2025:, in my opinion, eludes to the reader that the Puritans were a philosophical society open to other opinions. Just looking at Winthrop's stern portrait and I get the feeling that one would not want to mess with this man or any other Puritan. The Purtians meant business and other ideas or ways of life were severly curtailed, such as the destruction of the Merry Mount colony. I would keep the second paragraph in the slavery and slave trade section, since, there is controversy of Winthrop's participation in the 1641 law. The Massachusetts colonists tended to enslave Indians over blacks. Thousands of Indians were enslaved in Massachusetts. I believe the slavery and slave section is ready to put in the article. Any other concerns?
598:
577:
1721:) is clear that Winthrop was significantly opposed to their passage, and they were passed when he was out of office. Bremer does not think his opposition has anything to do with slavery, though. (Winthrop did sit on committees that drafted the laws, but Bremer characterizes him as an obstructor to the process. This is a nuance Manegold may not have been aware of.) Bremer also is of the opinion (p. 314) that slavery was a small part of 17th century Massachusetts, as compared to other colonies, but does record Winthrop's ownership of the Indian slaves (pp 313-315 discuss slavery).
2613:
717:
682:
351:
2614:
https://www.google.com/maps/place/Two+Brothers+Rocks/@42.5150617,-71.3058127,-4a,31.1y/data=!3m8!1e2!3m6!1sAF1QipNfLe_007NvEfG0oIb7L3WafqnOvAeHLinJRfSD!2e10!3e12!6shttps:%2F%2Flh5.googleusercontent.com%2Fp%2FAF1QipNfLe_007NvEfG0oIb7L3WafqnOvAeHLinJRfSD%3Dw203-h152-k-no!7i4032!8i3024!4m15!1m7!3m6!1s0x89e3991fda4c9f71:0x3cc1a90218caf9ac!2sBedford+Boat+Ramp!8m2!3d42.5091122!4d-71.3131641!16s%2Fg%2F11c1p812s3!3m6!1s0x89e3990bfce8b10f:0x3714d962799452c!8m2!3d42.5150617!4d-71.3055425!10e5!16s%2Fg%2F11g23pvr_j?hl=en-US&entry=ttu
820:
884:
727:
832:
937:
916:
1779:
segment. If there is evidence that
Winthrop opposed the 1641 measure, then this should be in the article. Winthrop was given an extensive tract of land and housing and was given authority in England to be governor of Massachusetts. Being governor had advantages. Why were colonists personally petitioning Winthrop for Indian slaves? I apologize for the Pequot spelling error. Bremer's views on Winthrop's activity in the Body need to be in the article segment.
219:
305:
2346:<<Unfortunately, however, praise of Winthrop fails to note his strident anti-democratic political tendencies. Winthrop stated, for example, "If we should change from a mixed aristocracy to mere democracy, first we should have no warrant in scripture for it: for there was no such government in Israel ... A democracy is, amongst civil nations, accounted the meanest and worst of all forms of government. a manifest breach of the 5th Commandment.": -->
405:
384:
608:
342:
507:
489:
1572:
interesting subject, how did the colonists refer themselves? On returning to slavery, the sentence I wrote on motivations only applies to any northern slavery controversy and was only meant to be in the talk page. I am suggesting that the institution of slavery was practiced by
Massachusetts colonists. Winthrop, according to Manegold, was the first governor to make slavery legal. I believe that is signifigant enough to be in the article.
2612:" section, it says that "Dudley's lands became Bedford, and Winthrop's Billerica", but that should instead read, "Dudley's lands became Billerica, and Winthrop's Bedford." If you check the source referenced in the article ("Jones, p. 251"), you'd notice it doesn't actually mention who chose which, but as we learn from various other sources, including photos of the historical marker located at the Two Brothers Rocks themselves (found at "
415:
860:
947:
1991:
to the colony, were shipped to the West Indies, while females and children were divided among the colonists. Winthrop recorded that the exported male
Pequots were traded for "salt, cotton, tobacco, and Negroes", and the practice of exporting captured Indians to exchange for goods and African slaves became a routine practice. Winthrop was known to keep three Pequot slaves, a male and two females.
1427:
owned Indian slaves and his brother in law told him slavery would make the colony profitable. Slavery started in the colony around 1624 and ended after
Massachusetts became a state in the early 1800's. I mentioned that this may be controversial, because the motivations of the colonists may be in question. Was religious liberty the only reason to settle in the New World?
1120:
nation states. The
Founding Fathers were cognizant of the pitfalls historically associated with direct democracy (Federalist Number 10), and therefore adopted the structure of a representative republic that operates on democratic principles. This may seem like historical splitting of hairs, but detailed explanations such as this give correct historical perspective.
517:
2298:. The proposed language makes things worse, since it it opens a can of worms regarding how you count the other settlements (if all the ones I know of are counted, Massachusetts Bay is somewhere around ninth, in just modern New England, depending on the criteria used). I've added language clarifying that the intended definition of "New England" is modern.
2154:
personally read much of the Old
Testament and can find no specific verse that justified slavery. God, according to the Bible, emancipated the Israelites from slavery in Egypt to freedom in the Promise Land. The Puritans believed that America was the Promise Land. The Indians were "animals" and the blacks were "cursed", in Puritan thought or belief.
1945:. Females and children were divided among the colonists. Winthrop kept three Perquot slaves, a male and two females. In 1639, these exported male Perquot slaves were traded for, according to Winthrop, “salt, cotton, tobacco, and Negroes.’’ These exchanges for African slaves in Massachusetts became a routine practice in the colony. In 1641, the
1756:
itself to the practice of slavery, as did, for instance, the raising of tobacco in a colony like
Virginia. Further, the Puritan mindset does seem to have played a part, in my estimation, in the mixed feelings toward the practice of slavery. I could come up with some sources, but I'm a bit pressed for time right now, and will try to find some later.
2083:
Cromwell. I am not sure if the
Puritans in America objected to beheading Charles I. Oh yes, witch burning was a good example of no toleration. When Indians died of small pox, there was no sorrow expressed by the Puritans, in fact, plenty of rejoicing. Being Puritan was to follow the law dictated by the Puritan council. I am digressing. I
1605:
intend to put in the article was that first slave law that was passed by
Winthrop, that he owned Indian slaves, the practice of trading Indian slaves for African slaves, and a brief description of the importation of African slaves while Winthrop was governor. I am not sure if Winthrop himself divided slaves among the community.
2355:
context for understanding in the way the author presumably does, and had no interest in promoting not because he was "strident(ly) anti-democratic" in contradiction of all good reason, but because he believed that the world was naturally hierarchical and that to deny this was not only preposterous but dangerous.
1393:. Another source suggested that there were enslaved Indians on one of the islands he owned (probably Block Island, but it didn't say). It's also unclear what his role was in adopting official statements and law addressing slave ownership: he was opposed to the adoption of the Body of Liberties in general.
2187:
Since I'm the one who reverted, allow me to explain. First, the fact that John
Winthrop owned slaves is already mentioned in the body of the article, so it does not need further citation if mentioned in the lead. Second, in my opinion, slave ownership is not a particularly prominent feature of what
1940:
African slavery already existed in the Massachusetts colony one year prior to John Winthrop's arrival in 1630. A consequence of the Pequot War was the institution of slavery over the Pequot people. The Massachusetts council, headed by Governor Winthrop, approved the enslavement of captives taken in
1829:"delay". There is the codification of laws, which Winthrop opposed and apparently successfully scuttled twice in the 1630s. The codified laws that were adopted in 1641, now known as the Body of Liberties, apparently occurred despite his objections. These laws include the one that condones slavery.
1755:
I've read of the enslavement of Native Americans in a few instances. But when it comes to slavery in regards to blacks, it is correct to say that slavery was a small part of 17th Massachusetts. First and foremost, the economy of Massachusetts, with its small farms and cottage industries, did not lend
1503:
I repeat: the explicit evidence of Winthrop and slavery appears to be fragmentary. This makes it difficult to make meaningful statements about his role (for or against) in the development of slavery and the slave trade. If you think Manegold's book might be useful, feel free to get it from a nearby
1426:
I mentioned slavery because Winthrop was governor of the colony. Slavery was legal under the colony while Winthrop was governor. The importation and exportation of slaves was permitted. Is there any evidence that Winthrop stopped the slave trade in Massachusetts while he was governor? He may have
1119:
The author is suggesting that Winthrop was speaking against what America would soon become. This is not true. Winthrop was speaking out against what is now know as direct democracy or rule by the majority which has throughout history led to abuse of the minority and the short, violent existences of
1021:
Given John Winthrop's footprint, both in Massachusetts and in what became an emerging American powerhouse, this biography has a paucity of information about the first governor and one of the prime movers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Winthrop's 'city on a hill' speech is still widely quoted today,
1998:
was enacted, codifying (among many other things) rules about slavery. Winthrop was a member of the committee that drafted the code, but his role in drafting the slavery language is not known because records of the committee have not survived. Winthrop was generally opposed to the Body of Liberties
1990:
arrived in the area with slaves in 1624, and Winthrop supported the practice. This is most clearly evident in the aftermath of the Pequot War, in which many of the captured Pequots were enslaved. The Massachusetts council, headed by Winthrop, approved this action. Male warriors, deemed dangerous
1828:
Winthrop repeatedly worked against the development of the Body of Liberties -- this is already in the article. Bremer discusses (p. 305) him repeatedly working against attempts to codify laws. This is not "a delay in regard to the 1641 slave ruling" -- there is no "slave ruling", and there was no
1604:
However, any view that Winthrop was against slavery needs to be in the article also. Slavery was just beginning in Massachusetts while Winthrop was governor. Manegold even goes as far as saying the community was segregated and that colonists requested the Governor to be given slaves. What I would
1527:
motivations, not about generic colonists or even his children who were known to be involved in the business. Whether or not there were motivations other than religious is only relevant here to the extent that Winthrop shared those motivations. The preponderance of evidence is that he (and most of
1248:
Mentioning the Perquot War would be good in the article. Also, did Winthrop have any contemporary views on Native Americans? I would say the Indian-Colonial relation deserves a brief paragraph mention, just so the reader knows hostility between the colonists and Indians existed. Violence was part
1115:
Modern American politicians, such as Ronald Reagan, continue to cite Winthrop as a source of inspiration. However, those who praise Winthrop fail to note his strident anti-democratic political tendencies. Winthrop stated, for example, "If we should change from a mixed aristocracy to mere democracy,
1173:
There is an earlier section where his opposition is better qualified as being to a direct, unconstrained democracy. It's not really clear to me how happy he was about the fact the colony had a democratically elected general court; his view seems to me to have been that the "godly magistrates" (to
2354:
The commentary also betrays a point of view on the part of the author that is at least as miopic as Winthrop is accused of having. To expect Winthrop to hold a view of democratic government which resembles that held by the author is to require him to champion what he had never experienced, had no
2082:
The 1641 law was the codification of Puritan thought. There could not be any dissention in the Puritan colony. I can put thought, however, the Puritans thoughts were often put into action. Enslaving blacks and Indians. Destroying the Merry Mount colony. Chopping off the head of Charles I under
1872:
I am also troubled by the terminology "legalizing". The Body of Liberties was enacted at a time when no significant formal body of laws existed to govern the colony. This means that what was "legal" or "illegal" was largely determined by magistrates and judicial process (i.e. common law). Thus
1730:
Furthermore, it is a stretch to say that "Gov. Winthrop enslaved captured natives". This decision was almost certainly made in a council. (Keep in mind that the governor during the first charter lacked the prerogatives of the appointed royal governors, and was not as powerful a figure.) A more
1801:
From what I read from Bremer, there are no records of council meetings that remain today. From what I read there is no mention in Bremer of Winthrop advocating a delay in regards to the 1641 slave ruling. In terms of scope only 3% of the population in Massachusetts were slaves. Massachusetts,
1675:
and dividing the females and children among the colonists. Winthrop kept three Perquot slaves, a male and two females. In 1639, these exported male Perquot slaves were traded for, according to Winthrop, “salt, cotton, tobacco, and Negroes.’’ These exchanges for African slaves in Massachusetts
1146:
Winthrop, in my opinon, is refering to scripture when Jesus said, "Let your light so shine among men." The colonists adopted Old Testament vision of Isreal conquering the promise land. America was the promise land for the colonists. The Native population were the pagan people that needed to be
1949:
legislated the first law sanctioning slavery in New England. Winthrop was a member of the body, and according to historian, C.S. Manegold, participated in making this law, however, records of these meetings are today not in existance. Enslaving natives captured in war, volunteer slavery, and
1778:
I appreciate these suggestions. Slavery was practiced in Massachusetts colony under Winthrop and comparisons between slavery in the south and north does not negate this fact. Scope of slavery is not relevant to the existence of slavery. Again, I am attempting to be impartial as possible in the
1571:
I appreciate your insight, Magicpiano, into the subject of slavery and John Winthrop. I have no intentions of putting any motivations of any colonists, including John Winthrop, into the article. I refer to Winthrop as a colonist because he was governor of Massachusetts colony. That is another
2153:
Yes. I agree the Bible (Old Testament) was their justification for codified law. Much of their theology relied heavily on Old Testment passages. There is debate whether the Puritans were more Jewish, in terms of faith, rather then Christian or followers of the New Testament. Myself, I have
2172:
newbite here - i am ignorant of the Knowledge guidelines - had an edit reverted because when I added to John Winthrop's description in the intro, the reverter stated 'this is not what he is dominantly known for'. can some one point me to the appropriate guidelines Trying to get the hang of
1226:-- his role in it is actually apparently not large because he was not governor during the main years (1634-7). I suppose the war deserves a mention, along with colonial policy on land acquisition, and other more general words on colonial Indian policy that he would have influenced.
2271:
This removes ambiguity around the order of colonization of north america and implied size issues; as the Virginia colony started at Jamestown was much larger and has been an established community 22 years prior to the granting of the charter for the Massachusetts Bay company.
1670:
African slavery already existed in the Massachusetts colony one year prior to John Winthrop's arrival in 1630. During the Perquot War, Gov. Winthrop enslaved captured natives, sending the male warriors deemed dangerous to the colony, to the West Indies on the ship
1528:
the Puritans, but not necessarily all of their hangers-on, or individuals like Samuel Maverick who preceded them in the area) migrated for religious reasons. I'm not sure what that has to do with slavery -- you'll have to do a better job of connecting the dots.
1335:
The Perquot were used as slaves or traded as slaves to the West Indies in exchange for African slaves. An alterior motive or cause for the Perquot War for the English colony, who needed a labor force, was to capture the Perquot and use them as slaves.
2603:
2350:
However "unfortunate" the author may think John Winthrop's opinions of democracy to be, a encyclopedic biography is not the place to say so. Readers of Winthrop's excerpted comments on democracy may decide for themselves if he is indeed "strident."
1637:
Any slavery issues would only be concering Winthrop. I am attempting to get Manegold's book. Much of this is new to me and in an effort of good will, I can put any slavery paragraph(s) in the talk page first for suggestions before putting in the
1950:
purchasing slaves were was made legal. A slave was permitted to join the Church, however, membership did not grant freedom. Slavery, according to Puritan law, was condoned in the Old Testament, and therefore was not considered sinful towards God.
1116:
first we should have no warrant in scripture for it: for there was no such government in Israel ... A democracy is, amongst civil nations, accounted the meanest and worst of all forms of government. a manifest breach of the 5th Commandment."
1404:, both of which are lacking information on many subjects. One source argued that Massachusetts labor and slavery laws made it expensive (relative to other colonies) to own slaves, despite the role the colony's shipping played in the trade.
1853:
I believe that mentioning slavery was not wide spread in Massachusetts during the 1600's is appropriate. However, the legalization of slavery is very signifigant, in addition to mentioning slavery existed in Massachusetts under Winthrop.
1508:
has surviving slave quarters). I find Manegold's assertions that Winthrop "helped to write" the Body of Liberties, which condoned the practice, difficult to accept in the face of his acknowledged opposition (documented by Bremer) to that
2262:"John Winthrop (12 January 1587/8 – 26 March 1649) was a wealthy English Puritan lawyer and one of the leading figures in the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the first major settlement in New England after Plymouth Colony."
1319:
Slavery and the slave trade was practiced in the Massachusetts colony. This may be a controversial subject but I believe that this issue needs to be addressed in the article. Winthrop allowed African slavery and the slave trade.
1985:
Slavery, according to Puritan thought, was condoned in the Old Testament, and therefore was not considered sinful towards God. The institution already existed in the Massachusetts Bay area prior to John Winthrop's arrival, since
1504:
library and add some relevant content. I didn't, which is why it is only used sparingly in this article. Ten Hills Farm is used by her because it was home to Isaac Royall, a major slave trader, in the 18th century (the
2624:"), even while using the exact same source as this article, seems to get it right. (If it's okay with you, assuming you all agree, I'll leave it to someone else to fix it, as I'm afraid I might mess it up.) Thanks.
2268:"John Winthrop (12 January 1587/8 – 26 March 1649) was a wealthy English Puritan lawyer and one of the leading figures in the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the fifth european settlement in New England."
153:
1873:
slavery was not explicitly either legal or illegal before 1641 -- however, it did (as you've pointed out) already exist. The laws (in the case of slavery, anyway) codified something that was already in place.
1522:
When you write" I mentioned that this may be controversial, because the motivations of the colonists may be in question", are you including Winthrop among those colonists? This article is about Winthrop and
1206:
Why is there no mention of Indians in the article? If they are mentioned, then there is minimal if any information on the Indians and the colonists. Withrop mentioned Indians killing colonists in 1634.
1389:
The evidence (after poking at this a little) on Winthrop's personal involvement with slavery and the slave trade appears to be extremely fragmentary. One source I saw suggested he opposed making war
355:
2532:
2412:
1041:
How is it possible that he arrived in Massachusetts in 1630 then was elected as governor in 1629? Dates should be checked into to prevent accidental time travel of historical figures. --
1917:
A religious aspect needs to be mentioned. Calvinism fit in well with the slave trade. Blacks were consider cursed and the Old Testament, according to the Puritans, condoned slavery.
2633:
2550:
2546:
2430:
2426:
1731:
suitable phrasing would be "The Massachusetts council, headed by Governor Winthrop, approved the enslavement of captives taken in the war. Male warriors, deemed dangerous, ..."
1680:, in legislating the first law sanctioning slavery in New England. The law legalized the practice of enslaving natives captured in war, volunteer slavery, and purchasing slaves.
2058:
The reason I changed it to "thought" was that, to me anyway, "law" implies codification, i.e. it's written down somewhere. I think "teaching" would also be an acceptable word.
664:
2222:
Charles Anderson in the Great Migration series (1995) gives the name of Winthrop's first wife as Mary Forth. In fact, the couple had a child named Forth. (see pp 2039-2040)
2344:
It seems to me that commentary of the type exeplified by the text excerpted below is inappropriate for an article which is ostensibly a biography of an historical figure.
2617:
999:
147:
2737:
2283:
1131:
1717:. Second, I believe Manegold is incorrect on Winthrop's role in the enaction of the Body of Liberties. Bremer (whom you should read on this subject, pp. 304-306,
2762:
874:
2717:
1931:
654:
810:
2802:
2777:
898:
757:
471:
2767:
1661:
2782:
2722:
2677:
2757:
774:
2772:
2712:
2508:
1898:
1452:
630:
2747:
850:
2732:
2358:
800:
2692:
869:
696:
461:
2133:
the codification, then what is the justification for the law? Probably something not codified (like an interpretation of Bible passages).
1765:
2787:
2752:
2667:
2398:
2309:
1481:
Manegold even wrote a book on the subject. I believe Manegold has enough weight as a source to mention slavery in the Winthrop article.
893:
764:
700:
621:
582:
2797:
2697:
2682:
1910:
1156:
989:
79:
2618:
https://www.google.com/search?client=safari&rls=en&q=Billerica%2C+Massachusetts+on+Massachusetts+map&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8
2015:
1647:
1614:
2662:
2248:
2598:
2528:
When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.
2408:
When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.
2144:
2069:
2034:
1884:
1863:
1840:
1788:
1581:
1552:
1436:
1415:
1286:
1258:
1237:
1189:
1065:
2742:
2727:
2672:
2207:
1742:
1022:
and this bio is a disservice to wikipedia. I hope others will pick up on contributing here, and I will try to do my part. Regards,
769:
534:, a collaborative effort to create, develop and organize Knowledge's articles about people. All interested editors are invited to
2478:
2163:
2118:
2096:
2053:
1811:
1490:
1464:
1345:
1308:
2707:
2687:
2182:
1926:
535:
437:
2330:, these subpages are now deprecated. The comments may be irrelevant or outdated; if so, please feel free to remove this section.
1718:
1135:
1083:
1050:
1031:
752:
85:
44:
168:
2792:
2702:
2004:
Note that the whole second paragraph could be merged with the existing discussion in the article of the Body of Liberties.
748:
on Knowledge. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the ongoing discussions.
539:
135:
2625:
2279:
1127:
845:
740:
692:
687:
248:
1329:
2287:
2231:
543:
428:
389:
30:
2483:
1042:
1036:
2500:
2390:
2657:
2647:
1396:
A discussion of slavery in colonial Massachusetts (and role of the slave trade in its economy) is better placed in
1110:
327:
317:
2518:
2361:
2217:
2373:
1995:
1946:
1677:
1314:
960:
921:
530:
494:
323:
236:
230:
99:
2616:"), Dudley chose the land NORTH of the rocks, while Winthrop chose SOUTH of them. Note on the map of the area ("
2549:
to delete these "External links modified" talk page sections if they want to de-clutter talk pages, but see the
2509:
https://web.archive.org/web/20140113184155/http://library.bowdoin.edu/arch/images/lunagallery/winthropluna.shtml
2429:
to delete these "External links modified" talk page sections if they want to de-clutter talk pages, but see the
2188:
we know about Winthrop. As such it does not need to be mentioned in the lead (the relevant guidelines would be
2652:
1016:
129:
104:
20:
2620:"), Bedford is located just SOUTH of Billerica. Finally, note that Knowledge's own article on Thomas Dudley ("
1478:
1401:
74:
2196:). If you disagree, feel free to bring additional evidence that his ownership of slaves was a bigger deal.
2593:
2473:
1056:
Someone should fix that. Besides, if time travel is posible, then in this case a paradox would be created.
613:
364:
190:
125:
1105:
65:
2568:
If you have discovered URLs which were erroneously considered dead by the bot, you can report them with
2512:
2448:
If you have discovered URLs which were erroneously considered dead by the bot, you can report them with
1216:
597:
576:
2499:. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit
2389:. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit
2315:
1987:
185:
2399:
https://web.archive.org/web/20141224152640/http://www.town.winthrop.ma.us/Pages/WinthropMA_About/about
2294:
I've not seen any sort of recent language suggesting that "New England" refers to anything other than
1897:, would it be useful to cite the book, but also link to the article directly, since it has since been
2322:
2254:
1941:
the war. Male warriors, deemed dangerous to the colony, were shipped to the West Indies on the ship
175:
1676:
became a routine practice during the Perquot war. In 1641, Winthrop particpated as a member of the
1761:
1397:
1027:
629:
on Knowledge. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join
436:
on Knowledge. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join
2629:
2584:
2464:
109:
2553:
before doing mass systematic removals. This message is updated dynamically through the template
2433:
before doing mass systematic removals. This message is updated dynamically through the template
2569:
2496:
2449:
1299:
The Indian policy section you added, Magicpiano, really adds to the article. Good job! Thanks.
288:
2402:
2556:
2436:
1906:
1046:
626:
370:
2576:
2456:
2306:
2275:
2245:
2237:
The "Mary Worth" thing was either a brain fart on my part or some vandalism that snuck in.
2204:
2141:
2066:
2012:
1881:
1837:
1739:
1549:
1412:
1283:
1234:
1186:
1123:
1096:
I think this article needs expansion. There is little information about his governorship.
837:
732:
281:
218:
141:
304:
8:
2227:
1757:
1023:
420:
55:
2370:
Last edited at 20:41, 14 December 2006 (UTC). Substituted at 20:24, 29 April 2016 (UTC)
2535:, "External links modified" talk page sections are no longer generated or monitored by
2415:, "External links modified" talk page sections are no longer generated or monitored by
2159:
2114:
2092:
2049:
2030:
1922:
1859:
1807:
1784:
1643:
1610:
1577:
1505:
1486:
1460:
1432:
1341:
1325:
1304:
1254:
1212:
1152:
70:
2575:
If you found an error with any archives or the URLs themselves, you can fix them with
2455:
If you found an error with any archives or the URLs themselves, you can fix them with
1074:
There is no paradox, and no need for time travel. The dates are correct as given. --
2178:
1101:
1091:
1061:
240:
51:
2604:"Dudley's lands became Bedford, and Winthrop's Billerica"? Oops! Got that backwards!
1541:
If you feel strongly on the subject, do the research and contribute to the article.
1455:. Winthrop was the first governor to make slavery legal and he held Indian slaves.
1902:
1365:
952:
522:
883:
161:
2386:
2300:
2239:
2198:
2193:
2135:
2060:
2006:
1875:
1831:
1733:
1543:
1406:
1277:
1228:
1201:
1180:
1079:
1802:
during the late 1600's was the primarily in Massachusetts, according to Harper.
716:
681:
2519:
https://web.archive.org/web/20101124211331/http://www.winthrophouse.net/node/25
2223:
2189:
2621:
2541:. No special action is required regarding these talk page notices, other than
2421:. No special action is required regarding these talk page notices, other than
2021:
Good edit, Magicpiano. I would change the word "thought" to "law". The word
1370:
199:
2641:
2492:
2382:
2327:
2155:
2110:
2088:
2045:
2026:
1918:
1855:
1803:
1780:
1639:
1606:
1573:
1482:
1456:
1428:
1337:
1321:
1300:
1250:
1208:
1148:
745:
24:
819:
2174:
1097:
1057:
744:, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of topics relating to the
433:
2542:
2422:
2295:
203:
204:
2522:
1223:
1222:
Well, because I forgot, sort of. Winthrop was out of power during the
1147:
conquered and the use of violence was part of that subjection process.
1075:
2513:
http://library.bowdoin.edu/arch/images/lunagallery/winthropluna.shtml
1666:
This is a potential narrative for a slavery and slave trade section.
965:
311:
1447:
Here is an op-ed article link by C.S. Manegold in the Boston Globe:
2129:"The 1641 law was the codification of Puritan thought." If the law
607:
542:. For instructions on how to use this banner, please refer to the
506:
488:
201:
404:
383:
2106:
936:
915:
414:
2609:
2044:
Possibly using both words, "thought" and "law", would be good.
1714:
205:
2622:
https://en.wikipedia.org/Thomas_Dudley#Anne_Hutchinson_affair
1479:
Ten Hills Farm: The Forgotten History of Slavery in the North
1971:
Ten Hills Farm The Forgotten History of Slavery in the North
1701:
Ten Hills Farm The Forgotten History of Slavery in the North
859:
2403:
http://www.town.winthrop.ma.us/Pages/WinthropMA_About/about
2503:
for additional information. I made the following changes:
2393:
for additional information. I made the following changes:
1936:
Here is a second rewrite verson incorporating suggetions.
2105:
The Puritans were tolerant of two faiths, their own, and
1366:
African Americans and the End of Slavery in Massachusetts
2087:
putting "teaching" or "thought" in the article segment.
1999:
because he favored a common law approach to legislation.
160:
310:
Facts from this article were featured on Knowledge's
942:
827:
722:
625:, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of
603:
512:
432:, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of
410:
15:
2545:using the archive tool instructions below. Editors
2425:using the archive tool instructions below. Editors
1174:pull a phrase from Bremer) should have all of the
2738:GA-Class United States articles of Low-importance
2639:
33:for general discussion of the article's subject.
2763:Low-importance United States governors articles
2326:, and are posted here for posterity. Following
1713:Please check your spelling: there is no 'r' in
2718:High-importance Reformed Christianity articles
2610:https://en.wikipedia.org/John_Winthrop#Arrival
2531:This message was posted before February 2018.
2411:This message was posted before February 2018.
246:If it no longer meets these criteria, you can
2803:GA-Class Astronomy articles of Low-importance
2778:Mid-importance United States History articles
2320:The comment(s) below were originally left at
174:
2768:WikiProject United States governors articles
1275:I added a few paragraphs on Indian matters.
964:, which collaborates on articles related to
639:Knowledge:WikiProject Reformed Christianity
2783:WikiProject United States History articles
2723:WikiProject Reformed Christianity articles
2678:Knowledge level-5 vital articles in People
2381:I have just modified one external link on
642:Template:WikiProject Reformed Christianity
2758:GA-Class United States governors articles
2491:I have just modified 2 external links on
2773:GA-Class United States History articles
2713:GA-Class Reformed Christianity articles
2748:High-importance Massachusetts articles
2640:
2733:Low-importance United States articles
1967:New England’s scarlet ‘S’ for slavery
1895:New England’s scarlet ‘S’ for slavery
1697:New England’s scarlet ‘S’ for slavery
1453:New England’s scarlet ‘S’ for slavery
2693:Low-importance Christianity articles
2523:http://www.winthrophouse.net/node/25
958:This article is within the scope of
738:This article is within the scope of
619:This article is within the scope of
528:This article is within the scope of
426:This article is within the scope of
341:
339:
335:
1932:Slavery and slaves trade section II
1391:for the purpose of acquiring slaves
785:Knowledge:WikiProject United States
369:It is of interest to the following
23:for discussing improvements to the
13:
2788:WikiProject United States articles
2753:WikiProject Massachusetts articles
2668:Knowledge vital articles in People
1977:; Bremer (2003), pg. 304, 305, 314
882:
858:
818:
788:Template:WikiProject United States
446:Knowledge:WikiProject Christianity
14:
2814:
2798:Low-importance Astronomy articles
2698:WikiProject Christianity articles
2683:GA-Class vital articles in People
2495:. Please take a moment to review
2385:. Please take a moment to review
2328:several discussions in past years
622:WikiProject Reformed Christianity
449:Template:WikiProject Christianity
239:. If you can improve it further,
2663:Knowledge level-5 vital articles
1662:Slavery and slaves trade section
1249:of colonial life in the 1600's.
945:
935:
914:
830:
725:
715:
680:
606:
596:
575:
515:
505:
487:
413:
403:
382:
349:
340:
303:
217:
45:Click here to start a new topic.
2743:GA-Class Massachusetts articles
2728:GA-Class United States articles
2673:GA-Class level-5 vital articles
2296:its conventional modern meaning
1996:Massachusetts Body of Liberties
1947:Massachusetts Body of Liberties
1678:Massachusetts Body of Liberties
994:This article has been rated as
974:Knowledge:WikiProject Astronomy
805:This article has been rated as
659:This article has been rated as
552:Knowledge:WikiProject Biography
466:This article has been rated as
2708:WikiProject Biography articles
2688:GA-Class Christianity articles
1959:
1689:
1051:18:32, 27 September 2009 (UTC)
1032:03:28, 20 September 2009 (UTC)
977:Template:WikiProject Astronomy
645:Reformed Christianity articles
555:Template:WikiProject Biography
227:has been listed as one of the
1:
2634:20:27, 17 November 2023 (UTC)
2362:20:41, 14 December 2006 (UTC)
2310:20:48, 29 December 2014 (UTC)
2288:18:53, 29 December 2014 (UTC)
2208:20:35, 23 December 2012 (UTC)
2183:04:47, 23 December 2012 (UTC)
1965:Manegold (January 18, 2010),
1695:Manegold (January 18, 2010),
1402:Province of Massachusetts Bay
1106:18:47, 17 November 2009 (UTC)
1084:00:12, 18 November 2009 (UTC)
1066:18:44, 17 November 2009 (UTC)
891:This article is supported by
867:This article is supported by
843:This article is supported by
633:and see a list of open tasks.
440:and see a list of open tasks.
42:Put new text under old text.
2599:05:43, 7 December 2017 (UTC)
2249:03:54, 18 January 2013 (UTC)
2232:00:08, 18 January 2013 (UTC)
614:Reformed Christianity portal
540:contribute to the discussion
7:
2793:GA-Class Astronomy articles
2703:GA-Class biography articles
2323:Talk:John Winthrop/Comments
1719:limited Google Book preview
1356:Here are the source links:
50:New to Knowledge? Welcome!
10:
2819:
2562:(last update: 5 June 2024)
2488:Hello fellow Wikipedians,
2442:(last update: 5 June 2024)
2378:Hello fellow Wikipedians,
1911:16:04, 29 April 2014 (UTC)
1000:project's importance scale
870:WikiProject U.S. governors
811:project's importance scale
665:project's importance scale
472:project's importance scale
2343:
1136:01:55, 19 July 2010 (UTC)
1037:Need to check up on dates
993:
930:
890:
866:
846:WikiProject Massachusetts
826:
804:
741:WikiProject United States
710:
658:
591:
500:
465:
398:
377:
263:
259:
80:Be welcoming to newcomers
2608:At the very end of the "
2479:13:19, 12 May 2017 (UTC)
2266:Proposed Revised Version
2164:05:52, 11 May 2011 (UTC)
2145:22:32, 10 May 2011 (UTC)
2119:18:43, 10 May 2011 (UTC)
2097:03:13, 10 May 2011 (UTC)
2070:01:38, 10 May 2011 (UTC)
1975:Slavery in Massachussets
1705:Slavery in Massachussets
1398:Massachusetts Bay Colony
1371:Slavery in Massachusetts
1111:Anti-democratic argument
894:WikiProject U.S. history
746:United States of America
429:WikiProject Christianity
2658:GA-Class vital articles
2648:Knowledge good articles
2484:External links modified
2374:External links modified
2357:Respectfully submitted
2054:19:57, 9 May 2011 (UTC)
2035:19:44, 9 May 2011 (UTC)
2016:17:17, 9 May 2011 (UTC)
1973:, 41-42 Harper (2003),
1927:03:15, 9 May 2011 (UTC)
1885:02:56, 9 May 2011 (UTC)
1864:03:15, 9 May 2011 (UTC)
1841:02:56, 9 May 2011 (UTC)
1812:01:06, 9 May 2011 (UTC)
1789:23:26, 8 May 2011 (UTC)
1766:20:41, 8 May 2011 (UTC)
1743:20:34, 8 May 2011 (UTC)
1703:, 41-42 Harper (2003),
1648:04:41, 8 May 2011 (UTC)
1615:04:41, 8 May 2011 (UTC)
1582:04:41, 8 May 2011 (UTC)
1553:03:19, 8 May 2011 (UTC)
1491:18:44, 7 May 2011 (UTC)
1465:17:55, 7 May 2011 (UTC)
1437:16:51, 7 May 2011 (UTC)
1416:14:17, 7 May 2011 (UTC)
1346:19:22, 6 May 2011 (UTC)
1330:18:51, 6 May 2011 (UTC)
1315:Slavery and slave trade
1309:17:35, 6 May 2011 (UTC)
1287:16:27, 2 May 2011 (UTC)
1259:15:48, 2 May 2011 (UTC)
1238:12:33, 2 May 2011 (UTC)
1217:15:59, 2 May 2011 (UTC)
1190:16:27, 2 May 2011 (UTC)
1157:16:16, 2 May 2011 (UTC)
1477:Here is another link:
1017:Read and found wanting
887:
863:
823:
791:United States articles
75:avoid personal attacks
2653:History good articles
2218:Winthrop's first wife
961:WikiProject Astronomy
886:
862:
822:
636:Reformed Christianity
627:Reformed Christianity
583:Reformed Christianity
531:WikiProject Biography
452:Christianity articles
356:level-5 vital article
237:good article criteria
231:History good articles
100:Neutral point of view
2543:regular verification
2423:regular verification
838:Massachusetts portal
733:United States portal
289:Good article nominee
105:No original research
2533:After February 2018
2413:After February 2018
1969:; Manegold (2010),
1699:; Manegold (2010),
759:Articles Requested!
421:Christianity portal
2587:InternetArchiveBot
2538:InternetArchiveBot
2467:InternetArchiveBot
2418:InternetArchiveBot
2316:Assessment comment
1506:Isaac Royall House
980:Astronomy articles
888:
864:
824:
558:biography articles
365:content assessment
264:Article milestones
86:dispute resolution
47:
2563:
2443:
2368:
2367:
2290:
2278:comment added by
2255:Confusing wording
1126:comment added by
1014:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1005:
909:
908:
905:
904:
675:
674:
671:
670:
570:
569:
566:
565:
482:
481:
478:
477:
334:
333:
298:
297:
255:
212:
211:
66:Assume good faith
43:
2810:
2597:
2588:
2561:
2560:
2539:
2477:
2468:
2441:
2440:
2419:
2339:Press to view →
2333:
2332:
2325:
2303:
2273:
2242:
2201:
2138:
2063:
2009:
1978:
1963:
1893:For the source,
1878:
1834:
1736:
1707:
1693:
1546:
1409:
1280:
1231:
1183:
1138:
982:
981:
978:
975:
972:
955:
953:Astronomy portal
950:
949:
948:
939:
932:
931:
926:
918:
911:
910:
840:
835:
834:
833:
793:
792:
789:
786:
783:
735:
730:
729:
728:
719:
712:
711:
706:
703:
684:
677:
676:
647:
646:
643:
640:
637:
616:
611:
610:
600:
593:
592:
587:
579:
572:
571:
560:
559:
556:
553:
550:
536:join the project
525:
523:Biography portal
520:
519:
518:
509:
502:
501:
491:
484:
483:
454:
453:
450:
447:
444:
423:
418:
417:
407:
400:
399:
394:
386:
379:
378:
362:
353:
352:
345:
344:
343:
336:
328:January 12, 2023
324:January 12, 2018
307:
284:
261:
260:
244:
221:
214:
213:
206:
179:
178:
164:
95:Article policies
16:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2638:
2637:
2606:
2591:
2586:
2554:
2547:have permission
2537:
2501:this simple FaQ
2486:
2471:
2466:
2434:
2427:have permission
2417:
2391:this simple FaQ
2376:
2321:
2318:
2301:
2260:Current version
2257:
2240:
2220:
2199:
2136:
2061:
2007:
1988:Samuel Maverick
1982:May I suggest:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1934:
1899:reposted online
1876:
1832:
1734:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1664:
1544:
1407:
1317:
1278:
1229:
1204:
1181:
1121:
1113:
1094:
1039:
1019:
979:
976:
973:
970:
969:
951:
946:
944:
924:
851:High-importance
836:
831:
829:
790:
787:
784:
781:
780:
779:
765:Become a Member
731:
726:
724:
704:
690:
661:High-importance
644:
641:
638:
635:
634:
612:
605:
586:High‑importance
585:
557:
554:
551:
548:
547:
521:
516:
514:
451:
448:
445:
442:
441:
419:
412:
392:
363:on Knowledge's
360:
350:
280:
208:
207:
202:
121:
116:
115:
114:
91:
61:
12:
11:
5:
2816:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2605:
2602:
2581:
2580:
2573:
2526:
2525:
2517:Added archive
2515:
2507:Added archive
2485:
2482:
2461:
2460:
2453:
2406:
2405:
2397:Added archive
2375:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2173:this.Thanks!!
2167:
2166:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2100:
2099:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2019:
2018:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1992:
1979:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1933:
1930:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1867:
1866:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1758:MarmadukePercy
1748:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1708:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1419:
1418:
1394:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1349:
1348:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1241:
1240:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1112:
1109:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1069:
1068:
1038:
1035:
1024:MarmadukePercy
1018:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1003:
996:Low-importance
992:
986:
985:
983:
957:
956:
940:
928:
927:
925:Low‑importance
919:
907:
906:
903:
902:
899:Mid-importance
889:
879:
878:
875:Low-importance
865:
855:
854:
842:
841:
825:
815:
814:
807:Low-importance
803:
797:
796:
794:
778:
777:
772:
767:
762:
755:
753:Template Usage
749:
737:
736:
720:
708:
707:
705:Low‑importance
685:
673:
672:
669:
668:
657:
651:
650:
648:
631:the discussion
618:
617:
601:
589:
588:
580:
568:
567:
564:
563:
561:
527:
526:
510:
498:
497:
492:
480:
479:
476:
475:
468:Low-importance
464:
458:
457:
455:
438:the discussion
425:
424:
408:
396:
395:
393:Low‑importance
387:
375:
374:
368:
346:
332:
331:
318:On this day...
308:
300:
299:
296:
295:
292:
285:
277:
276:
273:
270:
266:
265:
257:
256:
222:
210:
209:
200:
198:
197:
194:
193:
181:
180:
118:
117:
113:
112:
107:
102:
93:
92:
90:
89:
82:
77:
68:
62:
60:
59:
48:
39:
38:
35:
34:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2815:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2626:76.236.220.28
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2589:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2558:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2493:John Winthrop
2489:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2469:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2438:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2383:John Winthrop
2379:
2371:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2324:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2280:63.239.164.70
2277:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2261:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2080:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2003:
1997:
1994:In 1641, the
1993:
1989:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1851:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1526:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1128:24.145.40.234
1125:
1117:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1001:
997:
991:
988:
987:
984:
968:on Knowledge.
967:
963:
962:
954:
943:
941:
938:
934:
933:
929:
923:
920:
917:
913:
912:
900:
897:(assessed as
896:
895:
885:
881:
880:
876:
873:(assessed as
872:
871:
861:
857:
856:
852:
849:(assessed as
848:
847:
839:
828:
821:
817:
816:
812:
808:
802:
799:
798:
795:
782:United States
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
760:
756:
754:
751:
750:
747:
743:
742:
734:
723:
721:
718:
714:
713:
709:
702:
698:
694:
693:Massachusetts
689:
688:United States
686:
683:
679:
678:
666:
662:
656:
653:
652:
649:
632:
628:
624:
623:
615:
609:
604:
602:
599:
595:
594:
590:
584:
581:
578:
574:
573:
562:
545:
544:documentation
541:
537:
533:
532:
524:
513:
511:
508:
504:
503:
499:
496:
493:
490:
486:
485:
473:
469:
463:
460:
459:
456:
439:
435:
431:
430:
422:
416:
411:
409:
406:
402:
401:
397:
391:
388:
385:
381:
380:
376:
372:
366:
358:
357:
347:
338:
337:
329:
325:
321:
319:
313:
309:
306:
302:
301:
293:
291:
290:
286:
283:
279:
278:
274:
271:
268:
267:
262:
258:
253:
251:
250:
242:
238:
234:
233:
232:
226:
225:John Winthrop
223:
220:
216:
215:
196:
195:
192:
189:
187:
183:
182:
177:
173:
170:
167:
163:
159:
155:
152:
149:
146:
143:
140:
137:
134:
131:
127:
124:
123:Find sources:
120:
119:
111:
110:Verifiability
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
97:
96:
87:
83:
81:
78:
76:
72:
69:
67:
64:
63:
57:
53:
52:Learn to edit
49:
46:
41:
40:
37:
36:
32:
26:
25:John Winthrop
22:
18:
17:
2607:
2585:
2582:
2557:source check
2536:
2530:
2527:
2490:
2487:
2465:
2462:
2437:source check
2416:
2410:
2407:
2380:
2377:
2369:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2319:
2299:
2274:— Preceding
2270:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2258:
2238:
2221:
2197:
2134:
2130:
2084:
2059:
2022:
2020:
2005:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1942:
1935:
1915:
1894:
1874:
1830:
1732:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1672:
1665:
1542:
1524:
1405:
1390:
1318:
1276:
1227:
1205:
1179:
1175:
1118:
1114:
1095:
1040:
1020:
995:
959:
892:
868:
844:
806:
770:Project Talk
758:
739:
660:
620:
529:
467:
443:Christianity
434:Christianity
427:
390:Christianity
371:WikiProjects
354:
315:
287:
282:May 19, 2011
247:
245:
241:please do so
229:
228:
224:
184:
171:
165:
157:
150:
144:
138:
132:
122:
94:
19:This is the
1122:—Preceding
1043:174.58.41.2
148:free images
31:not a forum
2642:Categories
2594:Report bug
2474:Report bug
2336:Comment(s)
1903:Stevoisiak
1224:Pequot War
322:column on
235:under the
2577:this tool
2570:this tool
2457:this tool
2450:this tool
2224:Sarnold17
1092:Expansion
971:Astronomy
966:Astronomy
922:Astronomy
697:Governors
549:Biography
495:Biography
359:is rated
312:Main Page
88:if needed
71:Be polite
21:talk page
2583:Cheers.—
2463:Cheers.—
2276:unsigned
2194:WP:UNDUE
2156:Cmguy777
2111:Cmguy777
2089:Cmguy777
2046:Cmguy777
2027:Cmguy777
1919:Cmguy777
1856:Cmguy777
1804:Cmguy777
1781:Cmguy777
1640:Cmguy777
1638:article.
1607:Cmguy777
1574:Cmguy777
1483:Cmguy777
1457:Cmguy777
1429:Cmguy777
1338:Cmguy777
1322:Cmguy777
1301:Cmguy777
1251:Cmguy777
1209:Cmguy777
1149:Cmguy777
1124:unsigned
361:GA-class
249:reassess
186:Archives
56:get help
29:This is
27:article.
2497:my edit
2387:my edit
2364:Arucuan
2359:Arucuan
2190:WP:LEAD
2175:Sengbe7
2107:Judaism
2023:thought
1202:Indians
1178:power.
1098:Noghiri
1058:Noghiri
998:on the
809:on the
701:History
663:on the
470:on the
314:in the
272:Process
154:WP refs
142:scholar
2307:♪piano
2246:♪piano
2205:♪piano
2142:♪piano
2085:accept
2067:♪piano
2013:♪piano
1943:Desire
1882:♪piano
1838:♪piano
1740:♪piano
1715:Pequot
1673:Desire
1550:♪piano
1413:♪piano
1284:♪piano
1235:♪piano
1187:♪piano
775:Alerts
367:scale.
326:, and
294:Listed
275:Result
126:Google
2347:: -->
2302:Magic
2241:Magic
2200:Magic
2137:Magic
2062:Magic
2008:Magic
1877:Magic
1833:Magic
1735:Magic
1545:Magic
1509:work.
1408:Magic
1279:Magic
1230:Magic
1182:Magic
1076:Zsero
348:This
169:JSTOR
130:books
84:Seek
2630:talk
2284:talk
2228:talk
2192:and
2179:talk
2160:talk
2115:talk
2093:talk
2050:talk
2031:talk
1923:talk
1907:talk
1901:? --
1860:talk
1808:talk
1785:talk
1762:talk
1644:talk
1611:talk
1578:talk
1487:talk
1461:talk
1433:talk
1400:and
1342:talk
1326:talk
1305:talk
1255:talk
1213:talk
1176:real
1153:talk
1132:talk
1102:talk
1080:talk
1062:talk
1047:talk
1028:talk
655:High
538:and
269:Date
162:FENS
136:news
73:and
2551:RfC
2521:to
2511:to
2431:RfC
2401:to
2131:was
1525:his
990:Low
801:Low
462:Low
176:TWL
2644::
2632:)
2564:.
2559:}}
2555:{{
2444:.
2439:}}
2435:{{
2286:)
2230:)
2181:)
2162:)
2117:)
2109:.
2095:)
2052:)
2033:)
1925:)
1909:)
1862:)
1810:)
1787:)
1764:)
1646:)
1613:)
1580:)
1489:)
1463:)
1435:)
1344:)
1328:)
1307:)
1257:)
1215:)
1155:)
1134:)
1104:)
1082:)
1064:)
1049:)
1030:)
901:).
877:).
853:).
699:/
695:/
691::
252:it
243:.
156:)
54:;
2628:(
2596:)
2592:(
2579:.
2572:.
2476:)
2472:(
2459:.
2452:.
2282:(
2226:(
2177:(
2158:(
2113:(
2091:(
2048:(
2029:(
1921:(
1905:(
1858:(
1806:(
1783:(
1760:(
1642:(
1609:(
1576:(
1485:(
1459:(
1431:(
1340:(
1324:(
1303:(
1253:(
1211:(
1151:(
1130:(
1100:(
1078:(
1060:(
1045:(
1026:(
1002:.
813:.
667:.
546:.
474:.
373::
330:.
320:"
316:"
254:.
191:1
188::
172:·
166:·
158:·
151:·
145:·
139:·
133:·
128:(
58:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.