2722:
1381:
1393:
1405:
1369:
1357:
1417:
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equality. She finds that this approach more closely follows a Women in
Development model than a Gender and Development one. Debussher criticized the EU's development policy in Latin America for focusing too much attention on gender inequality as a problem to be solved for women. She found that the language used represented more of a Woman in Development approach than a Gender and Development Approach. She notes that men's role in domestic violence is insufficiently brought forward, with program and policy instead targeting removing women from victimhood. Rather than discussing the role of men and women relative to each other, women are discussed as needing to "catch up with an implicit male norm". Debussher also criticized EU's development aid to
33:
1806:
836:
1739:
equality is often put forward as a policy goal for the organization but program staff have differing commitment and training with regards to this goal. When gender equality is a secondary aspect, development aid which has funds required to impact gender equality can be used to meet quotas of women receiving aid, without effecting the changes in gender roles that Gender
Mainstreaming was meant to promote. Programs can also fail to provide lasting effects, with local organizations removing gender equality aspects of programs after international aid dollars are no longer funding them.
1262:
1302:
1086:
1276:
467:
1845:
standard taxation was the import and export taxes. Goods going out of the colonies were taxed and those coming in were also taxed. These generated significant revenues. Apart from these taxes, the colonizers introduced two other forms of taxes: hut tax and labor tax. The hut tax is akin to a property tax today. Every grown up adult male had their own hut. Each of these had to pay a tax. Labor tax was the work that the people had to do without any remunerations or with meager stipends. As the
1220:
996:
1234:
1068:
960:
1711:. The Gender Empowerment Measure is calculated based on three measures, proportion of women in national parliaments, percentage of women in economic decision making positions and female share of income. The Gender Development Index uses the Human Development Index and corrects its results in life expectancy, income, and education for gender imbalances. Due to criticisms of these two indexes the United Nations Development Program in its 2010 Human Development Report introduced the
1637:
the EU has continued the policy of including gender equality within development aid and programs. Within the EU gender equality is increasingly introduced in programmatic ways. The bulk of the EU's aid for gender equality seeks to increase women's access to education, employment and reproductive health services. However, some areas of gender inequality are targeted according to region, such as land reform and counteracting the effects of gangs on women in Latin
America.
746:
2060:. But for most of the decade there was no major multilateral body to provide concessional loans. An initiative to create such a body under the UN met with resistance from the U.S. on the grounds that it was premature. Accordingly, when the UN's "Special Fund" was created at the end of 1958, its remit was only for technical assistance not loans. (The Special Fund was differentiated from EPTA by assisting public infrastructure rather than industrial projects.)
6454:
5712:
1777:. Similarly, Jones and Swiss argue that more women need to be in leadership positions of aid organizations and that these organizations need to be "demasculinized" in order to better gender mainstream. T.K.S. Ravindran and A. Kelkar-Khambete criticized the Millennium Development Goals for insufficiently integrating gender into all development goals, instead creating its own development goal, as limiting the level of aid provided to promote gender equality.
1180:
1938:
782:
872:
818:
2132:
2169:
1288:
1314:
4923:
1194:
800:
1966:
1166:
1104:
908:
890:
1206:
978:
5723:
854:
1152:
1050:
1592:. These elaborated a set of good practices concerning aid administration co-ordination and relations between donors and recipient countries. The Paris Declaration and other results of these forums embodied a broad consensus on what needed to be done to produce better development results. From 2011 this movement was subsumed in one concerned more broadly with effective development co-operation, largely embodied by the
1248:
1014:
1122:
1326:
1032:
764:
6466:
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Mainstreaming programs within organizations. By breaking down gender equality programs into two categories, gender mainstreamed programs and gender-focused programs which do not mainstream gender, Jones and Swiss found that female leaders of governmental aid organizations provided more financial support to gender mainstreamed programs and slightly more support to gender aware programs overall.
2064:
economic aid away from immediate Cold War security needs, towards supporting the process of dismantling the empires of the UK, France and other
European colonial powers. The amendment also made clear that Congress expected those industrialized nations which had been helped by U.S. aid to rebuild after the war would now share more of the burden of helping less-developed countries.
1514:
time. Also, in some cases the local population is not very interested in seeing the project to succeed and may revert to disassembling it to retain valuable source materials. Finally, villagers do not always maintain a project as they believe the original development workers or others in the surroundings will repair it when it fails (which is not always so).
173:. In this context it encompasses activities that may not be directly related to aid, such as domestic and global policy changes, co-ordination with profit-making and civil society entities, and exchanges between less-developed countries. Despite suggesting a wider range of co-ordinated action, the term is often used synonymously with
1644:
USAID saw increased solicitations from aid programs which integrated gender equality from 1995 to 2010. As part of their increased aid provision, USAID developed PROMOTE to target gender inequality in
Afghanistan with $ 216 million in aid coming directly from USAID and $ 200 million coming from other donors.
1438:
significant effect on the economic growth of middle income
African countries such as Botswana and Morocco. Aid is most beneficial to low income countries because such countries use aid received for to provide education and healthcare for citizens, which eventually improves economic growth in the long run.
1750:
argue that women leaders of governmental aid organizations and NGOs are more effective at Gender
Mainstreaming than their male counterparts. They found in a literature review that NGOs headed by women were more likely to have Gender Mainstreaming programs and that women were often the heads of Gender
1470:
poorer countries are trapped in. From this perspective, aid serves to finance "the core inputs to development – teachers, health centers, roads, wells, medicine, to name a few". (United
Nations 2004). And a view that is skeptic about the impacts of aid, supported by William Easterly, that points out
2063:
In 1959, a significant annual amendment to the Mutual
Security Act declared that it was "a primary objective of the United States" to assist "the peoples of other lands who are striving to establish and develop politically independent and economically viable units". This shifted the emphasis of U.S.
1905:
Amidst increasing criticism of
Britain's colonial policies from abroad and at home, the commission was a performance to showcase Britain's "benevolent" attitude towards its colonial subjects. The commission's recommendations urged health and education initiatives along with increased sugar subsidies
1647:
Many NGOs have also incorporated gender equality into their programs. Within the Netherlands, NGOs including Oxfam Netherlands Organization for Development Assistance, the Humanist Institute for Cooperation with Developing Countries, Interchurch Organization for Development Cooperation, and Catholic
1643:
first established a women in development office in 1974 and in 1996 promulgated its Gender Plan of Action to further integrate gender equality into aid programs. In 2012 USAID released a Gender Equality and Female Empowerment Policy to guide its aid programs in making gender equality a central goal.
1613:
approach was created in response, to discuss international development in terms of societal gender roles and to challenge these gender roles within development policy. Women in Development predominated as the approach to gender in development aid through the 1980s. Starting in the early 1990s Gender
282:
Analyses of development aid often focus on ODA, as ODA is measured systematically and appears to cover most of what people regard as development aid. However, there are some significant categories of development aid that fall outside ODA, notably: private aid, remittances, aid to less-poor countries
2119:
Multinational corporations, philanthropists, international NGOs and civil society have matured into major players as well. Even though the rise of new development partners had the positive effect of bringing an increased variety of financing, know-how and skills to the development community, at the
2067:
Following on, the U.S. encouraged the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) to set up a Development Assistance Group (DAG) composed of the main donor states, in order to help coordinate their aid. This was done in January 1960. The following year the DAG adopted a "Resolution of the
1686:
provides detailed analysis of the extent of aid for gender equality. OECD member countries tag their aid programs with gender markers when a program is designed to advanced gender equality. In 2019-20 OECD DAC members committed almost $ 56.5 billion to aid for gender equality, with $ 6.3 billion of
1585:
Questions of aid effectiveness have been highly contested by academics, commentators and practitioners: there is a large literature on the subject. Econometric studies in the late 20th century often found the average effectiveness of aid to be minimal or even negative. Such studies have appeared on
1513:
According to Martijn Nitzsche, another problem is the way on how development projects are sometimes constructed and how they are maintained by the local population. Often, projects are made with technology that is hard to understand and too difficult to repair, resulting in unavoidable failure over
372:
Some states provide development aid without reporting to the OECD using standard definitions, categories and systems. Notable examples are China and India. For 2018, the OECD estimated that, while total ODA was about $ 150 billion, an additional six to seven billion dollars of ODA-like development
2047:
Truman also appealed to the motives of compassion and pride in civilization. "For the first time in history, humanity possesses the knowledge and skill to relieve the suffering of these people." The United Nations followed up the US initiative later that year by setting up an Extended Programme of
1768:
as too narrow in its scope and too reliant on integrating women and gender into existing aid paradigms. Debusscher notes that women's organizations in the region are often concerned with different social constructions of gender, as opposed to the economic growth structure favored by the EU. For EU
1636:
The EU integrated women in development thinking into its aid policy starting with the Lomé Convention in 1984. In 1992 the EU's Latin American and Asian development policy first clearly said that development programs should not have detrimental effects on the position and role of women. Since then
693:
The OECD classifies ODA development aid by sector, the main sectors being: education, health (including population policies, water supply and sanitation), government & civil society, economic infrastructure (including transport and energy), and production (including agriculture). Additionally,
689:
Most development aid is counted as part of the official development assistance (ODA) reported by governments to the OECD. The total amount of ODA in 2018 was about $ 150 billion. For the same year, the OECD estimated that six to seven billion dollars of aid was given by ten other states, including
441:
sector is growing. In healthcare, OBA is often implemented by contracting providers in either the public or private sector, sometimes both, and issuing vouchers to people considered at higher risk of disease or in greater need of the health services. OBA (in the form of results-based contracts) is
381:
Recognizing that ODA does not capture all the expenditures that promote development, the OECD in 2014 started establishing a wider statistical framework called TOSSD (Total Official Support for Sustainable Development) that would count spending on "international public goods". In March 2022, TOSSD
1844:
to pay for things in the colonies. The colonies did not only have to pay for infrastructural development but they also were responsible for the salaries of British officials that worked in the colonies. The colonies generated the revenues to pay for these through different forms of taxations. The
1734:
released the "So What? Report" on the effectiveness of gender mainstreaming in NGO reproductive health programs. The report found these programs effective, but had trouble finding clear gender outcomes because most programs did not measure this data. When gender outcomes were measured, the report
1849:
widened and had significant impact on the colonies, revenues generated from taxes continued to decline, having a significant impact on the colonies. While this was going on, Britain experienced major unemployment rates. The parliament began to discuss ways in which they could deal with Britain's
1772:
Some criticism of gender equality development aid discusses a lack of voices of women's organizations in developing aid programs. Debusscher argued that feminist and women's organizations were not represented enough in EU aid. and that while feminist and women's organizations were represented in
1726:
found that, compared to the effectiveness of health, economic, and education targeted aid, foreign aid for gender equality remains understudied. Swain and Garikipati found in an analysis of Gender Equality Aid that on a country and region-wide level gender equality aid was not significant in its
363:
Loans from one state to another may be counted as ODA only if their terms are substantially more favourable than market terms. The exact rules for this have varied from time to time. Less-concessional loans therefore would not be counted as ODA but might be considered as including an element of
1763:
has criticized EU aid agencies for following an "integrationist approach" to gender mainstreaming, where gender mainstreaming is used to achieve existing policy goals, as opposed to a "transformative approach" which seeks to change policy priorities and programs fundamentally to achieve gender
1921:
for the purpose of long-term development. Some £10 million in loans was cancelled in the same Act. The Colonial Development and Welfare Act of 1945 increased the level of aid to £120m over a twenty-year period. Further Acts followed in 1948, 1959 and 1963, dramatically increasing the scope of
1738:
Even when gender equality is identified as a goal of aid, other factors will often be the primary focus of the aid. In some instances the nature of aid's gender equality component can fail to be implemented at the level of individual projects when it is a secondary aspect of a project. Gender
1437:
in 2013, 27 out of these 36 countries have experienced strong and favorable effects of aid on GDP and investments. Another study showed that aid per capita supports economic growth for low income African countries such as Tanzania, Mozambique and Ethiopia, while aid per capita does not have a
1878:
abroad for the furtherance of imperial trade. The 1929 Act, though meager in the resources it made available for development, was a significant Act because it opened the door for Britain to make future investments in the colonies. It was a major shift in colonial development. The doctrine of
273:
The purpose of trilateral development cooperation is to combine the strengths of both OECD DAC member states and the new development actors in delivering more effective aid to recipient countries. The OECD DAC member states and multilateral institutions participate in trilateral development
1582:). Concern with aid effectiveness might be at a high level of generality (whether aid on average fulfils the main functions that aid is supposed to have), or it might be more detailed (considering relative degrees of success between different types of aid in differing circumstances).
1629:. Gender Mainstreaming has been adopted by nearly all units of the UN with the UN Economic and Social Council adopting a definition which indicated an "ultimate goal ... to achieve gender equality". The UN included promoting gender equality and empowering women as one of eight
382:
was adopted as a data source for indicator 17.3.1 of the SDGs global indicator framework to measure development support. The TOSSD data for 2020 shows more than USD 355 billion disbursed to support for sustainable development, from almost 100 provider countries and institutions. The
1609:(WID) approach to international development began to inform the provision of development aid. Some academics criticized the WID approach for relying on integrating women into existing development aid paradigms instead of promulgating specific aid to encourage gender equality. The
1380:
1652:
or which partner with the Norwegian government on aid projects must "demonstrate that they take women and gender equality seriously". In response to this requirement organizations like the Norwegian Christian charity Digni have initiated projects which target gender equality.
2747:
1828:
Changes in attitudes towards the moral purpose of the Empire, and the role that government could play in the promotion of welfare slowly led to a more proactive policy of economic and developmental assistance towards poor colonies. The first challenge to Britain was the
1837:. Prior to the passage of the 1929 Colonial Development Act, the doctrine that governed Britain (and other European colonizers) with their territories was that of financial self-sufficiency. What this simply meant was that the colonies were responsible for themselves.
1850:
unemployment rates and at the same time respond to some of the urgent needs of the colonies. This process culminated in the passage of the Colonial Development Act in 1929, which established a Colonial Development Advisory Committee under the authority of the
1663:, have partnered with governmental aid organizations to provide funds for gender equality, but increasingly aid is provided through partnerships with local organizations and NGOS. Corporations also participate in providing gender equality aid through their
4169:
2097:), the volume of U.S. aid generally declined in real terms (though it increased in nominal terms, due to inflation). The other OECD-DAC members meanwhile generally increased their aid, so that the total volume of OECD aid was fairly constant up to 1973.
1392:
1553:
has challenged the narrative that the rich countries of the OECD help the poor countries develop their economies and eradicate poverty. Hickel states that the rich countries "aren't developing poor countries; poor countries are developing rich ones."
1526:, donor countries often require the recipient to purchase goods and services from the donor, even if these are cheaper elsewhere. According to a 1991 report for the OECD, tied aid can increase development aid project costs by up to 20 or 30 percent.
1356:
2796:
1537:
There is also criticism because donors may give with one hand, through large amounts of development aid, yet take away with the other, through strict trade or migration policies, or by getting a foothold for foreign corporations. The
191:(ODA) is aid given by OECD-member governments that specifically targets the economic development and welfare of countries with the lowest per capita incomes. It includes humanitarian aid as well as development aid in the strict sense.
2112:(China, India, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Brazil, Venezuela, etc.), some of which are still receiving aid from Western countries. Many of these new donors do not feel compelled to conform to traditional donors' norms. Generally demanding
257:, etc.) which then uses its funds for work in developing countries. To qualify as multilateral, the funding must lose its identity as originating from a particular source. The proportion of multilateral aid in ODA was 28% in 2019.
1769:
development aid to Europe and surrounding countries, Debsusscher argued that programs to encourage education of women were designed primarily to encourage overall economic growth, not to target familial and social inequalities.
2543:
1432:
Research has shown that development aid has a strong and favorable effect on economic growth and development through promoting investments in infrastructure and human capital. According to a study conducted among 36
342:
has reported that private remittances may have a negative impact on economic growth, as they are often used for private consumption of individuals and families, not for economic development of the region or country.
390:
is another attempt to look at broader donor country policies toward the developing world. These types of activity could be formulated and understood as a kind of development aid although commonly they are not.
2677:
McNicholl, D., Hope, R., Money, A., Lane, A., Armstrong, A., Dupuis, M., Harvey, A., Nyaga, C., Womble, S., Allen, J., Katuva., J., Barbotte, T., Lambert, L., Staub, M., Thomson, P., and Koehler, J. (2021).
2055:
U.S. aid for development in the 1950s came to include grants and concessional loans as well as technical assistance. This development aid was administered alongside military aid within the framework of the
269:
member states or multilateral institutions provide development assistance to emergent development actors, with the aim of assisting them in carrying out development projects in other developing countries.
2665:
2372:
337:
estimates for remittance flows to "developing countries" in 2016 totalled $ 422 billion, which was far greater than total ODA. The exact nature and effects of remittance money remain contested. The
1404:
3008:
3751:
2028:
Although Marshall aid was initially offered to Europe in general, the Soviet Union forbade its neighbouring states from accepting it. This has been described as "the moment of truth" in the post-
1416:
4480:
2458:
4087:
Bekeh Utietiang, Planning Development: International Experts, Agricultural Policy, and the Modernization of Nigeria, 1945-1967 (Ph.D Thesis), West Virginia University, Morgantown, 2014, p. 38.
1368:
2043:
announced an extension of aid to "underdeveloped areas" in the form of technical assistance. While the main theme of the speech was strengthening the free world against communism, in his
331:—even though these form a significant amount of international transfer—as the recipients of remittances are usually individuals and families rather than formal projects and programmes.
139:—even though these form a significant amount of international transfer—as the recipients of remittances are usually individuals and families rather than formal projects and programmes.
1794:
at the turn of the twentieth century, in particular to the British policy of colonial development that emerged during that period. The traditional government policy had tended to favor
690:
China and India. However, these amounts include aid that is humanitarian in character as well as purely developmental aid. The proportion of development aid within ODA was about 80%.
2513:
4078:
Joseph Hodge, Gerald Hodl, & Martin Kopf (edi) Developing Africa: Concepts and Practices in Twentieth-Century Colonialism, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2014, p.12.
2108:
The turn of the 21st century saw a significant proliferation and diversification in aid donors and non-governmental actors. The traditional donors in the DAC have been joined by
2535:
2576:
2609:
131:). Most development aid comes from the Western industrialised countries but some poorer countries also contribute aid. Development aid is not usually understood as including
1648:
Organization for Relief and Development Aid have included certain targets for their aid programs with regards to gender equality. NGOs which receive aid dollars through the
717:
3144:
2312:
1593:
1588:
Many prescriptions have been made about how to improve aid effectiveness. In 2003–2011 there existed a global movement in the name of aid effectiveness, around four
170:
2820:"The Long-Run Impact of Foreign Aid in 36 African Countries: Insights from Multivariate Time Series Analysis*: Long-run impact of foreign aid in African countries"
1510:
to illustrate how a bad diagnostic on the economic activity of the population and the desire to stay away from local politics, caused a livestock project to fail.
1676:
676:
4027:
Debusscher, Petra. "Gender Mainstreaming in European Union Development Policy Towards Latin America: Transforming Gender Relations or Confirming Hierarchies?".
3930:
Debusscher, Petra. "Gender Mainstreaming in European Union Development Policy Towards Latin America: Transforming Gender Relations or Confirming Hierarchies?".
3913:
Debusscher, Petra. "Gender Mainstreaming in European Union Development Policy Towards Latin America: Transforming Gender Relations or Confirming Hierarchies?".
3541:Østebo, Marit; Haukanes, Haldis; Blystad, Astrid. "Strong State Policies on Gender and Aid: Threats and Opportunities for Norwegian Faith-Based Organisations".
3426:
Debusscher, Petra. "Gender Mainstreaming in European Union Development Policy Towards Latin America: Transforming Gender Relations or Confirming Hierarchies?".
3388:
Debusscher, Petra. "Gender Mainstreaming in European Union Development Policy Towards Latin America: Transforming Gender Relations or Confirming Hierarchies?".
3212:
Debusscher, Petra. "Gender Mainstreaming in European Union Development Policy Towards Latin America: Transforming Gender Relations or Confirming Hierarchies?".
1735:
found positive programmatic effects, but the report did not look at whether these results were from increased access to services or increasing gender equality.
2364:
1683:
1459:
argued in the 1960s that aid is ineffective: "an excellent method for transferring money from poor people in rich countries to rich people in poor countries."
274:
cooperation with the aimed goal of increasing aid effectiveness and efficiency, phasing out bilateral aid, transferring good practices, and capacity building.
3023:
2048:
Technical Assistance (EPTA) to help pool international donor funds for technical assistance and distribute them through UN agencies. EPTA was a precursor of
1659:
provide the majority of their gender related aid to health programs and have relatively neglected other areas of gender inequality. Foundations, such as the
3048:
1899:
315:, NGOs or other contractors. NGOs thus commonly handle both official and private aid. Of aid reported to the OECD, about 80% is official and 20% private.
3846:
Van Eerdewijk, Anouka. "The Micropolitics of Evaporation: Gender Mainstreaming Instruments in Practice". Journal of International Development. 26: 353.
2087:
1883:
1640:
3271:
2447:
2269:
2116:
in return for assistance, which means tying aid to the procurement of goods and services, they are challenging traditional development aid standards.
1522:
A common criticism in recent years is that rich countries have put so many conditions on aid that it has reduced aid effectiveness. In the example of
146:
of the recipient's currency, increasing corruption, and adverse political effects such as postponements of necessary economic and democratic reforms.
4658:
4785:
2601:
2093:
In 1960 the USA was providing half of all aid counted by the OECD. This proportion increased to 56% by 1965, but from 1965 to 1973 (the year of the
3737:
3690:
3643:
3596:
2032:
division of Europe. The Soviet Union provided aid to countries in the communist bloc; for instance, on Poland's abstention from the Marshall Plan,
2083:(IDA) was created as part of the World Bank (over which the U.S. and other Western countries exerted more influence than they did over the UN).
201:(emergency relief) and other voluntary transfers not specifically aimed at development. Other expressions that relate to aid in general include
5808:
2434:
Ashoff, Guido (2010). Triangular Cooperation: Opportunities, risks, and conditions for effectiveness. Tech. rep. January 2010, pp. 22–24. url:
4822:
Kragelund, P. "The Potential Role of Non-Traditional Donors' Aid in Africa", International Center for Trade and Sustainable Development, 2010.
4044:
Jones, Robert; Swiss, Liam (September 2014). "Gendered Leadership: The Effects of Female Development Agency Leaders on Foreign Aid Spending".
3967:
Debusscher, Petra; Hulse, Merran. "Including Women's Voices? Gender Mainstreaming in EU and SADC Development Strategies for Southern Africa".
3950:
Debusscher, Petra; Hulse, Merran. "Including Women's Voices? Gender Mainstreaming in EU and SADC Development Strategies for Southern Africa".
3891:
Jones, Robert; Swiss, Liam (September 2014). "Gendered Leadership: The Effects of Female Development Agency Leaders on Foreign Aid Spending".
3874:
Jones, Robert; Swiss, Liam (September 2014). "Gendered Leadership: The Effects of Female Development Agency Leaders on Foreign Aid Spending".
3231:
Jones, Robert; Swiss, Liam (September 2014). "Gendered Leadership: The Effects of Female Development Agency Leaders on Foreign Aid Spending".
2435:
4387:
2068:
common aid effort", vowing to increase the volume of aid, and to share the task equitably. Shortly after this, the OEEC was succeeded by the
2421:
OECD (2016), page 9. Dispelling the myths of triangular co-operation - Evidence from the 2015 OECD survey on triangular co-operation. url:
1699:
are used in calculating gender equality and testing programs for the purposes of development aid. In the 1995 Human Development Report the
2679:
1386:
Total water and sanitation-related Official Development Assistance (ODA) disbursements that are included in the government budget in 2015
669:
635:
4869:
2339:
1679:
found that between 2000 and 2010 $ 1.15 billion in private aid grants over $ 1 million from the United States targeted gender equality.
1586:
the whole to yield more affirmative results in the early 21st century, but the picture is complex and far from clear in many respects.
1145:. The top 10 DAC countries in 2020 were as follows. Six countries met the longstanding UN target for an ODA/GNI ratio of 0.7% in 2020:
63:
by aiming at a sustained improvement in the conditions in a developing country, rather than short-term relief. The overarching term is
2505:
1542:
measures the overall policies of donors and evaluates the quality of their development aid, instead of just comparing the quantity of
373:
aid was given by ten other states. (These amounts include aid that is humanitarian in character as well as purely developmental aid.)
352:
2568:
2072:, expanding its scope from Europe to the world, and embracing a particular concern with less-developed countries. The DAG became the
544:
2700:
2232:
108:, etc.) which then distributes it among the developing countries. The proportion is currently about 70% bilateral 30% multilateral.
4418:
5945:
1448:
Other studies have supported the view that development aid has no clear average effect on the speed with which countries develop.
265:
Trilateral development cooperation (also called triangular development cooperation) is a type of development cooperation, wherein
4896:
2301:
4916:
2666:
Reducing uncertainty in corporate water impact: The role of Results-Based Contracting for drinking water supply. Briefing Note.
1589:
930:
694:
there are "cross-cutting" aims; for instance, environmental protection, gender equality, urban and rural development concerns.
662:
143:
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Debusscher, Petra (1 October 2012). "Mainstreaming Gender in European Union Development Policy in the European Neighborhood".
2408:
United Nations Economic and Social Council (2008), page 8. Trends in South-South and Triangular Development Cooperation. url:
2287:
Rahnama, M. & Fawaz, F. & Gittings, K. (2017). The effects of foreign aid on economic growth in developing countries.
4730:
4454:
4331:
3856:
Smith, Robert; Swiss, Liam. "Gendered Leadership: The Effects of Female Development Agency Leaders on Foreign Aid Spending".
2080:
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exceed cost recovery exclusively from private markets. OBA is a form of results-based financing, with similar principles as
5259:
2049:
1700:
1649:
312:
17:
5760:
5264:
2022:
1917:
The Colonial Development and Welfare Act was passed in 1940 to organize and allocate a sum of £5 million per year to the
1851:
1813:
1747:
1362:
Total official development assistance (ODA) and other official flows from all donors in support of infrastructure in 2017
307:) on the other. Official aid may be government-to-government, or it may be channeled through intermediary bodies such as
3485:
2173:
1398:
Total official development assistance (ODA) transferred for use in biodiversity conservation and protection efforts 2017
6497:
5605:
5505:
4841:
IATI search engine (Beta). Find any development aid activity around the world. Using the IATI registry as access point.
4735:
3096:
1675:
to provide aid programs targeted towards adolescent girls. Using publicly available data Una Osili an economist at the
1660:
4321:
Although ODA was only officially instituted in 1969, the OECD provides data for ODA equivalent aid going back to 1960.
3468:
3292:
73:). The amount of foreign aid is measured though official development assistance (ODA). This is a category used by the
5358:
5249:
5110:
4365:
4244:
4217:
4129:
3713:
3666:
3619:
3572:
1798:
style economics, with the free market for capital and goods dictating the economic role that colonies played in the
6507:
6502:
6410:
5841:
2155:
2073:
1891:
1855:
1809:
1342:
841:
266:
74:
4147:"The Twilight of Colonial Rule in the British West Indies: Nationalist Assertion vs. Imperial Hubris in the 1930s"
2025:(ECA), the Marshall Plan also expanded its reconstruction finance to strategic parts of the Middle East and Asia.
1727:
effect. Swain and Garikipati blame this on the relative lack of aid with gender equality as a primary motivation.
6439:
5351:
4700:
4647:
4096:
3059:
1664:
1622:
1543:
1539:
1495:
938:
724:
383:
228:
188:
116:
3511:
Van Eerdewijk, Anouka (2014). "The Micropolitics of Evaporation: Gender Mainstreaming Instruments in Practice".
4809:
Park, K., "New Development Partners and a Global Development Partnership". In Kharas, H., Makino, K., Jung, W.
3272:"Does Foreign Aid Improve Gender Performance of Recipient Countries? Results from Structural Equation Analysis"
2105:
The quantity of ODA dropped sharply in the seven or eight years after the fall of the Berlin wall (1999-2007).
1945:
in Europe, the first large scale development program. It was designed to boost European economies shattered by
1879:
financial self-sufficiency was abandoned and Britain could now use metropolitan funds to develop the colonies.
1529:
Other conditions include opening up the country to foreign investment, even if it might not be ready to do so.
705:
3322:
Charlesworth, Hillary. "Not Waving But Drowning Gender Mainstreaming and Human Rights in the United nations".
3190:
Charlesworth, Hillary. "Not Waving But Drowning Gender Mainstreaming and Human Rights in the United nations".
5286:
3830:
Charlesworth, Hilary. "Not Waving But Drowning Gender Mainstreaming and Human Rights in the United Nations".
3788:
Ravindran, TKS; Kelkar-Khambete, A. (2008). "Gender Mainstreaming in Health: Looking Back, Looking Forward".
2797:"Development co-operation during the COVID-19 pandemic: An analysis of 2020 figures and 2021 trends to watch"
1719:
432:
387:
304:
124:
2079:
1960 also saw the creation of a multilateral institution to provide soft loans for development finance. The
4987:
4840:
2436:
https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/8917388a-5ef3-5a1c-9412-6aacae567900/content
2266:
2086:
In 1961 several Western states established government departments or agencies to administer aid, including
1630:
3341:"Including Women's Voices? Gender Mainstreaming in EU and SADC Development Strategies for Southern Africa"
5998:
5405:
4977:
4952:
4889:
4853:
4774:
4377:
597:
339:
4278:
3768:
2009:. Launched as a large-scale aid program by the United States in 1948, the European Recovery Program, or
1715:. The Gender Inequality Index uses more metrics and attempts to show the losses from gender inequality.
32:
6469:
6427:
5430:
5279:
1708:
630:
241:: given by the donor country to pooled funds administered by an international organisation such as the
51:
given by governments and other agencies to support the economic, environmental, social, and political
5125:
5088:
4061:
Ravindran, TKS; Kelkar-Khambete, A. "Gender Mainstreaming in Health: Looking Back, Looking Forward".
2150:
1731:
1499:
1466:
and the United Nations, which argues that foreign aid will give the big push to break the low-income
612:
438:
52:
2409:
1978:
36:
In some countries there is more development aid than government spending. (Image from World in Data)
6417:
6062:
5803:
5346:
5024:
4967:
4926:
1805:
1773:
implementing policy programs they were not sufficiently involved in their development in EU aid to
1704:
621:
553:
534:
491:
486:
6170:
5881:
5865:
5820:
5753:
5650:
5202:
5046:
4994:
1723:
1712:
1498:, these issues might be caused by deficient diagnostics of the development agencies. In his book
5934:
5854:
701:, although the international community does not usually regard military aid as development aid.
6265:
5715:
5590:
5232:
5222:
5105:
5041:
4972:
4957:
4882:
1610:
524:
300:
120:
2819:
2493:
5902:
5530:
5368:
5100:
5029:
4455:"United Nations. Extended Programme of Technical Assistance - UNESCO Archives AtoM catalogue"
4117:
2145:
1141:
539:
458:
308:
3309:
2985:
411:(OBA) (or results-based aid) refers to development aid strategies that link the delivery of
6351:
6235:
6225:
6120:
6034:
5655:
5560:
5373:
5341:
5331:
5316:
5217:
5212:
5155:
2875:"Foreign aid on economic growth in Africa: A comparison of low and middle-income countries"
2197:
1615:
1606:
1503:
645:
529:
416:
56:
5939:
4170:"Walter Citrine and the British Caribbean Worker's Movement during the Commission Hearing"
3121:
2482:
1445:
studies suggest that development aid effectively reduces poverty in developing countries.
8:
6326:
6286:
6230:
6200:
6175:
6165:
6140:
6110:
5991:
5815:
5192:
5182:
5177:
5160:
5051:
5034:
4947:
2779:
2057:
1918:
1895:
1319:
562:
5956:
5951:
5435:
355:
which includes most countries classified by the World Bank as of low and middle income.
6457:
6384:
6346:
6341:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6296:
6260:
6155:
6130:
6125:
6069:
5986:
5966:
5746:
5500:
5326:
5274:
5237:
4982:
4626:
4618:
4571:
4563:
4516:
4508:
4265:
4010:
3813:
3731:
3684:
3637:
3590:
3443:
3405:
3370:
2989:
2937:
2852:
2692:
2224:
2109:
2044:
1858:. Its initial annual budget of £1 million was spent on schemes designed to develop the
1656:
1452:
1434:
650:
640:
506:
5961:
4410:
4146:
6389:
6357:
6291:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6195:
6185:
6180:
6145:
6135:
6089:
6074:
5897:
5688:
5555:
5440:
5321:
5227:
5093:
4999:
4630:
4610:
4575:
4555:
4520:
4500:
4361:
4240:
4213:
4125:
4014:
4002:
3805:
3719:
3709:
3672:
3662:
3625:
3615:
3578:
3568:
3447:
3409:
3374:
3293:"Not Waving But Drowning Gender Mainstreaming and Human Rights in the United Nations"
2941:
2896:
2766:
1743:
1696:
1571:
1564:
1480:
1462:
In economics, there are two competing positions on aid. A view pro aid, supported by
501:
481:
4122:
Handbook of the economics of giving, altruism and reciprocity: foundations, volume 1
2993:
2856:
1816:
presided over a Development Committee for the colonies. He is pictured entertaining
6422:
6306:
6240:
6160:
6150:
6105:
6084:
6057:
6049:
5595:
5575:
5490:
5415:
5244:
5115:
5014:
4602:
4547:
4492:
3994:
3817:
3797:
3520:
3435:
3397:
3360:
3352:
3240:
2981:
2927:
2886:
2842:
2834:
2168:
1887:
1867:
1846:
1760:
1687:
that committed to programs where gender equality is a principal programmatic goal.
1579:
607:
582:
577:
408:
401:
198:
60:
4335:
2932:
2915:
1974:
6336:
6210:
6014:
5860:
5727:
5678:
5610:
5585:
5550:
5465:
5336:
5254:
5081:
5009:
4962:
4857:
4382:
4234:
4207:
3998:
3356:
2273:
2094:
1907:
1830:
1774:
1765:
1456:
515:
496:
412:
238:
2340:
Development cooperation for the future:The increasing role of emerging providers
6331:
6301:
6190:
6039:
5580:
5445:
5420:
5291:
5137:
5076:
4931:
2652:
2483:
Are Immigrant Remittance Flows a Source of Capital for Development? - WP/03/189
2137:
2113:
1859:
1799:
1791:
1626:
1471:
that aid has not proven to work after 40 years of large investments in Africa.
1338:
1225:
1001:
4606:
4551:
3801:
3340:
2847:
466:
6486:
6215:
6205:
5914:
5909:
5693:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5615:
5525:
5495:
5455:
5363:
5130:
5004:
4905:
4614:
4559:
4504:
4006:
3723:
3676:
3629:
3582:
3489:
3439:
3401:
2900:
2891:
2874:
2033:
2010:
1942:
1923:
1795:
1463:
1345:
gave 0.42% of GNI (excluding the US$ 19.4 billion given by EU Institutions).
965:
587:
428:
222:
3706:
Non-traditional aid and gender equity evidence from million dollar donations
3659:
Non-traditional aid and gender equity evidence from million dollar donations
3612:
Non-traditional aid and gender equity evidence from million dollar donations
3565:
Non-traditional aid and gender equity evidence from million dollar donations
3009:"The anti-politics machine: 'development' and bureaucratic power in Lesotho"
2748:(current US$ ) "QWIDS Query Wizard for International Development Statistics"
423:. OBA subsidies are offered in transport construction, education, water and
6492:
5673:
5600:
5570:
5515:
5425:
5197:
3809:
3365:
3085:
2040:
2029:
2002:
1946:
1911:
1871:
1550:
1467:
1442:
602:
572:
234:
5738:
4725:
4439:
2955:
1489:
708:(to end poverty in all its forms everywhere) for the developing nations.
92:: given by the donor country to an international organisation such as the
6434:
6281:
6115:
5683:
5565:
5520:
5510:
5460:
5450:
5400:
5207:
4536:"The American Foreign Aid Program: Costs, Accomplishments, Alternatives?"
4113:
3162:
2014:
2001:
The beginning of modern development aid is rooted in the context of Post-
1834:
1672:
1267:
1239:
1073:
751:
2396:
Bilateral versus multilateral aid channels: Strategic choices for donors
1886:, it was clear that this initial scheme was far too limited in scope. A
1410:
Total official development assistance for biodiversity, by donor in 2017
6363:
5836:
5625:
5620:
5485:
5410:
5269:
5187:
5167:
4687:
4622:
4590:
4567:
4535:
4512:
4324:
3244:
2838:
1937:
1668:
1185:
424:
334:
324:
242:
132:
93:
5925:
2680:
Delivering Global Rural Water Services through Results-Based Contracts
2422:
1973:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
1532:
29:
Financial aid given to support the development of developing countries
6379:
6044:
5769:
5296:
5120:
5019:
4870:
Work on Development Aid by the Institute of Development Studies (IDS)
3524:
1950:
1863:
1841:
592:
4860:
Provides detailed developing aid finance data from around the world.
4496:
1422:
Total official flows commitments for Aid for Trade, by donor in 2015
6079:
5773:
2649:"Results-Based Financing in the Energy Sector: An Analytical Guide"
2198:"Development Aid and Economic Growth: A Positive Long-Run Relation"
2006:
1875:
1523:
1484:
877:
823:
787:
328:
142:
Negative side effects of development aid can include an unbalanced
136:
119:(ODA). The remaining 20% or so comes from individuals, businesses,
4835:
2494:
Are Immigrant Remittance Flows a Source of Capital for Development
2131:
1989:
Chart: Annual levels of ODA from USA and all other OECD-DAC donors
1605:
Starting at the beginning of the UN Decade for Women in 1975, the
2648:
2569:"Development aid drops in 2018, especially to neediest countries"
2410:
http://www.un.org/en/ecosoc/docs/pdfs/south-south_cooperation.pdf
1817:
1785:
1507:
1293:
1281:
1211:
1199:
983:
805:
567:
420:
299:(originating from individuals, businesses and the investments of
4874:
2267:
Aid Effectiveness and Governance: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly
303:, and often channeled through religious organisations and other
187:
often used in international forums such as the UN and the OECD.
6220:
5846:
5722:
4239:. St. Augustine: University of West Indies Press. p. 267.
2972:
Qian, Nancy (3 August 2015). "Making Progress on Foreign Aid".
2818:
Juselius, Katarina; Møller, Niels Framroze; Tarp, Finn (2013).
2291:
51(3), 153-171. Tennessee State University College of Business.
1307:
1253:
1171:
1157:
1109:
1091:
1055:
1019:
254:
250:
105:
101:
4850:
2425:
relations/OECD_Triangular_co-operation_survey_report_2016.pdf.
1902:
in 1940 which exposed the horrendous living conditions there.
1625:
promulgated gender mainstreaming on all policy levels for the
697:
Some governments include military assistance in the notion of
4775:"The End of ODA: Death and Rebirth of a Global Public Policy"
2723:"QWIDS Query Wizard for International Development Statistics"
2644:
1331:
1138:
The OECD also lists countries by the amount of ODA they give
1127:
1037:
913:
895:
769:
718:
List of countries by Official Development Assistance received
128:
4101:
The Making of British Colonial Development Policy, 1914-1940
2632:"Total Official Support for Sustainable Development (TOSSD)"
2448:"Migration and Remittances: Recent Developments and Outlook"
291:
A distinction is often made between development aid that is
4695:
3145:"Aid in Reverse: How Poor Countries Develop Rich Countries"
2536:"Official development assistance – definition and coverage"
2069:
2036:
promised a $ 450 million credit and 200,000 tons of grain.
2018:
1926:
1840:
Britain was not going to use the money that belongs to the
1690:
949:
859:
735:
443:
427:
systems, and healthcare among other sectors where positive
246:
237:: given from one country directly to another; or it may be
158:
in some contexts but possess different meanings in others.
112:
97:
88:: given from one country directly to another; or it may be
78:
4845:
1374:
Total official flows commitments for aid for trade in 2017
223:
Bilateral and multilateral official development assistance
4863:
4757:
2879:
South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences
2631:
1994:
1906:
to stave off a complete and total economic meltdown. The
1821:
1594:
Global Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation
1575:
194:
169:
has become a key term in a discourse associated with the
64:
48:
3787:
2309:
Global Partnership for Effective Development Cooperation
2039:
In January 1949 the inaugural address of U.S. president
1910:, eager to prevent instability while the country was at
1549:
At the development level, anthropologist and researcher
171:
Global Partnership for Effective Development Cooperation
2873:
Lee, Jin-Sang; Alemu, Aye Mengistu (27 November 2015).
2225:"Total flows by donor (ODA+OOF+Private) [DAC1]"
1754:
1490:
Imposition of inappropriate strategies and technologies
323:
Development aid is not usually understood as including
154:
There are various terms that used interchangeably with
2638:
1914:, began funneling large sums of cash into the region.
1684:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
1600:
704:
Development aid is widely seen as a major way to meet
79:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
4212:. Calgary: University of Calgary Press. p. 186.
1894:
was sent to investigate the living conditions in the
1730:
In 2005, the Interagency Gender Working Group of the
1574:
is the degree of success or failure of international
1474:
2602:"Other official providers not reporting to the OECD"
2127:
2120:
same time it has shaken up the existing aid system.
1427:
351:
ODA only includes aid to countries which are on the
4813:, Brooking Institution Press, Washington D.C. 2011.
2671:
2668:
Oxford, UK: University of Oxford and Uptime Global.
2658:
2013:, was concerned with strengthening the ties to the
1533:
Contradictions between aid and other donor policies
437:Interest in OBA and results-based financing in the
2817:
2337:
4116:(2006), "The economics of international aid", in
3540:
3041:
2913:
1677:Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis
6484:
3310:"Report of the Fourth World Conference on Women"
1790:The concept of development aid goes back to the
4772:
4309:The Politics of Labour in the British Caribbean
3469:"Gender Equality and Female Empowerment Policy"
3338:
2914:poverty reduction, foreign aid (January 2019).
2262:
2260:
2254:). The calculation is Net Private Grants / ODA.
4688:"The story of Official Development Assistance"
4358:A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change
2693:"Aid (ODA) by sector and donor [DAC5]"
1884:British West Indian labour unrest of 1934–1939
1786:Britain's development funding for its colonies
1718:Even with these indexes, Ranjula Swain of the
367:
197:: is a more general concept which can include
5754:
4890:
3510:
670:
346:
4773:Severino, Jean-Michel; Olivier, Ray (1999).
4209:Race and Class Struggles in a Colonial State
3736:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3689:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3642:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3595:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2791:
2789:
2398:. Overseas Development Institute. p. 7.
2257:
358:
327:received from migrants working or living in
135:received from migrants working or living in
5768:
3163:"Effective development co-operation - OECD"
3053:; October 2008, Gestrand Ontwikkelingswerk"
2827:Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics
5761:
5747:
4897:
4883:
4866:- the German think tank of development aid
4481:"Foreign Aid and the Policy Process: 1957"
3984:
3230:
1557:
727:received, total for nine years, 2010-2018
711:
677:
663:
465:
286:
277:
4350:
4285:
4226:
3364:
3339:Debusscher, Petra; Hulse, Merran (2014).
2931:
2890:
2846:
2786:
2393:
394:
4478:
3189:
3006:
2872:
1936:
1882:By the late 1930s, especially after the
1804:
1691:Effectiveness of aid for gender equality
31:
4533:
3987:Journal of Women, Politics & Policy
3703:
3656:
3609:
3562:
2986:10.1146/annurev-economics-080614-115553
2365:"Official Development Assistance (ODA)"
2250:OECD, DAC1 Official and Private Flows (
2017:states to contain the influence of the
1614:and Development's influence encouraged
14:
6485:
4768:
4766:
4685:
4681:
4679:
4642:
4640:
4588:
4449:
4447:
4411:"Inaugural address of Harry S. Truman"
4232:
4167:
4144:
4112:
4106:
3946:
3944:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3855:
3842:
3840:
3783:
3781:
3763:
3761:
3425:
3387:
3334:
3332:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3211:
3142:
2868:
2866:
2596:
2594:
2563:
2561:
1618:within international development aid.
1590:high level forums on aid effectiveness
931:List of development aid country donors
924:
5946:Conseiller chargé des investissements
5742:
4878:
4846:AidData: Tracking Development Finance
4731:International Development Association
4479:Haviland, H. Field (September 1958).
4205:
3752:"Gender-related aid data at a glance"
3558:
3556:
3536:
3534:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3421:
3419:
3207:
3205:
3185:
3183:
3083:
2967:
2965:
2682:. Uptime consortium, Working Paper 3.
2612:from the original on 10 February 2021
2330:
2283:
2281:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2219:
2217:
2192:
2190:
2100:
2081:International Development Association
1929:and development assistance programs.
1650:Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
1348:
111:About 80% of the aid measured by the
6465:
5260:New international division of labour
4421:from the original on 27 October 2008
4390:from the original on 14 January 2009
3769:"A Summary of the "So What?" Report"
3513:Journal of International Development
2971:
1959:
1932:
1755:Criticism of aid for gender equality
313:international financial institutions
4763:
4676:
4637:
4444:
4356:Bideleux, Robert and Ian Jeffries,
4306:
3969:Journal of Southern African Studies
3952:Journal of Southern African Studies
3941:
3902:
3837:
3778:
3758:
3345:Journal of Southern African Studies
3329:
3251:
3077:
2916:"Foreign aid and poverty reduction"
2863:
2591:
2558:
2464:from the original on 29 August 2020
2423:https://www.oecd.org/dac/dacglobal-
2023:Economic Cooperation Administration
1852:Secretary of State for the Colonies
1814:Secretary of State for the Colonies
1601:Development aid for gender equality
1502:, Ferguson uses the example of the
929:For a more comprehensive list, see
716:For a more comprehensive list, see
149:
24:
4791:from the original on 16 April 2021
4756:See chart on the right. Data from
4738:from the original on 22 April 2016
4408:
4291:
4259:
4190:
4103:, London: Frank Cass, 1984, p.183.
3553:
3531:
3454:
3416:
3202:
3180:
3102:from the original on 13 April 2016
2962:
2664:McNicholl, D., and Hope, R. 2024.
2579:from the original on 10 April 2019
2516:from the original on 24 April 2017
2375:from the original on 22 April 2019
2318:from the original on 24 April 2021
2278:
2239:
2235:from the original on 11 June 2009.
2214:
2187:
1701:United Nations Development Program
1517:
1475:Discussion on unfavourable impacts
1341:countries that are members of the
295:("official") on the one hand, and
25:
6519:
4904:
4829:
4664:from the original on 12 July 2020
4648:"Public Law 86-108, July 24,1959"
4591:"The United Nations Special Fund"
4485:American Political Science Review
4294:The Trinidad Labour Riots of 1937
4236:The Trinidad Labour Riots of 1937
4193:The Trinidad Labour Riots of 1937
3143:Hickel, Jason (14 January 2017).
2703:from the original on 11 June 2009
2546:from the original on 19 July 2016
2345:(Report). Development Initiatives
1661:Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
1428:Discussions on favourable impacts
283:and aid from other donor states.
115:comes from government sources as
6464:
6453:
6452:
5721:
5711:
5710:
4921:
4816:
4803:
4706:from the original on 26 May 2013
4233:Thomas, Roy Darrow, ed. (1987).
2394:Gulrajani, Nilima (March 2016).
2174:Development Cooperation Handbook
2167:
2156:List of development aid agencies
2130:
2074:Development Assistance Committee
1964:
1922:monetary assistance, favourable
1563:This section is an excerpt from
1415:
1403:
1391:
1379:
1367:
1355:
1343:Development Assistance Committee
1324:
1312:
1300:
1286:
1274:
1260:
1246:
1232:
1218:
1204:
1192:
1178:
1164:
1150:
1120:
1102:
1084:
1066:
1048:
1030:
1012:
994:
976:
958:
906:
888:
870:
852:
842:Democratic Republic of the Congo
834:
816:
798:
780:
762:
744:
419:to targeted performance-related
400:This section is an excerpt from
96:or the United Nations Agencies (
81:(OECD) to measure foreign aid.
75:Development Assistance Committee
6440:Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy
4922:
4750:
4718:
4582:
4527:
4472:
4433:
4402:
4370:
4315:
4300:
4253:
4199:
4184:
4161:
4138:
4120:; Ythier, Jean Mercier (eds.),
4090:
4081:
4072:
4055:
4038:
4021:
3978:
3961:
3924:
3885:
3868:
3849:
3824:
3744:
3697:
3650:
3603:
3504:
3478:
3381:
3316:
3302:
3285:
3224:
3155:
3136:
3122:"US and Foreign Aid Assistance"
3114:
3000:
2948:
2907:
2811:
2740:
2715:
2685:
2624:
2528:
2498:
2487:
2476:
2440:
2428:
2415:
2402:
2289:The Journal of Developing Areas
1665:Corporate Social Responsibility
1623:World Conference on Women, 1995
1544:official development assistance
1540:Commitment to Development Index
384:Commitment to Development Index
229:Official development assistance
189:Official development assistance
117:official development assistance
4124:, Amsterdam London: Elsevier,
2387:
2357:
2294:
1722:and Supriya Garikipati of the
941:disbursed in decade 2010-2019
706:Sustainable Development Goal 1
318:
13:
1:
4782:Center for Global Development
3543:Forum for Development Studies
2933:10.1080/23311886.2019.1625741
2180:
1720:Stockholm School of Economics
1451:Dissident economists such as
1435:sub-saharan African countries
433:performance-based contracting
388:Center for Global Development
260:
165:: In the early 21st century,
6435:Twin towns and sister cities
4864:German Development Institute
4174:Journal of Caribbean History
4151:Journal of Caribbean History
3999:10.1080/1554477X.2012.722427
3832:Harvard Human Rights Journal
3704:Okonkwo, Osili, Una (2013).
3657:Okonkwo, Osili, Una (2013).
3610:Okonkwo, Osili, Una (2013).
3563:Okonkwo, Osili, Una (2013).
3357:10.1080/03057070.2014.909255
3324:Harvard Human Rights Journal
3297:Harvard Human Rights Journal
3192:Harvard Human Rights Journal
2956:"The sad loss of Lord Bauer"
2506:"DAC List of ODA Recipients"
1631:Millennium Development Goals
444:rural water supply in Africa
7:
4978:Environmental globalization
4953:Anti-globalization movement
4334:. Usaid.gov. Archived from
4029:Latin American Perspectives
3932:Latin American Perspectives
3915:Latin American Perspectives
3428:Latin American Perspectives
3390:Latin American Perspectives
3214:Latin American Perspectives
3084:Jepma, Catrinus J. (1991).
2338:Mariella Di Ciommo (2014).
2123:
368:Aid from other donor states
340:International Monetary Fund
59:. It is distinguished from
10:
6524:
6428:Plenipotentiary Conference
5126:Offshore financial centres
4595:International Organization
4589:Manzer, Ronald A. (1964).
4534:Morgner, Aurelius (1967).
2974:Annual Review of Economics
2302:"Nairobi outcome document"
1949:and prevent the growth of
1780:
1709:Gender Empowerment Measure
1633:for developing countries.
1562:
1478:
928:
715:
399:
386:published annually by the
353:DAC List of ODA Recipients
347:Aid to less-poor countries
226:
6498:International development
6448:
6398:
6372:
6274:
6098:
6027:
6007:
5979:
5923:
5890:
5874:
5829:
5796:
5787:
5780:
5706:
5664:
5539:
5474:
5391:
5382:
5309:
5146:
5067:
5060:
4940:
4912:
4607:10.1017/S0020818300025315
4552:10.1017/S0034670500023731
3802:10.1080/17441690801900761
2151:International development
1732:World Health Organization
1500:The Anti-Politics Machine
1140:as a percentage of their
613:Environmental determinism
530:Neoclassical growth model
450:
439:international development
359:Weakly-concessional loans
6418:Parliamentary delegation
6297:Diplomatic accreditation
6063:African Diplomatic Corps
5804:Permanent representative
4968:Democratic globalization
4459:atom.archives.unesco.org
4440:Transcript of the speech
4168:Basdeo, Sahadeo (1983).
3440:10.1177/0094582x12458423
3402:10.1177/0094582x12458423
3007:Ferguson, James (1994).
2892:10.4102/sajems.v18i4.737
1705:Gender Development Index
535:Endogenous growth theory
516:Economic growth theories
376:
217:
6508:Sustainable development
6503:International relations
5866:Deputy chief of mission
5821:Resident representative
5250:Investor-state disputes
5203:Illicit financial flows
5047:Political globalization
4995:Global financial system
4686:Führer, Helmut (1994).
3567:. WIDER. pp. 4–5.
3488:. USAID. Archived from
1941:A poster promoting the
1724:University of Liverpool
1713:Gender Inequality Index
1695:Three main measures of
1558:Improving effectiveness
712:Top recipient countries
287:Private development aid
278:Non-ODA development aid
167:development cooperation
163:Development cooperation
45:development cooperation
6312:Diplomatic credentials
5591:Christopher Chase-Dunn
5359:Primitive accumulation
5042:Military globalization
4973:Economic globalization
4958:Cultural globalization
4811:Catalizing Development
4540:The Review of Politics
4332:"USAID: USAID History"
4206:Singh, Kelvin (1994).
4118:Kolm, Serge-Christophe
3291:Charlesworth, Hilary.
2920:Cogent Social Sciences
2272:9 October 2009 at the
2090:in the United States.
1991:Constant (2018) prices
1954:
1825:
1611:gender and development
545:Balanced growth theory
395:Output-based aid (OBA)
301:charitable foundations
181:Development assistance
121:charitable foundations
37:
5903:Resident commissioner
5875:Bilateral-subnational
4145:Fraser, Cary (1996).
3124:. Global Issues. 2007
2146:Development economics
2021:. Implemented by the
1940:
1898:and it published its
1808:
1671:helped to create the
1142:gross national income
540:Unified growth theory
459:Development economics
227:Further information:
35:
6035:Apostolic nunciature
5935:Agricultural attaché
5656:Immanuel Wallerstein
5317:Capital accumulation
5183:Endangered languages
4063:Global Public Health
3790:Global Public Health
3708:. WIDER. p. 3.
3661:. WIDER. p. 8.
3614:. WIDER. p. 6.
2799:. OECD. 16 June 2021
1833:that occurred after
1759:Petra Debusscher of
1616:gender mainstreaming
1607:women in development
1578:(development aid or
1485:Aid § Criticism
554:Fields and subfields
417:developing countries
233:Official aid may be
57:developing countries
18:Technical assistance
6327:Diplomatic immunity
6287:Consular assistance
5816:Ambassador-at-large
5728:Business portal
5287:Transnational crime
5193:Forced displacement
5178:Economic inequality
5052:Trade globalization
4948:Alter-globalization
4856:6 June 2014 at the
4386:. 9 February 1948.
4360:, Routledge, 1998,
4260:Parker. p. 23.
4097:Stephen Constantine
3022:(5). Archived from
2311:. 1 December 2016.
2058:Mutual Security Act
1919:British West Indies
1896:British West Indies
1748:Memorial University
1742:Robert C. Jones of
1657:Private foundations
942:
925:Top donor countries
728:
563:Economic inequality
474:Economies by region
6385:Letter of credence
6347:Diplomatic uniform
6342:Diplomatic service
6322:Diplomatic illness
6317:Diplomatic history
6070:Diplomatic mission
5987:Diplomatic courier
5967:Trade commissioner
5830:Bilateral-national
5501:Andre Gunder Frank
5275:Race to the bottom
5265:North–South divide
4983:Global citizenship
4415:The Avalon Project
4046:Sociological Forum
3893:Sociological Forum
3876:Sociological Forum
3858:Sociological Forum
3245:10.1111/socf.12104
3233:Sociological Forum
3086:"The tying of aid"
3029:on 29 January 2017
2848:10.1111/obes.12012
2839:10.1111/obes.12012
2336:See, for example,
2162:Tools and stories:
2110:emerging economies
2101:After the Cold War
1955:
1826:
1746:and Liam Swiss of
1349:By type of project
936:
723:
525:Harrod–Domar model
183:: is a synonym of
38:
6480:
6479:
6390:Letter of protest
6358:Persona non grata
6292:Consular immunity
6090:Exclusive mandate
6023:
6022:
5975:
5974:
5940:Chargé de mission
5891:Bilateral-insular
5855:Chargé d'affaires
5842:High commissioner
5736:
5735:
5702:
5701:
5561:K. Anthony Appiah
5556:Daniele Archibugi
5305:
5304:
5094:COVID-19 pandemic
5000:Global governance
4836:Open Aid Register
4409:Truman, Harry S.
4338:on 9 October 2011
4273:Missing or empty
2003:World War II
1986:
1985:
1933:Postwar expansion
1820:recruits for the
1744:McGill University
1697:gender inequality
1572:Aid effectiveness
1565:Aid effectiveness
1481:Aid effectiveness
1136:
1135:
922:
921:
687:
686:
364:development aid.
207:international aid
16:(Redirected from
6515:
6468:
6467:
6456:
6455:
6307:Diplomatic cable
6085:Protecting power
6058:Diplomatic corps
5999:Foreign minister
5992:King's Messenger
5957:Military attaché
5952:Cultural attaché
5794:
5793:
5785:
5784:
5763:
5756:
5749:
5740:
5739:
5726:
5725:
5714:
5713:
5667:
5576:Jean Baudrillard
5544:
5491:Giovanni Arrighi
5479:
5436:Branko Milanović
5416:Jagdish Bhagwati
5394:
5389:
5388:
5280:pollution havens
5245:Invasive species
5149:
5070:
5065:
5064:
5015:Global workforce
4925:
4924:
4899:
4892:
4885:
4876:
4875:
4823:
4820:
4814:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4796:
4790:
4779:
4770:
4761:
4754:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4722:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4705:
4692:
4683:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4663:
4652:
4644:
4635:
4634:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4531:
4525:
4524:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4451:
4442:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4406:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4374:
4368:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4328:
4322:
4319:
4313:
4312:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4276:
4271:
4269:
4261:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4230:
4224:
4223:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4165:
4159:
4158:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4110:
4104:
4094:
4088:
4085:
4079:
4076:
4070:
4059:
4053:
4042:
4036:
4025:
4019:
4018:
3982:
3976:
3965:
3959:
3948:
3939:
3928:
3922:
3911:
3900:
3889:
3883:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3853:
3847:
3844:
3835:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3785:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3765:
3756:
3755:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3735:
3727:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3688:
3680:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3641:
3633:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3594:
3586:
3560:
3551:
3550:
3538:
3529:
3528:
3525:10.1002/jid.2951
3508:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3465:
3452:
3451:
3423:
3414:
3413:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3368:
3336:
3327:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3306:
3300:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3268:
3249:
3248:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3209:
3200:
3199:
3187:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3101:
3090:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3064:
3058:. Archived from
3057:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3028:
3013:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2969:
2960:
2959:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2935:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2894:
2870:
2861:
2860:
2850:
2824:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2793:
2784:
2783:
2777:
2772:
2770:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2689:
2683:
2675:
2669:
2662:
2656:
2655:, Washington, DC
2642:
2636:
2635:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2598:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2565:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2502:
2496:
2491:
2485:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2463:
2452:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2419:
2413:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2344:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2317:
2306:
2298:
2292:
2285:
2276:
2264:
2255:
2248:
2237:
2236:
2221:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2202:
2194:
2171:
2140:
2135:
2134:
2095:oil price crisis
1968:
1967:
1960:
1888:Royal Commission
1874:in colonies and
1868:electrical power
1761:Ghent University
1580:humanitarian aid
1419:
1407:
1395:
1383:
1371:
1359:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1266:
1264:
1263:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1000:
998:
997:
982:
980:
979:
964:
962:
961:
943:
935:
912:
910:
909:
894:
892:
891:
876:
874:
873:
858:
856:
855:
840:
838:
837:
822:
820:
819:
804:
802:
801:
786:
784:
783:
768:
766:
765:
750:
748:
747:
729:
722:
679:
672:
665:
608:Decentralization
469:
455:
454:
409:Output-based aid
402:Output-based aid
245:or a UN Agency (
199:humanitarian aid
150:Related concepts
61:humanitarian aid
21:
6523:
6522:
6518:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6513:
6512:
6483:
6482:
6481:
6476:
6444:
6406:Development aid
6394:
6368:
6337:Diplomatic rank
6270:
6094:
6075:High commission
6019:
6015:Diplomatic rank
6003:
5971:
5962:Science attaché
5919:
5886:
5870:
5861:Head of mission
5825:
5789:
5776:
5767:
5737:
5732:
5720:
5698:
5679:Thomas Friedman
5665:
5660:
5611:Anthony Giddens
5586:Manuel Castells
5551:Arjun Appadurai
5542:
5540:
5535:
5477:
5475:
5470:
5466:Joseph Stiglitz
5406:Richard Baldwin
5392:
5384:
5378:
5337:Fiscal localism
5301:
5255:McDonaldization
5173:Development aid
5147:
5142:
5111:Multilingualism
5106:Labor arbitrage
5082:Climate justice
5068:
5056:
5010:Global politics
4963:Deglobalization
4936:
4908:
4903:
4858:Wayback Machine
4832:
4827:
4826:
4821:
4817:
4808:
4804:
4794:
4792:
4788:
4777:
4771:
4764:
4755:
4751:
4741:
4739:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4690:
4684:
4677:
4667:
4665:
4661:
4655:www.govinfo.gov
4650:
4646:
4645:
4638:
4587:
4583:
4532:
4528:
4497:10.2307/1951900
4477:
4473:
4463:
4461:
4453:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4434:
4424:
4422:
4407:
4403:
4393:
4391:
4376:
4375:
4371:
4355:
4351:
4341:
4339:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4320:
4316:
4305:
4301:
4290:
4286:
4274:
4272:
4263:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4247:
4231:
4227:
4220:
4204:
4200:
4189:
4185:
4166:
4162:
4143:
4139:
4132:
4111:
4107:
4095:
4091:
4086:
4082:
4077:
4073:
4060:
4056:
4043:
4039:
4026:
4022:
3983:
3979:
3966:
3962:
3949:
3942:
3929:
3925:
3912:
3903:
3890:
3886:
3873:
3869:
3854:
3850:
3845:
3838:
3829:
3825:
3786:
3779:
3771:
3767:
3766:
3759:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3729:
3728:
3716:
3702:
3698:
3682:
3681:
3669:
3655:
3651:
3635:
3634:
3622:
3608:
3604:
3588:
3587:
3575:
3561:
3554:
3539:
3532:
3509:
3505:
3495:
3493:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3471:
3467:
3466:
3455:
3424:
3417:
3386:
3382:
3366:1854/LU-8707481
3337:
3330:
3321:
3317:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3290:
3286:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3252:
3229:
3225:
3210:
3203:
3188:
3181:
3171:
3169:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3141:
3137:
3127:
3125:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3088:
3082:
3078:
3068:
3066:
3065:on 24 July 2011
3062:
3055:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3011:
3005:
3001:
2970:
2963:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2912:
2908:
2871:
2864:
2822:
2816:
2812:
2802:
2800:
2795:
2794:
2787:
2775:
2773:
2764:
2763:
2756:
2754:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2731:
2729:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2706:
2704:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2676:
2672:
2663:
2659:
2643:
2639:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2615:
2613:
2600:
2599:
2592:
2582:
2580:
2567:
2566:
2559:
2549:
2547:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2519:
2517:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2477:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2433:
2429:
2420:
2416:
2407:
2403:
2392:
2388:
2378:
2376:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2348:
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2335:
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2321:
2319:
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2279:
2274:Wayback Machine
2265:
2258:
2249:
2240:
2223:
2222:
2215:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2188:
2183:
2136:
2129:
2126:
2103:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1969:
1965:
1935:
1908:Colonial Office
1847:economic crisis
1831:economic crisis
1788:
1783:
1775:Southern Africa
1766:Southern Africa
1757:
1703:introduced the
1693:
1603:
1598:
1597:
1568:
1560:
1535:
1520:
1518:Conditional aid
1492:
1487:
1477:
1457:Milton Friedman
1430:
1423:
1420:
1411:
1408:
1399:
1396:
1387:
1384:
1375:
1372:
1363:
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833:
817:
815:
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781:
779:
763:
761:
745:
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683:
598:Property Rights
453:
448:
447:
413:public services
405:
397:
379:
370:
361:
349:
321:
289:
280:
263:
231:
225:
220:
185:development aid
175:development aid
156:development aid
152:
47:) is a type of
41:Development aid
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6521:
6511:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6478:
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6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6332:Diplomatic law
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6302:Diplomatic bag
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6278:
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6269:
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6258:
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6096:
6095:
6093:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
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6065:
6055:
6047:
6042:
6040:Consular corps
6037:
6031:
6029:
6025:
6024:
6021:
6020:
6018:
6017:
6011:
6009:
6008:Classification
6005:
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6001:
5996:
5995:
5994:
5983:
5981:
5977:
5976:
5973:
5972:
5970:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5942:
5937:
5931:
5929:
5924:By portfolio (
5921:
5920:
5918:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5906:
5905:
5894:
5892:
5888:
5887:
5885:
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5878:
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5869:
5868:
5863:
5858:
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5849:
5844:
5833:
5831:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5812:
5811:
5809:United Nations
5800:
5798:
5791:
5782:
5778:
5777:
5766:
5765:
5758:
5751:
5743:
5734:
5733:
5731:
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5718:
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5703:
5700:
5699:
5697:
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5676:
5670:
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5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
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5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5581:Zygmunt Bauman
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5547:
5545:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5482:
5480:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5446:Thomas Piketty
5443:
5441:Kevin O'Rourke
5438:
5433:
5431:Michael Hudson
5428:
5423:
5421:Robert Brenner
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5397:
5395:
5386:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
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5355:
5354:
5349:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5313:
5311:
5307:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5299:
5294:
5292:Westernization
5289:
5284:
5283:
5282:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5241:
5240:
5235:
5230:
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5215:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
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5175:
5170:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5152:
5150:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5140:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5131:Tax inversions
5128:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5101:Digital divide
5098:
5097:
5096:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5077:Climate change
5073:
5071:
5062:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5032:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
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4990:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4944:
4942:
4938:
4937:
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4929:
4919:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4902:
4901:
4894:
4887:
4879:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4861:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4831:
4830:External links
4828:
4825:
4824:
4815:
4802:
4762:
4749:
4717:
4675:
4636:
4601:(4): 766–789.
4581:
4526:
4491:(3): 689–724.
4471:
4443:
4432:
4401:
4369:
4349:
4323:
4314:
4311:. p. 383.
4299:
4296:. p. 283.
4284:
4252:
4245:
4225:
4218:
4198:
4195:. p. 229.
4183:
4160:
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4130:
4105:
4089:
4080:
4071:
4054:
4037:
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3977:
3960:
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3867:
3848:
3836:
3823:
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3757:
3743:
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3696:
3667:
3649:
3620:
3602:
3573:
3552:
3530:
3519:(3): 348–349.
3503:
3492:on 1 June 2017
3477:
3453:
3415:
3380:
3351:(3): 561–562.
3328:
3315:
3301:
3284:
3250:
3223:
3201:
3179:
3154:
3135:
3113:
3076:
3040:
2999:
2961:
2947:
2906:
2885:(4): 449–462.
2862:
2833:(2): 153–184.
2810:
2785:
2739:
2714:
2684:
2670:
2657:
2653:The World Bank
2637:
2623:
2590:
2557:
2527:
2497:
2486:
2475:
2457:. April 2018.
2439:
2427:
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2142:
2141:
2138:Society portal
2125:
2122:
2114:conditionality
2102:
2099:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1972:
1970:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1934:
1931:
1860:infrastructure
1856:Lord Passfield
1800:British Empire
1787:
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1779:
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1753:
1692:
1689:
1627:United Nations
1602:
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1569:
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1534:
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1496:James Ferguson
1491:
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1339:European Union
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1271:
1257:
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1226:United Kingdom
1215:
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1002:United Kingdom
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808:
794:
793:
790:
776:
775:
772:
758:
757:
754:
740:
739:
733:
713:
710:
685:
684:
682:
681:
674:
667:
659:
656:
655:
654:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
625:
624:
618:
617:
616:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
573:Undernutrition
570:
565:
557:
556:
550:
549:
548:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
519:
518:
512:
511:
510:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
476:
475:
471:
470:
462:
461:
452:
449:
442:also used for
406:
398:
396:
393:
378:
375:
369:
366:
360:
357:
348:
345:
320:
317:
288:
285:
279:
276:
262:
259:
224:
221:
219:
216:
215:
214:
192:
178:
151:
148:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6520:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
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6490:
6488:
6473:
6472:
6463:
6461:
6460:
6451:
6450:
6447:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6429:
6426:
6425:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6412:
6409:
6408:
6407:
6404:
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6401:
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6391:
6388:
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6377:
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6371:
6365:
6362:
6360:
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6355:
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6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
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6277:
6273:
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6264:
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6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6216:Paradiplomacy
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6171:Full-spectrum
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
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6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
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6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6097:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
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6076:
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6071:
6068:
6064:
6061:
6060:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6052:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
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6030:
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6013:
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6000:
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5990:
5989:
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5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5947:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5922:
5916:
5915:Agent-general
5913:
5911:
5908:
5904:
5901:
5900:
5899:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5889:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5873:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5839:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5828:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5810:
5807:
5806:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5799:
5795:
5792:
5790:leader titles
5786:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5764:
5759:
5757:
5752:
5750:
5745:
5744:
5741:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5717:
5709:
5708:
5705:
5695:
5694:Vandana Shiva
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5663:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5646:Saskia Sassen
5644:
5642:
5641:George Ritzer
5639:
5637:
5636:Antonio Negri
5634:
5632:
5631:L. H. M. Ling
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5616:Michael Hardt
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5596:Alfred Crosby
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5538:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5526:Susan Strange
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5496:Robert W. Cox
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5473:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5456:Jeffrey Sachs
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
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5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5390:
5387:
5381:
5375:
5374:World-systems
5372:
5370:
5369:World history
5367:
5365:
5364:Social change
5362:
5360:
5357:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5343:
5342:Modernization
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5314:
5312:
5308:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5157:
5154:
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5151:
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5136:
5132:
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5124:
5123:
5122:
5119:
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5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5090:
5087:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5066:
5063:
5059:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5005:Global health
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4939:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4911:
4907:
4906:Globalization
4900:
4895:
4893:
4888:
4886:
4881:
4880:
4877:
4871:
4868:
4865:
4862:
4859:
4855:
4852:
4851:Open Aid Data
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4819:
4812:
4806:
4787:
4783:
4776:
4769:
4767:
4759:
4753:
4737:
4733:
4732:
4727:
4721:
4702:
4698:
4697:
4689:
4682:
4680:
4660:
4656:
4649:
4643:
4641:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4585:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4530:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4475:
4460:
4456:
4450:
4448:
4441:
4436:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4405:
4389:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4373:
4367:
4366:0-415-16111-8
4363:
4359:
4353:
4337:
4333:
4327:
4318:
4310:
4303:
4295:
4288:
4280:
4267:
4256:
4248:
4246:9789766200022
4242:
4238:
4237:
4229:
4221:
4219:9781895176438
4215:
4211:
4210:
4202:
4194:
4187:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4164:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4141:
4133:
4131:9780444506979
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4109:
4102:
4098:
4093:
4084:
4075:
4068:
4064:
4058:
4052:(3): 583-584.
4051:
4047:
4041:
4034:
4030:
4024:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3981:
3975:(3): 566-567.
3974:
3970:
3964:
3958:(3): 571-572.
3957:
3953:
3947:
3945:
3937:
3933:
3927:
3920:
3916:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3899:(3): 582-583.
3898:
3894:
3888:
3881:
3877:
3871:
3863:
3859:
3852:
3843:
3841:
3833:
3827:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3784:
3782:
3770:
3764:
3762:
3753:
3747:
3739:
3733:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3715:9789292306533
3711:
3707:
3700:
3692:
3686:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3668:9789292306533
3664:
3660:
3653:
3645:
3639:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3621:9789292306533
3617:
3613:
3606:
3598:
3592:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3574:9789292306533
3570:
3566:
3559:
3557:
3548:
3544:
3537:
3535:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3507:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3470:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3422:
3420:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3384:
3376:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3333:
3325:
3319:
3311:
3305:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3273:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3227:
3219:
3215:
3208:
3206:
3197:
3193:
3186:
3184:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3150:
3146:
3139:
3123:
3117:
3098:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3061:
3054:
3052:
3051:Kijk Magazine
3044:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3016:The Ecologist
3010:
3003:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2966:
2957:
2951:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2910:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2867:
2858:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2798:
2792:
2790:
2781:
2768:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2661:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2633:
2627:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2595:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2562:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2490:
2484:
2479:
2460:
2456:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2424:
2418:
2411:
2405:
2397:
2390:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2341:
2333:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2297:
2290:
2284:
2282:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2263:
2261:
2253:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2199:
2193:
2191:
2186:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2128:
2121:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2098:
2096:
2091:
2089:
2084:
2082:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2061:
2059:
2053:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2015:West European
2012:
2011:Marshall Plan
2008:
2004:
1996:
1980:
1979:MediaWiki.org
1976:
1971:
1962:
1961:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1943:Marshall Plan
1939:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:interest-free
1920:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1796:laissez-faire
1793:
1778:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1762:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1688:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1555:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1515:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1494:According to
1486:
1482:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1464:Jeffrey Sachs
1460:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1439:
1436:
1418:
1413:
1406:
1401:
1394:
1389:
1382:
1377:
1370:
1365:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1321:
1309:
1298:
1295:
1283:
1272:
1269:
1258:
1255:
1244:
1241:
1230:
1227:
1216:
1213:
1201:
1190:
1187:
1176:
1173:
1162:
1159:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1131:
1129:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1039:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1003:
992:
991:
987:
985:
974:
973:
969:
967:
966:United States
956:
955:
951:
948:
945:
944:
940:
932:
917:
915:
904:
903:
899:
897:
886:
885:
881:
879:
868:
867:
863:
861:
850:
849:
845:
843:
832:
831:
827:
825:
814:
813:
809:
807:
796:
795:
791:
789:
778:
777:
773:
771:
760:
759:
755:
753:
742:
741:
737:
734:
731:
730:
726:
719:
709:
707:
702:
700:
695:
691:
680:
675:
673:
668:
666:
661:
660:
658:
657:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
628:
627:
626:
623:
620:
619:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
588:Human capital
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
560:
559:
558:
555:
552:
551:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
522:
521:
520:
517:
514:
513:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
492:South America
490:
488:
487:North America
485:
483:
480:
479:
478:
477:
473:
472:
468:
464:
463:
460:
457:
456:
445:
440:
436:
434:
430:
429:externalities
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
403:
392:
389:
385:
374:
365:
356:
354:
344:
341:
336:
332:
330:
326:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
284:
275:
271:
268:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
230:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
193:
190:
186:
182:
179:
176:
172:
168:
164:
161:
160:
159:
157:
147:
145:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
82:
80:
77:(DAC) of the
76:
72:
68:
67:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
34:
27:
19:
6470:
6458:
6405:
6399:Other topics
6356:
6266:Wolf warrior
6050:
5944:
5853:
5797:Multilateral
5689:John R. Saul
5674:Noam Chomsky
5666:Non–academic
5606:Susan George
5601:Nancy Fraser
5571:Walden Bello
5516:David Harvey
5506:Stephen Gill
5426:Jayati Ghosh
5332:Earth system
5198:Human rights
5172:
5138:Water crisis
5035:early modern
4818:
4810:
4805:
4793:. Retrieved
4781:
4752:
4740:. Retrieved
4729:
4720:
4708:. Retrieved
4694:
4666:. Retrieved
4654:
4598:
4594:
4584:
4546:(1): 65–75.
4543:
4539:
4529:
4488:
4484:
4474:
4462:. Retrieved
4458:
4435:
4423:. Retrieved
4414:
4404:
4392:. Retrieved
4381:
4378:"Carnations"
4372:
4357:
4352:
4340:. Retrieved
4336:the original
4326:
4317:
4308:
4302:
4293:
4287:
4275:|title=
4255:
4235:
4228:
4208:
4201:
4192:
4186:
4177:
4173:
4163:
4154:
4150:
4140:
4121:
4114:Kanbur, Ravi
4108:
4100:
4092:
4083:
4074:
4066:
4062:
4057:
4049:
4045:
4040:
4032:
4028:
4023:
3990:
3986:
3980:
3972:
3968:
3963:
3955:
3951:
3935:
3931:
3926:
3918:
3914:
3896:
3892:
3887:
3879:
3875:
3870:
3861:
3857:
3851:
3831:
3826:
3793:
3789:
3746:
3705:
3699:
3658:
3652:
3611:
3605:
3564:
3546:
3542:
3516:
3512:
3506:
3494:. Retrieved
3490:the original
3480:
3431:
3427:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3348:
3344:
3323:
3318:
3304:
3296:
3287:
3275:. Retrieved
3236:
3232:
3226:
3217:
3213:
3195:
3191:
3170:. Retrieved
3167:www.oecd.org
3166:
3157:
3149:The Guardian
3148:
3138:
3126:. Retrieved
3116:
3104:. Retrieved
3092:
3079:
3067:. Retrieved
3060:the original
3050:
3043:
3031:. Retrieved
3024:the original
3019:
3015:
3002:
2977:
2973:
2950:
2923:
2919:
2909:
2882:
2878:
2830:
2826:
2813:
2801:. Retrieved
2755:. Retrieved
2751:
2742:
2730:. Retrieved
2726:
2717:
2705:. Retrieved
2696:
2687:
2673:
2660:
2640:
2626:
2614:. Retrieved
2605:
2581:. Retrieved
2572:
2548:. Retrieved
2539:
2530:
2518:. Retrieved
2509:
2500:
2489:
2478:
2466:. Retrieved
2454:
2442:
2430:
2417:
2404:
2395:
2389:
2377:. Retrieved
2368:
2359:
2347:. Retrieved
2332:
2320:. Retrieved
2308:
2296:
2288:
2251:
2228:
2204:. Retrieved
2172:
2161:
2160:
2118:
2107:
2104:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2066:
2062:
2054:
2045:fourth point
2041:Harry Truman
2038:
2030:World War II
2027:
2000:
1916:
1904:
1881:
1872:water supply
1839:
1827:
1792:colonial era
1789:
1771:
1758:
1741:
1737:
1729:
1717:
1694:
1681:
1655:
1646:
1639:
1635:
1620:
1604:
1584:
1570:
1551:Jason Hickel
1548:
1536:
1528:
1521:
1512:
1493:
1468:poverty trap
1461:
1450:
1447:
1440:
1431:
1337:
1265:
1139:
1137:
703:
698:
696:
692:
688:
636:Publications
603:Microfinance
407:
380:
371:
362:
350:
333:
322:
296:
293:governmental
292:
290:
281:
272:
264:
239:multilateral
232:
211:overseas aid
210:
206:
202:
184:
180:
174:
166:
162:
155:
153:
144:appreciation
141:
127:(e.g.,
110:
90:multilateral
89:
85:
83:
70:
65:
44:
40:
39:
26:
6282:Appeasement
5980:Other roles
5684:Naomi Klein
5566:Ulrich Beck
5541:Politics /
5531:Robert Wade
5521:Ronen Palan
5511:Peter Gowan
5461:Amartya Sen
5451:Dani Rodrik
5401:David Autor
5327:Development
5208:Imperialism
5156:Brain drain
3796:: 127–129.
3434:: 187–189.
3128:21 February
2980:: 277–308.
1975:Phabricator
1835:World War I
1673:Girl Effect
1506:project in
1504:Thaba-Tseka
1453:Peter Bauer
1443:econometric
1268:Switzerland
1240:Netherlands
1074:Netherlands
952:, billions
752:Afghanistan
738:, billions
699:foreign aid
325:remittances
319:Remittances
309:UN agencies
203:foreign aid
133:remittances
84:Aid may be
66:foreign aid
53:development
6487:Categories
6364:Soft power
6236:Preventive
6226:Pilgrimage
6121:Commercial
5837:Ambassador
5788:Diplomatic
5626:Paul Hirst
5621:David Held
5486:Samir Amin
5476:Political
5411:Ravi Batra
5352:history of
5347:ecological
5322:Dependency
5270:Offshoring
5233:scientific
5223:linguistic
5188:Fair trade
5168:Care drain
5121:Tax havens
5116:Population
5025:History of
4035:: 191-192.
3993:(4): 333.
3938:: 192-194.
3326:. 18: 4-5.
3239:(3): 574.
3106:26 January
2776:|url=
2757:29 January
2732:29 January
2707:6 February
2616:29 January
2583:29 January
2550:8 February
2520:8 February
2468:5 February
2455:World Bank
2379:26 January
2349:16 January
2322:16 January
2181:References
1993:Data from
1953:influence.
1892:Lord Moyne
1810:Lord Moyne
1667:programs.
1479:See also:
1186:Luxembourg
651:Economists
641:Categories
425:sanitation
335:World Bank
261:Trilateral
243:World Bank
94:World Bank
6380:Exequatur
6373:Documents
6231:Ping-pong
6201:Migration
6176:Guerrilla
6166:Freelance
6141:Debt-trap
6111:Checkbook
6045:Consulate
5774:diplomats
5770:Diplomacy
5651:John Urry
5543:sociology
5393:Economics
5297:World war
5020:Globality
4988:education
4758:OECD.Stat
4726:"History"
4631:153645652
4615:0020-8183
4576:145492668
4560:0034-6705
4521:144564474
4505:1537-5943
4307:Bolland.
4266:cite book
4157:(1/2): 2.
4015:143826318
4007:1554-477X
3882:(3): 578.
3834:. 18: 12.
3732:cite book
3724:931344632
3685:cite book
3677:931344632
3638:cite book
3630:931344632
3591:cite book
3583:931344632
3549:(2): 194.
3486:"Promote"
3448:146621788
3410:146621788
3375:145495201
3277:2 January
2942:189994202
2901:2222-3436
2206:2 January
1995:OECD.Stat
1951:communist
1876:dominions
1864:transport
1842:metropole
593:Education
421:subsidies
235:bilateral
86:bilateral
69:(or just
6459:Category
6411:Agencies
6352:Protocol
6261:Track II
6156:Economic
6131:Culinary
6126:Cultural
6116:Coercive
6080:Legation
6051:De facto
5898:Resident
5716:Category
5385:scholars
5310:Theories
5218:cultural
5213:academic
4917:Journals
4854:Archived
4795:15 April
4786:Archived
4736:Archived
4701:Archived
4659:Archived
4419:Archived
4388:Archived
4342:12 March
4292:Thomas.
4191:Thomas.
4180:(2): 46.
3810:19288347
3474:. USAID.
3299:. 18: 3.
3097:Archived
3069:22 April
3033:12 April
2994:33135898
2857:53685791
2767:cite web
2701:Archived
2651:, p.45.
2610:Archived
2577:Archived
2544:Archived
2514:Archived
2459:Archived
2373:Archived
2313:Archived
2270:Archived
2252:op. cit.
2233:Archived
2124:See also
2007:Cold War
2005:and the
1818:Jamaican
1524:tied aid
878:Tanzania
824:Pakistan
788:Ethiopia
631:Journals
329:diaspora
267:OECD DAC
137:diaspora
6471:Commons
6256:Stadium
6251:Shuttle
6246:Science
6196:Medical
6186:Hostage
6181:Gunboat
6146:Digital
6136:Defence
6053:embassy
6028:Offices
5926:Attaché
5478:economy
5383:Notable
5161:reverse
5089:Disease
5030:archaic
4941:Aspects
4932:Studies
4927:Outline
4742:6 March
4710:9 March
4668:9 March
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1214:– 0.73%
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1174:– 1.11%
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