89:
Griot lutes tend to be wooden troughs, either boat- (naviform) or figure-8-shaped. Lutes used by griots have a V- or fan-shaped bridge, a feature unique to East
African lutes, while non-griot lutes use cylindrical bridges; a few use two-footed bridges in the shape of an upside-down "u", while the
97:
places the bridge under the head, creating a ridged lump upon which the strings rest. Non-griot lutes are not restricted by heredity, and are used for many social purposes, most commonly hunting. It likely that one or more of these instruments is the ancestor of the
53:. These instruments are made of a resonator and string bearer that are physically united, with strings in parallel to the sound table and a handle which is also the string bearer and which passes through the resonator but does not pierce its tail end.
273:
239:
179:
86:
gourd. Griot lutes are exclusively wood, while non-griot lutes occur in all three categories. Typically, calabash lutes have no more than two strings, while the wooden instruments generally have more.
1376:
207:
482:
von
Hornbostel, Erich M.; Curt Sachs (March 1961). "Classification of Musical Instruments: Translated from the Original German by Anthony Baines and Klaus P. Wachsmann".
155:
1350:
135:
73:, play tanged lutes, and no other form of stringed instrument; non-griot performers in West Africa play a mixture of both spike lutes and tanged lutes. The term
893:
1311:
1004:
115:
244:
1154:
720:
278:
184:
67:. These are instruments in which the handle does extends all the way through the resonator. A hereditary class of West African musicians,
697:
512:
1355:
472:
1381:
160:
754:
690:
464:
17:
706:
683:
295:
These instruments may be classified with a suffix, based on how the strings are caused to vibrate.
82:
The resonator of East
African lutes may be made of wood, metal (such as a discarded can) or a half-
407:
half-spike or tanged bowl lute, bowl carved from wood, with tuning pegs, possibly teardrop shaped
211:: Instrument in which the handle extends into but does not pass completely through the resonator (
143:
and string bearer are physically united and can not be separated without destroying the instrument
667:
Wachsmann, Klaus. "Lute 1: The
Generic Term and Lute 2: Ancient Lutes". In Stanley Sadie (ed.).
1262:
61:
Tanged lutes are common in East Africa, as are a closely related class of instrument called
1327:
593:
520:
32:
8:
1193:
813:
627:
568:
499:
1288:
1250:
468:
124:
1276:
731:
619:
610:
Charry, Eric (March 1996). "Plucked Lutes in West Africa: An
Historical Overview".
560:
551:
Charry, Eric (March 1996). "Plucked Lutes in West Africa: An
Historical Overview".
491:
391:
353:
99:
1282:
862:
849:
1321:
1268:
159:: Instruments in which the strings run in a plane parallel to the sound table (
1370:
1072:
886:
785:
1306:
1173:
1078:
919:
770:
119:: Instruments in which sound is produced by one or more vibrating strings (
91:
675:
1256:
1055:
1041:
1028:
999:
913:
834:
824:
432:
330:
212:
120:
63:
1109:
925:
394:
631:
572:
503:
1149:
1134:
839:
715:
140:
1335:
1103:
1033:
623:
564:
495:
315:
83:
946:
428:
1242:
1017:
383:
577:
Charry cites
Balfour, Wachsmann and Brown; see Further reading
1233:
796:
424:
417:
102:
69:
658:
Brown, Howard Mayer. "Chordophone". In
Stanley Sadie (ed.).
410:
half-spike or tanged box lute, constructed box or metal can
183:: Instruments in which the string bearer is a plain handle (
79:
thus typically refers to these tanged lutes of East Africa.
1120:
1097:
669:
The New Grove
Dictionary of Musical Instruments, Volume II
660:
The New Grove
Dictionary of Musical Instruments, Volume II
481:
1377:
Lists of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number
41:
under that system. These instruments are also known as
37:, covering those instruments that are classified under
1351:
List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number
1368:
243:: Instrument whose body is shaped like a bowl (
510:
277:: Instrument whose body is shaped like a box (
691:
427:, hoddu / kologu, Khalam/Xalam, komsa, koni,
705:
513:"Banjo Ancestors: The Lutes of West Africa"
56:
698:
684:
605:
603:
601:
589:
587:
585:
14:
1369:
671:. London: Macmillan. pp. 549–553.
662:. London: Macmillan. pp. 549–553.
609:
598:
550:
458:
679:
666:
582:
461:The Cambridge Companion to the Guitar
435:, ndere, 'ngonifola, ngoni, tidinit
24:
651:
541:Sachs and von Hornbostel, pg. 6-25
388:guinbri, guimbri, gimbri, ginibri
25:
1393:
1356:Musical instrument classification
657:
108:
405:multiple styles considered same
374:Hornbostel–Sachs classification
638:
544:
535:
467:. Cambridge University Press.
13:
1:
519:. ShlomoMusic. Archived from
465:Cambridge Companions to Music
459:Coelho, Victor Anand (2003).
452:
7:
139:: Instruments in which the
10:
1398:
612:The Galpin Society Journal
553:The Galpin Society Journal
484:The Galpin Society Journal
361:: Using a mechanical drive
1346:
1303:
1223:
1163:
1147:
1087:
1013:
996:
975:
955:
939:
902:
884:
860:
811:
768:
729:
713:
618:. Galpin Society: 3–37.
559:. Galpin Society: 3–37.
528:
490:. Galpin Society: 3–29.
423:bappe, diassare, gúlúm,
308:: Bare hands and fingers
57:West African griot lutes
1382:Lute family instruments
1183:412.1. Idiophonic/reed
707:Hornbostel–Sachs system
511:Shlomo Pestcoe (2005).
376:
373:
370:
367:
31:list of instruments by
1203:412.2. Non-idiophonic
438:Music of West Africa
302:: Hammers or beaters
51:internal spike lutes
1198:412.14. Band/Ribbon
759:112.2. Scraped/rasp
1332:53. Radioelectric
1189:412.12. Percussive
1186:412.11. Concussive
1180:412. Interruptive
1170:411. Displacement
523:on 18 August 2011.
125:string instruments
1364:
1363:
1299:
1298:
1238:421.1. Non-fipple
1143:
1142:
992:
991:
880:
879:
745:111.2. Percussion
742:111.1. Concussion
450:
449:
245:tanged bowl lutes
16:(Redirected from
1389:
1209:412.21. Whirling
1206:412.21. Rotating
1161:
1160:
1011:
1010:
985:242. Tube/vessel
900:
899:
750:112. Indirectly
727:
726:
700:
693:
686:
677:
676:
672:
663:
645:
642:
636:
635:
607:
596:
591:
580:
579:
548:
542:
539:
524:
507:
478:
365:
364:
344:: Using a ribbon
279:tanged box lutes
100:African American
43:semi-spike lutes
33:Hornbostel–Sachs
21:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1342:
1309:
1305:
1295:
1225:
1219:
1152:
1139:
1089:
1083:
1025:311. Bar/stick
1015:
1002:
998:
988:
971:
951:
935:
891:
888:
876:
856:
850:Glass harmonica
807:
764:
718:
709:
704:
654:
652:Further reading
649:
648:
643:
639:
608:
599:
592:
583:
549:
545:
540:
536:
531:
475:
455:
445:
422:
387:
338:: Using a wheel
111:
59:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1395:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1362:
1361:
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1199:
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1190:
1187:
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943:
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937:
936:
934:
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929:
928:
922:
916:
909:211. Directly
906:
904:
897:
882:
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878:
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875:
874:
871:
867:
865:
858:
857:
855:
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842:
837:
829:
828:
827:
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816:
809:
808:
806:
805:
804:
803:
802:122.2. Cut out
800:
790:
789:
788:
782:
775:
773:
766:
765:
763:
762:
761:
760:
757:
753:112.1. Shaken/
748:
747:
746:
743:
739:111. Directly
736:
734:
724:
711:
710:
703:
702:
695:
688:
680:
674:
673:
664:
653:
650:
647:
646:
644:Coelho, pg. 45
637:
624:10.2307/842390
597:
581:
565:10.2307/842390
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533:
532:
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527:
526:
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508:
496:10.2307/842168
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129:
128:
110:
109:Classification
107:
58:
55:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1328:Amplification
1325:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1308:
1302:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1279:
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1204:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1001:
995:
984:
981:
980:
978:
974:
967:
964:
961:
960:
958:
954:
948:
945:
944:
942:
938:
931:
927:
923:
921:
917:
915:
911:
910:
908:
907:
905:
901:
898:
895:
890:
883:
872:
869:
868:
866:
864:
859:
851:
848:
847:
845:
841:
838:
836:
833:
832:
830:
826:
823:
822:
820:
819:
817:
815:
810:
801:
798:
795:122.1. Lace (
794:
793:
791:
787:
783:
780:
779:
777:
776:
774:
772:
767:
758:
756:
752:
751:
749:
744:
741:
740:
738:
737:
735:
733:
728:
725:
722:
717:
712:
708:
701:
696:
694:
689:
687:
682:
681:
678:
670:
665:
661:
656:
655:
641:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
606:
604:
602:
595:
590:
588:
586:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
547:
538:
534:
522:
518:
514:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
480:
476:
474:0-521-00040-8
470:
466:
462:
457:
456:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
430:
426:
421:
419:
415:
414:
411:
408:
404:
402:
398:
396:
393:
390:
386:
385:
381:
380:
366:
360:
357:
355:
351:
348:
343:
340:
337:
334:
332:
328:
325:
324:
322:
319:
317:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
298:
297:
296:
280:
276:
275:
271:
270:
269:
268:
267:
266:
265:
264:
263:
262:
261:
260:
246:
242:
241:
237:
236:
235:
234:
233:
232:
231:
230:
229:
228:
227:
226:
214:
210:
209:
205:
204:
203:
202:
201:
200:
199:
198:
197:
196:
186:
182:
181:
177:
176:
175:
174:
173:
172:
171:
170:
162:
158:
157:
153:
152:
151:
150:
149:
148:
142:
138:
137:
133:
132:
131:
130:
126:
122:
118:
117:
113:
112:
106:
104:
101:
96:
93:
87:
85:
80:
78:
77:
72:
71:
66:
65:
54:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
34:
27:
19:
1307:Electrophone
1216:413. Plosive
1128:322.2. Frame
1114:321.3.Handle
1034:Stick zither
956:23. Friction
846:133. Vessel
831:132. Plaque
781:121.1. Clack
668:
659:
640:
615:
611:
576:
556:
552:
546:
537:
521:the original
516:
487:
483:
460:
444:
416:
409:
406:
400:
382:
377:Description
358:
349:
341:
335:
326:
320:
311:
305:
299:
294:
272:
238:
213:tanged lutes
206:
185:handle lutes
178:
154:
134:
121:chordophones
114:
94:
88:
81:
75:
74:
68:
62:
60:
50:
47:tanged lutes
46:
42:
38:
30:
28:
26:
18:Tanged lutes
1263:Single reed
1257:Double reed
1125:322.1. Open
1063:Heterochord
1029:Musical bow
1000:Chordophone
976:24. Singing
940:22. Plucked
932:212. Shaken
873:142. Plaque
835:Musical saw
825:Nail violin
821:131. Stick
778:121. Frame
517:Griot Lutes
431:, konting,
368:Instrument
64:spike lutes
1371:Categories
1068:314. Board
1014:31. Simple
962:231. Stick
903:21. Struck
870:141. Stick
792:122. Comb
453:References
371:Tradition
329:: Using a
76:griot lute
29:This is a
1289:Chromatic
1194:Free reed
1150:Aerophone
1135:Harp lute
1090:Composite
1060:Idiochord
982:241. Free
968:233. Hand
965:232. Cord
840:Daxophone
786:Guimbarde
716:Idiophone
420:or khalam
323:: Bowing
141:resonator
1336:Theremin
1269:Reedpipe
1226:Non-free
1192:412.13.
1164:41. Free
887:Membran-
814:Friction
401:321.332
399:321.331
392:Moroccan
354:Keyboard
316:Plectrum
84:calabash
1283:Natural
1267:422.3.
1261:422.2.
1255:422.1.
1241:421.2.
1108:321.2.
1102:321.1.
947:Nyatiti
924:211.3.
920:Tubular
918:211.2.
912:211.1.
784:121.2.
771:Plucked
594:Pestcoe
441:321.33
429:kontigi
274:321.332
240:321.331
1322:Action
1287:423.2
1281:423.1
1243:Fipple
1073:Trough
1018:zither
889:ophone
755:rattle
732:Struck
632:842390
630:
573:842390
571:
504:842168
502:
471:
384:gimbri
208:321.33
70:griots
39:321.33
35:number
1277:Brass
1275:423.
1249:422.
1234:Flute
1232:421.
1133:323.
1119:322.
1096:321.
1079:Frame
1077:316.
1071:315.
1054:313.
1046:Whole
1040:312.
926:Frame
863:Blown
797:Mbira
628:JSTOR
569:JSTOR
529:Notes
500:JSTOR
425:gurmi
418:Xalam
180:321.3
161:lutes
103:banjo
92:Hausa
1326:52.
1320:51.
1312:list
1251:Reed
1174:Whip
1155:list
1121:Harp
1110:Yoke
1098:Lute
1056:Raft
1049:Half
1042:Tube
1005:list
914:Bowl
894:list
861:14.
812:13.
769:12.
730:11.
721:list
469:ISBN
433:molo
395:Arab
95:wase
49:and
1224:42.
1148:4.
1104:Bow
1088:32.
885:2.
714:1.
620:doi
561:doi
492:doi
331:bow
156:321
1373::
1304:5.
1016:/
997:3.
626:.
616:49
614:.
600:^
584:^
575:.
567:.
557:49
555:.
515:.
498:.
488:14
486:.
463:.
352::
342:73
336:72
327:71
314::
136:32
127:).
123:,
105:.
45:,
1314:)
1310:(
1157:)
1153:(
1007:)
1003:(
896:)
892:(
799:)
723:)
719:(
699:e
692:t
685:v
634:.
622::
563::
506:.
494::
477:.
359:9
350:8
321:7
312:6
306:5
300:4
281:)
247:)
215:)
187:)
163:)
116:3
20:)
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