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185:. First, "iodised paper" was made by brushing one side of a sheet of high-quality writing paper with a solution of silver nitrate, drying it, dipping it in a solution of potassium iodide, then drying it again. At this stage, the balance of the chemicals was such that the paper was practically insensitive to light and could be stored indefinitely. When wanted for use, the side initially brushed with silver nitrate was now brushed with a "gallo-nitrate of silver" solution consisting of silver nitrate,
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236:, was normally used for that purpose. It was simpler and less expensive, and Talbot himself considered the appearance of salted paper prints to be more attractive. The longer exposure required to make a salted print was at worst a minor inconvenience when making a contact print by sunlight. Calotype negatives were often impregnated with wax to improve their transparency and make the grain of the paper less conspicuous in the prints.
297:
In addition, the calotype produced a less clear image than the daguerreotype. The use of paper as a negative meant that the texture and fibers of the paper were visible in prints made from it, leading to an image that was slightly grainy or fuzzy compared to daguerreotypes, which were usually sharp
532:
Impressed by light: British photographs from paper negatives, 1840–1860. Accompanies the exhibition 'Impressed by light – British photographs from paper negatives, 1840–1860' held at the
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, September 24 – December 30, 2007; at the National Gallery of Art,
193:, then lightly blotted and exposed in the camera. Development was effected by brushing on more of the "gallo-nitrate of silver" solution while gently warming the paper. When development was complete, the calotype was rinsed, blotted, then either stabilized by washing it in a solution of
285:
his processes in
England and beyond. Unlike Talbot, Daguerre who had been granted a stipend by the French state in exchange for making his process publicly available, did not patent his invention. In Scotland, where the English patent law was not applicable at the time, members of the
247:
in 1839. Talbot was, however, the first to apply it to a paper-based process and to a negative-positive process, thereby pioneering the various developed-out negative-positive processes which have dominated non-electronic photography up to the present.
153:
had to be produced in the camera, which could be done in a minute or two if the subject was in bright sunlight. The paper, shielded from further exposure to daylight, was then removed from the camera and the latent image was chemically
294:, the Calotype Society was organized in London around 1847 attracting a dozen enthusiasts. In 1853, twelve years after the introduction of paper-negative photography to the public, Talbot's patent restriction was lifted.
213:
and commonly called "hypo", which dissolved the silver iodide and allowed it to be entirely washed out, leaving only the silver particles of the developed image and making the calotype completely insensitive to light.
306:
and on the
European continent outside France in the 1850s, especially among the amateur calotypists, who prized the aesthetics of calotypes and also wanted to differentiate from commercial photographers, until the
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process, i.e., the paper had to be exposed in the camera until the image was fully visible. A very long exposure—typically an hour or more—was required to produce an acceptable
243:
during the 1820s involved the chemical development of a latent image, as did the widely used daguerreotype process introduced to the public by Niépce's partner and successor
229:. This gave it an important advantage over the daguerreotype process, which produced an opaque original positive that could be duplicated only by copying it with a camera.
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combining the sharpness of a daguerreotype with the replicability of a calotype later in the nineteenth century. British photographers also brought the calotype to
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Despite their flexibility and the ease with which they could be made, calotypes did not displace the daguerreotype. In part, this was the result of Talbot having
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Talbot is sometimes erroneously credited with introducing the principle of latent image development. The bitumen process used in private experiments by
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Although calotype paper could be used to make positive prints from calotype negatives, Talbot's earlier silver chloride paper, commonly called
621:
Photography: The importance of its applications in preserving pictorial records. Containing a practical description of the
Talbotype process.
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639:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2007. Available online, including a biographical dictionary of 500 calotypists.
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381:"Daguerreotypes – Time Line of the Daguerreian Era – Prints & Photographs Online Catalog (Library of Congress)"
659:, exhibition catalog fully online as PDF from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on calotype.
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Washington, D.C., February 3 – May 4, 2008; and at the Musée d'Orsay, Paris, May 26 – September 7, 2008.
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and other
Scottish early photographers successfully adopted the paper-negative photo technology. In
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511:"Photographic Processes: Calotypes (Prints and Photographs Reading Room, Library of Congress)"
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W H Fox Talbot: Scientist, photographer, classical scholar 1800 – 1877: A further assessment.
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Impressed by Light: British
Photographs from Paper Negatives, 1840–1860: Exhibition Overview
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Talbot made his first successful camera photographs in 1835 using paper sensitised with
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into a fully visible image. This major improvement was introduced to the public as the
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process introduced in 1839), in which only an extremely faint or completely invisible
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in a condition such that it would only slightly discolour when exposed to light, or "
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limit the ability of this early process to record low contrast details and textures.
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423:, Henry Fox Talbot: "Improvement in Photographic Pictures" filing date Jun 26, 1847
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Nature
Exposed: Photography as Eyewitness in Victorian Science by Jennifer Tucker
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London: Hering & Remington; Peterborough, T. Chadwell & J. Clarke, 1855.
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Hutchins, Laura A.; May, Robert E. (2011). "The
Preservation of Finger Ridges".
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Impressed by Light: British
Photographs from Paper Negatives, 1840–1860.
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Primitive
Photography: A Guide to Making Cameras, Lenses, and Calotypes.
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Basic Photography — a manual for the training of fashion photographers.
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Impressed by Light: British Photographs from Paper Negatives, 1840–1860
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The Duleep Singhs: The Photograph Album of Queen Victoria's Maharajah
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Photography: including the Daguerreotype, Calotype & Chrysotype
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William Henry Fox Talbot pioneer of photography and man of science.
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New York: Dover Publications, 1978. Translated by Edward Epstean.
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All the Mighty World: The Photographs of Roger Fenton, 1852–1860
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Transcript of the opening speech, The Metropolitan Museum of Art
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410:. NIJ and International Association for Identification.
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Photographic processes dating from the 19th century
197:, which converted the remaining silver iodide into
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302:that were made from them—remained popular in the
141:In late 1840, Talbot worked out a very different
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535:New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2007.
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665:Photographic Exhibitions in Britain, 1839–1865
595:. Boston: Gootine, London Scholar Press, 1980.
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593:Fox Talbot & the invention of photography
82:Paper texture effects in calotype photography
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221:original negative image from which multiple
2242:Conservation and restoration of photographs
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298:and clear. Nevertheless, calotypes—and the
1969:Comparison of digital and film photography
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683:
2194:Photographs considered the most important
549:. Stroud: Sutton Publishing. p. 24.
442:The Origins of Photojournalism in America
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588:. London: H. Renshaw, 1842, 2nd edition.
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36:
14:
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633:Taylor, Roger, with Larry J. Schaaf.
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530:Taylor, Roger, with Larry J. Schaaf.
145:process (a concept pioneered by the
2189:Museums devoted to one photographer
650:The Calotype Society (flickr group)
24:
1731:Timeline of photography technology
567:
25:
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2325:Photography in the United Kingdom
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630:Frankfurt/M.: Jentzen oHG, 1992.
582:The Calotype familiarly explained
446:. Smithsonian Institution Press.
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577:London: Hutchinson Benham, 1977.
217:The calotype process produced a
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466:Roger Taylor, Guest curator of
319:, where, for example, in 1848,
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499:The Metropolitan Museum of Art
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438:Carlebach, Michael L. (1992).
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327:, took the first image of the
276:National Galleries of Scotland
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1781:Painted photography backdrops
1713:Golden triangle (composition)
993:35 mm equivalent focal length
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177:, created by the reaction of
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1491:Intentional camera movement
404:The Finger print Sourcebook
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2184:Most expensive photographs
1536:Multi-exposure HDR capture
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34:Early photographic process
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670:1705 records for calotype
2118:Digital image processing
225:could be made by simple
70:William Henry Fox Talbot
47:William Henry Fox Talbot
2226:Photography periodicals
1786:Photography and the law
612:Lassam, and Seabourne.
600:History of Photography.
288:Edinburgh Calotype Club
205:" in a hot solution of
2138:Gelatin silver process
1162:Science of photography
1147:Photographic processes
1125:Perspective distortion
329:Maharajah Duleep Singh
278:
173:in calotype paper was
68:introduced in 1841 by
54:
1591:Schlieren photography
1135:Photographic printing
1058:Exposure compensation
545:Bance, Peter (2004).
513:. Loc.gov. 2011-08-30
311:enabled both to make
259:
40:
29:hot metal typesetting
1380:Straight photography
1018:Chromatic aberration
598:Eder, Josef Maria.
211:hyposulphite of soda
169:The light-sensitive
106:), "beautiful", and
66:photographic process
27:For "hot type", see
2252:photographic plates
1927:Digital photography
1110:Hyperfocal distance
1023:Circle of confusion
619:Marshall, F. A. S.
323:, a surgeon in the
300:salted paper prints
207:sodium thiosulphate
53:1843 calotype print
1746:Autochrome Lumière
1741:Analog photography
1566:Pigeon photography
1360:Social documentary
839:discontinued films
662:Research database
609:Focal Press, 2002.
573:Aronold, H. J. P.
325:East India Company
279:
265:Hill & Adamson
55:
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2098:Collodion process
2034:Chromogenic print
2021:Color photography
1531:Multiple exposure
1506:Lo-fi photography
1038:Color temperature
351:Collodion process
309:collodion process
195:potassium bromide
166:process in 1841.
118:), "impression".
16:(Redirected from
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2158:Print permanence
2103:Cross processing
2061:CMYK color model
2046:Color management
1999:Foveon X3 sensor
1994:Three-CCD camera
1638:Miniature faking
1596:Sabattier effect
1213:Astrophotography
1068:Zebra patterning
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179:silver nitrate
143:developing-out
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2088:Bleach bypass
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2056:primary color
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2041:Reversal film
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1576:Rephotography
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616:Lacock, 1977.
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591:Buckland, G.
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453:1-56098-159-8
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356:Daguerreotype
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341:Albumen print
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261:Thomas Duncan
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175:silver iodide
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171:silver halide
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148:
147:daguerreotype
144:
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93:Ancient Greek
90:
85:
83:
79:
78:silver iodide
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
48:
44:
39:
30:
19:
2264:Polaroid art
2153:K-14 process
2148:Instant film
2143:Gum printing
2093:C-41 process
2078:Photographic
1979:Image sensor
1974:Film scanner
1755:
1628:Sun printing
1561:Print toning
1353:space selfie
1323:Pictorialism
1253:Ethnographic
1233:Conservation
1105:Guide number
1100:Focal length
664:
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515:. Retrieved
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441:
416:
403:
396:
385:. Retrieved
375:
296:
280:
238:
234:salted paper
233:
231:
216:
210:
168:
163:
159:
151:latent image
142:
140:
132:printing-out
131:
125:
88:
86:
76:coated with
64:is an early
61:
57:
56:
2269:Stereoscopy
2128:E-6 process
2123:Dye coupler
2051:color space
1964:Digiscoping
1957:camera back
1872:Philippines
1801:Visual arts
1791:Glass plate
1776:Heliography
1675:Composition
1650:Ultraviolet
1606:Stereoscopy
1601:Slow motion
1586:Scanography
1501:Kite aerial
1446:Contre-jour
1338:Post-mortem
1328:Pornography
1308:Neues Sehen
1243:Documentary
1177:Zone System
1152:Reciprocity
1078:Film format
1008:Backscatter
986:Terminology
856:beauty dish
760:rangefinder
725:light-field
706:Photography
605:Greene, A.
321:John McCosh
272: 1844
219:translucent
191:gallic acid
187:acetic acid
122:The process
2314:Categories
2259:Lomography
2080:processing
2029:Print film
1945:comparison
1912:Uzbekistan
1862:Luxembourg
1822:Bangladesh
1771:Dufaycolor
1751:Box camera
1708:Simplicity
1665:Zoom burst
1660:Xerography
1655:Vignetting
1645:Time-lapse
1633:Tilt–shift
1526:Mordançage
1516:Luminogram
1481:Holography
1476:High-speed
1456:Fill flash
1441:Burst mode
1419:Techniques
1400:Vernacular
1395:Underwater
1390:Toy camera
1370:Still life
1298:Monochrome
1288:High-speed
1238:Cloudscape
1228:Conceptual
1130:Photograph
1115:Lens flare
1095:Film speed
977:Zone plate
923:wide-angle
908:long-focus
556:0750934883
517:2013-08-18
387:2013-08-18
367:References
252:Popularity
2204:Norwegian
2168:Stop bath
2113:Developer
2108:Cyanotype
1736:Ambrotype
1698:Lead room
1621:Slit-scan
1556:Photogram
1551:Panoramic
1461:Fireworks
1293:Landscape
938:telephoto
886:reflector
881:monolight
876:lens hood
861:cucoloris
802:safelight
713:Equipment
383:. Loc.gov
346:Ambrotype
223:positives
164:talbotype
156:developed
87:The term
62:talbotype
18:Talbotype
2288:Category
1984:CMOS APS
1882:Slovenia
1810:Regional
1756:Calotype
1693:Headroom
1571:Redscale
1486:Infrared
1436:Brenizer
1410:Wildlife
1333:Portrait
1278:Forensic
1268:Fine-art
1203:Aircraft
1193:Abstract
1073:F-number
1053:Exposure
1028:Clipping
1003:Aperture
871:hot shoe
797:enlarger
792:Darkroom
485:, p. 20.
335:See also
283:patented
160:calotype
136:negative
89:calotype
72:, using
58:Calotype
2299:Outline
2235:Related
1917:Vietnam
1902:Ukraine
1837:Denmark
1817:Albania
1796:Tintype
1723:History
1688:Framing
1581:Rollout
1546:Panning
1496:Kirlian
1405:Wedding
1283:Glamour
1263:Fashion
1248:Eclipse
1218:Banquet
1140:Albumen
950:Monopod
928:fisheye
896:softbox
750:pinhole
740:instant
730:digital
361:Tintype
292:England
2297:
2286:
2214:street
2209:Polish
1897:Turkey
1892:Taiwan
1877:Serbia
1867:Norway
1842:Greece
1827:Canada
1426:Afocal
1385:Street
1365:Sports
1348:Selfie
1303:Nature
1258:Erotic
1223:Candid
1198:Aerial
1186:Genres
1088:medium
965:Tripod
933:swivel
846:Filter
824:holder
819:format
720:Camera
553:
450:
2219:women
2177:Lists
2133:Fixer
2011:Pixel
1940:D-SLR
1887:Sudan
1857:Korea
1852:Japan
1847:India
1832:China
1616:Strip
1541:Night
1521:Macro
1431:Bokeh
1375:Stock
1343:Ruins
1083:large
913:prime
891:snoot
851:Flash
829:stock
770:still
755:press
745:phone
735:field
408:(PDF)
317:India
263:, by
203:fixed
181:with
115:typos
109:τύπος
103:kalos
97:καλός
74:paper
45:, by
2247:film
1952:MILC
1451:ETTR
1313:Nude
1273:Fire
1172:Sync
970:head
918:zoom
903:Lens
866:gobo
814:base
809:Film
785:view
551:ISBN
448:ISBN
189:and
1989:CCD
780:toy
775:TLR
765:SLR
162:or
60:or
2316::
584:,
497:,
470:,
428:^
331:.
269:c.
267:,
138:.
80:.
51:c.
49:,
698:e
691:t
684:v
559:.
520:.
456:.
390:.
112:(
100:(
31:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
