10844:Liu, Tan-Min (2002).
10795:Taipei Times (Taiwan)
10584:Hsieh, Jolan (2006).
10357:"Minority, Not Minor"
10338:Faure, David (2001).
10151:Taipei Times (Taiwan)
10136:Chu, Jou-juo (2001).
10066:, 1–7 November 2004,
10043:Taiwan: A New History
9278:Chen & Hay (2004)
9078:International Edition
7723:Taiwan: A New History
7408:, p. 1, 10, 174.
5276:Shih & Loa (2008)
5162:. CNA. 27 June 2014.
5076:"部落大小聲節目 加蚋埔部落錄製平埔議題"
4750:(in Chinese (Taiwan))
4151:1996 Atlanta Olympics
4078:
4024:
3839:
3694:Unemployment rate (%)
3439:
3417:" (原住民), literally, "
3357:
3186:White Terror (Taiwan)
3132:
3054:
3037:Treaty of Shimonoseki
3009:
2946:
2630:Formosan Mountain Dog
2623:
2604:Mudan Incident (1871)
2533:Pioneering in Formosa
2473:
2353:
2121:and loss of original
2115:cultural assimilation
2103:Dutch Reformed Church
1917:
1909:
1825:Surnames and identity
1665:The depiction of the
1664:
1469:
1149:(KMT) rule the terms
965:
844:and loss of original
834:cultural assimilation
437:Nationally Recognized
288:T'ai-wan yüan-chu-min
161:Related ethnic groups
133:Yilan Creole Japanese
14918:Austronesian culture
14867:Traditional medicine
14765:East Asia Law Review
14621:East Asian Community
14311:Indigenous Taiwanese
12745:archaeological sites
11919:Locally Recognized
11727:Taiwan First Nations
11577:Ye, Ruiping (2019).
11417:. (2 January 2003).
11238:on 16 September 2023
10876:Medical Anthropology
10831:on 26 September 2007
10579:. London: Routledge.
8708:. 2 September 2009.
7824:. Vol. 5. 臺北縣.
7730:. pp. 211–212.
7693:Mark Caprio (2014).
5554:. 4 September 2016.
5522:. 4 September 2016.
5490:. 4 September 2016.
4748:www.president.gov.tw
4335:Austronesian peoples
4292:Civilizations portal
4038:Taroko National Park
3992:storage facility on
3978:environmental issues
3421:but more commonly, "
3227:February 28 Incident
2859:Small sub-groups of
2565:compulsory education
2553:Guo Huaiyi rebellion
2529:William A. Pickering
2516:Zheng family kingdom
2492:Guo Huaiyi Rebellion
2480:Gedenkwaerdig bedryf
2153:Contact with Chinese
2143:historical linguists
2129:), at least ten are
2084:Formosan sambar deer
1927:Austronesian peoples
1898:Prehistory of Taiwan
1872:Constitutional Court
1589:Locally recognized:
886:economic development
866:historical linguists
699:Taiwanese aborigines
395:Tâi-uân guân-tsū-bîn
381:Tâi-ôan gôan-chū-bîn
342:Toi van ngian cu min
14292:Khalkha in Mongolia
13883:Tourist attractions
13340:Maritime industries
13273:Automotive industry
13178:Chinese nationalism
13173:Chinese unification
13017:Additional Articles
12782:Republic of Formosa
12772:Kingdom of Tungning
12112:Highland indigenous
11400:Takekoshi, Yasaburo
11319:(2). Archived from
11067:Pan, Da He (2002).
10814:on 16 October 2007.
10636:Hsu, Mutsu (1991).
10603:10.2307/j.ctv9zckx5
10417:Hang, Xing (2016).
10406:Hang, Xing (2010).
10090:(4). Archived from
10064:. pp. 1110–31.
10006:Sketches of Formosa
9855:2004QuInt.118..145B
8443:. 26 October 2005.
6247:2020JArSR..33j2554W
5962:2009Sci...323..479G
5860:2000Natur.403..709D
4570:(50): 19745–19750.
4221:), a band from the
4180:Pulima Art Festival
4147:Return to Innocence
4130:is a member of the
4058:sustainable tourism
3950:extraterritoriality
3654:
3343:pan-green coalition
3011:Takasago Volunteers
2966:Cinnamomum camphora
2645:Quarantine policies
2545:Kingdom of Tungning
1837:(Huang Di) and the
1819:Taiwan's ethnic Han
1304:
1215:
1205:Although the ROC's
900:villages along the
751:linguistic homeland
303:Táiwan yuán-jhù-mín
273:ㄊㄞˊ ㄨㄢ ㄩㄢˊ ㄓㄨˋ ㄇㄧㄣˊ
23:
14770:East Asian studies
14466:Hip-and-gable roof
14461:Chinese characters
13973:Indigenous peoples
13547:Formosan languages
13370:Telecommunications
13203:North–South divide
13147:Metropolitan areas
12624:Chihshang Township
12619:Chenggong Township
12550:Nanzhuang Township
11826:central government
11749:2017-11-01 at the
11736:2011-04-13 at the
11720:2006-04-05 at the
11698:2018-01-22 at the
11549:Wong, Tin (2022).
11178:. East Gate Books.
11084:Pan, Ying (1996).
10732:on 30 August 2011.
10080:"The Secret's Out"
9849:. 118–19: 145–63.
9480:. 18 December 2018
9396:2013-08-19 at the
9292:, pp. 355–57.
9268:, pp. 420–22.
9220:, pp. 145–46.
9208:, pp. 393–98.
9196:, pp. 167–69.
9018:, p. 332–333.
8943:鄭敏 (24 May 2021).
8366:, pp. 427–29.
8294:, pp. 98–100.
8231:, pp. 401–10.
8183:, pp. 171–73.
8147:, pp. 400–10.
8024:, pp. 153–73.
7602:, pp. 210–19.
7492:, pp. 230–36.
7480:, pp. 220–24.
7295:, pp. 391–95.
7219:2007-06-21 at the
7067:, pp. 128–29.
6933:, pp. 92–103.
6833:, pp. 116–18.
6821:, p. 119–120.
6657:, p. 176–177.
6645:, p. 170–171.
6383:2015-09-28 at the
6329:, pp. 111–17.
5802:Hill et al. (2007)
5719:, pp. 310–15.
5707:, pp. 440–62.
5618:, pp. 253–55.
5408:, pp. 155–64.
5360:, pp. 115–26.
5293:www.lunwendata.com
5082:on 5 December 2017
4848:, pp. 125–27.
4824:, pp. 281–95.
4800:, pp. 126–27.
4776:, pp. 283–90.
4239:YIRRAMBOI Festival
4199:Festival d'Avignon
4084:
4033:
4028:, a ritual of the
3962:indigenous peoples
3850:
3644:
3485:pan-blue coalition
3480:pan-blue coalition
3444:
3368:
3339:pan-blue coalition
3141:
3061:
3015:
2956:
2697:Ta-Chia-hsi revolt
2642:
2624:A photograph of a
2600:Formosa Expedition
2576:Confucian Classics
2483:
2380:
2252:Formosan languages
2127:Formosan languages
2080:Formosan sika deer
2039:Maritime Jade Road
1923:
1912:
1868:Chinese characters
1860:Formosan languages
1809:. Finally, modern
1678:
1472:
1431:Recognized peoples
1303:
1213:
972:
882:self-determination
850:Formosan languages
711:indigenous peoples
697:, and formerly as
526:Locally recognized
88:Formosan languages
21:
14913:Culture of Taiwan
14875:
14874:
14626:Four Asian Tigers
14085:
14084:
14069:
14068:
13939:
13938:
13891:
13890:
13669:
13668:
13639:Taiwanese Hokkien
13403:
13402:
13198:Foreign relations
13111:Regions of Taiwan
13095:Political parties
13083:Secretary-General
12940:
12939:
12887:Protected species
12827:
12826:
12797:Retreat to Taiwan
12792:Republic of China
12757:Kingdom of Middag
12673:
12672:
12662:
12661:
12639:Guanshan Township
12614:Changbin Township
12527:Xincheng Township
12522:Shoufeng Township
12447:Plains indigenous
12433:
12432:
12349:Sandimen Township
12071:
12070:
11639:Library resources
11569:978-0-7914-8268-1
11369:978-0-939367-00-9
11347:978-957-30287-4-1
11297:978-1-56324-816-0
11125:978-0-8047-4457-7
11104:. (24 May 2002).
10956:Mackay, George L.
10780:on 2 October 2011
10612:978-0-8248-0705-4
10355:Gao, Pat (2001).
10319:Asia Times Online
10308:on 13 March 2007.
10052:978-1-56324-816-0
9926:978-957-30287-4-1
9232:, pp. 71–82.
9110:(10): 4149–4165.
8951:(in Chinese). 天下.
8398:978-3-531-94303-9
8195:, pp. 32–42.
8096:, pp. 68–70.
7997:, pp. 15–16.
7973:, pp. 27–30.
7780:978-957-30287-0-3
7737:978-1-317-45908-8
7706:978-0-295-99040-8
7679:978-94-012-0719-5
7625:978-0-520-94766-5
7586:978-1-4725-7674-3
7504:, pp. 29–36.
7283:, pp. 66–72.
7259:, pp. 11–12.
7015:, pp. 14–20.
7003:, pp. 55–68.
6979:, pp. 35–60.
6709:, pp. 11–20.
6685:, pp. 10–11.
6420:. pp. 49–70.
6341:, pp. 29–34.
6019:978-1-902937-20-5
5853:(6771): 709–710.
5839:Diamond, Jared M.
5670:, pp. 19–34.
5447:, pp. 156–7.
5396:, pp. 38–50.
5372:, pp. 58–63.
5336:, pp. 75–98.
5235:Morris, James X.
4974:, pp. 51–61.
4938:, pp. 104–5.
4478:978-1-4422-3002-6
4350:Taiwanese Hokkien
4325:History of Taiwan
3968:Ecological issues
3829:
3828:
3608:mitochondrial DNA
3606:typing study and
3223:cultural identity
3200:Chinese Civil War
3074:Kabayama Sukenori
2806:Settler expansion
2660:Plains indigenous
2356:Gospel of Matthew
2149:language family.
2123:cultural identity
1919:Plains Indigenous
1902:History of Taiwan
1831:Plains indigenous
1428:
1427:
1282:
1281:
957:Republic of China
846:cultural identity
680:
679:
459:Hla'alua (Saaroa)
409:
408:
401:
400:
259:Táiwān yuánzhùmín
246:Standard Mandarin
176:
175:
129:Japanese language
112:Chinese languages
61:
14925:
14810:Miyamoto Musashi
14707:East Asian Games
14679:Former countries
14611:East Asia Summit
14441:Chinese knotting
14196:
14112:
14105:
14098:
14089:
14088:
14059:
14044:
14029:
14014:
13999:
13990:
13989:
13966:
13959:
13952:
13943:
13942:
13927:
13926:
13915:
13903:
13902:
13791:Cultural history
13743:Waste management
13495:Taiwanese people
13483:
13482:
13437:National symbols
13416:National Symbols
13409:
13408:
13325:Economic history
13320:
13312:Defense industry
13156:Political issues
13061:Military history
12946:
12945:
12833:
12832:
12719:
12718:
12700:
12693:
12686:
12677:
12676:
12649:Taimali Township
12591:Manzhou Township
12502:Guangfu Township
12492:Fenglin Township
12487:Fengbin Township
12457:
12456:
12441:
12402:Yanping Township
12392:Jinfeng Township
12387:Haiduan Township
12260:Wanrong Township
12237:Jianshi Township
12219:Alishan Township
12147:Tauyuan District
12142:Namasia District
12125:
12124:
12098:
12091:
12084:
12075:
12074:
11926:
11924:local government
11828:
11807:
11800:
11793:
11784:
11783:
11627:
11625:
11623:
11617:
11602:
11591:
11582:
11573:
11554:
11537:
11528:
11519:
11510:
11501:
11492:
11471:
11448:Monumenta Serica
11442:
11422:
11421:, Taipei. Page 3
11409:
11395:
11382:
11373:
11351:
11332:
11330:
11328:
11301:
11281:
11268:
11266:
11264:
11247:
11245:
11243:
11224:
11206:
11197:
11188:
11179:
11170:
11138:
11129:
11109:
11089:
11072:
11054:
11044:
11042:
11040:
11024:
11015:
11003:
10994:
10965:
10961:From Far Formosa
10951:
10942:
10940:
10938:
10920:
10907:
10866:
10849:
10840:
10838:
10836:
10827:. Archived from
10815:
10798:
10789:
10787:
10785:
10779:
10764:
10754:
10744:
10733:
10728:. Archived from
10716:
10699:
10690:
10681:
10677:Formosa Betrayed
10667:
10658:
10641:
10632:
10589:
10580:
10571:
10550:
10540:
10530:
10520:
10479:
10470:
10441:
10432:
10413:
10402:
10392:
10378:
10364:
10343:
10334:
10332:
10330:
10325:on 27 March 2004
10321:. Archived from
10309:
10288:
10279:
10260:
10251:
10232:
10222:
10211:
10191:
10180:
10174:Original version
10164:
10154:
10141:
10132:
10130:
10105:
10095:
10065:
10056:
10029:
10020:
9996:
9977:
9948:
9939:
9930:
9895:
9886:
9866:
9841:
9822:
9782:
9761:
9750:
9739:
9728:
9717:
9706:
9695:
9684:
9673:
9662:
9651:
9640:
9616:
9615:
9605:
9573:
9567:
9566:
9564:
9539:
9533:
9527:
9522:
9516:
9515:
9513:
9511:
9496:
9490:
9489:
9487:
9485:
9470:
9464:
9463:
9461:
9459:
9444:
9435:
9434:
9432:
9430:
9419:
9413:
9407:
9401:
9387:
9381:
9376:
9370:
9364:
9358:
9352:
9346:
9343:
9330:
9324:
9318:
9310:
9304:
9299:
9293:
9287:
9281:
9275:
9269:
9263:
9257:
9251:
9245:
9244:, pp. 1–81.
9239:
9233:
9227:
9221:
9215:
9209:
9203:
9197:
9191:
9185:
9176:
9170:
9164:
9158:
9157:, pp. 8–13.
9152:
9146:
9145:
9135:
9095:
9089:
9088:
9086:
9084:
9066:
9057:
9051:
9045:
9044:
9028:
9019:
9013:
9002:
8996:
8990:
8989:
8973:
8967:
8966:
8959:
8953:
8952:
8940:
8934:
8933:
8922:
8916:
8915:
8875:
8869:
8868:
8857:
8851:
8850:
8834:
8828:
8827:
8812:
8806:
8805:
8789:
8783:
8782:
8766:
8760:
8759:
8743:
8737:
8736:
8720:
8714:
8713:
8698:
8692:
8691:
8689:
8687:
8668:
8662:
8661:
8659:
8657:
8637:
8631:
8630:
8628:
8626:
8607:
8601:
8600:
8585:
8579:
8578:
8576:
8574:
8554:
8548:
8547:
8545:
8543:
8538:on 25 March 2014
8534:. Archived from
8523:
8517:
8516:
8514:
8512:
8493:
8487:
8486:
8484:
8482:
8473:. 15 June 2005.
8463:
8457:
8456:
8454:
8452:
8433:
8427:
8424:ed. Vinding 2004
8421:
8415:
8409:
8403:
8402:
8384:
8378:
8373:
8367:
8361:
8355:
8349:
8343:
8342:, pp. 38–9.
8337:
8331:
8325:
8319:
8318:, pp. 47–9.
8313:
8307:
8301:
8295:
8289:
8283:
8277:
8271:
8265:
8259:
8253:
8247:
8241:
8232:
8226:
8220:
8214:
8208:
8202:
8196:
8193:Edmondson (2002)
8190:
8184:
8178:
8172:
8171:, pp. 23–9.
8166:
8160:
8154:
8148:
8142:
8136:
8130:
8124:
8118:
8112:
8106:
8097:
8091:
8085:
8079:
8073:
8067:
8061:
8055:
8049:
8043:
8037:
8036:, pp. 54–5.
8031:
8025:
8019:
8013:
8007:
7998:
7992:
7986:
7980:
7974:
7968:
7962:
7956:
7950:
7944:
7938:
7932:
7926:
7920:
7914:
7908:
7902:
7899:ed. Inahara 1937
7896:
7890:
7884:
7875:
7869:
7863:
7857:
7851:
7850:
7836:
7830:
7829:
7814:
7808:
7807:
7791:
7785:
7784:
7764:
7758:
7757:
7748:
7742:
7741:
7717:
7711:
7710:
7690:
7684:
7683:
7663:
7657:
7656:
7636:
7630:
7629:
7609:
7603:
7600:Takekoshi (1907)
7597:
7591:
7590:
7570:
7564:
7563:, pp. 20–1.
7558:
7552:
7546:
7540:
7534:
7528:
7523:
7517:
7511:
7505:
7499:
7493:
7487:
7481:
7478:Pickering (1898)
7475:
7469:
7463:
7457:
7451:
7445:
7439:
7433:
7427:
7421:
7415:
7409:
7403:
7397:
7391:
7385:
7379:
7370:
7369:, p. 64–65.
7364:
7358:
7357:, p. 63–64.
7352:
7346:
7340:
7331:
7330:, p. 61–62.
7325:
7319:
7314:
7308:
7307:, pp. 36–7.
7302:
7296:
7290:
7284:
7278:
7272:
7266:
7260:
7254:
7248:
7242:
7236:
7235:, pp. 1–10.
7230:
7224:
7206:
7200:
7199:, p. 59–61.
7194:
7188:
7182:
7176:
7175:, p. 56–57.
7170:
7164:
7158:
7152:
7151:, p. 55–56.
7146:
7140:
7139:, p. 50–55.
7134:
7128:
7127:, p. 49–50.
7122:
7116:
7115:, p. 46–49.
7110:
7104:
7098:
7092:
7086:
7080:
7074:
7068:
7062:
7056:
7050:
7041:
7035:
7029:
7022:
7016:
7010:
7004:
6998:
6992:
6986:
6980:
6974:
6968:
6967:
6955:
6946:
6940:
6934:
6928:
6919:
6913:
6902:
6901:
6899:
6897:
6874:
6868:
6867:
6865:
6863:
6840:
6834:
6831:Pickering (1898)
6828:
6822:
6816:
6810:
6804:
6798:
6792:
6786:
6780:
6774:
6768:
6762:
6752:
6746:
6745:, pp. 66–8.
6740:
6734:
6728:
6722:
6716:
6710:
6704:
6698:
6697:, pp. 52–3.
6692:
6686:
6680:
6674:
6664:
6658:
6652:
6646:
6640:
6634:
6628:
6622:
6621:
6619:
6617:
6602:
6596:
6595:
6585:
6561:
6555:
6554:
6550:978-0-23112855-1
6531:
6525:
6519:
6513:
6507:
6496:
6490:
6484:
6483:
6476:, p. 33–34.
6471:
6465:
6459:
6453:
6447:
6441:
6435:
6422:
6421:
6406:
6400:
6394:
6388:
6375:
6369:
6363:
6354:
6353:, pp. 61–5.
6348:
6342:
6336:
6330:
6324:
6318:
6317:, pp. 24–8.
6312:
6306:
6305:
6273:
6267:
6266:
6226:
6220:
6217:
6211:
6208:
6202:
6198:
6192:
6182:
6176:
6175:
6165:
6147:
6138:(50): 19745–50.
6123:
6117:
6116:
6104:
6093:
6087:
6086:
6065:
6059:
6058:
6030:
6024:
6023:
6005:
5999:
5998:
5996:
5990:. Archived from
5989:
5956:(5913): 479–83.
5947:
5938:
5932:
5931:
5925:
5917:
5889:
5883:
5882:
5872:
5870:10.1038/35001685
5862:
5835:
5829:
5823:
5817:
5811:
5805:
5799:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5788:
5774:
5766:
5760:
5754:
5748:
5738:
5732:
5726:
5720:
5714:
5708:
5702:
5696:
5689:
5683:
5677:
5671:
5665:
5656:
5655:, pp. 31–2.
5650:
5644:
5637:
5631:
5625:
5619:
5613:
5607:
5601:
5595:
5589:
5583:
5577:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5563:
5542:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5531:
5510:
5504:
5503:
5501:
5499:
5478:
5472:
5466:
5460:
5454:
5448:
5442:
5436:
5430:
5421:
5420:, pp. 60–7.
5415:
5409:
5403:
5397:
5391:
5385:
5384:, pp. 77–8.
5379:
5373:
5367:
5361:
5355:
5349:
5348:, pp. 1–10.
5343:
5337:
5331:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5320:
5303:
5297:
5296:
5285:
5279:
5273:
5267:
5261:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5247:
5232:
5226:
5225:
5221:
5215:
5209:
5200:
5194:
5188:
5182:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5171:
5152:
5143:
5137:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5117:
5098:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5072:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5061:
5056:. 25 August 2016
5046:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5035:
5016:
5010:
5009:
4986:NDL-dl-DSS-front
4981:
4975:
4969:
4963:
4962:, pp. 22–3.
4957:
4951:
4945:
4939:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4922:
4915:National Affairs
4907:
4901:
4891:
4885:
4879:
4873:
4872:, pp. 54–5.
4867:
4861:
4855:
4849:
4843:
4837:
4831:
4825:
4819:
4813:
4807:
4801:
4795:
4789:
4788:, pp. 61–5.
4783:
4777:
4771:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4740:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4715:Republished as:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4695:
4689:
4688:, pp. 95–9.
4683:
4674:
4668:
4659:
4658:
4648:
4630:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4589:
4579:
4555:
4549:
4543:
4530:
4524:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4489:
4483:
4482:
4459:
4453:
4447:
4438:
4425:
4403:
4392:
4386:
4383:
4294:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4280:
4275:
4274:
4273:
3986:Legislative Yuan
3888:material culture
3674:Total work force
3669:Age 15 and above
3664:Total population
3655:
3643:
3601:
3560:
3362:dancer in Lona,
3239:Chinese language
3206:, Generalissimo
3107:Bunun indigenous
2939:Highland peoples
2793:villages and 61
2726:(r. 1661–1722),
2616:Battle of Tamsui
2612:Keelung Campaign
2396:triangular trade
2088:Reeves's muntjac
2031:Sa Huỳnh culture
1998:Island Melanesia
1953:cultures of the
1773:Melissa J. Brown
1765:Social Darwinism
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1452:
1305:
1302:
1216:
1212:
1174:
1161:
1105:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1066:
1055:
1050:
1039:
1034:
1017:Qianlong Emperor
1014:
1008:
990:
985:
930:The founding of
890:cultural tourism
803:Island Melanesia
691:Native Taiwanese
685:, also known as
672:
665:
658:
425:
411:
410:
397:
396:
383:
382:
359:
358:
345:
344:
343:
322:
321:
320:
305:
304:
291:
290:
289:
275:
274:
261:
260:
237:
236:
223:
222:
204:
203:
178:
177:
167:Taiwanese people
59:
49:Total population
31:
24:
20:
14933:
14932:
14928:
14927:
14926:
14924:
14923:
14922:
14878:
14877:
14876:
14871:
14838:
14784:
14731:
14683:
14645:
14641:Stock exchanges
14578:
14545:
14357:
14197:
14188:
14121:
14116:
14086:
14081:
14070:
14065:
14060:
14050:
14045:
14035:
14030:
14020:
14015:
14005:
14000:
13983:
13970:
13940:
13935:
13887:
13752:
13723:Public holidays
13696:Sex trafficking
13691:Organized crime
13665:
13533:
13474:
13431:
13430:
13399:
13318:
13242:
13193:De-Sinicization
13151:
13113:
13104:
13051:Law enforcement
12983:
12978:
12969:
12968:
12936:
12883:Endemic species
12846:
12845:
12823:
12817:Mandarin policy
12767:Spanish Formosa
12726:
12713:
12704:
12674:
12669:
12658:
12634:Donghe Township
12609:Beinan Township
12595:
12583:Pingtung County
12577:
12559:
12555:Shitan Township
12536:
12517:Ruisui Township
12473:
12469:Guanxi Township
12450:
12448:
12442:
12429:
12425:Nan'ao Township
12420:Datong Township
12406:
12368:
12329:Chunri Township
12321:Pingtung County
12315:
12306:Ren'ai Township
12292:
12288:Tai'an Township
12274:
12270:Zhuoxi Township
12265:Xiulin Township
12246:
12242:Wufeng Township
12223:
12205:
12201:Fuxing District
12187:
12183:Heping District
12169:
12151:
12137:Maolin District
12118:
12113:
12107:
12102:
12072:
12067:
12044:
11947:
11921:
11920:
11914:
11823:
11822:
11816:
11811:
11763:Wayback Machine
11751:Wayback Machine
11738:Wayback Machine
11722:Wayback Machine
11700:Wayback Machine
11664:
11663:
11662:
11647:
11646:
11642:
11635:
11630:
11621:
11619:
11618:on 20 July 2011
11615:
11600:
11570:
11439:
11370:
11348:
11326:
11324:
11298:
11262:
11260:
11241:
11239:
11126:
11038:
11036:
10936:
10934:
10834:
10832:
10825:Taiwan Panorama
10783:
10781:
10777:
10762:
10613:
10429:
10389:BBC News Taiwan
10328:
10326:
10276:
10248:
10208:
10053:
10017:
9993:
9966:10.2307/3773928
9927:
9883:
9838:
9779:
9625:
9620:
9619:
9574:
9570:
9540:
9536:
9525:
9523:
9519:
9509:
9507:
9500:"2020 Festival"
9498:
9497:
9493:
9483:
9481:
9472:
9471:
9467:
9457:
9455:
9445:
9438:
9428:
9426:
9421:
9420:
9416:
9408:
9404:
9398:Wayback Machine
9388:
9384:
9377:
9373:
9365:
9361:
9353:
9349:
9344:
9333:
9325:
9321:
9311:
9307:
9300:
9296:
9288:
9284:
9280:, p. 1124.
9276:
9272:
9266:Stainton (2006)
9264:
9260:
9254:Shepherd (1993)
9252:
9248:
9242:Shepherd (1986)
9240:
9236:
9228:
9224:
9216:
9212:
9206:Stainton (2006)
9204:
9200:
9192:
9188:
9177:
9173:
9165:
9161:
9153:
9149:
9096:
9092:
9082:
9080:
9067:
9060:
9052:
9048:
9029:
9022:
9014:
9005:
8997:
8993:
8974:
8970:
8961:
8960:
8956:
8941:
8937:
8924:
8923:
8919:
8876:
8872:
8859:
8858:
8854:
8835:
8831:
8814:
8813:
8809:
8790:
8786:
8767:
8763:
8744:
8740:
8721:
8717:
8700:
8699:
8695:
8685:
8683:
8670:
8669:
8665:
8655:
8653:
8638:
8634:
8624:
8622:
8609:
8608:
8604:
8587:
8586:
8582:
8572:
8570:
8555:
8551:
8541:
8539:
8524:
8520:
8510:
8508:
8495:
8494:
8490:
8480:
8478:
8465:
8464:
8460:
8450:
8448:
8435:
8434:
8430:
8422:
8418:
8410:
8406:
8399:
8385:
8381:
8374:
8370:
8362:
8358:
8350:
8346:
8340:Stainton (1999)
8338:
8334:
8328:Stainton (1999)
8326:
8322:
8314:
8310:
8304:Stainton (1999)
8302:
8298:
8290:
8286:
8278:
8274:
8266:
8262:
8254:
8250:
8242:
8235:
8229:Stainton (2006)
8227:
8223:
8215:
8211:
8203:
8199:
8191:
8187:
8179:
8175:
8167:
8163:
8155:
8151:
8145:Stainton (2006)
8143:
8139:
8131:
8127:
8119:
8115:
8109:Harrison (2003)
8107:
8100:
8094:Harrison (2001)
8092:
8088:
8080:
8076:
8070:Phillips (2003)
8068:
8064:
8056:
8052:
8044:
8040:
8032:
8028:
8020:
8016:
8008:
8001:
7995:Blundell (2000)
7993:
7989:
7985:, pp. 6–8.
7981:
7977:
7969:
7965:
7957:
7953:
7949:, pp. 1–8.
7945:
7941:
7933:
7929:
7921:
7917:
7909:
7905:
7897:
7893:
7885:
7878:
7870:
7866:
7858:
7854:
7837:
7833:
7815:
7811:
7792:
7788:
7781:
7765:
7761:
7750:
7749:
7745:
7738:
7718:
7714:
7707:
7691:
7687:
7680:
7664:
7660:
7653:
7637:
7633:
7626:
7610:
7606:
7598:
7594:
7587:
7571:
7567:
7559:
7555:
7547:
7543:
7535:
7531:
7524:
7520:
7512:
7508:
7500:
7496:
7488:
7484:
7476:
7472:
7464:
7460:
7454:Campbell (1915)
7452:
7448:
7440:
7436:
7428:
7424:
7418:Rubinstein 1999
7416:
7412:
7404:
7400:
7394:Rubinstein 1999
7392:
7388:
7380:
7373:
7365:
7361:
7353:
7349:
7341:
7334:
7326:
7322:
7315:
7311:
7303:
7299:
7293:Shepherd (1993)
7291:
7287:
7281:Shepherd (1995)
7279:
7275:
7271:, pp. 1–6.
7269:Shepherd (1993)
7267:
7263:
7255:
7251:
7243:
7239:
7231:
7227:
7221:Wayback Machine
7207:
7203:
7195:
7191:
7183:
7179:
7171:
7167:
7159:
7155:
7147:
7143:
7135:
7131:
7123:
7119:
7111:
7107:
7099:
7095:
7087:
7083:
7075:
7071:
7065:Shepherd (1993)
7063:
7059:
7051:
7044:
7036:
7032:
7023:
7019:
7013:Shepherd (1993)
7011:
7007:
6999:
6995:
6987:
6983:
6975:
6971:
6961:
6956:
6949:
6941:
6937:
6931:Shepherd (1993)
6929:
6922:
6914:
6905:
6895:
6893:
6891:
6875:
6871:
6861:
6859:
6857:
6841:
6837:
6829:
6825:
6817:
6813:
6805:
6801:
6795:Shepherd (1993)
6793:
6789:
6781:
6777:
6769:
6765:
6755:Shepherd (1993)
6753:
6749:
6743:Shepherd (1995)
6741:
6737:
6731:Shepherd (1995)
6729:
6725:
6719:Campbell (1915)
6717:
6713:
6705:
6701:
6695:Shepherd (1995)
6693:
6689:
6681:
6677:
6665:
6661:
6653:
6649:
6641:
6637:
6629:
6625:
6615:
6613:
6604:
6603:
6599:
6562:
6558:
6551:
6532:
6528:
6520:
6516:
6508:
6499:
6491:
6487:
6477:
6472:
6468:
6464:, p. 9–10.
6460:
6456:
6448:
6444:
6436:
6425:
6419:
6412:
6411:古代の奄美・沖縄諸島と国際社会
6407:
6403:
6395:
6391:
6385:Wayback Machine
6376:
6372:
6364:
6357:
6351:Shepherd (1995)
6349:
6345:
6339:Shepherd (1993)
6337:
6333:
6325:
6321:
6313:
6309:
6274:
6270:
6227:
6223:
6218:
6214:
6209:
6205:
6199:
6195:
6183:
6179:
6124:
6120:
6113:
6102:
6094:
6090:
6083:
6066:
6062:
6031:
6027:
6020:
6006:
6002:
5994:
5945:
5939:
5935:
5919:
5918:
5890:
5886:
5836:
5832:
5824:
5820:
5812:
5808:
5800:
5796:
5786:
5784:
5767:
5763:
5755:
5751:
5739:
5735:
5727:
5723:
5715:
5711:
5703:
5699:
5690:
5686:
5678:
5674:
5666:
5659:
5651:
5647:
5638:
5634:
5626:
5622:
5614:
5610:
5602:
5598:
5592:Shepherd (1993)
5590:
5586:
5578:
5571:
5561:
5559:
5544:
5543:
5539:
5529:
5527:
5512:
5511:
5507:
5497:
5495:
5480:
5479:
5475:
5467:
5463:
5455:
5451:
5443:
5439:
5431:
5424:
5418:Harrison (2001)
5416:
5412:
5404:
5400:
5392:
5388:
5380:
5376:
5370:Shepherd (1995)
5368:
5364:
5356:
5352:
5346:Shepherd (1993)
5344:
5340:
5332:
5328:
5318:
5316:
5305:
5304:
5300:
5287:
5286:
5282:
5274:
5270:
5262:
5255:
5245:
5243:
5233:
5229:
5223:
5222:
5218:
5210:
5203:
5195:
5191:
5183:
5179:
5169:
5167:
5154:
5153:
5146:
5140:Ericsson (2004)
5138:
5125:
5115:
5113:
5100:
5099:
5095:
5085:
5083:
5074:
5073:
5069:
5059:
5057:
5048:
5047:
5043:
5033:
5031:
5018:
5017:
5013:
4990:
4983:
4982:
4978:
4972:Shepherd (1993)
4970:
4966:
4958:
4954:
4948:Tsuchida (1983)
4946:
4942:
4934:
4930:
4920:
4918:
4917:. 28 April 2006
4909:
4908:
4904:
4892:
4888:
4882:Harrison (2001)
4880:
4876:
4870:Harrison (2001)
4868:
4864:
4856:
4852:
4844:
4840:
4836:, pp. 8–9.
4834:Dikotter (1992)
4832:
4828:
4822:Crossley (1999)
4820:
4816:
4808:
4804:
4796:
4792:
4784:
4780:
4774:Anderson (2000)
4772:
4763:
4753:
4751:
4742:
4741:
4737:
4727:
4725:
4723:The Independent
4708:
4706:
4704:Washington Post
4696:
4692:
4684:
4677:
4669:
4662:
4607:
4603:
4556:
4552:
4544:
4533:
4527:Hattaway (2003)
4525:
4516:
4506:
4504:
4497:Ketagalan Media
4491:
4490:
4486:
4479:
4463:Rigger, Shelley
4460:
4456:
4450:Stainton (2002)
4448:
4441:
4435:Wayback Machine
4426:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4406:
4393:
4389:
4384:
4380:
4375:
4290:
4285:
4283:
4276:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4254:
4182:
4169:
4163:
4145:in their song "
4112:Princess Ai 戴愛玲
4073:
4067:
4030:Saisiyat people
4019:
3970:
3834:
3653:
3634:
3632:Economic issues
3595:
3589:
3575:
3544:Typhoon Morakot
3540:14th Dalai Lama
3525:Yasukuni shrine
3521:Kao Chin Su-mei
3475:
3462:within Taiwan.
3381:
3352:
3280:
3208:Chiang Kai-shek
3188:
3182:
3094:divide and rule
3046:Tapani Incident
3033:
3027:Tapani Incident
3017:Main articles:
3004:
2988:
2982:
2941:
2924:Sino-French War
2890:
2870:Shepherd (1993)
2853:
2822:guihua shengfan
2808:
2795:guihua shengfan
2784:guihua shengfan
2754:
2658:of the Western
2647:
2634:Neimen District
2618:
2592:
2541:
2449:Sinckan writing
2348:
2342:
2256:dongyang zhenlu
2161:
2155:
2063:
1904:
1894:
1827:
1815:anthropological
1782:
1744:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1694:under the name
1684:
1659:
1468:
1450:
1448:
1438:
1433:
1294:Pingtung County
1086:
1084:Takasago people
1067:
974:The Han sailor
948:
902:alluvial plains
773:which includes
753:of the oceanic
703:Takasago people
676:
647:
619:
547:
523:
341:
297:Tongyong Pinyin
287:
228:Literal meaning
127:
110:
57:
55:
44:
42:Pingtung County
19:
12:
11:
5:
14931:
14921:
14920:
14915:
14910:
14905:
14900:
14895:
14890:
14873:
14872:
14870:
14869:
14864:
14859:
14854:
14848:
14846:
14840:
14839:
14837:
14836:
14831:
14824:
14821:The Art of War
14817:
14812:
14807:
14800:
14794:
14792:
14786:
14785:
14783:
14782:
14777:
14772:
14767:
14762:
14757:
14752:
14747:
14741:
14739:
14733:
14732:
14730:
14729:
14724:
14719:
14714:
14709:
14704:
14699:
14693:
14691:
14685:
14684:
14682:
14681:
14676:
14671:
14666:
14661:
14655:
14653:
14647:
14646:
14644:
14643:
14638:
14633:
14628:
14623:
14618:
14613:
14608:
14603:
14598:
14592:
14590:
14580:
14579:
14577:
14576:
14571:
14566:
14561:
14555:
14553:
14547:
14546:
14544:
14543:
14541:Chinese zodiac
14538:
14533:
14528:
14523:
14518:
14513:
14508:
14503:
14498:
14493:
14488:
14483:
14478:
14473:
14468:
14463:
14458:
14453:
14448:
14446:Chinese dragon
14443:
14438:
14433:
14428:
14423:
14418:
14413:
14408:
14406:Blepharoplasty
14403:
14402:
14401:
14396:
14391:
14386:
14378:
14373:
14367:
14365:
14359:
14358:
14356:
14355:
14354:
14353:
14348:
14338:
14333:
14328:
14323:
14318:
14313:
14308:
14303:
14298:
14297:
14296:
14295:
14294:
14289:
14274:
14269:
14264:
14263:
14262:
14257:
14252:
14242:
14241:
14240:
14230:
14225:
14224:
14223:
14213:
14207:
14205:
14199:
14198:
14191:
14189:
14187:
14186:
14181:
14176:
14171:
14166:
14165:
14164:
14154:
14153:
14152:
14147:
14142:
14131:
14129:
14123:
14122:
14115:
14114:
14107:
14100:
14092:
14083:
14082:
14075:
14072:
14071:
14067:
14066:
14053:
14051:
14038:
14036:
14023:
14021:
14008:
14006:
13993:
13988:
13985:
13984:
13969:
13968:
13961:
13954:
13946:
13937:
13936:
13934:
13933:
13921:
13909:
13896:
13893:
13892:
13889:
13888:
13886:
13885:
13880:
13879:
13878:
13868:
13866:Taiwanese wave
13863:
13858:
13853:
13848:
13843:
13838:
13833:
13828:
13823:
13818:
13813:
13808:
13806:Glove puppetry
13803:
13798:
13793:
13788:
13778:
13773:
13768:
13762:
13760:
13754:
13753:
13751:
13750:
13745:
13740:
13738:Taiwan studies
13735:
13730:
13725:
13720:
13715:
13710:
13705:
13700:
13699:
13698:
13693:
13683:
13677:
13675:
13671:
13670:
13667:
13666:
13664:
13663:
13658:
13653:
13652:
13651:
13646:
13641:
13636:
13626:
13625:
13624:
13619:
13614:
13609:
13604:
13599:
13594:
13589:
13584:
13579:
13574:
13569:
13564:
13559:
13554:
13543:
13541:
13535:
13534:
13532:
13531:
13530:
13529:
13524:
13519:
13509:
13508:
13507:
13497:
13491:
13489:
13480:
13476:
13475:
13473:
13472:
13467:
13462:
13452:
13447:
13441:
13439:
13433:
13432:
13429:
13428:
13423:
13420:
13417:
13413:
13405:
13404:
13401:
13400:
13398:
13397:
13392:
13387:
13385:Transportation
13382:
13377:
13372:
13367:
13362:
13360:Taiwan Miracle
13357:
13355:Stock exchange
13352:
13347:
13342:
13337:
13332:
13327:
13322:
13314:
13309:
13308:
13307:
13302:
13292:
13291:
13290:
13285:
13275:
13270:
13269:
13268:
13263:
13252:
13250:
13244:
13243:
13241:
13240:
13235:
13230:
13225:
13220:
13215:
13210:
13205:
13200:
13195:
13190:
13185:
13183:Chinese Taipei
13180:
13175:
13170:
13165:
13159:
13157:
13153:
13152:
13150:
13149:
13144:
13139:
13138:
13137:
13132:
13127:
13116:
13114:
13109:
13106:
13105:
13103:
13102:
13097:
13092:
13091:
13090:
13088:Vice President
13085:
13080:
13070:
13065:
13064:
13063:
13053:
13048:
13043:
13038:
13037:
13036:
13026:
13021:
13020:
13019:
13009:
13004:
12999:
12998:
12997:
12986:
12984:
12974:
12971:
12970:
12967:
12966:
12961:
12956:
12950:
12942:
12941:
12938:
12937:
12935:
12934:
12929:
12924:
12919:
12914:
12912:National parks
12909:
12904:
12899:
12894:
12889:
12880:
12875:
12870:
12865:
12860:
12854:
12852:
12848:
12847:
12844:
12843:
12837:
12829:
12828:
12825:
12824:
12822:
12821:
12820:
12819:
12814:
12809:
12804:
12799:
12789:
12784:
12779:
12774:
12769:
12764:
12759:
12754:
12749:
12748:
12747:
12737:
12731:
12728:
12727:
12715:
12714:
12703:
12702:
12695:
12688:
12680:
12671:
12670:
12667:
12664:
12663:
12660:
12659:
12657:
12656:
12651:
12646:
12641:
12636:
12631:
12626:
12621:
12616:
12611:
12605:
12603:
12601:Taitung County
12597:
12596:
12594:
12593:
12587:
12585:
12579:
12578:
12576:
12575:
12573:Yuchi Township
12569:
12567:
12561:
12560:
12558:
12557:
12552:
12546:
12544:
12538:
12537:
12535:
12534:
12529:
12524:
12519:
12514:
12512:Ji'an Township
12509:
12504:
12499:
12494:
12489:
12483:
12481:
12479:Hualien County
12475:
12474:
12472:
12471:
12465:
12463:
12461:Hsinchu County
12454:
12444:
12443:
12436:
12434:
12431:
12430:
12428:
12427:
12422:
12416:
12414:
12408:
12407:
12405:
12404:
12399:
12397:Lanyu Township
12394:
12389:
12384:
12382:Daren Township
12378:
12376:
12374:Taitung County
12370:
12369:
12367:
12366:
12364:Wutai Township
12361:
12359:Taiwu Township
12356:
12354:Shizi Township
12351:
12346:
12344:Mudan Township
12341:
12339:Majia Township
12336:
12334:Laiyi Township
12331:
12325:
12323:
12317:
12316:
12314:
12313:
12311:Xinyi Township
12308:
12302:
12300:
12294:
12293:
12291:
12290:
12284:
12282:
12276:
12275:
12273:
12272:
12267:
12262:
12256:
12254:
12252:Hualien County
12248:
12247:
12245:
12244:
12239:
12233:
12231:
12229:Hsinchu County
12225:
12224:
12222:
12221:
12215:
12213:
12207:
12206:
12204:
12203:
12197:
12195:
12189:
12188:
12186:
12185:
12179:
12177:
12171:
12170:
12168:
12167:
12165:Wulai District
12161:
12159:
12153:
12152:
12150:
12149:
12144:
12139:
12133:
12131:
12122:
12109:
12108:
12101:
12100:
12093:
12086:
12078:
12069:
12068:
12066:
12065:
12060:
12055:
12049:
12046:
12045:
12043:
12042:
12037:
12032:
12027:
12022:
12017:
12012:
12011:
12010:
12005:
12000:
11990:
11985:
11984:
11983:
11978:
11968:
11967:
11966:
11955:
11953:
11949:
11948:
11946:
11945:
11940:
11935:
11929:
11927:
11916:
11915:
11913:
11912:
11907:
11902:
11897:
11892:
11887:
11882:
11877:
11872:
11867:
11862:
11857:
11852:
11847:
11842:
11837:
11831:
11829:
11818:
11817:
11810:
11809:
11802:
11795:
11787:
11781:
11780:
11775:
11770:
11765:
11753:
11741:
11729:
11724:
11712:
11707:
11702:
11690:
11687:Executive Yuan
11674:
11661:
11660:
11655:
11649:
11648:
11637:
11636:
11634:
11633:External links
11631:
11629:
11628:
11593:
11583:
11574:
11568:
11562:. SUNY Press.
11555:
11546:
11529:
11520:
11511:
11502:
11493:
11472:
11443:
11437:
11424:
11411:
11396:
11383:
11374:
11368:
11352:
11346:
11333:
11323:on 15 May 2012
11302:
11296:
11283:
11269:
11249:
11225:
11216:
11198:
11189:
11180:
11171:
11148:
11130:
11124:
11111:
11098:
11081:
11064:
11046:
11025:
11016:
11004:
10995:
10966:
10952:
10943:
10922:
10908:
10882:(4): 329–346.
10867:
10858:
10841:
10816:
10804:"非原住民台灣人的基因結構"
10799:
10790:
10755:
10746:
10735:
10726:Taiwan Journal
10717:
10708:
10691:
10682:
10672:Kerr, George H
10668:
10659:
10650:
10633:
10611:
10590:
10581:
10572:
10551:
10542:
10531:
10509:10.1086/510412
10488:
10471:
10442:
10433:
10428:978-1107121843
10427:
10414:
10403:
10394:
10380:
10366:
10352:
10335:
10310:
10289:
10280:
10274:
10261:
10252:
10246:
10233:
10224:
10212:
10206:
10193:
10182:
10165:
10156:
10142:
10133:
10114:
10097:
10094:on 5 May 2007.
10075:
10057:
10051:
10038:
10021:
10015:
9997:
9991:
9978:
9960:(2): 153–164.
9949:
9940:
9931:
9925:
9912:
9887:
9881:
9868:
9842:
9836:
9823:
9787:Andrade, Tonio
9783:
9778:978-0691144559
9777:
9762:
9751:
9740:
9729:
9718:
9707:
9696:
9685:
9674:
9663:
9652:
9641:
9631:Andrade, Tonio
9626:
9624:
9621:
9618:
9617:
9588:(5): pgad122.
9568:
9534:
9517:
9491:
9465:
9436:
9414:
9402:
9382:
9379:Ho Hi Yan 2005
9371:
9359:
9347:
9331:
9319:
9305:
9294:
9282:
9270:
9258:
9256:, p. 382.
9246:
9234:
9222:
9210:
9198:
9186:
9171:
9159:
9147:
9090:
9058:
9056:, p. 341.
9046:
9020:
9003:
8991:
8968:
8954:
8935:
8917:
8890:(2): 191–216.
8870:
8852:
8829:
8807:
8784:
8761:
8738:
8715:
8693:
8663:
8632:
8602:
8580:
8549:
8518:
8488:
8458:
8428:
8416:
8404:
8397:
8379:
8368:
8356:
8354:, p. 123.
8352:Rudolph (2003)
8344:
8332:
8320:
8308:
8296:
8284:
8272:
8260:
8248:
8233:
8221:
8219:, p. 171.
8209:
8197:
8185:
8173:
8161:
8159:, p. 170.
8149:
8137:
8125:
8123:, p. 302.
8113:
8111:, p. 351.
8098:
8086:
8074:
8062:
8050:
8038:
8026:
8014:
7999:
7987:
7983:Suenari (2006)
7975:
7963:
7961:, p. 181.
7959:Matsuda (2003)
7951:
7947:Suenari (2006)
7939:
7927:
7915:
7903:
7891:
7876:
7864:
7852:
7831:
7809:
7786:
7779:
7759:
7743:
7736:
7712:
7705:
7685:
7678:
7658:
7651:
7631:
7624:
7604:
7592:
7585:
7565:
7561:Kleeman (2003)
7553:
7549:Kleeman (2003)
7541:
7529:
7518:
7506:
7494:
7482:
7470:
7458:
7446:
7434:
7422:
7420:, p. 177.
7410:
7398:
7396:, p. 191.
7386:
7371:
7359:
7347:
7332:
7320:
7309:
7297:
7285:
7273:
7261:
7249:
7237:
7225:
7201:
7189:
7177:
7165:
7153:
7141:
7129:
7117:
7105:
7093:
7091:, p. 106.
7081:
7069:
7057:
7055:, p. 228.
7053:Twitchett 2002
7042:
7030:
7017:
7005:
6993:
6991:, p. 331.
6981:
6969:
6960:, p. 160.
6947:
6935:
6920:
6918:, p. 210.
6903:
6890:978-9004165076
6889:
6869:
6855:
6835:
6823:
6811:
6799:
6787:
6785:, p. 298.
6783:Andrade (2005)
6775:
6773:, p. 303.
6771:Andrade (2005)
6763:
6757:, p. 451
6747:
6735:
6723:
6721:, p. 240.
6711:
6699:
6687:
6675:
6669:, p. 296
6667:Andrade (2005)
6659:
6647:
6635:
6633:, p. 178.
6623:
6597:
6556:
6549:
6535:Andrade, Tonio
6526:
6514:
6497:
6485:
6466:
6454:
6452:, p. 7–8.
6442:
6423:
6401:
6399:, p. 201.
6389:
6370:
6355:
6343:
6331:
6319:
6307:
6268:
6221:
6212:
6203:
6193:
6177:
6118:
6111:
6088:
6081:
6060:
6041:(3): 384–404.
6025:
6018:
6000:
5933:
5884:
5830:
5818:
5806:
5794:
5761:
5749:
5733:
5721:
5709:
5697:
5684:
5672:
5657:
5645:
5632:
5620:
5616:Meskill (1979)
5608:
5606:, p. 282.
5596:
5584:
5569:
5537:
5505:
5473:
5471:, p. 157.
5461:
5459:, p. 162.
5449:
5437:
5422:
5410:
5398:
5386:
5374:
5362:
5350:
5338:
5326:
5315:. 4 April 2010
5298:
5280:
5268:
5253:
5227:
5216:
5201:
5189:
5177:
5144:
5123:
5112:on 29 May 2018
5093:
5067:
5041:
5030:on 30 May 2018
5011:
4976:
4964:
4952:
4940:
4928:
4902:
4896:, p. 163
4886:
4874:
4862:
4860:, p. 294.
4850:
4838:
4826:
4814:
4812:, p. 100.
4810:Diamond (1995)
4802:
4790:
4778:
4761:
4735:
4690:
4675:
4673:, p. 167.
4660:
4601:
4550:
4531:
4514:
4499:. 3 May 2017.
4484:
4477:
4454:
4439:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4387:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4361:Musha Incident
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4296:
4295:
4281:
4265:
4262:
4253:
4250:
4181:
4178:
4162:
4159:
4128:Chang Chen-yue
4094:, Pur-dur and
4088:Executive Yuan
4066:
4063:
4018:
4015:
3984:member of the
3969:
3966:
3856:. Many of the
3833:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3648:
3633:
3630:
3588:
3585:
3574:
3571:
3474:
3471:
3452:Executive Yuan
3404:yuan chuan hui
3380:
3377:
3351:
3348:
3279:
3276:
3251:Wu Feng Legend
3212:mainland China
3184:Main article:
3181:
3178:
3138:Musha Incident
3113:(or Dahu Ali,
3086:Musha Incident
3065:Mudan Incident
3042:Beipu Uprising
3031:Musha Incident
3023:Beipu Uprising
3003:
3000:
2986:Wu Feng Legend
2981:
2978:
2940:
2937:
2898:Mudan Incident
2889:
2886:
2852:
2849:
2837:Zhuoshui River
2807:
2804:
2753:
2750:
2646:
2643:
2596:Rover incident
2591:
2588:
2540:
2537:
2524:Rover incident
2443:(now Jakarta,
2344:Main article:
2341:
2338:
2224:Ryukyu Kingdom
2201:slash-and-burn
2165:Three Kingdoms
2157:Main article:
2154:
2151:
2119:language death
2111:language shift
2062:
2059:
1990:Southeast Asia
1893:
1890:
1856:language shift
1835:Yellow Emperor
1826:
1823:
1811:ethnographical
1781:
1778:
1743:
1740:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1616:Unrecognized:
1614:
1587:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1387:Fuli, Hualien
1384:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1288:City in 2005,
1280:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1164:Pingdi Tongbao
1151:Shandi Tongbao
1080:Musha Incident
947:
944:
842:language death
838:inter-marriage
830:language shift
763:Southeast Asia
728:Southeast Asia
707:Gaoshan people
678:
677:
675:
674:
667:
660:
652:
649:
648:
646:
645:
640:
635:
629:
626:
625:
624:Related topics
621:
620:
618:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
588:
583:
578:
564:
559:
553:
546:
545:
540:
535:
529:
522:
521:
519:Truku (Taroko)
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
440:
432:
431:
427:
426:
418:
417:
407:
406:
403:
402:
399:
398:
391:
385:
384:
377:
368:
367:
361:
360:
353:
347:
346:
337:
331:
330:
324:
323:
313:
307:
306:
299:
293:
292:
283:
277:
276:
269:
263:
262:
255:
249:
248:
242:
241:
240:Transcriptions
233:
232:
229:
225:
224:
212:
206:
205:
193:
187:
186:
183:
182:
174:
173:
163:
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158:
157:
142:
141:
137:
136:
84:
83:
79:
78:
68:
67:
63:
62:
51:
50:
46:
45:
32:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14930:
14919:
14916:
14914:
14911:
14909:
14906:
14904:
14901:
14899:
14896:
14894:
14891:
14889:
14886:
14885:
14883:
14868:
14865:
14863:
14860:
14858:
14855:
14853:
14850:
14849:
14847:
14845:
14841:
14835:
14832:
14830:
14829:
14825:
14823:
14822:
14818:
14816:
14813:
14811:
14808:
14806:
14805:
14801:
14799:
14796:
14795:
14793:
14791:
14787:
14781:
14778:
14776:
14773:
14771:
14768:
14766:
14763:
14761:
14758:
14756:
14753:
14751:
14748:
14746:
14743:
14742:
14740:
14738:
14734:
14728:
14725:
14723:
14720:
14718:
14715:
14713:
14710:
14708:
14705:
14703:
14700:
14698:
14695:
14694:
14692:
14690:
14686:
14680:
14677:
14675:
14672:
14670:
14667:
14665:
14662:
14660:
14657:
14656:
14654:
14652:
14648:
14642:
14639:
14637:
14634:
14632:
14629:
14627:
14624:
14622:
14619:
14617:
14614:
14612:
14609:
14607:
14604:
14602:
14599:
14597:
14594:
14593:
14591:
14589:
14585:
14581:
14575:
14572:
14570:
14567:
14565:
14562:
14560:
14557:
14556:
14554:
14552:
14548:
14542:
14539:
14537:
14534:
14532:
14529:
14527:
14524:
14522:
14519:
14517:
14514:
14512:
14509:
14507:
14504:
14502:
14499:
14497:
14494:
14492:
14489:
14487:
14484:
14482:
14479:
14477:
14474:
14472:
14469:
14467:
14464:
14462:
14459:
14457:
14454:
14452:
14449:
14447:
14444:
14442:
14439:
14437:
14434:
14432:
14429:
14427:
14424:
14422:
14419:
14417:
14414:
14412:
14409:
14407:
14404:
14400:
14397:
14395:
14392:
14390:
14387:
14385:
14382:
14381:
14379:
14377:
14376:Architecture
14374:
14372:
14371:Age reckoning
14369:
14368:
14366:
14364:
14360:
14352:
14349:
14347:
14344:
14343:
14342:
14339:
14337:
14334:
14332:
14329:
14327:
14324:
14322:
14319:
14317:
14314:
14312:
14309:
14307:
14304:
14302:
14299:
14293:
14290:
14288:
14285:
14284:
14283:
14280:
14279:
14278:
14275:
14273:
14270:
14268:
14265:
14261:
14258:
14256:
14253:
14251:
14248:
14247:
14246:
14243:
14239:
14236:
14235:
14234:
14231:
14229:
14226:
14222:
14219:
14218:
14217:
14214:
14212:
14209:
14208:
14206:
14204:
14203:Ethnic groups
14200:
14195:
14185:
14182:
14180:
14177:
14175:
14172:
14170:
14167:
14163:
14160:
14159:
14158:
14155:
14151:
14148:
14146:
14143:
14141:
14138:
14137:
14136:
14133:
14132:
14130:
14128:
14124:
14120:
14113:
14108:
14106:
14101:
14099:
14094:
14093:
14090:
14080:
14079:
14073:
14064:
14063:
14062:South America
14058:
14052:
14049:
14048:
14043:
14037:
14034:
14033:
14032:North America
14028:
14022:
14019:
14018:
14013:
14007:
14004:
14003:
13998:
13992:
13991:
13986:
13982:
13978:
13974:
13967:
13962:
13960:
13955:
13953:
13948:
13947:
13944:
13932:
13931:
13922:
13920:
13919:
13914:
13910:
13908:
13907:
13898:
13897:
13894:
13884:
13881:
13877:
13874:
13873:
13872:
13869:
13867:
13864:
13862:
13859:
13857:
13854:
13852:
13849:
13847:
13844:
13842:
13839:
13837:
13834:
13832:
13831:Night markets
13829:
13827:
13824:
13822:
13819:
13817:
13814:
13812:
13809:
13807:
13804:
13802:
13799:
13797:
13794:
13792:
13789:
13786:
13782:
13779:
13777:
13774:
13772:
13769:
13767:
13764:
13763:
13761:
13759:
13755:
13749:
13746:
13744:
13741:
13739:
13736:
13734:
13731:
13729:
13726:
13724:
13721:
13719:
13716:
13714:
13711:
13709:
13706:
13704:
13701:
13697:
13694:
13692:
13689:
13688:
13687:
13684:
13682:
13679:
13678:
13676:
13672:
13662:
13659:
13657:
13656:Sign Language
13654:
13650:
13649:Matsu dialect
13647:
13645:
13642:
13640:
13637:
13635:
13632:
13631:
13630:
13627:
13623:
13620:
13618:
13615:
13613:
13610:
13608:
13605:
13603:
13600:
13598:
13595:
13593:
13590:
13588:
13585:
13583:
13580:
13578:
13575:
13573:
13570:
13568:
13565:
13563:
13560:
13558:
13555:
13553:
13550:
13549:
13548:
13545:
13544:
13542:
13540:
13536:
13528:
13525:
13523:
13520:
13518:
13515:
13514:
13513:
13510:
13506:
13505:Ethnic groups
13503:
13502:
13501:
13498:
13496:
13493:
13492:
13490:
13488:
13484:
13481:
13477:
13471:
13468:
13466:
13463:
13460:
13456:
13453:
13451:
13448:
13446:
13443:
13442:
13440:
13438:
13434:
13427:
13424:
13421:
13418:
13415:
13414:
13410:
13406:
13396:
13393:
13391:
13388:
13386:
13383:
13381:
13378:
13376:
13373:
13371:
13368:
13366:
13363:
13361:
13358:
13356:
13353:
13351:
13348:
13346:
13343:
13341:
13338:
13336:
13333:
13331:
13328:
13326:
13323:
13321:
13315:
13313:
13310:
13306:
13303:
13301:
13298:
13297:
13296:
13293:
13289:
13286:
13284:
13283:List of banks
13281:
13280:
13279:
13276:
13274:
13271:
13267:
13264:
13262:
13259:
13258:
13257:
13254:
13253:
13251:
13249:
13245:
13239:
13236:
13234:
13231:
13229:
13226:
13224:
13221:
13219:
13216:
13214:
13211:
13209:
13206:
13204:
13201:
13199:
13196:
13194:
13191:
13189:
13186:
13184:
13181:
13179:
13176:
13174:
13171:
13169:
13166:
13164:
13161:
13160:
13158:
13154:
13148:
13145:
13143:
13140:
13136:
13133:
13131:
13128:
13126:
13123:
13122:
13121:
13118:
13117:
13115:
13112:
13107:
13101:
13098:
13096:
13093:
13089:
13086:
13084:
13081:
13079:
13076:
13075:
13074:
13071:
13069:
13066:
13062:
13059:
13058:
13057:
13054:
13052:
13049:
13047:
13044:
13042:
13039:
13035:
13032:
13031:
13030:
13027:
13025:
13022:
13018:
13015:
13014:
13013:
13010:
13008:
13007:Civil defense
13005:
13003:
13000:
12996:
12993:
12992:
12991:
12988:
12987:
12985:
12982:
12977:
12972:
12965:
12962:
12960:
12957:
12955:
12952:
12951:
12947:
12943:
12933:
12930:
12928:
12925:
12923:
12920:
12918:
12915:
12913:
12910:
12908:
12905:
12903:
12900:
12898:
12895:
12893:
12890:
12888:
12884:
12881:
12879:
12876:
12874:
12873:Deforestation
12871:
12869:
12866:
12864:
12861:
12859:
12856:
12855:
12853:
12849:
12842:
12839:
12838:
12834:
12830:
12818:
12815:
12813:
12810:
12808:
12805:
12803:
12802:Guanbi policy
12800:
12798:
12795:
12794:
12793:
12790:
12788:
12785:
12783:
12780:
12778:
12775:
12773:
12770:
12768:
12765:
12763:
12762:Dutch Formosa
12760:
12758:
12755:
12753:
12750:
12746:
12743:
12742:
12741:
12738:
12736:
12733:
12732:
12729:
12725:
12720:
12716:
12712:
12708:
12701:
12696:
12694:
12689:
12687:
12682:
12681:
12678:
12665:
12655:
12652:
12650:
12647:
12645:
12644:Luye Township
12642:
12640:
12637:
12635:
12632:
12630:
12629:Dawu Township
12627:
12625:
12622:
12620:
12617:
12615:
12612:
12610:
12607:
12606:
12604:
12602:
12598:
12592:
12589:
12588:
12586:
12584:
12580:
12574:
12571:
12570:
12568:
12566:
12565:Nantou County
12562:
12556:
12553:
12551:
12548:
12547:
12545:
12543:
12542:Miaoli County
12539:
12533:
12532:Yuli Township
12530:
12528:
12525:
12523:
12520:
12518:
12515:
12513:
12510:
12508:
12505:
12503:
12500:
12498:
12497:Fuli Township
12495:
12493:
12490:
12488:
12485:
12484:
12482:
12480:
12476:
12470:
12467:
12466:
12464:
12462:
12458:
12455:
12453:
12449:Townships and
12445:
12440:
12426:
12423:
12421:
12418:
12417:
12415:
12413:
12409:
12403:
12400:
12398:
12395:
12393:
12390:
12388:
12385:
12383:
12380:
12379:
12377:
12375:
12371:
12365:
12362:
12360:
12357:
12355:
12352:
12350:
12347:
12345:
12342:
12340:
12337:
12335:
12332:
12330:
12327:
12326:
12324:
12322:
12318:
12312:
12309:
12307:
12304:
12303:
12301:
12299:
12298:Nantou County
12295:
12289:
12286:
12285:
12283:
12281:
12280:Miaoli County
12277:
12271:
12268:
12266:
12263:
12261:
12258:
12257:
12255:
12253:
12249:
12243:
12240:
12238:
12235:
12234:
12232:
12230:
12226:
12220:
12217:
12216:
12214:
12212:
12211:Chiayi County
12208:
12202:
12199:
12198:
12196:
12194:
12190:
12184:
12181:
12180:
12178:
12176:
12172:
12166:
12163:
12162:
12160:
12158:
12154:
12148:
12145:
12143:
12140:
12138:
12135:
12134:
12132:
12130:
12126:
12123:
12121:
12116:
12110:
12106:
12099:
12094:
12092:
12087:
12085:
12080:
12079:
12076:
12064:
12061:
12059:
12056:
12054:
12051:
12050:
12047:
12041:
12038:
12036:
12033:
12031:
12028:
12026:
12023:
12021:
12018:
12016:
12013:
12009:
12006:
12004:
12001:
11999:
11996:
11995:
11994:
11991:
11989:
11986:
11982:
11979:
11977:
11974:
11973:
11972:
11969:
11965:
11962:
11961:
11960:
11957:
11956:
11954:
11950:
11944:
11941:
11939:
11936:
11934:
11931:
11930:
11928:
11925:
11917:
11911:
11908:
11906:
11903:
11901:
11898:
11896:
11893:
11891:
11888:
11886:
11883:
11881:
11878:
11876:
11873:
11871:
11868:
11866:
11863:
11861:
11858:
11856:
11853:
11851:
11848:
11846:
11843:
11841:
11838:
11836:
11833:
11832:
11830:
11827:
11819:
11815:
11808:
11803:
11801:
11796:
11794:
11789:
11788:
11785:
11779:
11776:
11774:
11771:
11769:
11766:
11764:
11760:
11757:
11754:
11752:
11748:
11745:
11742:
11739:
11735:
11732:
11730:
11728:
11725:
11723:
11719:
11716:
11713:
11711:
11708:
11706:
11703:
11701:
11697:
11694:
11691:
11688:
11684:
11680:
11679:
11675:
11672:
11671:
11666:
11665:
11659:
11656:
11654:
11651:
11650:
11645:
11640:
11614:
11610:
11606:
11599:
11594:
11589:
11584:
11580:
11575:
11571:
11565:
11561:
11556:
11552:
11547:
11544:
11543:0-262-23041-0
11540:
11535:
11530:
11526:
11521:
11517:
11512:
11508:
11503:
11499:
11494:
11490:
11486:
11483:(4): 328–48.
11482:
11478:
11473:
11469:
11465:
11461:
11457:
11453:
11449:
11444:
11440:
11438:0-674-01451-0
11434:
11430:
11425:
11420:
11416:
11412:
11407:
11406:
11401:
11397:
11394:(4): 265–301.
11393:
11389:
11384:
11380:
11375:
11371:
11365:
11361:
11357:
11353:
11349:
11343:
11339:
11334:
11322:
11318:
11314:
11313:
11308:
11303:
11299:
11293:
11289:
11284:
11279:
11275:
11270:
11259:
11255:
11250:
11237:
11233:
11232:
11226:
11222:
11217:
11214:
11213:957-638-311-0
11210:
11204:
11199:
11195:
11190:
11186:
11181:
11177:
11172:
11168:
11164:
11161:(1): 307–19.
11160:
11156:
11155:
11149:
11146:
11145:957-638-163-0
11142:
11136:
11131:
11127:
11121:
11117:
11112:
11107:
11103:
11099:
11096:
11095:957-638-358-7
11092:
11087:
11082:
11079:
11078:957-638-599-7
11075:
11070:
11065:
11062:
11061:957-638-421-4
11058:
11052:
11047:
11035:
11031:
11026:
11022:
11017:
11013:
11009:
11005:
11001:
10996:
10992:
10988:
10984:
10980:
10977:(2): 179–96.
10976:
10972:
10967:
10963:
10962:
10957:
10953:
10949:
10944:
10932:
10928:
10923:
10918:
10914:
10909:
10905:
10901:
10897:
10893:
10889:
10885:
10881:
10877:
10873:
10868:
10864:
10859:
10856:
10855:957-01-0937-8
10852:
10847:
10842:
10830:
10826:
10822:
10817:
10813:
10809:
10805:
10800:
10796:
10791:
10776:
10772:
10768:
10761:
10756:
10752:
10747:
10743:
10742:
10736:
10731:
10727:
10723:
10718:
10714:
10709:
10706:
10705:957-638-334-X
10702:
10697:
10692:
10688:
10683:
10679:
10678:
10673:
10669:
10665:
10660:
10656:
10651:
10648:
10647:957-9046-78-6
10644:
10639:
10634:
10630:
10626:
10622:
10618:
10614:
10608:
10604:
10600:
10596:
10591:
10587:
10582:
10578:
10573:
10569:
10565:
10562:(4): 302–15.
10561:
10557:
10552:
10548:
10543:
10538:
10537:
10532:
10528:
10524:
10519:
10514:
10510:
10506:
10502:
10498:
10494:
10489:
10486:
10485:0-87808-351-0
10482:
10477:
10472:
10468:
10464:
10460:
10456:
10453:(2): 331–60.
10452:
10448:
10443:
10439:
10434:
10430:
10424:
10420:
10415:
10411:
10410:
10404:
10400:
10395:
10390:
10386:
10381:
10376:
10375:Taiwan Review
10372:
10367:
10362:
10361:Taiwan Review
10358:
10353:
10350:
10349:957-30287-0-0
10346:
10341:
10336:
10324:
10320:
10316:
10311:
10307:
10303:
10299:
10295:
10290:
10286:
10281:
10277:
10275:1-55729-048-2
10271:
10267:
10262:
10258:
10253:
10249:
10247:0-8047-2334-6
10243:
10239:
10234:
10230:
10225:
10220:
10219:
10213:
10209:
10207:0-520-23424-3
10203:
10199:
10194:
10190:
10189:
10183:
10179:
10175:
10171:
10166:
10162:
10157:
10152:
10148:
10143:
10139:
10134:
10129:
10124:
10120:
10115:
10112:
10111:0-520-22551-1
10108:
10103:
10098:
10093:
10089:
10085:
10084:Taiwan Review
10081:
10076:
10073:
10069:
10068:Kinmen Island
10063:
10058:
10054:
10048:
10044:
10039:
10036:
10035:957-671-272-6
10032:
10027:
10022:
10018:
10016:957-638-377-3
10012:
10008:
10007:
10002:
9998:
9994:
9992:0-520-23182-1
9988:
9984:
9979:
9975:
9971:
9967:
9963:
9959:
9955:
9950:
9946:
9941:
9937:
9932:
9928:
9922:
9918:
9913:
9910:
9909:957-99767-7-5
9906:
9902:
9901:957-99767-2-4
9898:
9893:
9888:
9884:
9882:9789868537804
9878:
9874:
9869:
9864:
9860:
9856:
9852:
9848:
9843:
9839:
9837:9789868537804
9833:
9829:
9824:
9820:
9816:
9812:
9808:
9804:
9800:
9796:
9792:
9788:
9784:
9780:
9774:
9770:
9769:
9763:
9759:
9758:
9752:
9748:
9747:
9741:
9737:
9736:
9730:
9726:
9725:
9719:
9715:
9714:
9708:
9704:
9703:
9697:
9693:
9692:
9686:
9682:
9681:
9675:
9671:
9670:
9664:
9660:
9659:
9653:
9649:
9648:
9642:
9638:
9637:
9632:
9628:
9627:
9613:
9609:
9604:
9599:
9595:
9591:
9587:
9583:
9579:
9572:
9563:
9558:
9554:
9550:
9546:
9538:
9532:
9528:
9521:
9505:
9501:
9495:
9479:
9475:
9469:
9454:
9450:
9443:
9441:
9424:
9418:
9411:
9406:
9399:
9395:
9392:
9386:
9380:
9375:
9368:
9363:
9356:
9351:
9342:
9340:
9338:
9336:
9328:
9323:
9317:
9315:
9309:
9303:
9298:
9291:
9286:
9279:
9274:
9267:
9262:
9255:
9250:
9243:
9238:
9231:
9230:Blusse (2006)
9226:
9219:
9214:
9207:
9202:
9195:
9190:
9184:
9180:
9175:
9169:, p. 27.
9168:
9163:
9156:
9151:
9143:
9139:
9134:
9129:
9125:
9121:
9117:
9113:
9109:
9105:
9101:
9094:
9079:
9077:
9076:The News Lens
9072:
9065:
9063:
9055:
9050:
9042:
9038:
9034:
9027:
9025:
9017:
9012:
9010:
9008:
9000:
8995:
8987:
8984:. p. 3.
8983:
8979:
8972:
8964:
8958:
8950:
8946:
8939:
8931:
8927:
8921:
8913:
8909:
8905:
8901:
8897:
8893:
8889:
8885:
8881:
8874:
8866:
8862:
8856:
8848:
8845:. p. 3.
8844:
8840:
8833:
8825:
8821:
8817:
8811:
8803:
8800:. p. 3.
8799:
8795:
8788:
8780:
8777:. p. 3.
8776:
8772:
8765:
8757:
8754:. p. 3.
8753:
8749:
8742:
8734:
8731:. p. 1.
8730:
8726:
8719:
8711:
8707:
8703:
8697:
8681:
8677:
8673:
8667:
8651:
8647:
8643:
8636:
8620:
8616:
8612:
8606:
8598:
8594:
8590:
8584:
8568:
8564:
8560:
8553:
8537:
8533:
8529:
8522:
8506:
8502:
8498:
8492:
8476:
8472:
8468:
8462:
8446:
8442:
8438:
8432:
8425:
8420:
8413:
8408:
8400:
8394:
8390:
8383:
8377:
8372:
8365:
8360:
8353:
8348:
8341:
8336:
8330:, p. 39.
8329:
8324:
8317:
8312:
8305:
8300:
8293:
8288:
8281:
8276:
8269:
8264:
8257:
8252:
8245:
8240:
8238:
8230:
8225:
8218:
8213:
8206:
8201:
8194:
8189:
8182:
8177:
8170:
8165:
8158:
8153:
8146:
8141:
8134:
8129:
8122:
8117:
8110:
8105:
8103:
8095:
8090:
8083:
8078:
8071:
8066:
8059:
8058:Wilson (1970)
8054:
8047:
8042:
8035:
8034:Mendel (1970)
8030:
8023:
8018:
8011:
8006:
8004:
7996:
7991:
7984:
7979:
7972:
7967:
7960:
7955:
7948:
7943:
7936:
7931:
7924:
7919:
7912:
7907:
7900:
7895:
7888:
7883:
7881:
7873:
7868:
7861:
7856:
7848:
7844:
7843:
7839:伊凡諾幹 (2000).
7835:
7827:
7823:
7822:
7817:伊凡諾幹 (1997).
7813:
7805:
7802:. p. 3.
7801:
7797:
7790:
7782:
7776:
7772:
7771:
7763:
7755:
7754:
7747:
7739:
7733:
7729:
7725:
7724:
7716:
7708:
7702:
7698:
7697:
7689:
7681:
7675:
7671:
7670:
7662:
7654:
7652:0-8223-8451-5
7648:
7644:
7643:
7635:
7627:
7621:
7617:
7616:
7608:
7601:
7596:
7588:
7582:
7578:
7577:
7569:
7562:
7557:
7551:, p. 19.
7550:
7545:
7539:, p. 36.
7538:
7533:
7527:
7522:
7515:
7510:
7503:
7498:
7491:
7486:
7479:
7474:
7467:
7466:Mackay (1896)
7462:
7455:
7450:
7443:
7438:
7431:
7426:
7419:
7414:
7407:
7402:
7395:
7390:
7384:, p. 65.
7383:
7378:
7376:
7368:
7363:
7356:
7351:
7345:, p. 62.
7344:
7339:
7337:
7329:
7324:
7318:
7313:
7306:
7301:
7294:
7289:
7282:
7277:
7270:
7265:
7258:
7253:
7246:
7241:
7234:
7229:
7222:
7218:
7215:
7211:
7205:
7198:
7193:
7187:, p. 58.
7186:
7181:
7174:
7169:
7163:, p. 56.
7162:
7157:
7150:
7145:
7138:
7133:
7126:
7121:
7114:
7109:
7103:, p. 91.
7102:
7097:
7090:
7085:
7078:
7073:
7066:
7061:
7054:
7049:
7047:
7039:
7034:
7027:
7021:
7014:
7009:
7002:
6997:
6990:
6985:
6978:
6973:
6965:
6959:
6954:
6952:
6945:, p. 99.
6944:
6939:
6932:
6927:
6925:
6917:
6912:
6910:
6908:
6892:
6886:
6882:
6881:
6873:
6858:
6852:
6848:
6847:
6839:
6832:
6827:
6820:
6815:
6808:
6803:
6797:, p. 90.
6796:
6791:
6784:
6779:
6772:
6767:
6760:
6756:
6751:
6744:
6739:
6733:, p. 66.
6732:
6727:
6720:
6715:
6708:
6703:
6696:
6691:
6684:
6679:
6672:
6668:
6663:
6656:
6655:Thompson 1964
6651:
6644:
6643:Thompson 1964
6639:
6632:
6631:Thompson 1964
6627:
6611:
6607:
6601:
6593:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6575:
6571:
6567:
6560:
6552:
6546:
6542:
6541:
6536:
6530:
6524:, p. 10.
6523:
6518:
6511:
6510:Andrade 2008a
6506:
6504:
6502:
6494:
6493:Andrade 2008d
6489:
6481:
6475:
6470:
6463:
6458:
6451:
6446:
6439:
6438:Andrade 2008f
6434:
6432:
6430:
6428:
6416:
6405:
6398:
6393:
6386:
6382:
6379:
6374:
6367:
6362:
6360:
6352:
6347:
6340:
6335:
6328:
6323:
6316:
6311:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6272:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6236:
6232:
6225:
6216:
6207:
6197:
6191:
6187:
6181:
6173:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6129:
6122:
6114:
6112:9789719429203
6108:
6101:
6100:
6092:
6084:
6082:9789971693510
6078:
6074:
6073:
6064:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6029:
6021:
6015:
6011:
6004:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5944:
5937:
5929:
5923:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5888:
5880:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5834:
5827:
5822:
5815:
5810:
5803:
5798:
5782:
5778:
5773:
5765:
5758:
5753:
5746:
5742:
5737:
5730:
5725:
5718:
5713:
5706:
5701:
5694:
5693:Shepherd 1993
5688:
5682:, p. 26.
5681:
5676:
5669:
5664:
5662:
5654:
5649:
5642:
5636:
5629:
5624:
5617:
5612:
5605:
5604:Lamley (1981)
5600:
5593:
5588:
5581:
5576:
5574:
5557:
5553:
5552:
5547:
5541:
5525:
5521:
5520:
5515:
5509:
5493:
5489:
5488:
5483:
5477:
5470:
5465:
5458:
5453:
5446:
5441:
5434:
5429:
5427:
5419:
5414:
5407:
5402:
5395:
5390:
5383:
5378:
5371:
5366:
5359:
5354:
5347:
5342:
5335:
5330:
5314:
5313:
5308:
5302:
5294:
5290:
5284:
5277:
5272:
5265:
5260:
5258:
5242:
5238:
5231:
5220:
5213:
5208:
5206:
5198:
5197:Chuang (2005)
5193:
5186:
5181:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5151:
5149:
5141:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5130:
5128:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5097:
5081:
5077:
5071:
5055:
5051:
5045:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5015:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4980:
4973:
4968:
4961:
4956:
4950:, p. 62.
4949:
4944:
4937:
4932:
4916:
4912:
4906:
4899:
4895:
4890:
4884:, p. 60.
4883:
4878:
4871:
4866:
4859:
4854:
4847:
4842:
4835:
4830:
4823:
4818:
4811:
4806:
4799:
4794:
4787:
4782:
4775:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4749:
4745:
4739:
4724:
4720:
4705:
4701:
4694:
4687:
4682:
4680:
4672:
4667:
4665:
4656:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4605:
4597:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4554:
4547:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4528:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4488:
4480:
4474:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4458:
4451:
4446:
4444:
4437:中华人民共和国国家统计局.
4436:
4432:
4429:
4424:
4420:
4401:
4397:
4391:
4382:
4378:
4368:
4365:
4362:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4320:Han Taiwanese
4318:
4316:
4315:Batan Islands
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4293:
4282:
4279:
4278:Taiwan portal
4268:
4261:
4257:
4249:
4247:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4203:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4177:
4174:
4168:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4071:Taiwanese pop
4062:
4059:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4043:
4040:as a form of
4039:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4014:
4010:
4007:
4006:nuclear power
4001:
3999:
3995:
3994:Orchid Island
3991:
3990:nuclear waste
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3953:
3951:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3929:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3915:Confucianized
3912:
3908:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3847:
3843:
3838:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3700:December 2005
3699:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3612:
3609:
3605:
3599:
3594:
3584:
3581:
3573:Right to hunt
3570:
3566:
3562:
3556:
3551:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3536:
3533:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3503:
3501:
3495:
3493:
3488:
3486:
3481:
3470:
3468:
3463:
3461:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3427:hsien chu min
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3376:
3374:
3365:
3364:Nantou County
3361:
3356:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3299:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3275:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3177:
3175:
3174:comfort women
3170:
3167:
3166:Special Units
3161:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3058:
3053:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3012:
3008:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2953:
2952:Nantou County
2949:
2945:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2920:Liu Mingchuan
2916:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2857:
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2845:
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2825:
2823:
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2800:
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2787:
2785:
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2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2749:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2656:acculturation
2652:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2587:
2585:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2520:Paiwan people
2517:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2501:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2481:
2477:
2476:Olfert Dapper
2472:
2468:
2465:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
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2377:
2373:
2369:
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2361:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2337:
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2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2288:Chiayi County
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2214:(1271–1368),
2213:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2182:relates that
2181:
2180:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2051:Harrison 2003
2046:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1920:
1916:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1889:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1847:
1845:
1840:
1839:Five Emperors
1836:
1832:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1787:
1777:
1774:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1724:Taiwan Island
1721:
1717:
1709:high mountain
1697:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1488:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1447:
1443:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1319:Not Specific
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1292:in 2013, and
1291:
1290:Fuli, Hualien
1287:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1173:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1137:peoples. The
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1101:Takasago-zoku
1095:
1092:
1085:
1081:
1073:
1065:
1060:
1059:Japanese rule
1056:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1013:
1007:
1002:
1001:acculturation
998:
993:
991:
981:
977:
969:
964:
960:
958:
954:
943:
941:
937:
933:
928:
926:
922:
917:
915:
914:Liuqiu Island
911:
907:
906:Orchid Island
904:, as well as
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
747:Austronesians
743:
741:
737:
733:
729:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
673:
668:
666:
661:
659:
654:
653:
651:
650:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
630:
628:
627:
623:
622:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
576:
572:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
554:
552:
551:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
530:
528:
527:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
441:
439:
438:
434:
433:
429:
428:
424:
420:
419:
416:
413:
412:
404:
392:
390:
386:
378:
376:
373:
369:
366:
362:
354:
352:
348:
338:
336:
332:
329:
325:
319:
314:
312:
308:
300:
298:
294:
284:
282:
278:
270:
268:
264:
256:
254:
250:
247:
243:
238:
234:
230:
226:
221:
218:
213:
211:
207:
202:
199:
194:
192:
188:
184:
179:
172:
171:Austronesians
168:
164:
159:
156:
152:
148:
143:
138:
134:
130:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
108:Yami language
106:, others) or
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
80:
77:
76:Orchid Island
73:
69:
64:
52:
47:
43:
39:
35:
30:
25:
16:
14826:
14819:
14804:Bansenshūkai
14802:
14569:Rainy season
14346:unrecognized
14310:
14076:
14054:
14039:
14024:
14009:
13994:
13928:
13916:
13904:
13733:Superlatives
13718:Prostitution
13681:Architecture
13499:
13487:Demographics
13288:Central bank
13266:Floriculture
13163:Conscription
13041:Intelligence
13029:Human rights
13012:Constitution
12927:Superlatives
12922:Scenic areas
12807:White Terror
12654:Taitung City
12507:Hualien City
12412:Yilan County
11952:Unrecognized
11813:
11677:
11668:
11643:
11620:. Retrieved
11613:the original
11608:
11604:
11581:. Routledge.
11578:
11559:
11550:
11533:
11524:
11515:
11506:
11497:
11480:
11476:
11451:
11447:
11428:
11418:
11404:
11391:
11387:
11378:
11359:
11337:
11325:. Retrieved
11321:the original
11316:
11310:
11287:
11277:
11261:. Retrieved
11257:
11240:. Retrieved
11236:the original
11230:
11220:
11202:
11193:
11184:
11175:
11158:
11152:
11134:
11115:
11106:Taipei Times
11105:
11085:
11068:
11050:
11037:. Retrieved
11033:
11020:
11011:
10999:
10974:
10970:
10960:
10947:
10935:. Retrieved
10930:
10916:
10879:
10875:
10862:
10845:
10833:. Retrieved
10829:the original
10824:
10812:the original
10807:
10794:
10782:. Retrieved
10775:the original
10770:
10766:
10750:
10739:
10730:the original
10725:
10712:
10695:
10686:
10676:
10663:
10654:
10637:
10594:
10585:
10576:
10559:
10555:
10546:
10534:
10503:(1): 29–43.
10500:
10496:
10475:
10450:
10446:
10437:
10418:
10408:
10398:
10388:
10374:
10360:
10339:
10327:. Retrieved
10323:the original
10318:
10306:the original
10301:
10297:
10284:
10265:
10256:
10237:
10228:
10216:
10197:
10186:
10169:
10160:
10150:
10137:
10118:
10101:
10092:the original
10087:
10083:
10061:
10042:
10025:
10005:
9982:
9957:
9953:
9944:
9935:
9916:
9891:
9872:
9846:
9827:
9794:
9790:
9767:
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9745:
9734:
9723:
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9679:
9668:
9657:
9646:
9635:
9585:
9581:
9571:
9552:
9548:
9537:
9520:
9508:. Retrieved
9503:
9494:
9482:. Retrieved
9477:
9468:
9456:. Retrieved
9453:Taipei Times
9452:
9427:. Retrieved
9417:
9405:
9385:
9374:
9362:
9350:
9322:
9314:"Tao demand"
9313:
9308:
9297:
9290:Cohen (1988)
9285:
9273:
9261:
9249:
9237:
9225:
9213:
9201:
9189:
9174:
9167:Meyer (2001)
9162:
9150:
9107:
9103:
9093:
9081:. Retrieved
9074:
9049:
9040:
9036:
8994:
8982:Taipei Times
8981:
8971:
8957:
8948:
8938:
8929:
8920:
8887:
8883:
8873:
8864:
8855:
8843:Taipei Times
8842:
8832:
8820:Taipei Times
8819:
8810:
8798:Taipei Times
8797:
8787:
8775:Taipei Times
8774:
8764:
8752:Taipei Times
8751:
8741:
8729:Taipei Times
8728:
8718:
8705:
8696:
8686:25 September
8684:. Retrieved
8675:
8666:
8656:25 September
8654:. Retrieved
8645:
8635:
8625:25 September
8623:. Retrieved
8615:asiaone news
8614:
8605:
8593:Taipei Times
8592:
8583:
8573:25 September
8571:. Retrieved
8562:
8552:
8542:25 September
8540:. Retrieved
8536:the original
8531:
8521:
8511:25 September
8509:. Retrieved
8501:sina English
8500:
8491:
8481:25 September
8479:. Retrieved
8470:
8461:
8451:25 September
8449:. Retrieved
8440:
8431:
8419:
8407:
8388:
8382:
8371:
8359:
8347:
8335:
8323:
8316:Hsieh (2006)
8311:
8299:
8292:Faure (2001)
8287:
8275:
8268:Gluck (2005)
8263:
8256:Eyton (2004)
8251:
8224:
8217:Hsiau (2000)
8212:
8200:
8188:
8181:Hsiau (2000)
8176:
8169:Brown (2004)
8164:
8157:Hsiau (2000)
8152:
8140:
8128:
8121:Hsiau (1997)
8116:
8089:
8077:
8065:
8053:
8041:
8029:
8022:Ching (2001)
8017:
8010:Simon (2006)
7990:
7978:
7966:
7954:
7942:
7930:
7918:
7911:ed. Lin 1995
7906:
7894:
7872:ed. Cox 1930
7867:
7855:
7841:
7834:
7820:
7812:
7800:Taipei Times
7799:
7789:
7769:
7762:
7752:
7746:
7722:
7715:
7695:
7688:
7668:
7661:
7641:
7634:
7614:
7607:
7595:
7575:
7568:
7556:
7544:
7532:
7521:
7509:
7497:
7485:
7473:
7461:
7449:
7437:
7432:, p. 1.
7425:
7413:
7401:
7389:
7362:
7350:
7323:
7312:
7300:
7288:
7276:
7264:
7252:
7240:
7228:
7204:
7192:
7180:
7168:
7156:
7144:
7132:
7120:
7108:
7096:
7084:
7072:
7060:
7040:, p. 4.
7033:
7020:
7008:
7001:Knapp (1980)
6996:
6984:
6972:
6938:
6894:. Retrieved
6879:
6872:
6860:. Retrieved
6845:
6838:
6826:
6814:
6807:Shepherd1993
6802:
6790:
6778:
6766:
6758:
6750:
6738:
6726:
6714:
6702:
6690:
6678:
6670:
6662:
6650:
6638:
6626:
6614:. Retrieved
6609:
6600:
6573:
6569:
6559:
6539:
6529:
6517:
6488:
6469:
6457:
6445:
6414:
6404:
6397:Xiong (2012)
6392:
6373:
6368:, p. 5.
6346:
6334:
6322:
6310:
6285:
6281:
6271:
6238:
6234:
6224:
6215:
6206:
6196:
6180:
6135:
6131:
6121:
6098:
6091:
6070:
6063:
6038:
6034:
6028:
6009:
6003:
5992:the original
5953:
5949:
5936:
5922:cite journal
5901:
5897:
5887:
5850:
5846:
5833:
5821:
5809:
5797:
5785:. Retrieved
5777:Focus Taiwan
5776:
5764:
5752:
5736:
5724:
5712:
5700:
5687:
5680:Ebrey (1996)
5675:
5668:Ebrey (1996)
5648:
5635:
5628:Brown (1996)
5623:
5611:
5599:
5587:
5580:Hsieh (2006)
5562:10 September
5560:. Retrieved
5551:Taipei Times
5549:
5540:
5530:10 September
5528:. Retrieved
5519:Taipei Times
5517:
5508:
5498:10 September
5496:. Retrieved
5487:Taipei Times
5485:
5476:
5469:Brown (2004)
5464:
5457:Brown (2004)
5452:
5445:Brown (2004)
5440:
5433:Duara (1995)
5413:
5406:Brown (2004)
5401:
5394:Brown (2004)
5389:
5377:
5365:
5353:
5341:
5329:
5317:. Retrieved
5312:Taipei Times
5310:
5301:
5292:
5283:
5271:
5264:Cheng (2007)
5244:. Retrieved
5241:The Diplomat
5240:
5230:
5219:
5212:Brown (2004)
5192:
5180:
5168:. Retrieved
5159:
5114:. Retrieved
5110:the original
5105:
5096:
5084:. Retrieved
5080:the original
5070:
5058:. Retrieved
5053:
5044:
5032:. Retrieved
5028:the original
5023:
5014:
4993:
4985:
4979:
4967:
4955:
4943:
4931:
4919:. Retrieved
4914:
4905:
4897:
4894:Brown (2001)
4889:
4877:
4865:
4853:
4841:
4829:
4817:
4805:
4793:
4781:
4752:. Retrieved
4747:
4738:
4726:. Retrieved
4722:
4707:. Retrieved
4703:
4693:
4618:
4615:BMC Genetics
4614:
4604:
4567:
4563:
4553:
4546:Blust (1999)
4505:. Retrieved
4496:
4487:
4467:
4457:
4423:
4400:Qianlong era
4390:
4381:
4354:
4258:
4255:
4243:
4227:
4223:Tiwi Islands
4204:
4186:
4183:
4173:Tsai Ing-wen
4170:
4141:used an Ami
4136:
4085:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4034:
4011:
4002:
3974:conservation
3971:
3954:
3946:
3941:
3935:
3904:
3899:
3895:
3877:supernatural
3870:
3851:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3645:
3639:
3635:
3626:
3622:
3613:
3590:
3576:
3567:
3563:
3552:
3548:
3537:
3532:Taipei Times
3529:
3519:
3505:In 2005 the
3504:
3500:Ma Ying-jeou
3496:
3489:
3476:
3464:
3456:
3445:
3431:tsao chu min
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3415:yuan chu min
3414:
3408:
3403:
3397:
3382:
3369:
3334:
3328:
3323:Hoklo people
3312:
3303:
3296:
3293:
3285:Lee Teng-hui
3281:
3272:
3260:
3235:
3216:
3189:
3171:
3162:
3153:
3146:
3142:
3124:
3109:under Chief
3104:
3098:
3091:
3078:Kleeman 2003
3062:
3034:
2989:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2933:
2929:
2917:
2909:Shen Baozhen
2906:
2891:
2858:
2854:
2846:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2824:aborigines.
2821:
2817:Yilan County
2809:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2721:
2716:
2704:
2702:
2689:
2664:
2651:Qing dynasty
2648:
2638:John Thomson
2580:
2569:
2542:
2532:
2505:
2500:Taipei Basin
2496:
2484:
2479:
2461:
2416:
2408:small colony
2400:Qing dynasty
2381:
2375:
2366:languages. (
2325:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2282:who fled to
2263:
2260:Xiaodong dao
2259:
2255:
2245:
2212:Yuan dynasty
2209:
2195:
2184:Emperor Yang
2177:
2162:
2147:Austronesian
2108:
2096:
2064:
2047:
2043:
2024:
2014:
1971:
1924:
1886:Constitution
1852:
1848:
1828:
1791:
1786:nationalizes
1783:
1769:
1749:
1745:
1736:Qing dynasty
1719:
1695:
1685:
1666:
1652:, Trobiawan.
1522:Recognized:
1516:
1512:romanization
1509:
1502:
1491:
1483:
1473:
1407:
1283:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1181:
1176:
1163:
1150:
1108:
1083:
1052:
1042:
1036:
1025:
1022:
994:
987:
979:
973:
968:John Thomson
949:
936:Taitung City
929:
925:White Terror
918:
910:Green Island
874:
827:
744:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
681:
550:Unrecognized
549:
548:
525:
524:
436:
435:
414:
365:Southern Min
335:Romanization
253:Hanyu Pinyin
147:Christianity
38:Rukai people
18:Ethnic group
15:
14908:Headhunting
14659:Archaeology
14551:Environment
14416:Calligraphy
14260:in Sakhalin
14216:Han Chinese
14179:South Korea
14174:North Korea
13876:tea culture
13841:Photography
13527:Waishengren
13261:Aquaculture
13256:Agriculture
13034:LGBT rights
12892:Hot springs
12878:Earthquakes
12812:Martial law
11553:. Springer.
11454:: 163–204.
10621:j.ctv9zckx5
9155:Chou (2005)
8930:watchout.tw
8676:Terra Daily
8563:Japan Probe
8532:Japan Probe
8133:Shih (1999)
7537:Gold (1986)
7490:Teng (2004)
7077:Chen (1997)
7038:Kerr (1965)
6989:Tsao (1999)
6977:Teng (2004)
6896:10 December
6862:10 December
6683:Gold (1986)
6327:Kang (2003)
6315:Gold (1986)
5717:Hong (1997)
5358:Kang (2003)
5170:13 December
5054:Mata Taiwan
4989:臺灣總督府第十五統計書
4936:Teng (2004)
4846:Teng (2004)
4798:Teng (2004)
4786:Teng (2004)
4428:第七次全国人口普查成果
4356:Seediq Bale
3917:beliefs of
3905:During the
3866:Catholicism
3617:Frank Hsieh
3596: [
3591:A study by
3423:aborigines"
3264:Li Teng-Hui
3231:martial law
2996:headhunting
2980:Headhunting
2732:Dajia River
2488:Han Chinese
2453:transcribed
2272:Lin Daoqian
2232:Wang Dayuan
2220:Kublai Khan
2216:Han Chinese
2210:During the
2196:Book of Sui
2188:Sui dynasty
2179:Book of Sui
2133:, five are
2099:matrilineal
1978:Philippines
1955:Pleistocene
1951:Paleolithic
1931:Philippines
1716:2000 census
1671:Hani people
1632:, Luilang,
1609:and Fuli),
1141:(Yami) and
997:Qing Empire
946:Terminology
856:, five are
795:Philippines
765:as well as
732:Han Chinese
730:before the
351:Pha̍k-fa-sṳ
149:, minority
60:(2020 data)
14882:Categories
14834:Yi Sun-sin
14669:Bronze Age
14606:Capitalism
14531:Typography
14526:Television
14496:Philosophy
14481:Mādhyamaka
14476:Literature
14431:Sinosphere
14351:historical
13836:Philosophy
13811:Literature
13708:Healthcare
13567:Kanakanavu
13319:(currency)
13228:Two Chinas
13100:Propaganda
13068:Parliament
13002:Censorship
12976:Government
12954:Government
12740:Prehistory
12157:New Taipei
11855:Kanakanavu
10074:), Taiwan.
9582:PNAS Nexus
9506:(in Latin)
9410:Liu (2000)
9389:Listen to
9355:Lin (2006)
9327:Loa (2010)
9194:Chu (2001)
9179:DGBAS 2000
8471:China Post
8441:Lihpao.com
8412:Simon 2011
8364:Liu (2006)
8280:Liu (2006)
8244:Gao (2007)
8082:Gao (2001)
7925:, p. 1139.
7901:, p. 1004.
7889:, p. 1004.
7860:Crook 2014
7502:Hsu (1991)
7317:(Yeh 2003)
7305:Pan (2002)
6943:Wills 2015
6856:0932727905
6522:Knapp 1980
6462:Knapp 1980
6450:Knapp 1980
6366:Knapp 1980
6288:: 100226.
6241:: 102554.
5757:Loa (2007)
5741:Low (2005)
5729:Hsu (1980)
5705:Pan (1996)
5653:Liu (2002)
5334:Liu (2002)
5185:Lee (2003)
5160:China Post
4858:Tai (1999)
4686:Hsu (1991)
4410:References
4165:See also:
4069:See also:
3684:Unemployed
3511:Mona Rudao
3507:Kuomintang
3393:UN Charter
3335:iron votes
3331:Kuomintang
3219:warlordism
3196:Kuomintang
3149:Ino Kanori
2992:Tao people
2984:See also:
2922:after the
2709:deer field
2705:Huan Da Zu
2649:After the
2594:See also:
2572:Zheng Jing
2169:Eastern Wu
2139:endangered
2026:lingling-o
2006:Madagascar
1994:Micronesia
1943:Madagascar
1896:See also:
1732:Kangxi era
1722:living in
1680:See also:
1540:Kanakanavu
1440:See also:
1347:Kaohsiung
1147:Kuomintang
940:ecotourism
878:government
862:endangered
799:Micronesia
791:Madagascar
779:East Timor
734:colonists
709:, are the
504:Tao (Yami)
469:Kanakanavu
281:Wade–Giles
14750:CrossAsia
14737:Education
14491:Mythology
14471:Languages
14451:Festivals
14399:Taiwanese
14306:Ryukyuans
14221:subgroups
14140:Hong Kong
14119:East Asia
13981:continent
13766:Animation
13728:Squatting
13703:Education
13539:Languages
13295:Companies
13073:President
13024:Elections
12932:Volcanoes
12907:Mountains
12851:Overviews
12841:Geography
12129:Kaohsiung
12120:Districts
12115:Townships
12008:Trobiawan
11993:Ketagalan
11964:Favorlang
11327:22 August
10991:162750246
10937:22 August
10784:22 August
10629:243373709
10467:146633369
10447:Positions
10391:. 4 July.
10128:1903/3092
9954:Ethnology
9819:162580919
9504:PulimaENG
9391:Ho-hi-yan
9367:Mo (2005)
9124:0737-4038
8912:225246224
8904:2468-8797
8426:, p. 220.
8205:Su (1986)
8048:, p. 124.
8046:Chou 2008
7971:Ka (1995)
7728:Routledge
7245:Li (2001)
7026:Chen 1999
6958:Hang 2015
6916:Hang 2010
6819:Wong 2022
6592:225283565
6576:: 17–42.
6474:Hang 2015
6418:古代中世の境界領域
6302:222117771
6263:224904703
6055:129020595
5904:: 72–78.
5002:674052936
4960:Li (1992)
4921:22 August
4637:1471-2156
4415:Citations
4235:Melbourne
4207:Kaohsiung
4120:Landy Wen
4106:, A-Lin (
4026:Pas-ta'ai
3958:modernity
3854:Christian
3804:Dec. 2009
3778:Dec. 2008
3752:Dec. 2007
3726:Dec. 2006
3593:Marie Lin
3119:w:zh:大分事件
3044:and 1915
3035:When the
2913:Hong Kong
2892:In 1874,
2882:Guangdong
2866:Tevorangh
2745:Zhu Yigui
2728:Yongzheng
2693:Zhangzhou
2668:Zhangzhou
2451:), which
2445:Indonesia
2417:When the
2394:base for
2334:Zhangzhou
2326:Dongfanji
2264:Dahui guo
2167:state of
2002:Polynesia
1959:Neolithic
1939:Indonesia
1807:Sinicized
1798:Guangdong
1761:modernist
1728:Zhengzhou
1630:Ketagalan
1613:(in Fuli)
1367:Pingtung
1054:Gāoshānzú
978:, in his
894:pop music
807:Polynesia
783:Indonesia
769:and even
687:Formosans
615:Trobiawan
581:Ketagalan
145:Majority
82:Languages
14857:Printing
14790:Military
14674:Iron Age
14588:Politics
14536:Yogācāra
14521:Surnames
14501:Religion
14411:Buddhism
14389:Japanese
14316:Tibetans
14287:in China
14277:Mongolic
14255:in Japan
14250:in China
14233:Japanese
14169:Mongolia
14150:Mainland
13906:Category
13861:T-Beauty
13846:Religion
13801:Gambling
13634:Mandarin
13602:Sakizaya
13597:Saisiyat
13459:proposed
13365:Taxation
13335:Forestry
13188:Dang Guo
13130:Counties
13056:Military
12981:politics
12959:Politics
12711:articles
12175:Taichung
11885:Sakizaya
11880:Saisiyat
11850:Hla'alua
11759:Archived
11747:Archived
11734:Archived
11718:Archived
11696:Archived
11622:7 August
11468:40726116
11402:(1907).
11358:(1986).
11356:Su, Beng
11263:24 April
11242:23 March
11039:21 April
11010:(1979).
10958:(1896).
10904:23008277
10896:22746682
10835:17 March
10674:(1965).
10527:17160892
10003:(1915).
9811:25075752
9612:37200801
9603:10187666
9510:28 March
9484:28 March
9478:Medianet
9458:28 March
9429:1 August
9394:Archived
9183:CIP 2004
9142:33170928
9083:19 April
9054:Liu 2012
9016:Liu 2012
8999:Lin 2007
8986:Archived
8847:Archived
8824:Archived
8802:Archived
8779:Archived
8756:Archived
8733:Archived
8710:Archived
8680:Archived
8650:Archived
8619:Archived
8597:Archived
8567:Archived
8505:Archived
8475:Archived
8445:Archived
8414:, p. 28.
7937:, p. 19.
7913:, p. 84.
7874:, p. 94.
7862:, p. 16.
7847:Archived
7826:Archived
7804:Archived
7526:Yeh 2003
7217:Archived
6809:, p. 59.
6537:(2007).
6381:Archived
6172:18048347
6154:25450787
5987:29838345
5978:19164742
5914:Archived
5879:10693781
5841:(2000).
5781:Archived
5641:Pan 2002
5556:Archived
5524:Archived
5492:Archived
5164:Archived
5006:Archived
4728:24 April
4709:24 April
4655:24965575
4596:18048347
4501:Archived
4465:(2013).
4431:Archived
4264:See also
4252:Genetics
4219:Melville
4215:Bathurst
4197:and the
4096:Samingad
3932:pantheon
3923:Buddhism
3846:Catholic
3832:Religion
3679:Employed
3651:CPA 2010
3649:Source:
3615:Premier
3515:handover
3366:, Taiwan
3337:for the
3304:tang wai
3298:tang wai
3255:Mandarin
3247:ideology
3111:Raho Ari
3069:Ryūkyūan
2954:, Taiwan
2841:Wu River
2780:Shengfan
2763:shengfan
2740:Zhejiang
2713:Qianlong
2672:Quanzhou
2584:Taichung
2478:(1670):
2374:(1888).
2368:Campbell
2330:Zheng He
2292:Yan Siqi
2280:Chaozhou
2276:Lin Feng
2241:Zhejiang
2228:Quanzhou
2135:moribund
2023:for the
1935:Malaysia
1673:and the
1595:Pingtung
1580:Sakizaya
1560:Saisiyat
1536:Hla'alua
1505:Lee 2003
1498:Sakizaya
1316:Makatao
1278:121,950
1222:Saisiyat
1038:Píngpǔzú
953:de facto
858:moribund
787:Malaysia
494:Sakizaya
489:Saisiyat
267:Bopomofo
169:, other
155:Buddhism
140:Religion
116:Mandarin
14815:Sun Tzu
14651:History
14584:Economy
14564:Monsoon
14506:Scripts
14456:Gardens
14426:Cuisine
14384:Chinese
14363:Culture
14326:Uyghurs
14282:Mongols
14245:Koreans
14047:Oceania
14017:Eurasia
13975:of the
13930:Outline
13851:Smoking
13781:Cuisine
13758:Culture
13674:Society
13661:Braille
13629:Sinitic
13572:Kavalan
13426:Culture
13422:Society
13380:Tourism
13375:Textile
13317:Dollar
13300:Largest
13278:Banking
13248:Economy
12995:Premier
12990:Cabinet
12964:Economy
12897:Islands
12868:Climate
12858:Beaches
12724:History
12193:Taoyuan
12030:Qauqaut
12003:Luilang
11943:Taivoan
11933:Makatao
11860:Kavalan
11824:by the
11108:. Pg. 3
10518:1876738
9974:3773928
9851:Bibcode
9623:Sources
9531:YouTube
9133:8476137
7442:Ye 2019
7430:Ye 2019
7406:Ye 2019
7382:Ye 2019
7367:Ye 2019
7355:Ye 2019
7343:Ye 2019
7328:Ye 2019
7210:Li 2001
7197:Ye 2019
7185:Ye 2019
7173:Ye 2019
7161:Ye 2019
7149:Ye 2019
7137:Ye 2019
7125:Ye 2019
7113:Ye 2019
7101:Ye 2019
7089:Ye 2019
6616:16 July
6243:Bibcode
6163:2148369
5958:Bibcode
5950:Science
5855:Bibcode
5787:1 April
5319:1 March
5246:31 July
4646:4083334
4587:2148369
4246:YouTube
4118:), and
3816:203,412
3813:219,465
3810:372,777
3807:504,531
3790:205,765
3787:223,464
3784:363,103
3781:494,107
3764:212,627
3761:222,929
3758:355,613
3755:484,174
3738:213,548
3735:223,288
3732:346,366
3729:474,919
3712:207,493
3709:216,756
3706:337,351
3703:464,961
3555:Chinese
3243:history
3202:to the
2961:camphor
2813:Gamalan
2561:amnesty
2549:Koxinga
2531:in his
2512:Koxinga
2441:Batavia
2436:Soulang
2432:Sinshih
2412:Keelung
2372:Gravius
2364:Sinckan
2318:Chen Di
2300:Keelung
2284:Beigang
2186:of the
2131:extinct
2055:camphor
2035:Vietnam
1982:Negrito
1976:in the
1947:Oceania
1864:Chinese
1734:of the
1720:Gāoshān
1703:
1696:Gāoshān
1667:Gāoshān
1646:Qauqaut
1611:Taivoan
1591:Makatao
1544:Kavalan
1494:Kavalan
1424:14,411
1412:11,937
1342:11,830
1327:Tainan
1313:Taivoan
1200:Gaoshan
1192:Gaoshan
1188:Gaoshan
1123:Saisiat
1043:Gaoshan
989:Dongfan
976:Chen Di
854:extinct
819:Vietnam
767:Oceania
605:Qauqaut
586:Luilang
543:Taivoan
533:Makatao
464:Kavalan
430:Peoples
372:Hokkien
151:Animism
120:Hokkien
14862:Swords
14689:Sports
14421:Cinema
14394:Korean
14336:Zhuang
14267:Manchu
14238:Yamato
14184:Taiwan
14162:Ryukyu
14002:Africa
13918:Portal
13856:Sports
13776:Cinema
13607:Seediq
13592:Saaroa
13582:Puyuma
13577:Paiwan
13557:Atayal
13522:Hakkas
13517:Hoklos
13479:People
13465:Flower
13450:Emblem
13445:Anthem
13419:People
13345:Mining
13330:Energy
13135:Cities
12917:Rivers
12863:Cities
12709:
12707:Taiwan
12035:Taokas
12020:Papora
11988:Kaxabu
11976:Arikun
11971:Hoanya
11959:Babuza
11938:Siraya
11900:Taroko
11890:Seediq
11870:Puyuma
11865:Paiwan
11840:Atayal
11641:about
11566:
11541:
11466:
11435:
11366:
11344:
11294:
11211:
11143:
11122:
11093:
11076:
11059:
10989:
10902:
10894:
10853:
10808:自由電子報
10703:
10645:
10627:
10619:
10609:
10525:
10515:
10483:
10465:
10425:
10347:
10329:3 June
10272:
10244:
10204:
10109:
10072:Quemoy
10049:
10033:
10013:
9989:
9972:
9923:
9907:
9903:&
9899:
9879:
9834:
9817:
9809:
9775:
9610:
9600:
9140:
9130:
9122:
8910:
8902:
8395:
7777:
7734:
7703:
7676:
7649:
7622:
7583:
7028::136).
6887:
6853:
6606:"閩海贈言"
6590:
6547:
6300:
6261:
6201:Times.
6170:
6160:
6152:
6109:
6079:
6053:
6016:
5984:
5976:
5877:
5847:Nature
5116:29 May
5086:29 May
5060:29 May
5034:29 May
5000:
4653:
4643:
4635:
4621:: 77.
4594:
4584:
4475:
4396:Taipei
4191:Paiwan
4187:Pulima
4139:Enigma
4124:Atayal
4116:Paiwan
4104:Difang
4100:Puyuma
3982:Atayal
3937:tongji
3928:Ali-zu
3919:Taoism
3884:Siraya
3882:. The
3858:Plains
3819:16,053
3793:17,699
3767:10,302
3268:Tai-yü
3158:Pingpu
3134:Seediq
3029:, and
2799:shufan
2791:shufan
2775:shufan
2759:shufan
2736:Fujian
2724:Kangxi
2717:shufan
2681:corvée
2676:Fujian
2614:, and
2427:Saccam
2423:Anping
2388:Tainan
2370:&
2304:Tamsui
2268:Tainan
2248:Fujian
2237:Lishui
2205:Ryukyu
2192:Liuqiu
2173:Yizhou
2092:millet
2075:Siraya
2071:bamboo
2004:, and
1967:Penghu
1945:, and
1794:Fujian
1714:) The
1675:Ewenki
1650:Taokas
1642:Papora
1638:Kaxabu
1626:Hoanya
1618:Babuza
1607:Tainan
1603:Siraya
1552:Puyuma
1548:Paiwan
1528:Atayal
1475:Taiwan
1418:1,803
1382:2,008
1376:1,803
1330:11,830
1322:Total
1310:Siraya
1286:Tainan
1272:32,783
1266:21,067
1263:13,242
1257:16,007
1251:27,871
1246:Total
1237:Puyuma
1234:Paiwan
1219:Atayal
1196:Pingpu
1184:Pingpu
1133:, and
1131:Puyuma
1127:Paiwan
1111:Atayal
1026:Pingpu
970:, 1871
912:, and
823:Hainan
809:. The
775:Brunei
771:Africa
719:island
715:Taiwan
610:Taokas
600:Papora
595:Kaxabu
571:Arikun
567:Hoanya
557:Babuza
538:Siraya
499:Seediq
479:Puyuma
474:Paiwan
449:Atayal
389:Tâi-lô
104:Paiwan
92:Atayal
72:Taiwan
34:Paiwan
14636:Ports
14574:Flora
14486:Music
14436:Dance
14321:Tujia
14301:Qiang
14157:Japan
14145:Macau
14135:China
13977:world
13826:Opera
13821:Music
13816:Media
13796:Drama
13748:Women
13686:Crime
13644:Hakka
13587:Rukai
13562:Bunun
13470:Seals
12902:Lakes
12040:Chimo
12025:Pazeh
12015:Kulon
11998:Basay
11922:by a
11875:Rukai
11845:Bunun
11616:(PDF)
11601:(PDF)
11464:JSTOR
10987:S2CID
10900:S2CID
10778:(PDF)
10763:(PDF)
10625:S2CID
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