476:
forward inboard corner to the rear outboard corner. Anti-drag wires prevent the wings from moving forward when the aircraft stops and run the opposite direction to the drag wires. Both of these are usually hidden within the wings, and if the structure is sufficiently stiff otherwise, may be omitted in some designs. Indeed many early aircraft relied on the fabric covering of the wing to provide this rigidity, until higher speeds and forces made this inadequate. Externally, lift wires prevent the wings from folding up, and run from the underside of the outer wing to the lower wing root. Conversely, landing wires prevent the wings from sagging, and resist the forces when an aircraft is landing, and run from the upper wing centre section to outboard on the lower wings. Additional drag and anti-drag wires may be used to brace the cabane struts which connect the fuselage to the wings, and interplane struts, which connect the upper and lower wings together.
603:
200:
non-cantilevered monoplanes are at a much sharper angle, thus providing less tension to ensure stiffness of the outer wing. On a biplane, since the angles are closer to the ideal of being in direct line with the forces being opposed, the overall structure can then be made stiffer. Because of the reduced stiffness, wire braced monoplanes often had multiple sets of flying and landing wires where a biplane could easily be built with one bay, with one set of landing and flying wires. The extra drag from the wires was not enough to offset the aerodynamic disadvantages from having two airfoils interfering with each other however. Strut braced monoplanes were tried but none of them were successful, not least due to the drag from the number of struts used.
34:
611:
428:
485:
886:
383:
398:
591:
778:
443:
413:
250:
184:
137:
967:
667:"Monoplane Ban" when all monoplanes in military service were grounded, while the French also withdrew most monoplanes from combat roles and relegated them to training. Figures such as aviation author Bruce observed that there was an apparent prejudice held even against newly-designed monoplanes, such as the
1039:
glided, and perhaps even flew, on four wings, which may have been configured in a staggered sesquiplane arrangement. This was made possible by the presence of flight feathers on both forelimbs and hindlimbs, with the feathers on the forelimbs opening to a greater span. It has been suggested that the
203:
The structural forces acting on the spars of a biplane wing tend to be lower as they are divided between four spars rather than two, so the wing can use less material to obtain the same overall strength and is therefore lighter. A given area of wing also tends to be shorter, reducing bending moments
729:
As the available engine power and speed increased, the drag penalty of external bracing increasingly limited aircraft performance. To fly faster, it would be necessary to reduce external bracing to create an aerodynamically clean design; however, early cantilever designs were either too weak or too
233:
Biplanes suffer aerodynamic interference between the two planes when the high pressure air under the top wing and the low pressure air above the lower wing cancel each other out. This means that a biplane does not in practice obtain twice the lift of the similarly-sized monoplane. The farther apart
118:
475:
developed airfoil section wire named RAFwire in an effort to both increase the strength and reduce the drag. Four types of wires are used in the biplane wing structure. Drag wires inside the wings prevent the wings from being folded back against the fuselage, running inside a wing bay from the
125:
In a biplane aircraft, two wings are placed one above the other. Each provides part of the lift, although they are not able to produce twice as much lift as a single wing of similar size and shape because the upper and the lower are working on nearly the same portion of the atmosphere and thus
199:
is its ability to combine greater stiffness with lower weight. Stiffness requires structural depth and where early monoplanes had to have this provided with external bracing, the biplane naturally has a deep structure and is therefore easier to make both light and strong. Rigging wires on
265:
or, more often, simply stagger. It can increase lift and reduce drag by reducing the aerodynamic interference effects between the two wings by a small degree, but more often was used to improve access to the cockpit. Many biplanes have staggered wings. Common examples include the
86:
monoplane designs: they permit lighter wing structures, low wing loading and smaller span for a given wing area. However, interference between the airflow over each wing increases drag substantially, and biplanes generally need extensive bracing, which causes additional drag.
807:. Its low stall speed and inherently tough design made it ideal for operations even in the often severe mid-Atlantic weather conditions. By the end of the conflict, the Swordfish held the distinction of having caused the destruction of a greater tonnage of
241:, thick cantilever wings with inherently lower drag and higher wing loading became practical, which in turn made monoplanes more attractive as it helped solve the structural problems associated with monoplanes, but offered little improvement for biplanes.
543:, which had also copied the general layout from Nieuport, similarly provided the backbone of the German forces during the First World War. The Albatros sesquiplanes were widely acclaimed by their aircrews for their maneuverability and high rate of climb.
281:
Alternatively, the lower wing can instead be moved ahead of the upper wing, giving negative stagger, and similar benefits. This is usually done in a given design for structural reasons, or to improve visibility. Examples of negative stagger include the
671:, that caused even those with relatively high performance attributes to be overlooked in favour of 'orthodox' biplanes, and there was an allegedly widespread belief held at that time that monoplane aircraft were inherently unsafe during combat.
758:, several air forces still had biplane combat aircraft in front line service but they were no longer competitive, and most were used in niche roles, such as training or shipboard operation, until shortly after the end of the war. The British
674:
Between the years of 1914 and 1925, a clear majority of new aircraft introduced were biplanes; however, during the latter years of the First World War, the
Germans had been experimenting with a new generation of monoplanes, such as the
826:
role throughout the Second World War. In the case of the Po-2, production of the aircraft continued even after the end of the conflict, not ending until around 1952. A significant number of Po-2s were fielded by the
531:(the German Inspectorate of flying troops) requested their aircraft manufacturers to produce copies, an effort which was aided by several captured aircraft and detailed drawings; one of the most famed copies was the
352:
fighter, while appearing to be a two bay biplane, has only one bay, but has the midpoints of the rigging braced with additional struts; however, these are not structurally contiguous from top to bottom wing. The
749:
By the 1930s, biplanes had reached their performance limits, and monoplanes become increasingly predominant, particularly in continental Europe where monoplanes had been increasingly common from the end of
710:
was a particularly successful aircraft, using straightforward design to could carry six passengers on busy routes, such as London-Paris services. During early August 1934, one such aircraft, named
215:, combining both large wing area with light weight. Obtaining a large enough wing area without the wings being long, and thus dangerously flexible was more readily accomplished with a biplane.
582:
also featured a somewhat unusual sesquiplane arrangement, possessing a more substantial lower wing with two spars that eliminated the flutter problems encountered by single-spar sesquiplanes.
204:
on the spars, which then allow them to be more lightly built as well. The biplane does however need extra struts to maintain the gap between the wings, which add both weight and drag.
714:, performed the first non-stop flight between the Canadian mainland and Britain in 30 hours 55 minutes, although the intended target for this long distance flight had originally been
738:
aluminum for all flying surfaces, with a minimum of struts; however, it was relatively easy to damage the thin metal skin and required careful handling by ground crews. The 1918
500:
is a type of biplane where one wing (usually the lower) is significantly smaller than the other. The word, from Latin, means "one-and-a-half wings". The arrangement can reduce
471:
structures, they require rigging wires to maintain their rigidity. Early aircraft used simple wire (either braided or plain), however during the First World War, the
British
1291:
J. A. D. Ackroyd; "Sir George Cayley: The
Invention of the Aeroplane near Scarborough at the Time of Trafalgar", Journal of Aeronautical History, Paper No. 2011/6, 2011.
79:
than a monoplane wing. Improved structural techniques, better materials and higher speeds made the biplane configuration obsolete for most purposes by the late 1930s.
770:
sesquiplane fighters were all still operational after 1939. According to aviation author Gianni
Cattaneo, the CR.42 was able to achieve success in the defensive
1552:
1263:
1311:
Die
Flugzeuge von Otto Lilienthal. Technik - Dokumentation - Rekonstruktion. (The airplanes of Otto Lilienthal. Technique - Documentation - Reconstruction)
261:
The default design for a biplane has the wings positioned directly one above the other. Moving the upper wing forward relative to the lower one is called
954:
of which over 20,000 were built, with the Po-2 being the direct replacement for the Soviet copy of the Avro 504. Both were widely used as trainers. The
602:
234:
the wings are spaced the less the interference, but the spacing struts must be longer, and the gap must be extremely large to reduce it appreciably.
207:
The low power supplied by the engines available in the first years of aviation limited aeroplanes to fairly low speeds. This required an even lower
843:
was lost while slowing down to 161 km/h (100 mph) – below its stall speed – during an intercept in order to engage the low flying Po-2.
523:
which formed the backbone of the Allied air forces between 1915 and 1917. The performance of the
Nieuport sesquiplanes was so impressive that the
650:
including biplanes and concluded that the externally braced biplane offered better prospects for powered flight than the monoplane. In 1903, the
171:
positioned symmetrically on either side of the fuselage and bracing wires to keep the structure from flexing, where the wings are not themselves
167:, while flaps are more usually positioned on the lower wing. Bracing is nearly always added between the upper and lower wings, in the form of
1011:
981:
are monoplanes, the low speeds and simple construction involved have inspired a small number of biplane ultralights, such as Larry Mauro's
679:, that might have ended the biplane's advantages earlier had the conflict not ended when it had. The French were also introducing the
722:. Despite its relative success, British production of the Dragon was quickly ended when in favour of the more powerful and elegant
504:
and weight while retaining the biplane's structural advantages. The lower wing may have a significantly shorter span, or a reduced
412:
442:
2065:
1015:
427:
1845:
1318:
126:
interfere with each other's behaviour. In a biplane configuration with no stagger from the upper wing to the lower wing, the
578:
was a sesquiplane with the upper wing smaller than the lower, which was a much rarer configuration than the reverse. The
382:
2032:
1864:
1760:
1040:
hind limbs could not have opened out sideways but in flight would have hung below and slightly behind the fore limbs.
687:, although the type was quickly relegated to the advanced trainer role following the resolution of structural issues.
397:
2050:
2016:
1946:
1927:
1904:
1889:
1826:
1810:
1778:
1549:
357:
has a W shape cabane, however as it does not connect the wings to each other, it does not add to the number of bays.
2074:
222:. Following World War I, this helped extend the era of the biplane and, despite the performance disadvantages, most
1260:
803:
role until the end of the conflict, largely due to their ability to operate from the relatively compact decks of
642:
in 1895, though he is better known for his monoplanes. By 1896 a group of young men in the United States, led by
836:
634:
adopted the idea for his steam-powered test rig, which lifted off but was held down by safety rails, in 1894.
2105:
33:
2110:
882:, and with crop dusting, where its compactness worked well at low levels, where it had to dodge obstacles.
871:
828:
610:
878:. In later civilian use in the US, the Stearman became particularly associated with stunt flying such as
364:
biplanes often needed still more bays to provide sufficient strength. These are sometimes referred to as
1964:
1622:
904:
with the competition aerobatics role and format for such a biplane well-defined by the mid-1930s by the
570:, all serving across a large number of air forces. In the general aviation sector, aircraft such as the
875:
723:
106:
1485:
928:
462:
726:, which had been specifically designed to be a faster and more comfortable successor to the Dragon.
1054:
859:
781:
659:
Throughout the pioneer years, both biplanes and monoplanes were common, but by the outbreak of the
595:
571:
1897:
The Great Book of
Bombers: The World's Most Important Bombers from World War I to the Present Day
1594:
987:(1975–). Mauro also made a version powered with solar cells driving an electric motor called the
851:
746:
fully cantilevered biplane, but its arrival had come too late to see combat use in the conflict.
334:
267:
1345:
840:
800:
559:
555:
551:
472:
291:
208:
1381:
354:
1750:
901:
532:
501:
1700:
920:
839:
bases. The Po-2 is also the only biplane to be credited with a documented jet-kill, as one
163:, although other arrangements have been used. Either or both of the main wings can support
774:
role against RAF bombers that were striking industrial targets throughout northern Italy.
130:
is reduced by 10 to 15 percent compared to that of a monoplane using the same airfoil and
8:
1049:
978:
739:
707:
550:, the sesquiplane configuration continued to be popular, with numerous types such as the
448:
388:
369:
131:
76:
52:
1704:
1689:"Biplane wing planform and flight performance of the feathered dinosaur Microraptor gui"
699:, offered lower drag than a conventional biplane while being stronger than a monoplane.
348:, the extra bay being necessary as overlong bays are prone to flexing and can fail. The
1723:
1688:
1059:
1031:
905:
847:
680:
664:
663:
biplanes had gained favour after several monoplane structural failures resulted in the
484:
311:
271:
262:
94:
arrangements, where the wings are placed forward and aft, instead of above and below.
2115:
2083:
2046:
2028:
2012:
1997:
1981:
1976:
1942:
1923:
1900:
1885:
1860:
1841:
1822:
1806:
1790:
1774:
1756:
1728:
1314:
970:
759:
684:
627:
141:
1499:
885:
590:
27:
1718:
1708:
1406:", Wings, Granada Hills, California, August 1974, Volume 4, Number 4, pages 45, 48.
1329:
916:
dominated aerobatics for many years after World War II and is still in production.
793:
777:
763:
615:
505:
331:
318:
with one set of such struts connecting the wings on each side of the aircraft is a
303:
223:
168:
148:
127:
2078:
1556:
1267:
1035:
1019:
1003:
951:
889:
855:
819:
703:
660:
635:
547:
323:
283:
275:
37:
735:
1996:(Aircraft in Profile 212). Windsor, Berkshire, UK: Profile Publications, 1971.
1693:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1083:
F. H. Norton, The effect of staggering a biplane, NACA TN-70, Table, 1 p.3 1921
940:
909:
867:
804:
796:
696:
643:
575:
536:
2089:
67:, used a biplane wing arrangement, as did many aircraft in the early years of
2099:
1985:
913:
823:
815:
789:
771:
676:
40:
1713:
16:
Airplane wing configuration with two vertically stacked main flying surfaces
1732:
1346:"Machine That Flies / What the Wright Brothers' Invention Has Accomplished"
996:
955:
924:
879:
755:
691:
types, which were biplanes with abbreviated lower wings such as the French
652:
619:
540:
433:
341:
327:
212:
188:
160:
159:, while the upper wing is raised above the fuselage with an arrangement of
145:
64:
2071:
2001:
1550:"Soviet Polikarpov U-2 bomber, trainer; Polikarpov Po-2 bomber, trainer."
1007:
988:
863:
808:
751:
731:
692:
688:
668:
647:
639:
631:
606:
1909 Voisin biplane, with "curtains" connecting the upper and lower wings
579:
520:
516:
489:
418:
403:
349:
254:
238:
183:
91:
20:
1840:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 606.
1661:. Aircraft in Profile no. 49. Leatherhead, Surrey: Profile Publications.
1794:
983:
897:
832:
563:
468:
287:
227:
219:
172:
83:
866:, which saw service postwar in the French and Belgian Air Forces. The
136:
932:
743:
322:. This provided sufficient strength for smaller aircraft such as the
249:
196:
72:
60:
1785:
Dommasch, Daniel O.; Sherby, Sydney S.; Connolly, Thomas F. (1961).
966:
622:
interplane struts which reduced the work needed in rigging a biplane
117:
947:
936:
567:
512:
315:
156:
71:. While a biplane wing structure has a structural advantage over a
68:
2009:
Albatros Aces of World War I Part 2 (Aircraft of the Aces No. 77).
715:
526:
164:
98:
896:
Modern biplane designs still exist in specialist roles such as
361:
1914:
1608:
939:
engines respectively. Some older biplane designs, such as the
1965:"Report on the Junker Armoured Two-Seater Biplane, Type J.1."
767:
1744:(in French). France: FAREWO (French Aviation Research Work).
1338:
946:
The two most produced biplane designs were the 1913 British
1877:. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1966.
1683:. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1967.
1676:. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1967.
943:
are available in upgraded versions with turboprop engines.
919:
The vast majority of biplane designs have been fitted with
719:
294:. However, positive (forward) stagger is much more common.
102:
59:
stacked one above the other. The first powered, controlled
56:
706:, numerous biplane airliners were introduced. The British
226:
were biplanes as late as the mid-1930s. Specialist sports
1958:
The de
Havilland Rapide: Profile Publications Number 144
1686:
1245:
492:
has smaller chord, but similar span, than the upper wing
1773:
Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, 1991.
1002:
Other biplane ultralights include the Belgian-designed
656:
biplane became the first successful powered aeroplane.
372:
have no interplane struts and are referred to as being
1941:. London: Putnam & Company Ltd. pp. 125–130.
1784:
1653:. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications, 1965.
1899:. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing Company, 2002.
1875:
The de Havilland Tiger Moth: Aircraft Profile No. 132
1457:
1427:
958:
was very successful too, with more than 18000 built.
892:, of which over 20,000 were built by the Soviet Union
799:
from its aircraft carriers, and used the type in the
82:
Biplanes offer several advantages over conventional
1974:Riding, Richard (June 1980). "The Black Dragons".
1742:Nieuport 17 Analyse détaillée des premières series
835:, inflicting serious damage during night raids on
1352:. Newark, Ohio, U.S. 28 December 1903. p. 7.
598:in Lichterfelde (near Berlin) on October 19, 1895
2097:
1960:. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications.
950:of which 11,303 were built, and the 1928 Soviet
1805:. Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
178:
1771:Sopwith Fighters in Action (Aircraft No. 110).
1504:Armando François: Biplane fighter aces Italy."
1980:. Vol. 8, no. 6. pp. 284–290.
1674:The Bristol M.1 (Aircraft in Profile no. 193)
1095:
822:were used with relative success in the night
626:The stacking of wing planes was suggested by
1882:British Civil Aircraft since 1919: Volume II
1857:The Cambridge Aerospace Dictionary Cambridge
1821:. Hertfordshire, UK: Albatros Publications.
1687:Chatterjee S, Templin RJ (30 January 2007).
1681:The Fiat CR.42 (Aircraft in Profile no. 170)
524:
195:The primary advantage of the biplane over a
1920:British Racing and Record-Breaking Aircraft
1439:
1185:
1176:
1128:
1110:
784:PT-13D biplane trainer from the 30s and 40s
1859:. Cambridge University Press. p. 34.
1803:B-29 Superfortress units of the Korean War
1629:
1584:, Air Force Association, June 2011, p. 57.
1199:
1197:
1167:
1158:
1119:
368:. A small number of biplanes, such as the
230:biplanes are still made in small numbers.
155:The lower wing is usually attached to the
2072:Bird wings evolved from biplane dinosaurs
2043:Swordfish: The Story of the Taranto Raid.
1722:
1712:
1409:
1238:
1236:
811:shipping than any other Allied aircraft.
2045:London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2003.
1739:
1534:
1137:
965:
884:
776:
638:designed and flew two different biplane
609:
601:
589:
483:
421:single-bay biplane with auxiliary struts
248:
237:As engine power and speeds rose late in
218:The smaller biplane wing allows greater
182:
135:
116:
32:
1854:
1835:
1819:Dornier D.I Windsock Mini datafile # 12
1748:
1656:
1516:
1469:
1365:
1356:
1313:. Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam, 2016.
1206:
1194:
874:(USAAF) while the US Navy operated the
742:fighter was an all-metal stressed-skin
2098:
1973:
1936:
1912:Fighter Aircraft of the 1914-1918 War.
1884:. London:Putnam, Second edition 1973.
1448:
1433:
1323:
1279:
1273:
1233:
961:
97:The term is also occasionally used in
2022:
1939:Saunders and Saro Aircraft since 1917
1917:
1816:
1525:
1077:
574:proved to be relatively popular. The
2092:, Octave Chanute biplane hang glider
1955:
1543:
1151:
1149:
463:Bracing (aeronautics) § Rigging
211:speed, which in turn required a low
1789:(3rd ed.). Pitman Publishing.
1486:"Polikarpov I-153 Chaika (Seagull)"
973:electric-powered ultralight biplane
13:
1025:
467:Because most biplanes do not have
112:
14:
2127:
2058:
2011:Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2007.
1330:"From Lilienthal to the Wrights."
1146:
26:For biplanes in mathematics, see
1651:Profile No 17: The SPAD XIII C.1
441:
426:
411:
396:
381:
90:Biplanes are distinguished from
1642:
1615:
1601:
1587:
1580:Grier, Peter. "15 April 1953".
1574:
1565:
1492:
1478:
1418:
1396:
1374:
1303:
1294:
1285:
1254:
1224:
1215:
511:Examples include the series of
302:The space enclosed by a set of
1994:The Fairey Swordfish Mks. I-IV
1838:Cambridge Aerospace dictionary
1595:"Larry Mauro and Bill Lishman"
1086:
479:
1:
1065:
451:four-bay or multi-bay biplane
314:is used), hence a biplane or
1635:Chatterjee, 2007, pp.1576–80
1562:Retrieved: 30 November 2012.
1261:FAA Registry Search for Waco
1070:
995:was used by "Father Goose",
872:United States Army Air Force
179:Advantages and disadvantages
28:Block design § Biplanes
7:
1749:Coggins, Edward V. (2000).
1102:"The Beechcraft Biplanes".
1043:
594:Otto Lilienthal flying his
515:military aircraft—from the
10:
2132:
1513:. Retrieved: 22 July 2009.
1335:Retrieved: 8 January 2012.
876:Naval Aircraft Factory N3N
862:(RCAF) and others and the
724:de Havilland Dragon Rapide
585:
460:
456:
244:
25:
18:
2064:Historical Collection of
1350:The Newark Daily Advocate
1251:VanWyngarden 2007, p. 19.
929:WSK-Mielec M-15 Belphegor
923:. Exceptions include the
829:Korean People's Air Force
121:1920s biplane hang glider
2023:Wragg, David W. (1974).
1266:17 February 2012 at the
1055:Multiplane (aeronautics)
860:Royal Canadian Air Force
782:Boeing-Stearman Model 75
572:Waco Custom Cabin series
19:Not to be confused with
1956:Moss, Peter W. (1966).
1740:Chassard, Marc (2018).
1714:10.1073/pnas.0609975104
1657:Andrews, C. F. (1966).
1507:surfcity.kund.dalnet.se
1333:Otto Lilienthal Museum.
1230:Andrews 1966, pp. 3, 7.
870:was widely used by the
852:de Havilland Tiger Moth
335:de Havilland Tiger Moth
297:
268:de Havilland Tiger Moth
1937:London, Peter (1988).
1855:Gunston, Bill (2004).
1836:Gunston, Bill (2009).
1466:18 March 1920, p. 317.
1415:Lamberton 1960, p. 84.
1404:Fokker's Flying Razors
1382:"Bristol M1 Monoplane"
1270:accessed 12 June 2009.
1242:Andrews 1966, pp. 7–8.
1134:Andrews 1965, pp. 6–7.
1125:Jackson 1966, pp. 3–4.
974:
893:
841:Lockheed F-94 Starfire
801:anti-submarine warfare
785:
623:
607:
599:
552:Nieuport-Delage NiD 42
525:
493:
488:The lower wing of the
473:Royal Aircraft Factory
406:single-bay sesquiplane
312:the architectural form
292:Beechcraft Staggerwing
272:Bücker Bü 131 Jungmann
258:
192:
191:biplane from the 1940s
152:
122:
44:
2027:. Osprey Publishing.
1918:Lewis, Peter (1971).
1817:Grosz, Peter (1998).
1787:Airplane Aerodynamics
1522:Cattaneo 1967, p. 10.
1424:Jackson 1973, p. 122.
1212:Gunston 2009, p. 606.
1116:Cooksley 1991, p. 34.
969:
921:reciprocating engines
902:agricultural aircraft
888:
780:
762:biplane, the Italian
734:sesquiplane utilized
613:
605:
593:
533:Siemens-Schuckert D.I
487:
252:
186:
139:
120:
36:
2106:Aircraft wing design
2025:Flight before flying
2007:VanWyngarden, Greg.
1609:"Lite Flyer Biplane"
1511:Håkans aviation page
1475:Coggins 2000, p. 20.
1221:Chassard 2018, p. 1.
1191:Gunston, 2004, p.375
1182:Gunston, 2004, p.382
1164:Gunston, 2004, p.210
1092:Berriman, 1913, p.26
712:Trail of the Caribou
360:Large transport and
340:The larger two-seat
2111:Wing configurations
1705:2007PNAS..104.1576C
1531:Wragg 2003, p. 142.
1498:Gustavsson, Håkan.
1445:Lewis 1971, p. 265.
1402:Connors, John F., "
1300:Wragg 1974, p. 206.
1173:Gunston, 2004, p.51
1050:History of aviation
962:Ultralight aircraft
740:Zeppelin-Lindau D.I
708:de Havilland Dragon
449:Handley Page V/1500
389:Zeppelin-Lindau D.I
370:Zeppelin-Lindau D.I
355:Sopwith 1½ Strutter
75:, it produces more
53:fixed-wing aircraft
2077:2007-01-27 at the
1922:. London: Putnam.
1752:Wings That Stay on
1679:Cattaneo, Gianni.
1582:Air Force Magazine
1555:2014-07-03 at the
1540:Stott 1971, p. 21.
1502:Tenente Colonnello
1309:Schwipps, Werner.
1282:, pp. 125–130
1203:Wragg 1974, p. 54.
1060:Wing configuration
1032:feathered dinosaur
975:
906:Udet U 12 Flamingo
894:
786:
754:. At the start of
681:Morane-Saulnier AI
624:
608:
600:
494:
366:multi-bay biplanes
320:single-bay biplane
259:
253:Wing stagger on a
193:
153:
123:
101:, to describe the
45:
1977:Aeroplane Monthly
1847:978-0-521-19165-4
1769:Cooksley, Peter.
1571:Dorr 2003, p. 50.
1560:wwiivehicles.com.
1371:Bruce 1967, p. 6.
1362:Bruce 1967, p. 3.
1319:978-3-941681-88-0
1155:Grosz 1998, p. 0.
1143:Lake 2002, p. 40.
971:Mauro Solar Riser
760:Gloster Gladiator
685:parasol monoplane
683:, a strut-braced
628:Sir George Cayley
391:strutless biplane
304:interplane struts
169:interplane struts
142:Gloster Gladiator
2123:
2066:Biplane Pictures
2038:
1989:
1970:, 18 March 1920.
1961:
1952:
1933:
1910:Lamberton, W.M.
1870:
1851:
1832:
1801:Dorr, Robert F.
1798:
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1669:, Methuen, 1913.
1665:Berriman, A.E.;
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1454:Moss 1966, p. 3.
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1081:
814:Both the German
794:Fairey Swordfish
764:Fiat CR.42 Falco
730:heavy. The 1917
616:Fiat CR.42 Falco
530:
445:
430:
415:
400:
385:
332:Second World War
330:fighter and the
263:positive stagger
224:fighter aircraft
128:lift coefficient
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1106:. January 1961.
1101:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1046:
1036:Microraptor gui
1028:
1026:Avian evolution
1020:Murphy Renegade
1016:Sherwood Ranger
1004:Aviasud Mistral
964:
952:Polikarpov Po-2
890:Polikarpov Po-2
856:Royal Air Force
820:Polikarpov Po-2
818:and the Soviet
805:escort carriers
704:Interwar period
661:First World War
636:Otto Lilienthal
588:
548:interwar period
519:through to the
482:
465:
459:
452:
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437:
436:two-bay biplane
431:
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392:
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346:two bay biplane
337:basic trainer.
324:First World War
300:
284:Sopwith Dolphin
276:Travel Air 2000
257:primary trainer
247:
220:maneuverability
181:
115:
113:Characteristics
38:First World War
31:
24:
17:
12:
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5:
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2119:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2094:
2093:
2087:
2070:Jacqui Hayes:
2068:
2060:
2059:External links
2057:
2055:
2054:
2041:Wragg, David.
2039:
2034:978-0850451658
2033:
2020:
2005:
1992:Stott, Ian G.
1990:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1947:
1934:
1928:
1915:
1908:
1893:
1880:Jackson, A.J.
1878:
1873:Jackson, A.J.
1871:
1866:978-0521841405
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1762:978-1681621760
1761:
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1699:(5): 1576–80.
1684:
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1654:
1649:Andrews, C.F.
1646:
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1641:
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1628:
1623:"Pilotmix.com"
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977:Although most
963:
960:
941:Grumman Ag Cat
931:, fitted with
910:Waco Taperwing
868:Stearman PT-13
846:Later biplane
837:United Nations
797:torpedo bomber
697:Albatros D.III
646:, were flying
644:Octave Chanute
587:
584:
576:Saro Windhover
537:Albatros D.III
481:
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461:Main article:
458:
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816:Heinkel He 50
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791:
790:Fleet Air Arm
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678:
677:Fokker D.VIII
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596:Large Biplane
592:
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566:& e, and
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41:Sopwith Camel
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1666:
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1643:Bibliography
1631:
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1398:
1386:. Retrieved
1376:
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1001:
997:Bill Lishman
992:
982:
976:
956:Antonov An-2
945:
925:Antonov An-3
918:
895:
880:wing-walking
845:
813:
788:The British
787:
756:World War II
748:
728:
711:
701:
673:
658:
653:Wright Flyer
651:
648:hang gliders
640:hang gliders
625:
620:Warren truss
545:
510:
497:
495:
466:
434:Curtiss JN-4
373:
365:
359:
345:
342:Curtiss JN-4
339:
328:Fokker D.VII
319:
307:
306:is called a
301:
280:
260:
236:
232:
217:
213:wing loading
206:
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194:
189:Antonov An-2
175:structures.
154:
146:World War II
132:aspect ratio
124:
96:
89:
81:
65:Wright Flyer
63:to fly, the
48:
46:
1895:Lake, Jon.
1434:Riding 1980
1280:London 1988
989:Solar Riser
979:ultralights
864:Stampe SV.4
831:during the
766:and Soviet
752:World War I
732:Junkers J.I
702:During the
695:and German
693:Nieuport 17
689:Sesquiplane
669:Bristol M.1
632:Hiram Maxim
614:Late 1930s
580:Pfalz D.III
564:Fokker C.Vd
521:Nieuport 27
517:Nieuport 10
498:sesquiplane
490:Nieuport 17
480:Sesquiplane
419:SPAD S.XIII
404:Nieuport 23
350:SPAD S.XIII
344:Jenny is a
255:Fleet Finch
239:World War I
92:tandem wing
21:Tandem wing
2100:Categories
1795:B003YKT5YK
1755:. Turner.
1066:References
1018:, and the
1012:Lite Flyer
1008:FK12 Comet
993:Easy Riser
991:. Mauro's
984:Easy Riser
898:aerobatics
833:Korean War
736:corrugated
469:cantilever
288:Breguet 14
173:cantilever
84:cantilever
1986:0143-7240
1388:30 August
1071:Citations
933:turboprop
744:monocoque
630:in 1843.
374:strutless
310:(much as
228:aerobatic
197:monoplane
73:monoplane
61:aeroplane
2116:Biplanes
2075:Archived
2002:53091961
1733:17242354
1667:Aviation
1553:Archived
1264:Archived
1044:See also
948:Avro 504
937:turbofan
848:trainers
568:Potez 25
562:series,
513:Nieuport
316:triplane
209:stalling
165:ailerons
157:fuselage
105:of some
69:aviation
1724:1780066
1701:Bibcode
858:(RAF),
854:in the
716:Baghdad
586:History
546:During
527:Idflieg
457:Rigging
362:bombing
245:Stagger
187:Soviet
151:biplane
149:fighter
99:biology
49:biplane
43:biplane
2084:Cosmos
2049:
2031:
2015:
2000:
1984:
1968:Flight
1945:
1926:
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1731:
1721:
1464:Flight
1317:
912:. The
535:. The
768:I-153
665:RFC's
618:with
506:chord
326:-era
103:wings
57:wings
51:is a
2047:ISBN
2029:ISBN
2013:ISBN
1998:OCLC
1982:ISSN
1943:ISBN
1924:ISBN
1901:ISBN
1886:ISBN
1861:ISBN
1842:ISBN
1823:ISBN
1807:ISBN
1791:ASIN
1775:ISBN
1757:ISBN
1729:PMID
1390:2018
1315:ISBN
1030:The
935:and
927:and
908:and
900:and
809:Axis
720:Iraq
539:and
502:drag
496:The
298:Bays
290:and
274:and
144:, a
140:The
77:drag
1719:PMC
1709:doi
1697:104
541:D.V
308:bay
2102::
2081:,
1727:.
1717:.
1707:.
1695:.
1691:.
1509:,
1348:.
1235:^
1196:^
1148:^
1022:.
999:.
718:,
560:62
556:52
508:.
376:.
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278:.
270:,
109:.
47:A
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2037:.
2019:.
2004:.
1988:.
1951:.
1932:.
1907:.
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1850:.
1831:.
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1500:"
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558:/
554:/
30:.
23:.
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