884:, as a part of an expansion strategy that saw the majority of the Tandy stores converted either to Carphone Warehouse or Tecno photographic stores. In May 2000, the Tandy name was dropped and the official name became RadioShack Corporation. By 2001, all former Tandy stores had been converted or closed. A small number of the stores were sold to a new company called T2 Retail Ltd formed by former Tandy (Intertan UK) employees, Dave Johnson, Neil Duggins and Philip Butcher who continued the RadioShack-style theme for a while, but these stores also closed in 2005. A new company called T2 Enterprises now continues using the old T2 Retail web presence as an exclusively on-line retailer stocking a range of RadioShack products and other electronics. In 2012, Tandy Corporation Ltd, a UK company, acquired the UK rights to the Tandy brand from RadioShack. It now operates as an on-line retailer of electronic components and kits at tandyonline.com.
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General
American Industries acquired three other companies unrelated to the leather industry and a struggle for control of the parent company began. Charles saw the need to emancipate the company from continuing in the direction initiated by GAI. He used all his resources, raised additional money, and exercised his right to purchase the 500,000 shares of stock that were included in the original settlement. When the votes were counted on the day of that pivotal stockholders meeting, the Tandy group took management control of General American Industries.
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locations in six countries. In 1995, Computer City was recognized as the 2nd fastest retailer to hit $ 1 (~$ 2.00 in 2023) billion in sales. In 1996, it was recognized as the second fastest retailer to hit $ 2 (~$ 3.59 billion in 2023) billion in sales. (Sam's Club was the fastest retailer to hit $ 1 billion.) Alan Bush, former EVP of RadioShack and Jim
Hamilton, known as the "Father of Computer Retailing," were the strategists behind the rapid growth and success. The Computer City stores were later sold to
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of the three distinct and diverse businesses of the company, each of which recently had reached a substantial size. With this transition, RadioShack and Tandy
Leather Company were no longer under the same corporate umbrella. Wray Thompson was promoted to president of Tandy Leather Company in 1976 and Dave Ferrill was promoted to the position of National Sales Manager; they oversaw 288 stores. Although they opened their 300th store that year, the popularity of Nature-Tand's products had begun to slide.
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customer who made a purchase, however small, in order to put them on the company's brochure mailing list, which often caused disgruntlement. A popular feature of Tandy stores was the free battery club, in which customers were allowed to claim a certain number of free batteries per year. In the early 1990s, the chain ran the 'Tandy Card' store credit card scheme and the 'Tandy Care' extended warranty policies which were heavily marketed by staff.
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the
American Handicrafts Company which featured a broad line of do-it-yourself handicraft products, two established retail stores in the New York market, and useful knowledge of school and institutional markets. Sixteen additional retail stores were opened in 1953, and by 1955 Tandy Leather was a thriving company with leased sales sites in 75 cities across the United States.
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leathercraft. Hinckley did not share the enthusiasm of Dave and
Charles Tandy for the new leathercraft division. As a result, the two original founders came to an agreement in 1950 that Hinckley would continue to pursue the shoe findings business and the Tandy partners would specialize in promoting leathercrafts.
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The company's board of directors then announced a plan to separate Tandy's businesses into three distinct publicly held companies. The two new companies were named
Tandycrafts, Inc. and Tex Tan-Hickok, Inc. This plan was publicized as a strategy to provide intensive leadership and tailored management
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movement, prompted by a shortage of consumer goods and high labor costs, continued to gather momentum. The fifteen leathercraft stores opened during this division's first two years of operation became quite successful. Tandy began expanding by gaining new product lines; the first acquisition was with
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in 1948 and negotiated to operate the fledgling leathercraft division himself. He had encouraged and followed the development of that venture through correspondence with his father. Within a short time
Charles succeeded in opening the first of two retail stores in 1950 that specialized exclusively in
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In 1983, Conroy sold O'Sullivan
Industries, a furniture manufacturer, to Tandy Corporation. In 1994, Tandy Corporation offered O'Sullivan as a public company. In 1999, O'Sullivan was purchased for about $ 350 million (~$ 602 million in 2023) by investment group OSI Acquisition, an affiliate of
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Sales were going well for Tandy during this time. Under the leadership of Lloyd Redd (president) and Al Patten (VP of
Operations), the company prospered. The number of Tandy store-fronts skyrocketed over the next five to six years by growing from 132 sites in 1969 to 269 sites in 1975. Ground broke
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The first Tandy Mart had twenty-eight different shops all devoted to craft and hobby merchandise and included
American Handicraft, Tandy Leather, Electronics Crafts and Merribee in an area of about 40,000 square feet. Charles Tandy became intrigued with the potential for rapid growth that he saw in
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we now see. And Tandy would have had a lot more control over Apple and other upstarts". In 1982 he wrote that while its thousands of stores were once a "considerable advantage" over competitors, "the Shack is falling way behind in sales outlets and thus in sales ... we've seen the Apple come along
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stated that Tandy had an "impressive product line, magnificent distribution capability, control of the whole process from manufacturing through distribution, and a reasonably nimble management that is willing to move with the product cycle". That year, Tandy was the leading Unix vendor by volume,
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that year described Tandy as "one of the great enigmas of the industry". He wrote of his amazement that a company "with so few roots in microcomputing" was the "number-one microcomputer manufacturer" while "selling computers out of Radio Shack stores, no less?" Green suggested in 1982 that stores
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were the most important part of Tandy's sales. The company attempted to monopolize software and peripheral sales by keeping technical information secret and not selling third-party products in Tandy-owned stores. An experimental Tandy computer store at company headquarters sold non-Tandy products
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Tandy Leather became an attractive commodity and was purchased in 1955 by the American Hide and Leather Company of Boston, whose name changed in 1956 to General American Industries (GAI). Charles continued to maintain control of managing the Tandy Leather division while owned by GAI. During 1956,
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in 1975. The 18-story office building was initiated as phase I of a massive downtown development with plans to cover eight city blocks and become the new headquarters of the Tandy Corp. It contained an upscale retail shopping center with an indoor ice skating rink and had its own privately owned
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Tandy stores in the UK sold mainly own-brand goods under the 'Realistic' label and the shops were distinguished on the high street by continuing to use written sales receipts and a cash drawer instead of a till as late as the early 1990s. Staff were required to take the name and address of any
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In 1961, the company name was changed to Tandy Corporation. The corporate headquarters were also moved to Fort Worth, Texas, where Charles D. Tandy became the president and chairman of the board. Tandy Leather was operating 125 stores in 105 cities of the United States and Canada and expanding
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Tandy began in 1919 when two friends, Norton Hinckley and Dave L. Tandy, decided to start the Hinckley-Tandy Leather Company and concentrated their efforts on selling sole leather and other supplies to shoe repair dealers in Texas. Hinckley and Tandy opened their first branch store in 1927 in
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was a supercenter concept featuring name-brand and private label computers, software and related products; acquired in 1991, these supplanted the original Radio Shack Computer Center chain, which closed that year. Computer City became the first International Computer Superstore with over 100
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The Edge in Electronics, a now-defunct chain of boutique stores geared toward mall customers interested in fashionable personal and portable name brand electronics, debuted in 1990 and had 16 stores as of December 1993. One of the last stores open closed in San Antonio, Texas, in 2001.
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might offer new possibilities for growing the shoe finding business since the same supplies were used widely in Navy and Army hospitals and recreation centers. Leathercraft gave the men something useful to do and their handiwork, in addition to being therapeutic, had genuine value.
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magazine who had responded to two-inch test ads that were placed by Tandy. From 1950 forward Tandy operated retail mail order stores supported by direct mail advertising. This successful formula helped the company expand into a chain of some 150 leathercraft stores. A growing
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In 1982, Tandy Corporation entered into a development contract with Oklahoma-based software company Dorsett Educational Systems, known for its 25 years pioneering educational technology. The deal resulted in dozens of titles being released for the TRS-80 Color Computer.
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Beaumont, Texas and in 1932, Dave Tandy moved the store from Beaumont to Houston, Texas. Tandy's business survived the economic storms of the Depression, gathered strength and developed a firm presence in the shoe findings (i.e. shoemakers' tools and supplies) business.
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and electronics buffs. By April 1963, the Tandy Corporation acquired management control of RadioShack Corporation and within two years, RadioShack's $ 4 million (~$ 30.5 million in 2023) loss was turned into a profit under the leadership of Charles Tandy.
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wrote that "Tandy might now be offering the most extensive lines of computer products in the world", including the $ 99 Color Computer 2, $ 499 Model 102 notebook, various PC compatibles, and the $ 3,499 Tandy 6000 Xenix system. The company acquired
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channel. Most notable were the "Franklin Cups" which were based on a design by Benjamin Franklin, sold in packs of six. The product line folded after about five years. Coppercraft Guild items are still popular with collectors on
856:, Belgium on August 9, 1973. The first UK store opened October 11, 1973, in Hall Green, Birmingham. Initially, these new stores were under direct ownership of Tandy Corporation. In 1986, Tandy Corporation formed its subsidiary
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Radio Shack stores sold TRS-80 computers with other products, while Radio Shack Computer Centers only sold computers. Non-company-owned franchises sold Radio Shack products, including computers, and non-Radio Shack items.
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Charles Tandy died on November 4, 1978, at the age of 60. Concurrently, key stakeholders began to question the direction of the company. Wray Thompson subsequently resigned from his position as president and later started
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distributed relabelled versions of Tandy computers. Despite selling computers through old-fashioned, department-store-like Sunday-newspaper inserts that emphasized price instead of technology and functionality, by 1980
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and others would not likely be "as myopic and hidebound as Radio Shack". He wrote that had Tandy continued its experiment, "they might have a couple of thousand Tandy Computer Centers around the country, instead of the
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as separate entity though connections between them were still visible. For example, catalogue number compatibility was maintained so that the same catalogue number in both companies would refer to the same item.
804:. That same year, Tandy introduced the WP-2, a solid-state notebook computer that was a rebadged Citizen CBM-10WP. Eventually, in the early 1990s, Tandy Corporation sold its computer-manufacturing business to
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to further expand his education. As World War II escalated Charles was called to serve his country in the military and relocated to Hawaii. He wrote to his father from overseas suggesting that
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954:. Most of these stores were closed as part of a 1994 restructuring plan, with 33 converted to RadioShack or Computer City Express stores. Remaining McDuff stores were closed in 1996.
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until the company banned doing so. A market research company reported in 1981 that not selling others' products slowed Tandy's growth, and predicted that competitors would benefit.
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separate computers from toys to convince "middle-income (-class) customers that Radio Shack stores are not primarily dealers in schlock for the unwary lower-income people". A
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items, as well as five other companies, including Cleveland Crafts Inc. and brought on the owner, Werner Magnus, to help run the newly acquired Merribee division.
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Inc. The stores were branded as RadioShack, however, because Circuit City lost the naming rights. Later, all of these RadioShacks were re-branded as "
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and, with fewer outlets, pass the TRS-80 by in sales". Green warned that the company needed to make "soul-searching, perhaps painful, decisions".
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In 1975, Tandy spun off Color Tile, a chain of tile and flooring stores, along with its other non-electronic businesses in 1975 to TandyCrafts.
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In 1973, Tandy Corporation began an expansion program outside their home market of the US, opening a chain of RadioShack-style stores in
694:(1983–1984). The 1000 helped Tandy achieve a 25% personal computer market share in 1986, tied with Apple and in second place behind IBM.
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Tandy also produced the short-lived Tandy 1100FD and Tandy 1100HD notebooks. Released in 1989, the 1100 Series was based on the popular
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described Radio Shack as "the dominant supplier of small computers". and in 1981 "one of the best marketers in the computer industry".
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In 1973, Tandy launched a subsidiary company called Coppercraft Guild, which sold solid copper knickknacks and housewares through a
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Entering the 1960s, aiming to broaden the company horizon, Charles Tandy acquired a number of craft retail companies, including
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In February 2009, Woolworths Limited announced that it would be closing all Tandy Electronics stores within the next two years.
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This article is about the company that became RadioShack. For the modern leather company of the same name, see
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In 1985, Tandy acquired two chains, McDuff Electronics and VideoConcepts; the latter was previously owned by
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Tandy's market share—as high as 60% at one time—indeed declined by 1983 because of competition from the
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significantly. Tandy acquired the assets of Merribee Art Embroidery Co., manufacturer and retailer of
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In 2000, the Tandy Corporation name was dropped, and the entity became the RadioShack Corporation.
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became commonplace, and had wide distribution in Radio Shack stores at a time when there were few
1923:"Tandy To Close All Video Concept Stores -- Restructuring Will Shift Focus To Other Store Chains"
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824:(VIS). Like the Tandy computers, it was based on the IBM PC architecture and used a version of
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market, being one of the pioneers in the personal computer race, being lauded by the magazine
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as "the driving force at the front-running company in the red-hot personal computer race".
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1854:"Preliminary Final Report of Woolworths Limited for the financial year ended 24 June 2012"
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processor clocked at 8 MHz. Tandy also produced software for its computers running
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in March 1988. Grid Systems was a laptop manufacturer whose products included the
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with Ron Morgan, which eventually purchased Tandy Leather Corporation in 2000.
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concept was Tandy's attempt to compete with other electronics giants such as
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Defunct retail company based in Fort Worth, Texas, United States (1919–2000)
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market, making leather moccasins and coin purses, making huge sales among
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The first Tandy Catalog, only eight pages long, was mailed to readers of
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112:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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Malloy, Rich; Vose, G. Michael; Stewart, George A. (October 1987).
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1573:"Barbara Isgur talks to Ken Uston; an industry analyst speaks out"
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in 1963, then an almost bankrupt chain of electronics stores in
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TRS-80 and Tandy-branded computers, clones and related systems
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RadioShack Catalogs.com: Tandy & TRS-80 Computer Catalogs
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By the 24 June 2012, all Tandy Electronics stores had closed.
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1375:"How Radio Shack lost their buyer focus and their business"
1293:"Dorsett Systems Strengthens Position With 2 New Contracts"
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reviewer admitted in 1983 that he at first dismissed the
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CoCo: The Colorful History of Tandy's Underdog Computer
1437:"Tandy Radio Shack enters the magic world of computers"
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the electronics retail industry during 1962. He found
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under the Tandy name. The first store to open was in
1269:"The Tandy Story: 10 years after the TRS-80 Model I"
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Brockman, Rosser, Sherrill & Co., L.P. (BRS).{{
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and lack of third-party products. Tandy adopted the
536:in downtown Fort Worth for the construction of the
435:as CEO, the corporation started to invest into the
170:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2632:Defunct electronics companies of the United States
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728:"as a toy" because he saw it in a store next to a
578:Tandy's wordmark as used on its computer products
478:Charles Tandy returned home from the service as a
1963:"Lubbock Online | Lubbock Avalanche-Journal"
1827:(Press release). 27 February 2009. Archived from
527:company that had started in the 1920s selling to
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1802:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
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987:. A joint venture between Tandy Corporation and
2597:Defunct computer companies of the United States
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1350:"The rise and fall of Shack, and how to fix it"
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903:, both continued to trade as separate entities.
895:In 2001, Tandy Electronics stores were sold to
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875:Logo of the resurrected UK Tandy Corporation
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1792:. Archived from the original on 2008-07-18.
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71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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743:A Tandy laptop computer, the 1400LT (1987)
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567:List of TRS-80 and Tandy-branded computers
278:Hinckley-Tandy Leather Company (1919–1956)
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2622:Electronics companies established in 1919
2587:Computer companies disestablished in 2000
2572:American companies disestablished in 2000
1654:"The Tandy Anniversary Product Explosion"
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1423:
917:, the InterTAN stores were sold to rival
248:Learn how and when to remove this message
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
128:Learn how and when to remove this message
2652:Technology companies established in 1919
2013:Who was Charles David Tandy? (1918-1978)
1891:"Market Place; Color Tile's Uneven Path"
1625:Pitre, Boisy G; Loguidice, Bill (2013).
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880:In 1999, the UK stores were acquired by
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280:General American Industries (1956–1961)
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1553:. Vol. 8, no. 9. p. 162
1466:"From Zero to a Billion in Five Years"
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506:Acquisition of Merribee and RadioShack
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2074:Retail Ecommerce Ventures (2020–2023)
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1750:"2001 Concise report to shareholders"
1493:"Radio Shack Prepares for the Future"
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1134:. Chicago: The Mobium Press. p.
622:were popular in the years before the
417:, leading to a fast growth in sales.
2642:Retail companies established in 1919
2577:Companies based in Fort Worth, Texas
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1699:"Tandy Deskmate 3.05 (Desktop 3.69)"
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168:adding citations to reliable sources
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2602:Defunct computer hardware companies
1726:. 29 September 2008. Archived from
1545:Kelly, Mahlon G. (September 1983).
991:, the first two stores, located in
752:selling almost 40,000 units of the
309:(as Hinckley-Tandy Leather Company)
24:
2607:Defunct computer systems companies
1547:"The Radio Shack TRS-80 MODEL 100"
25:
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2350:Tandy 10 Business Computer System
2069:General Wireless Operations, Inc.
1977:
946:McDuff Electronics, VideoConcepts
52:This article has multiple issues.
2592:Defunct companies based in Texas
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1405:"Radio Shack Polishes Its Image"
1403:Bartimo, Jim (August 20, 1984).
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2562:2000 disestablishments in Texas
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1491:Freiberger, Paul (1981-08-31).
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1321:Freiberger, Paul (1981-08-31).
1246:(editorial). pp. 8, 10, 12
1240:"Is the Shack in real trouble?"
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155:needs additional citations for
60:or discuss these issues on the
2513:Tandy Video Information System
2163:Tandy Video Information System
2047:
1348:Farquhar, Dave (12 May 2010).
1285:
1238:Green, Wayne (December 1982).
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1034:Logo of O'Sullivan Industries
822:Tandy Video Information System
616:TRS-80 Color Computer ("CoCo")
13:
1:
2612:Defunct leather manufacturers
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781:(1985), GRiDLite (1987), and
397:was an American family-owned
2637:History of Fort Worth, Texas
2557:1919 establishments in Texas
1600:"Tandy Revamps Product Line"
1518:Osborne, Adam (1981-04-13).
1435:Ahl, David (November 1984).
1299:. 1982-01-03. Archived from
1209:Green, Wayne (August 1981).
604:personal computer revolution
560:
300:; 105 years ago
7:
1889:Metz, Robert (1981-11-05).
1679:"Tandy to Buy Grid Systems"
1598:Bartimo, Jim (1985-03-11).
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466:, then began attending the
341:; 24 years ago
108:the claims made and adding
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1464:Hogan, Thom (1981-08-31).
1267:White, Ron (August 1987).
923:The Source by Circuit City
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464:Texas Christian University
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1631:. CRC Press. p. 33.
989:Trans World Entertainment
431:In the 1980s, now led by
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610:instead of a kit. Their
401:-goods company based in
1571:Uston, Ken (Mar 1984).
1379:Buyer Persona Institute
1354:The Silicon Underground
1211:"Tandy Growth Retarded"
1191:Williams, Jeff (2009).
958:The Edge in Electronics
927:Bell Canada Enterprises
651:Discussing the report,
596:Commodore International
529:amateur radio operators
468:Harvard Business School
2487:Tandy Graphics Adapter
1984:RadioShack Corporation
1520:"The Portable Osborne"
1128:Farman, Irvin (1992).
901:Dick Smith Electronics
744:
686:architecture with the
648:
646:TRS-80 Pocket Computer
591:
458:Dave Tandy had a son,
2302:Tandy Pocket Computer
2297:TRS-80 Color Computer
1870:on September 20, 2012
1131:Tandy's Money Machine
1083:Tandy Leather Factory
1023:O'Sullivan Industries
742:
704:Value-added resellers
644:
586:
373:Tandy Leather Factory
32:Tandy Leather Factory
1499:. pp. 51, 53–54
933:Other retail outlets
730:radio-controlled car
480:lieutenant commander
164:improve this article
2531:RadioShack template
2158:Tandy Center Subway
2100:Incredible Universe
1996:Charles David Tandy
1834:on November 3, 2012
997:Wilsonville, Oregon
973:Incredible Universe
967:Incredible Universe
602:) that started the
555:The Leather Factory
460:Charles David Tandy
262:
179:"Tandy Corporation"
2424:Mera-Elzab Meritum
2204:Computers template
1969:on April 25, 2005.
1949:2007-09-28 at the
1895:The New York Times
1861:Woolworths Limited
1825:Woolworths Limited
1757:Woolworths Limited
1724:"Info for t1000hx"
1697:Lineback, Nathan.
1684:The New York Times
1577:Creative Computing
1442:Creative Computing
952:Eckerd Corporation
897:Woolworths Limited
882:Carphone Warehouse
756:-based, multiuser
745:
649:
592:
260:
93:possibly contains
2539:
2538:
2508:Tandy Corporation
2282:Model I & III
2232:
2231:
2133:List of computers
2115:Tandy Electronics
2063:Tandy Corporation
2001:Handbook of Texas
1989:Handbook of Texas
1766:on August 4, 2012
1323:"Tandy's Outlets"
1050:network marketing
1044:Coppercraft Guild
1001:Fry's Electronics
826:Microsoft Windows
800:, in the form of
749:sell-side analyst
684:IBM PC compatible
658:80 Microcomputing
437:personal computer
403:Fort Worth, Texas
395:Tandy Corporation
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2480:Technologies
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2439:Dragon 32/64
2409:Colour Genie
2355:TRS-80 MC-10
2153:Tandy Center
2126:and products
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1967:the original
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1865:the original
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1579:. p. 18
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1329:. p. 54
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1217:. p. 10
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919:Circuit City
912:
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840:Tandy stores
830:floppy disks
818:Jeff Hawkins
791:
775:GRiD Compass
771:GRiD Systems
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715:Adam Osborne
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538:Tandy Towers
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472:leathercraft
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162:Please help
157:verification
154:
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115:
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68:
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54:Please help
51:
18:Tandy stores
2469:Matra Alice
2404:Video Genie
2394:Aster CT-80
2293:/12/16/6000
2071:(2015–2020)
2065:(1962–2000)
1929:14 February
1734:23 February
1708:23 February
1476:15 February
1385:23 February
1359:23 February
1175:Farman 1992
1159:Farman 1992
747:In 1984, a
653:Wayne Green
614:(1977) and
513:needlecraft
387:Electronics
357:Renamed to
220:August 2018
118:August 2018
2552:RadioShack
2546:Categories
2503:RadioShack
2334:Tandy 3000
2329:Tandy 2000
2324:Tandy 1000
2110:The Source
2049:RadioShack
1908:2017-12-04
1610:21 January
1557:2021-11-11
1503:26 October
1333:26 October
1307:2017-12-04
1297:NewsOK.com
1278:2019-05-18
1250:2020-02-29
1221:2019-05-28
1177:, p.
1161:, p.
1094:References
938:Color Tile
854:Aartselaar
814:Palm Pilot
692:Tandy 2000
688:Tandy 1000
668:Byte Shops
565:See also:
525:mail order
521:RadioShack
433:John Roach
422:RadioShack
369:RadioShack
359:RadioShack
312:Fort Worth
190:newspapers
102:improve it
57:improve it
2143:Realistic
1998:from the
1986:from the
1903:0362-4331
1604:InfoWorld
1583:5 January
1530:1 January
1524:InfoWorld
1497:InfoWorld
1470:InfoWorld
1409:InfoWorld
1327:InfoWorld
889:Australia
850:Australia
834:Intel 486
726:Model 100
710:InfoWorld
635:computers
633:By 1981,
561:Computers
365:Successor
106:verifying
63:talk page
2496:See also
2454:Color 64
2214:Category
2148:Tandy-12
2138:Enercell
2105:InterTAN
1947:Archived
1798:cite web
1664:4 August
1273:80 Micro
1244:80 Micro
1215:80 Micro
1088:Tandy-12
1061:See also
985:Lechmere
977:Best Buy
858:InterTAN
779:GRiDCase
777:(1982),
734:CB radio
379:Products
326:Founders
285:Industry
275:Formerly
2444:MX-1600
2434:CD-6809
2224:Commons
1874:24 July
1838:24 July
1770:24 July
1017:CompUSA
929:(BCE).
794:NEC V20
785:(1989)
783:GRiDPad
450:History
399:leather
346:2000-05
344: (
336:Defunct
303: (
295:Founded
204:scholar
100:Please
2419:Max-80
2399:LNW-80
2380:Clones
2280:TRS-80
2273:Series
2003:Online
1991:Online
1901:
1635:
1142:
995:, and
983:, and
915:Canada
846:Europe
810:Compaq
680:IBM PC
624:IBM PC
612:TRS-80
590:(1977)
426:Boston
415:Scouts
289:Retail
206:
199:
192:
185:
177:
2459:VC 50
2414:D8000
1868:(PDF)
1857:(PDF)
1832:(PDF)
1821:(PDF)
1790:Tandy
1764:(PDF)
1753:(PDF)
836:era.
762:Xenix
760:with
754:68000
600:Apple
411:hobby
316:Texas
211:JSTOR
197:books
2341:/200
2317:PC-3
2312:PC-2
2307:PC-1
1931:2020
1899:ISSN
1876:2016
1840:2016
1804:link
1772:2016
1736:2019
1710:2019
1666:2014
1658:BYTE
1633:ISBN
1612:2015
1585:2015
1551:BYTE
1532:2015
1505:2016
1478:2015
1451:2011
1417:2011
1387:2019
1361:2019
1335:2016
1140:ISBN
1055:eBay
971:The
848:and
766:BYTE
721:BYTE
690:and
670:and
598:and
354:Fate
320:U.S.
305:1919
298:1919
183:news
1179:372
913:In
887:In
798:DOS
663:IBM
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