324:(flying flea) had a novel two-axis control system to make it easy to fly. No ailerons were needed because when the rudder was operated, yaw-roll coupling ensured that the plane banked into a turn. For pitch control the whole front wing tilted to act as a canard elevator. Introduced at much the same time as the Taupin, it became a craze, hundreds were built and variations developed in many countries. However stability issues relating to the variable front wing could lead to lethal crashes in the hands of the novice pilot, and the type eventually fell out of favour.
430:
1350:
28:
1422:. Odonata species typically have long, thin wings and can synchronise the flapping of fore and aft pairs in various different modes, allowing them to be both fast and highly manoeuvrable. By comparison the Lepidoptera have wider wings which are flapped in synchrony and may even overlap in flight, and are better suited to endurance flying. Thrips are smaller insects and the flying species have relatively stiff wings. Due to their small size, they generate lift via
187:
295:
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333:
226:
401:, a subscale test aircraft for the proposed M.39 high-speed bomber to meet Specification B.11/41. This time the fore wing was smaller and mounted low, while the swept rear wing was high-mounted with twin engine nacelles slung beneath. Flying in 1943 it performed well, but the bomber requirement was subsequently cancelled.
108:
The tandem layout creates a "slot effect" in which the front wing deflects air downwards over the rear wing, reducing the angle of attack (AoA) of the rear. At high aircraft AoA, this causes the front wing to stall first, allowing safer flight at low speeds than the equivalent conventional layout. It
93:
The basic tandem configuration uses wings which are equal in size and in line with each other. Examples have flown successfully, such as the Peyret glider of 1922. However the rear wing is usually placed either above or below the fore wing, in order to avoid its turbulent wake. One wing is often made
372:
light observation and liaison aircraft, by adding a rear gun turret to give it some protection from attack. The
Lysander already had a suitable main wing, so to support the weight of the turret Westland thought of adding a Delanne-type rear wing. By now hostilities had started but France had not yet
290:
novel control system comprised full-span trailing edge surfaces on all four wings. These operated in pairs on each side as ailerons, in pairs fore and aft as elevators, and synchronously as flaps for low-speed flight. The system proved effective and, despite the glider being less efficient than the
259:
showed that the tandem layout was inherently less aerodynamically efficient that the more conventional. Overlapping with Eiffel's work, Stefan
Driezewicki developed and wind-tunnel tested an inherently stable tandem-wing design. He then built and successfully flew a full-sized example at the end of
89:
planes, with one located forward and the other to the rear. The difference is greater than the wing chord, so there is a clear gap between them and the aircraft centre of gravity (CG) lies between the wings. Compared to the conventional layout, where the tailplane exerts little or no vertical force
421:
Other tandem approaches such as the
Delanne were largely forgotten, until David Lockspeiser conceived of his Land Development Aircraft, a low-cost utility transport. It was to utilise three interchangeable wing component; one each mounted high up for the left and right rear wings, and a third fore
168:
In a conventional design, the fuselage is supported only in one place, with the fore and aft fuselage sections cantilevered out from it. This creates significant bending stresses. A tandem wing supports the same fuselage in two places, reducing the bending stresses. However the torsion stresses on
221:
to secretly modify the aerodrome until it could fly, as "proof" that it had flown in 1903. Curtiss added floats and made other improvements, enabling it to undertake short hops as a true waterplane in 1914. The ruse was eventually exposed, yet the
Smithsonian still sought to claim that the 1902
444:
was working on a low-powered but highly efficient plane for home construction. The tandem layout offered a low-drag fixed undercarriage installation, by placing the main wheels in housings at the tips of the fore wing and applying anhedral to raise the fuselage high enough for a propeller. The
381:
flew to Paris, where
Penrose flew one of the 20-Ts and reported favourably on its handling. The tandem Lysander was not completed until 1941, when Penrose began test flights. Although it performed flawlessly – he wrote that "here was a military prototype that needed no alteration" – it was not
291:
conventional high-aspect-ratio entries, it proved more controllable and manoeuvrable. This enabled the pilot M. Maneyrol to remain in updraughts for longer than the others. Although Peyret continued to develop the design, in both gliders and powered types, they remained a curiosity.
1469:, possibly only a single species. It is known only from the fossil record, principally in China. Both fore and hind limbs were covered in flight feathers and it is thought to have been capable of true flapping flight as well as gliding. Its flight mode is not known.
136:(CG) location than other layouts, which can offer a practical solution where weight loadings and distributions may vary during operations. However a wide CG range leads to other problems, including a compatible undercarriage layout and safe stalling characteristics.
144:
The joined wing is a tandem-wing layout in which the front wing sweeps back and/or the rear wing sweeps forwards such that they join at or near the tips to form a continuous surface in a hollow diamond or triangle shape. The joined wing is also an example of a
348:
was working on tandem-wing designs. He proposed a fighter, the
Delanne 10, featuring a gulled forward wing and twin fins on the tips of the low-set and slightly shorter-span rear wing. He first built two examples of a smaller aerodynamic test aircraft, the
164:
In a conventional layout, the moment arm of the outer section's lifting load is large, and this stresses the root section. However, in a tandem design each wing is smaller and the outer load is absent. This allows the wing structure to be lighter overall.
124:
In a tandem wing the lift forces on the two wings are separated longitudinally, allowing them to act together to achieve stability, control and trim. The mechanisms of stability and control for a tandem wing are similar to those for the tail-first or
396:
test aircraft differed from the
Delanne design in having wings of approximately equal span, but with the rear wing given a longer chord and swept back. Although the design was rejected, it flew well enough to prompt development of the larger
172:
Because it is more compact, the tandem-wing structure is stiffer overall, meaning that less allowance needs to be made for bending, and a smaller safety margin in stress levels is possible, allowing yet further weight and cost reduction.
417:
of 1963 marked the entry of the tandem wing configuration into the VTOL arena, as a quadrotor convertiplane, with large tilting proprotors mounted on each wing tip. It proved overly complex and unreliable for the technology of the day.
1433:, have forward wing cases which open out in flight but do not flap significantly. While on the ground they protect the delicate main, hind wings, while in the air they may be used to modify the aerodynamics of the flapping main wing.
445:
high-mounted rear wing had compensating dihedral. The
Quickie first flew in 1977 and the next year won the EAA's Outstanding New Design Award at Oshkosh. It became popular, and several variants subsequently appeared.
409:
After WWII, interest returned to the Flying Flea's tilting forewing concept and, with its worst dangers now understood and fixed, designers have continued to develop the idea, typically still for home construction.
98:
configurations. The high-mounted fore wing and low-mounted aft wing arrangement is also sometimes treated as an extreme staggered biplane and referred to as the NĂ©nandovich biplane.
198:
experimented with a tandem-wing model. Four sets of wings in tandem variously provided lift and propulsion, and
Burraitni's cat became the first aeronaut to fly in a tandem design.
248:
with tandem elliptical closed wings, later modifying it as his type IV with the fore wing converted into a conventional biplane. But it was not until the next year that his
132:
However, the larger trim forces available compared to a smaller tailplane or foreplane mean that a tandem design can offer a greater range of trim conditions, and hence of
94:
a little smaller than the other, according to the details of the design. Indeed, there are no clear dividing lines between the conventional vs. tandem, or the tandem vs.
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306:
101:
Interference effects between the two wings can make a tandem layout less efficient in cruise than the equivalent conventional design, however examples such as the
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prototype flying boat comprised a long passenger-carrying hull to which were attached in tandem three stacks of triplane wings from the successful
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and are capable of gliding flight, though not of true flapping flight. Some species, such as the band-wing, also have sufficiently enlarged
279:
line of heavy bombers and airliners, earning it the nickname "Capronissimo". However it broke up on its first attempted takeoff in 1921.
252:, a wheeled tandem monoplane of broadly similar configuration to Langley's Aerodrome, became the first tandem-wing aeroplane to fly.
1656:
Analysis of the
Structure and Mechanism of Wing Folding and Flexion in Xylotupes Gideon Beetle (L. 1767) (Coloptera, Scarabaeditae)
64:
or "tail-first" configuration where the forward surface is much smaller and does not contribute significantly to the overall lift.
70:
Tandem wings in nature occur only in insects and flying fish, although in the past there have been tandem-wing flying reptiles.
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361:. It was completed and test-flown after the German invasion of France, and was then taken to Germany for further testing.
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flew in 1971. It proved successful enough to develop for production, but the project ended before it could be modified.
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In aviation, tandem wings have long been experimented with, but few designs have ever been put into production.
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The next breakthrough to manufacture came once again in the homebuilt market. Up-and-coming maverick designer
116:, where the front wing is used to direct air downwards beneath the rear wing to create a lifting air cushion.
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1702:
Poulsen, C. M. (1943). "The Tandem Monoplane: Does it Still Have a Future? Some Past Experiences Recalled",
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The tandem wing configuration predates successful manned flight. As far back as the fifteenth century,
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was taking a very different approach to flight control. Intended for amateurs to build at home, his
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Having also flown simpler fore-and-aft tandem models of up to 14 feet (4.3 m) in span, in 1903
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version had been "capable of flight". It would be many more years before they recanted.
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and realised its potential as a short-span, short-take-off Naval fighter. The ensuing
209:, and launched it from the roof of a houseboat. It failed to fly. After his death the
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flew a tandem monoplane glider, confirming that the aerodynamic principle was sound.
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first flew in 1933. Its design proved practical and some 52 examples were produced.
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Aerodynamic characteristics of a tandem wing configuration of a Mach number of 0.30
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Several orders of flying insects employ tandem wings, each with its characteristic
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flapping rather than the usual leading-edge vortex generation of most insects.
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continued the work of Peyret after he died, adopting his control system. Their
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layout; the distinction is mainly in the relative size of the forward surface.
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Experimental tandem-wing aircraft continued to be built after World War I.
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in cruising flight, both tandem wings contribute substantially to lift.
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Brewer, Griffith (October 1921). "Aviation's Greatest Controversy".
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performed well but the requirement for its successor was cancelled.
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The first fully controllable tandem-wing type was the French-built
1599:, ultralightaircraftaustralia.com, 2024. (retrieved 13 May 2022).
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57:
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Penrose, Harald; "Adventure with Fate", Airlife, 1984. pp.186-7.
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in which the wings are stacked one above another, or from the
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Penrose, Harald; "Adventure with Fate", Airlife, 1984. p.199.
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1452:, further back along their bodies, to form a tandem layout.
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and some of the company's later designs were also tandems.
286:, which won the first British gliding competition in 1922.
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Several pioneers had long made successful gliders. In 1905
86:
46:
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sought to prove that he had flown in the weeks before the
45:
in which a flying craft or animal has two or more sets of
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Modified Lysander to include rear wing and gun turret.
422:
wing mounted centrally beneath the nose. His prototype
1575:
Wolkovitch, Julian; "The Joined Wing: An Overview",
462:
This list is incomplete. Please help by expanding it
49:
set one behind another. All the wings contribute to
255:Between 1907 and 1911, the aerodynamics studies of
169:the centre section between the wings are greater.
1675:Bottomley, J. W. (1977). "Tandem-Wing Aircraft",
240:Powered flight followed two years later. In 1906
1718:
1562:Henderson, William P. and Huffman, Jarrett K.;
455:
119:
205:built a full-size tandem-wing monoplane, the
1706:, 12 August 1943, pp. 167–8. (Archive:
747:Also known as the Grushin Sh-Tandem. MAI-3.
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939:scale prototype for tandem wing jet bomber
357:then constructed a prototype fighter, the
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1025:Won the 1922 British Glider Competition.
1535:Green, William and Swanborough, Gordon;
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1679:, vol. 4, October 1977. pp. 12–20.
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1394:with tandem flapping wings include the
575:Failed to fly as either the III or IV.
368:were considering a modification of the
105:are capable of exceptional efficiency.
14:
1719:
1608:
1542:
327:
911:proof of concept for carrier fighter
217:, and employed successful planemaker
56:The tandem wing is distinct from the
1520:
159:
112:Tandem wings have also been used on
73:
725:Moscow Aviation Institute Sh-Tandem
109:also offers good STOL performance.
24:
1284:4-seat development of the Taupin.
803:Joined wing. (Cited in main text)
630:Nine-wing triple-tandem triplane.
263:
190:Langley Aerodrome, modified (1914)
25:
1748:
1641:Gordon, Yefim and Gunston, Bill;
1429:Many flying beetles, such as the
156:is a rare example to have flown.
1579:, Published Online 22 May 2012.
1691:. 27 April 1944. Archived from
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1648:
1626:
997:Delta rear wing. Begun prewar.
519:Tiltwing personal air vehicle.
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1602:
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1316:Westland P.12 Lysander Delanne
139:
13:
1:
1537:The Complete Book of Fighters
1484:
1465:was a genus of tandem-winged
1660:Acta Mechanica et Automatica
1489:
1455:
456:List of tandem-wing aircraft
7:
1472:
1418:) and some Thysanoptera or
388:saw the tandem Lysander at
229:Blériot VI Libellule (1907)
181:
120:Stability, control and trim
10:
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1379:
404:
353:, which flew in 1938. The
176:
1682:Miles, George H. (1944).
1654:Geisler, Tomasz (2012); "
1645:, Midland, 2000. pp.62-3.
1539:, Salamander, 1994. p.31.
1365:The band-wing flying fish
1229:High-altitude endurance.
1207:Scaled Composites Proteus
434:Scaled Composites Proteus
382:ordered into production.
355:Arsenal de l'AĂ©ronautique
103:Scaled Composites Proteus
1356:is only about 1 mm long.
1354:Echinothrips americanus
1153:Salmon Tandem Monoplane
684:Four-engined tiltrotor
375:W. E. W. "Teddy" Petter
373:fallen. Chief Designer
344:During the late 1930s,
211:Smithsonian Institution
203:Samuel Pierpont Langley
1685:"The Tandem Monoplane"
1376:
1357:
1345:Tandem wings in nature
1180:Scaled Composites ATTT
437:
341:
302:
230:
191:
114:ground-effect vehicles
34:
1566:, NASA, October 1975.
1479:Stagger (aeronautics)
1363:
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917:Miles M.39B Libellula
432:
377:and Chief Test Pilot
338:Miles M.39B Libellula
335:
297:
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30:
1737:Tandem-wing aircraft
1732:Aircraft wing design
1063:Piel CP-10 Pinocchio
945:Montgomery Aeroplane
889:Miles M.35 Libellula
836:Mauboussin Hémiptère
775:Failed to take off.
394:Miles M.35 Libellula
284:Peyret tandem glider
196:Tito Livio Burraitni
1727:Wing configurations
1662:, Vol.6 No.3, 2012.
1577:Journal of Aircraft
1117:Derivatives of the
715:Test plane for the
662:Curtiss-Wright X-19
415:Curtiss-Wright X-19
328:World War II period
1597:The Ligeti Stratos
1388:and flight modes.
1377:
1358:
1087:Mignet Pou du Ciel
1053:Forerunner of the
863:Mignet Pou-du-Ciel
809:Lockspeiser LDA-01
717:Arsenal-Delanne 10
525:Arsenal-Delanne 10
438:
359:Arsenal-Delanne 10
342:
303:
300:Mignet Pou-du-Ciel
235:John J. Montgomery
231:
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43:wing configuration
35:
1611:U.S. Air Services
1585:10.2514/1.C036326
1342:
1341:
753:Langley Aerodrome
450:Scaled Composites
390:RAF Boscombe Down
366:Westland Aircraft
160:Structural design
134:centre of gravity
74:Design principles
16:(Redirected from
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1127:Rutan Quickie
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1003:Peyret Tandem
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608:Caproni Ca.60
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242:Louis Blériot
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219:Glenn Curtiss
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1693:the original
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1670:Bibliography
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1526:Miles (1944)
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1217:Experimental
1190:Experimental
1041:Experimental
985:Experimental
958:Experimental
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927:Experimental
899:Experimental
846:Experimental
763:Experimental
703:Experimental
693:Delanne 20-T
672:Experimental
591:Experimental
563:Experimental
461:
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439:
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386:George Miles
384:
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351:Delanne 20-T
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318:Henri Mignet
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1462:Microraptor
1450:pelvic fins
1442:Flying fish
1437:Flying fish
1412:butterflies
1408:Lepidoptera
1404:damselflies
1400:dragonflies
1373:pelvic fins
1235:SFCA Taupin
1055:SFCA Taupin
975:Payen PA-22
656:Ultralight
552:Blériot III
322:Pou-du-Ciel
147:closed wing
140:Joined wing
80:tandem wing
39:tandem wing
18:Tandem-wing
1721:Categories
1485:References
1251:Production
651:Home build
581:Blériot VI
442:Burt Rutan
364:Meanwhile
316:Meanwhile
244:built his
1677:Aerospace
1490:Citations
1467:dinosaurs
1456:Dinosaurs
1332:Prototype
1323:Propeller
1306:Homebuilt
1297:Propeller
1278:Prototype
1269:Propeller
1242:Propeller
1223:Prototype
1196:Prototype
1187:Propeller
1169:Prototype
1160:Propeller
1143:Homebuilt
1134:Propeller
1112:Homebuilt
1103:Propeller
1079:Prototype
1070:Propeller
1047:Prototype
1038:Propeller
1031:Peyret VI
1019:Prototype
991:Prototype
982:Propeller
964:Prototype
933:Prototype
924:Propeller
905:Prototype
896:Propeller
879:Homebuilt
870:Propeller
852:Prototype
843:Propeller
825:Prototype
816:Propeller
797:Prototype
788:Propeller
785:Australia
760:Propeller
741:Prototype
732:Prototype
719:fighter.
709:Prototype
700:Propeller
678:Prototype
669:Propeller
643:Propeller
624:Prototype
618:Transport
615:Propeller
597:Prototype
588:Propeller
560:Propeller
541:Prototype
532:Propeller
513:Prototype
504:Propeller
207:Aerodrome
1473:See also
1431:ladybird
1369:pectoral
370:Lysander
288:Peyret's
182:Pioneers
1613:: 9–17.
1396:Odonata
1392:Insects
1386:anatomy
1380:Insects
1326:Utility
1300:Private
1272:Private
1245:Private
1163:Private
1137:Private
1106:Private
1073:Private
1013:Private
873:Private
819:Utility
791:Private
769:Project
569:Project
535:Fighter
507:Private
491:Notes
473:Country
405:Postwar
250:type VI
177:History
58:biplane
1711:Page 2
1708:Page 1
1704:Flight
1689:Flight
1420:Thrips
1266:France
1239:France
1097:series
1067:France
1035:France
1010:Glider
1007:France
979:France
955:Glider
867:France
840:France
735:Attack
697:France
640:France
585:France
557:France
529:France
485:Status
436:(1998)
424:LDA-01
311:Taupin
260:1912.
127:canard
96:canard
62:canard
1696:(pdf)
1416:moths
612:Italy
476:Class
399:M.39B
47:wings
41:is a
1414:and
1402:and
1371:and
1329:1940
1303:1980
1275:1946
1248:1936
1220:1998
1193:1986
1166:1923
1140:1978
1109:1980
1076:1948
1044:1933
1016:1922
988:1942
961:1905
930:1943
902:1942
876:1933
849:1936
822:1971
794:1985
766:1902
738:1937
729:USSR
706:1938
675:1963
648:1960
621:1921
594:1907
566:1906
538:1940
510:2018
482:Date
479:Role
470:Type
413:The
336:The
307:SFCA
305:The
277:Ca.4
271:The
152:The
87:wing
51:lift
1658:",
1581:doi
1406:),
1214:Jet
554:/IV
488:No.
1723::
1687:.
1544:^
1498:^
1320:UK
1294:US
1254:53
1211:US
1184:US
1157:UK
1131:US
1121:.
1100:US
1089:.
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952:US
921:UK
893:UK
813:UK
757:US
666:US
501:US
298:A
149:.
78:A
53:.
37:A
1713:)
1583::
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681:2
627:1
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572:1
544:1
516:2
20:)
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