679:
773:, and in 1934 formed Kentan Gold Area Limited to develop these finds. It did so through its subsidiaries Saragura Development Company Limited and Geita Gold Mining Company Limited. The Saragura Development Company explored holdings in the Saragura area of the Mwana District in Tanganyika in the 1930s. Saragura Development transferred the Geita Mine to the Geita Gold Mining Company. In 1958 Tanganyika Holdings Ltd. was providing office space and secretarial services to other companies in the group, had a large portfolio of investments including a sizable stake in Kentan, and was conducting an exploration program with companies that were not part of the group. On 7 October 1958 Kentan Gold Area and Zambesia Exploring announced that they were discussing amalgamation.
496:
161:
123:
112:
68:
27:
782:
257:(1/3) and the Free State (2/3). On 8 December 1900 the Comité Spécial du Katanga granted TCL exclusive prospecting rights for five years in an area of 60,000 square miles (160,000 km) of Katanga adjoining Rhodesia, and an annual subsidy of £10,000. TCL was authorized to exploit the mines that were found with CSK for 30 years. The term was eventually extended to 89 years. The CSK reserved the rights to 60% of the profits from any mines that might be opened.
266:
484:
846:
Robert
Williams and Cecil Rhodes founded the Zambesia Exploring Company (ZEC) in 1891 to explore and extract mineral deposits in Southern Rhodesia. The ZEC followed the guidance of Rhodes, and did nothing without his approval. In 1895 it was reported that the Zambasia Exploring Company had placed a
286:
to cable his findings to
Williams on 24 November 1899, and indicated that the bulk of the ore seemed to be in Katanga. He described the copper deposits as "scandalously rich". Williams tried unsuccessfully to interest King Leopold II of Belgium in full-scale exploitation of the copper belt. Leopold
756:
TCL made an agreement in 1908 with the government of the
Belgian Congo to build a railway from Broken Hill to the Katanga Border. The Rhodesia-Katanga Junction Railway & Mineral Company was formed for this purpose, and also took over the Kansanshi mine and TCL's other copperbelt holdings. The
227:
river with exclusive rights for prospecting and locating 1,000 claims. The
Zambesia Exploring Company Limited (ZE) acquired the majority of the shares, and ZE and TCL were run as one company. Tanganyika Concessions share prices were very unstable in the early years. During one period of a few days
793:
in
Tanganyika, which was transferred to it from the Sagura Development Company, a subsidiary of Kentan Gold Areas. Production began in 1936. A 1937 report said it hoped to soon start crushing 500 tons per day, and could well become the largest gold producer in East Africa. The company had built a
555:
effectively controlled the UMHK from its inception to 1960. As of 1946 TCL held 20% of the voting power in the UMHK. The president of TCL sat on the UMHK board, as did one TCL administrator. In 1960, just before independence of the
Democratic Republic of the Congo and the dissolution of the CSK,
743:
The
Benguela Estates Company and the Zambezi Exploring Company, subsidiaries of TCL, controlled the largest agricultural enterprise in Angola. By 1933 they held 475,678 acres (192,500 ha) in the highlands, worth £214,000. The Benguela railway wanted to expand wheat production in the
317:(CFK) in 1902. It had a capital of 1,000,000 francs. The Congo Free State held 2,400 shares and Robert Williams held 1,600 shares. Théodore Heyvaert was president and Robert Williams was vice-president. The CFK was to build links to the region where the city of Elisabethville (
833:
gold mines opened in the northeast Congo in 1920 the Nile Congo Divide
Syndicate was among the prospecting companies that rushed to the region. They failed to find worthwhile gold deposits, but did find low-grade copper in the Manya area of
805:(1939–1945). Geita struggled with financial problems until it closed in 1965, and seems to have been a net liability to TCL. The mine produced over 1 million ounces of gold between 1936 and 1966. As of 2021 it was owned and operated by
847:
large number of shares in United
Rhodesia Goldfields in Paris. The ZEC was a subsidiary of TCL in 1922. The ZEC and TCL recruited thousands of workers from the northeast of Northern Rhodesia to work for the UMHK between 1917 and 1922.
702:(CFB) was incorporated in Portugal in 1902, with a 99-year concession to build and operate the 1,345 kilometres (836 mi) railway. Its main purpose was to carry minerals for export. It ran from Lobito to Texeira de Sousa (
302:
mine. Between June and
October 1902 prospectors staked 50 claims in Katanga. There were many ancient copper workings, which were located by the simple method of asking local people where they could find copper.
273:
Williams sent an exploratory team which set out for the Congo-Zambesi watershed on 5 April 1899. There were five Europeans and 35 Africans led by the geologist George Grey (1868–1911), younger brother of Sir
519:. The UMHK was founded in 1906 to develop mines in Katanga. It was also to participate in building a railway to carry material and equipment to the mines and to take away the extracted minerals. The
551:
UMHK became the third largest copper producer in the world, the largest cobalt and radium producer and one of the largest producers of germanium. Ownership was complicated and often changed. The
678:
530:
The UMHK was the result of a compromise between the Free State and the Compagnie de Katanga as owners of the mineral deposit (through the CSK), the TCL who had found the mines, and the TCL and
798:, where it had built a jetty. It had built housing, medical facilities, set up a private wireless station and subsidized a weekly air service. Gold milling began in Geita in December 1938.
1738:
Tanganyika Under United Kingdom Administration: Report by Her Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the General Assembly of the United Nations
735:(1975–2002) the railway remained closed and the tracks, bridges and rolling stock were destroyed. The railway concession expired in 2001 and ownership passed to the Angolan government.
748:
region for export to the world market, and in 1932 made a considerable investment in developing more suitable strains of wheat for the government to distribute to Ovimbundu producers.
670:
and would be owned 55% by the state. 15% would be offered to TCL and 30% would be offered to the public. TCL declined to participate, and eventually Gécamines became 100% state-owned.
219:, was one of the shareholders. The purpose was to exploit minerals in Northern Rhodesia and in the Congo Free State. Williams intended to secure a mining concession that the
801:
In the early 1950s Geita employed about 2,000 men and produced more than half of the gold mined in Tanganyika, although this was much less than the peak production before
403:, which the Bank agreed to sell to an Anglo-Belgian group. These were about 19% of the voting power of all shareholders. As of 1946 TCL held 20% of the voting power in
1691:
399:
purchased a minority share in TCL in 1923. In 1946 the French Government transferred 1,667,961 Ordinary shares of 10s. each in Tanganyika Concessions Ltd to the
203:
to the Atlantic Ocean. Belgian banks eventually took over control of the company. The Angolan railway concession was returned to the state of Angola in 2001.
1608:
541:
287:
was starting to earn high returns from rubber and ivory exports, and resented British criticism of his brutal treatment of the local people, so held back.
835:
368:
2130:
1566:
1869:
275:
714:. Construction lasted from 1903 to August 1928. It took another 22 months to complete the 324 miles (521 km) line from Dilolo to
174:
94:
2125:
766:
715:
545:
532:
505:
392:
388:). Robert Williams took only a minimal direct stake, while the UMHK had almost 10%, and the state became the main shareholder.
1897:
1832:
1720:
1637:
723:
313:
1994:"The Lure of Katanga Copper : Tanganyika Concessions Limited and the Anatomy of Mining and Mine Exploration 1899–1906."
2025:
1912:
216:
1824:
A Working Class in the Making: Belgian Colonial Labor Policy, Private Enterprise, and the African Mineworker, 1907-1951
2106:
495:
145:
1588:
511:
362:
344:, but the costs proved excessive. Instead, the Rhodesian railway was extended north from Bulawayo via the Wankie (
187:
721:
The Benguela railway was less successful than had been hoped, and most of the minerals were carried east by the
249:
2062:
1523:
Belgium's Expansionist History between 1870 and 1930: Imperialism and the Globalisation of Belgian Business
220:
731:. In 1975 the Benguela railway was closed in the unrest that followed independence. During the subsequent
173:(TCL or Tanks) was a British mining and railway company founded by the Scottish engineer and entrepreneur
1629:
Mining and Social Transformation in Africa: Mineralizing and Democratizing Trends in Artisanal Production
2046:
1574:
160:
111:
67:
829:
between 1918 and 1922, sinking shafts and boreholes, but eventually abandoned the effort. When the
291:
122:
2079:
1626:
Bryceson, Deborah Fahy; Fisher, Eleanor; Jønsson, Jesper Bosse; Mwaipopo, Rosemarie (2013-10-15),
223:
had granted on 26 May 1898. It covered more than 2,000 square miles (5,200 km) north of the
1673:
1655:
290:
After TCL had gained the CSK concession, on 15 April 1901 a larger second expedition set out to
1521:
888:
211:
Tanganyika Concessions Ltd. was created on 20 January 1899 by Robert Williams, an associate of
2096:
1887:
1856:
1822:
1778:
1736:
1710:
1549:
718:, where it connected with the Katanga network. The line was officially opened on 1 July 1931.
1627:
703:
818:
537:
396:
243:
8:
1973:
524:
278:. About´10 miles (16 km) south of the border they found the workings of the ancient
2013:
1977:
1941:
1806:
876:
666:) would take over from UMHK as of 2 January 1967. The new company have headquarters in
430:
acquired a controlling interest in TCL, which still owned 90% of the Benguela Railway.
2102:
2017:
1893:
1828:
1771:
1716:
1633:
868:
806:
732:
728:
423:
419:
178:
2005:
1969:
1798:
1530:
872:
687:
655:
536:
who would fund their exploitation. UMHK was founded as a joint venture between the
516:
341:
196:
182:
137:
2009:
1712:
Entrepreneurship in the Age of Empire: Colonialism, Collaboration and Exploitation
864:
790:
415:
400:
31:
Benguela railway, coal fired 11th Class 4-8-2 no. 401 at Lobito Station in Angola
1968:(341), Oxford University Press on behalf of The Royal African Society: 545–562,
349:
279:
152:
26:
1802:
1359:
1357:
443:
The structure of the TCL group was complex and fluid, Subsidiaries included:
253:(CSK) to manage all the territory in Katanga, with profits shared between the
2119:
2098:
The Dual State: Parapolitics, Carl Schmitt, and the National Security Complex
1847:
Kovar, Robert (1967), "La congolisation de l'Union minière du Haut-Katanga",
884:
795:
770:
330:
295:
141:
1993:
1787:"The Growth and Decline of African Agriculture in Central Angola, 1890-1950"
540:, the CSK and TCL. The Compagnie du Katanga was in turn a subsidiary of the
360:) in 1906. The TCL concession in Katanga expired on 28 October 1906 and the
1354:
905:
802:
781:
690:, which was to carry minerals from the copper belt to the Atlantic port of
212:
1535:
663:
1437:
1069:
1067:
883:(1914–1918) German East Africa was divided into the Belgian territory of
880:
384:, from where minerals could be shipped to the Atlantic via Léopoldville (
381:
340:
on the Atlantic coast of Angola to the copper mines with the contractors
1930:"The Nationalization of Zaire's Copper: From Union Minière to Gecamines"
1752:
321:) would be founded. One line would connect to the Rhodesian railways at
282:, and on 6 September 1899 staked claims there for TCL. Grey returned to
64:
financial service activities, except insurance and pension funding
1945:
1929:
1810:
1786:
1648:
The Third Portuguese Empire, 1825–1975: A Study in Economic Imperialism
1594:
1461:
901:
765:
TCL learned that gold prospectors were having success in the area near
707:
667:
488:
318:
192:
38:
1981:
1957:
1064:
1014:
830:
825:. The syndicate explored the Hofrat en Nafas Copper Mine in southern
745:
1376:
1374:
1372:
410:
In 1950 the company headquarters were moved to Salisbury, Rhodesia (
817:
The Nile Congo Divide Syndicate prospected for gold and tin in the
695:
385:
372:
was founded on 31 October 1906 to build and operate a line linking
283:
1369:
322:
299:
224:
1449:
1403:
1401:
826:
822:
711:
691:
411:
373:
353:
345:
337:
326:
200:
105:
60:
1204:
1985:
1949:
1940:(4, Development for Whom?), Indiana University Press: 25–47,
1911:
1814:
1625:
1485:
1443:
1398:
1386:
1363:
1151:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
377:
357:
265:
191:(UMHK), which undertook mining in the Katanga portion of the
16:
Former British mining and railway company operating in Africa
1609:"Billions lost as colonialists ferry minerals out of Uganda"
483:
1607:
1467:
523:
participated in setting up the UMHK under the direction of
1773:
Beggar Your Neighbours: Apartheid Power in Southern Africa
1672:
1656:"Compagnie du Congo pour le Commerce et l'Industrie. CCCI"
1216:
1073:
953:
1342:
943:
941:
336:
In early 1903 Williams discussed building a railway from
2061:
1497:
1257:
1255:
1240:
1020:
789:
The Geita Gold Mining Company was set up to operate the
1192:
1127:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
928:
926:
924:
1425:
1413:
1330:
990:
938:
1861:
The Statist: A Journal of Practical Finance and Trade
1291:
1279:
1267:
1252:
1180:
1170:
1168:
1166:
757:
company became the Rhodesia-Katanga Company in 1929.
407:
and 90% of the voting power in the Benguela Railway.
1473:
1139:
1115:
1103:
1091:
1079:
1045:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
921:
294:. Another expedition left for Katanga via Abercorn (
2084:, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines.
1308:
1306:
1002:
978:
2077:
1770:
1734:
1455:
1380:
1163:
542:Compagnie du Congo pour le Commerce et l'Industrie
369:Compagnie du Chemin de fer du Bas-Congo au Katanga
1751:
1590:BCK - KDL - Le site des chemins de fer du Katanga
1407:
1318:
1228:
1026:
414:, Zimbabwe). As of 1978 the headquarters were in
215:. Originally all the shareholders were British.
2117:
1303:
476:
177:in 1899. The purpose was to exploit minerals in
2045:
1885:
1210:
972:
366:(UMHK) was formed to exploit the deposits. The
1958:"The Gold Boom of the 1930s in Eastern Africa"
1886:Oliver, Roland; Sanderson, G.N., eds. (1975),
1855:
1654:
1645:
1548:
1491:
1392:
1222:
1157:
812:
2051:, John Rylands Research Institute and Library
841:
325:, while another would connect to the port of
206:
776:
2023:
1348:
751:
515:(UMHK), which exploited copper deposits in
1797:(3), Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 355–371,
1692:"Tanganyika Concessions, Ltd(Shares Sale)"
658:announced that a new company (later named
159:
121:
110:
66:
25:
1863:, Published at "The Statist" Office, 1895
1820:
1534:
1503:
686:Williams became involved in building the
238:to 13 pounds per share and then crashed.
185:. Partly-owned subsidiaries included the
1849:Annuaire français de droit international
1519:
1198:
780:
677:
494:
482:
264:
1955:
1928:Radmann, Wolf (October–December 1978),
1927:
1784:
1431:
1419:
1336:
1297:
1285:
1273:
1261:
1246:
932:
660:Société Génerale Congolaise de Minerais
509:, a Belgian investment holding, in the
426:and other American interests. In 1981
2131:Mining companies of the United Kingdom
2118:
2094:
1991:
1768:
1689:
1186:
1174:
1145:
1133:
1121:
1109:
1097:
1085:
1058:
1008:
996:
984:
947:
1917:, NMRS Northern Mine Research Society
1867:
1846:
1708:
1587:
1567:"Benguela - More than just a current"
1479:
1324:
1234:
1039:
724:Chemin de Fer du Bas-Congo au Katanga
682:Laying a section of the Benguela line
314:Compagnie de Chemin de fer du Katanga
260:
247:and the Congo Free State created the
1974:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097817
1777:, Indiana University Press, p.
1564:
1312:
760:
544:(CCCI), which was controlled by the
199:, which provided a rail link across
2024:Schilderman, Theo (December 2017),
1868:Noble, Kenneth (13 November 1989),
1791:Journal of Southern African Studies
738:
727:(BCK) and the Rhodesian railway to
673:
217:Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick
13:
1870:"Railroad in Angola to Be Revived"
908:had advised her to invest in TCL.
14:
2142:
1444:Paul Charles Cuthbert Cayley NMRS
1998:South African Historical Journal
1785:Heywood, Linda M. (April 1987),
1674:"Comité spécial du Katanga. CSK"
418:, and shareholders included the
306:
146:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1956:Roberts, A. D. (October 1986),
1889:The Cambridge History of Africa
1565:Ball, Peter (11 January 2015),
1520:Abbeloos, Jan-Frederik (2008),
1468:Billions lost ... Daily Monitor
900:Lady Warwick was a mistress of
499:UMHK Nurses and assistants 1918
491:(modern-day Lubumbashi) in 1917
471:Zambesia Exploring Company Ltd.
468:Nile Congo Divide Syndicate Ltd
438:
433:
2126:1899 establishments in England
1892:, Cambridge University Press,
1650:. Manchester University Press.
1074:Comité spécial du Katanga. CSK
902:Albert Edward, Prince of Wales
894:
857:
171:Tanganyika Concessions Limited
20:Tanganyika Concessions Limited
1:
2010:10.1080/02582473.2016.1153707
1646:Clarence-Smith, W.G. (1985).
887:and the British territory of
700:Caminhos de Ferro de Benguela
512:Union Minière du Haut-Katanga
478:Union Minière du Haut-Katanga
465:Geita Gold Mining Company Ltd
449:Union Minière du Haut Katanga
405:Union Minière du Haut-Katanga
363:Union Minière du Haut-Katanga
188:Union Minière du Haut-Katanga
1914:Paul Charles Cuthbert Cayley
1690:Cripps, S. (27 April 1950),
1211:Oliver, & Sanderson 1975
1021:The Game of Speculation 1903
915:
546:Société Générale de Belgique
533:Société Générale de Belgique
506:Société Générale de Belgique
459:Rhodesia-Katanga Company Ltd
428:Société Générale de Belgique
393:Société Générale de Belgique
221:British South Africa Company
7:
2078:US Bureau of Mines (1961),
1827:, Univ of Wisconsin Press,
1735:GB Colonial Office (1937),
1709:Dietz, Sarah (2020-12-30),
813:Nile Congo Divide Syndicate
654:In December 1966 President
503:TCL was a partner with the
10:
2147:
2095:Wilson, Eric, ed. (2016),
1512:
842:Zambesia Exploring Company
710:into the Belgian Congo at
298:), and set up camp at the
207:Foundation and concessions
2063:"The Game of Speculation"
1851:(in French) (13): 747–748
1803:10.1080/03057078708708150
777:Geita Gold Mining Company
627:
356:in 1905 and Broken Hill (
250:Comité Spécial du Katanga
151:
131:
100:
90:
75:
56:
48:
36:
24:
1821:Higginson, John (1989),
1741:, H.M. Stationery Office
1715:, Taylor & Francis,
867:, which was bordered by
850:
752:Rhodesia-Katanga Company
453:Benguela Railway Company
157:Zambesia Exploring
2026:"Minerals of the Congo"
1769:Hanlon, Joseph (1986),
1554:, Mining Journal., 1959
1456:US Bureau of Mines 1961
1381:GB Colonial Office 1937
648:by the Cie du Katanga.
487:UMHK ore processing in
2073:: 88–114, January 1903
1613:Daily Monitor (Uganda)
1593:, 2010, archived from
794:road from the mine to
786:
683:
500:
492:
270:
1408:Geita Mine ... Mindat
784:
681:
498:
486:
462:Kentan Gold Areas Ltd
280:Kansanshi copper mine
269:Kansanshi copper mine
268:
228:the price went from 2
2067:The Quarterly Review
1577:on 24 September 2015
1529:, Ghent University,
1364:Bryceson et al. 2013
819:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
706:), then crossed the
538:Compagnie du Katanga
456:Benguela Estates Ltd
311:The CSK created the
255:Compagnie du Katanga
244:Compagnie du Katanga
119:United Kingdom
2081:Mineral Trade Notes
2048:Tanks Group Archive
1992:Särkkä, T. (2016),
1571:The Heritage Portal
1158:Clarence-Smith 1985
973:Tanks Group Archive
863:The name refers to
785:Geita open pit mine
395:and the associated
21:
1874:The New York Times
1492:Mining Market 1895
1393:Annual Review 1959
1223:CCCI Africa Museum
877:German East Africa
787:
684:
501:
493:
376:to Port Francqui (
348:) coal fields and
271:
261:Early explorations
52:Mining and railway
19:
1899:978-0-521-22803-9
1834:978-0-299-12070-2
1722:978-1-00-029961-8
1639:978-1-135-05198-3
1615:, 31 January 2015
1249:, pp. 27–28.
1136:, pp. 33–34.
999:, pp. 12–13.
869:Northern Rhodesia
807:AngloGold Ashanti
761:Kentan Gold Areas
733:Angolan Civil War
729:Beira, Mozambique
652:
651:
638:by the state and
424:Rockefeller Group
420:Oppenheimer Group
397:Banque d'Outremer
342:Pauling & Co.
179:Northern Rhodesia
168:
167:
2138:
2111:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2074:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2030:
2020:
1988:
1952:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1864:
1852:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1817:
1781:
1776:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1651:
1642:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1573:, archived from
1561:
1560:
1559:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1528:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1367:
1361:
1352:
1349:Schilderman 2017
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1062:
1056:
1043:
1037:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
976:
970:
951:
945:
936:
930:
909:
898:
892:
873:Congo Free State
861:
836:West Madi County
739:Benguela Estates
688:Benguela railway
674:Benguela railway
656:Mobutu Sese Seko
647:
646:
642:
637:
636:
632:
606:Société Générale
559:
558:
553:Société Générale
521:Société Générale
517:Katanga Province
237:
236:
232:
197:Benguela railway
183:Congo Free State
164:
163:
138:Congo Free State
126:
125:
115:
114:
86:
84:
71:
70:
29:
22:
18:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2087:
2085:
2054:
2052:
2038:
2036:
2033:Les Congolâtres
2028:
1962:African Affairs
1920:
1918:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1878:
1876:
1857:"Mining Market"
1839:
1837:
1835:
1761:
1759:
1744:
1742:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1701:
1699:
1698:, vol. 474
1682:
1680:
1665:
1663:
1640:
1618:
1616:
1600:
1598:
1580:
1578:
1557:
1555:
1541:
1539:
1526:
1515:
1510:
1502:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1454:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1418:
1414:
1406:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1370:
1362:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1311:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1272:
1268:
1260:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1173:
1164:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1096:
1092:
1084:
1080:
1072:
1065:
1057:
1046:
1038:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1007:
1003:
995:
991:
983:
979:
971:
954:
946:
939:
931:
922:
918:
913:
912:
899:
895:
865:Lake Tanganyika
862:
858:
853:
844:
815:
791:Geita Gold Mine
779:
769:, southwest of
763:
754:
741:
676:
644:
640:
639:
634:
630:
629:
628:ꜛCSK was owned
556:ownership was:
481:
474:
441:
436:
416:Nassau, Bahamas
401:Bank of England
309:
263:
234:
230:
229:
209:
175:Robert Williams
158:
134:
127:
120:
116:
109:
95:Robert Williams
82:
80:
65:
63:
41:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2144:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2092:
2075:
2059:
2043:
2021:
2004:(3): 318–341,
1989:
1953:
1925:
1909:
1898:
1883:
1865:
1853:
1844:
1833:
1818:
1782:
1766:
1749:
1732:
1721:
1706:
1687:
1670:
1652:
1643:
1638:
1623:
1605:
1585:
1562:
1546:
1536:1854/LU-436257
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1506:, p. 238.
1504:Higginson 1989
1496:
1494:, p. 337.
1484:
1482:, p. 106.
1472:
1460:
1448:
1436:
1434:, p. 561.
1424:
1422:, p. 560.
1412:
1397:
1395:, p. 305.
1385:
1383:, p. 132.
1368:
1353:
1341:
1339:, p. 363.
1329:
1317:
1302:
1290:
1278:
1266:
1251:
1239:
1227:
1215:
1213:, p. 342.
1203:
1201:, p. 115.
1191:
1189:, p. 168.
1179:
1162:
1160:, p. 131.
1150:
1138:
1126:
1114:
1102:
1090:
1078:
1063:
1044:
1025:
1013:
1001:
989:
977:
952:
937:
919:
917:
914:
911:
910:
893:
855:
854:
852:
849:
843:
840:
814:
811:
778:
775:
762:
759:
753:
750:
740:
737:
675:
672:
650:
649:
625:
624:
621:
618:
617:Cie du Katanga
614:
613:
610:
607:
603:
602:
599:
596:
592:
591:
588:
585:
581:
580:
577:
574:
573:General public
570:
569:
566:
563:
489:Élisabethville
480:
475:
473:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
451:
445:
440:
437:
435:
432:
350:Victoria Falls
308:
305:
262:
259:
208:
205:
166:
165:
155:
149:
148:
135:
132:
129:
128:
118:
104:
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
77:
73:
72:
58:
54:
53:
50:
46:
45:
42:
37:
34:
33:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2143:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2110:
2108:9781317035220
2104:
2101:, Routledge,
2100:
2099:
2093:
2083:
2082:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2034:
2027:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1901:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1884:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1836:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1780:
1775:
1774:
1767:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1740:
1739:
1733:
1724:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1707:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1679:
1678:Africa Museum
1675:
1671:
1661:
1660:Africa Museum
1657:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1641:
1635:
1632:, Routledge,
1631:
1630:
1624:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1597:on 2010-12-04
1596:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1553:
1552:
1551:Annual Review
1547:
1537:
1532:
1525:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1505:
1500:
1493:
1488:
1481:
1476:
1469:
1464:
1458:, p. 12.
1457:
1452:
1445:
1440:
1433:
1428:
1421:
1416:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1394:
1389:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1366:, p. 83.
1365:
1360:
1358:
1351:, p. 23.
1350:
1345:
1338:
1333:
1326:
1321:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1300:, p. 38.
1299:
1294:
1288:, p. 37.
1287:
1282:
1276:, p. 36.
1275:
1270:
1264:, p. 28.
1263:
1258:
1256:
1248:
1243:
1236:
1231:
1224:
1219:
1212:
1207:
1200:
1199:Abbeloos 2008
1195:
1188:
1183:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1159:
1154:
1148:, p. 35.
1147:
1142:
1135:
1130:
1124:, p. 33.
1123:
1118:
1112:, p. 24.
1111:
1106:
1100:, p. 19.
1099:
1094:
1088:, p. 17.
1087:
1082:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1061:, p. 18.
1060:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1023:, p. 97.
1022:
1017:
1011:, p. 13.
1010:
1005:
998:
993:
987:, p. 12.
986:
981:
974:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
949:
944:
942:
935:, p. 27.
934:
929:
927:
925:
920:
907:
903:
897:
890:
886:
885:Ruanda-Urundi
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
860:
856:
848:
839:
837:
832:
828:
824:
820:
810:
808:
804:
799:
797:
796:Lake Victoria
792:
783:
774:
772:
771:Lake Victoria
768:
758:
749:
747:
736:
734:
730:
726:
725:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
680:
671:
669:
665:
661:
657:
626:
622:
619:
616:
615:
611:
608:
605:
604:
600:
597:
594:
593:
589:
586:
583:
582:
578:
575:
572:
571:
567:
564:
561:
560:
557:
554:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
534:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
513:
508:
507:
497:
490:
485:
479:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
450:
447:
446:
444:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
370:
365:
364:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
334:
332:
331:Lualaba River
328:
324:
320:
316:
315:
307:Later history
304:
301:
297:
293:
288:
285:
281:
277:
267:
258:
256:
252:
251:
246:
245:
239:
226:
222:
218:
214:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
189:
184:
180:
176:
172:
162:
156:
154:
150:
147:
143:
142:Belgian Congo
139:
136:
130:
124:
113:
107:
103:
99:
96:
93:
89:
78:
74:
69:
62:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
40:
35:
28:
23:
2097:
2086:, retrieved
2080:
2070:
2066:
2053:, retrieved
2047:
2037:, retrieved
2032:
2001:
1997:
1984:– via
1965:
1961:
1948:– via
1937:
1934:Africa Today
1933:
1919:, retrieved
1913:
1903:, retrieved
1888:
1877:, retrieved
1873:
1860:
1848:
1838:, retrieved
1823:
1813:– via
1794:
1790:
1772:
1760:, retrieved
1756:
1753:"Geita Mine"
1743:, retrieved
1737:
1726:, retrieved
1711:
1700:, retrieved
1695:
1681:, retrieved
1677:
1664:, retrieved
1659:
1647:
1628:
1617:, retrieved
1612:
1599:, retrieved
1595:the original
1589:
1579:, retrieved
1575:the original
1570:
1556:, retrieved
1550:
1540:, retrieved
1522:
1499:
1487:
1475:
1463:
1451:
1439:
1432:Roberts 1986
1427:
1420:Roberts 1986
1415:
1388:
1344:
1337:Heywood 1987
1332:
1320:
1298:Radmann 1978
1293:
1286:Radmann 1978
1281:
1274:Radmann 1978
1269:
1262:Radmann 1978
1247:Radmann 1978
1242:
1230:
1218:
1206:
1194:
1182:
1153:
1141:
1129:
1117:
1105:
1093:
1081:
1016:
1004:
992:
980:
933:Radmann 1978
906:Cecil Rhodes
896:
859:
845:
816:
803:World War II
800:
788:
764:
755:
742:
722:
720:
699:
685:
659:
653:
552:
550:
531:
529:
520:
510:
504:
502:
477:
448:
442:
439:Partial list
434:Subsidiaries
427:
409:
404:
390:
367:
361:
335:
312:
310:
289:
272:
254:
248:
242:
241:In 1900 the
240:
213:Cecil Rhodes
210:
186:
170:
169:
101:Headquarters
49:Company type
1662:(in French)
1187:Hanlon 1986
1175:Cripps 1950
1146:Särkkä 2016
1134:Särkkä 2016
1122:Särkkä 2016
1110:Särkkä 2016
1098:Särkkä 2016
1086:Särkkä 2016
1059:Särkkä 2016
1009:Särkkä 2016
997:Särkkä 2016
985:Särkkä 2016
948:Wilson 2016
881:World War I
562:Shareholder
382:Kasai River
352:, reaching
276:Edward Grey
181:and in the
133:Area served
2120:Categories
2088:2021-04-05
2055:2024-01-14
2039:2021-04-05
2035:(31): 5–88
1921:2021-04-05
1905:2021-03-17
1879:2021-04-04
1840:2021-04-05
1762:2021-04-05
1745:2021-04-05
1728:2021-04-05
1702:2021-04-04
1683:2021-04-03
1666:2021-03-17
1619:2021-04-04
1601:2021-03-31
1581:2020-04-04
1558:2021-04-05
1542:2021-04-02
1480:Dietz 2020
1325:Noble 1989
1235:Kovar 1967
889:Tanganyika
838:, Uganda.
708:Luao River
668:Lubumbashi
525:Jean Jadot
319:Lubumbashi
195:, and the
193:copperbelt
44:TCL, Tanks
39:Trade name
2018:148541558
1313:Ball 2015
1040:BCK - KDL
916:Citations
831:Kilo-Moto
746:Ovimbundu
664:Gécamines
380:) on the
292:Kansanshi
950:, PT149.
879:. After
696:Benguela
386:Kinshasa
284:Bulawayo
57:Industry
1946:4185805
1811:2636387
1696:Hansard
1513:Sources
643:⁄
633:⁄
601:20.21%
590:35.73%
579:36.12%
329:on the
323:Sakania
300:Kambove
233:⁄
225:Zambezi
91:Founder
81: (
76:Founded
2105:
2016:
1982:722296
1980:
1944:
1896:
1831:
1809:
1757:Mindat
1719:
1636:
871:, the
827:Darfur
823:Uganda
712:Dilolo
698:. The
692:Lobito
623:1.00%
612:6.94%
598:14.47%
587:25.41%
576:53.99%
568:Votes
565:Shares
422:, the
412:Harare
374:Bukama
354:Kalomo
346:Hwange
338:Lobito
327:Bukama
201:Angola
153:Parent
108:
106:London
61:mining
2029:(PDF)
2014:S2CID
1986:JSTOR
1978:JSTOR
1950:JSTOR
1942:JSTOR
1815:JSTOR
1807:JSTOR
1527:(PDF)
851:Notes
767:Mgusu
716:Tenke
694:near
620:1.49%
609:4.64%
378:Ilebo
358:Kabwe
296:Mbala
2103:ISBN
1894:ISBN
1829:ISBN
1717:ISBN
1634:ISBN
875:and
821:and
704:Luau
584:CSKꜛ
391:The
83:1899
79:1899
2071:197
2006:doi
1970:doi
1799:doi
1779:168
1531:hdl
595:TCL
2122::
2069:,
2065:,
2031:,
2012:,
2002:68
2000:,
1996:,
1976:,
1966:85
1964:,
1960:,
1938:25
1936:,
1932:,
1872:,
1859:,
1805:,
1795:13
1793:,
1789:,
1755:,
1694:,
1676:,
1658:,
1611:,
1569:,
1400:^
1371:^
1356:^
1305:^
1254:^
1165:^
1066:^
1047:^
1028:^
955:^
940:^
923:^
904:.
809:.
548:.
527:.
333:.
144:/
140:,
117:,
2008::
1972::
1801::
1533::
1470:.
1446:.
1410:.
1327:.
1315:.
1237:.
1225:.
1177:.
1076:.
1042:.
975:.
891:.
662:(
645:3
641:1
635:3
631:2
235:4
231:1
85:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
