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imagery of this statue is supposed to represent. There are many other uses of Greek sandal-related art found on cups, vases, and even on the friezes of the
Parthenon. However, these versions all depict the subjects bending down with both arms stretched out to adjust or tie their sandals. The difference in imagery between one hand and two is what has caused discrepancy behind the meaning of the statue of a wingless Nike. It is most likely that Nike is instead removing or loosening her sandal as opposed to adjusting or putting it on. This use of imagery is thought to be used to demonstrate the action of removing footwear to those entering the temple to pay tribute to Athena, as this was a traditional action of worshiping in this space. The statue was discovered in 1835 near the temple. It is thought to have stood on the south side of the temple. It is currently held by the Acropolis Museum (inventory number Ακρ. 973).
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287:, rendering Athenian religious beliefs and reverence for the gods bound up in the social and political climate of 5th century Athens. The west frieze has a good amount of the original sculpting preserved. Similar to the east frieze it is most likely telling the story of a battle, or more specifically a victory. There are multiple corpses depicted (more than any of the other three friezes) and imagery of one about to be killed with some figures wearing helmets. This battle between armies most likely is depicting the massacre of the Corinthians by the Athenians.
334:
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360:. Wet drapery involves showing the form of the body but also concealing the body with the drapery of the clothing. Some friezes are from the Persian and Peloponnesian wars. The friezes contained a cavalry scene from the battle of Marathon and a Greek victory over the Persians at the battle of Plataea. The battles represent Greek and Athenian dominance through military power and historical events. A statue of Nike stood in the
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near the temple might not be part it. These pieces of the cornice are lined on the inside with an array of holes, supporting the idea that the cornice was held in place by dowels, which connected it to the frieze. Many of these cornice pieces are so weathered and worn that the dowel holes are no longer visible.
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A possible theory for the central akroteria would be a bronze tripod, similar to the ones that would have been on the Temple of Zeus in
Olympia. This hypothesis has not been discredited for a few reasons: 1) It would be a realistic answer for the shape of the statue since the tripods dimensions would
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The main body of the central statue that made up the akroteria was composed of bronze, not marble. There is evidence of gold foiling and gold wiring through the main bronze core. Researchers have hypothesized on the form of the statue, but there is no trace of the original sculpture to indicate what
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The cornice follows standard architectural design and sits immediately above the frieze and wraps around the entire structure. Many sections of the cornice that have been discovered are believed to be part of the Temple of Athena Nike, however, some archaeologists think that some of the pieces found
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The last theory that has yet to be discredited is a central akroteria of a flying Nike. The idea is that a statue of a winged Nike would have been set just above a shield and on either side of her would have stood a Nikai holding weapons dedicated to the goddess. The akroteria at the temple of Zeus
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in 1456. The temple sat untouched until it was demolished in 1686 by the
Ottomans who used the stones to build defenses. In 1834 the temple was reconstructed after the independence of Greece. In 1998 the temple was dismantled so that the crumbling concrete floor could be replaced and its frieze was
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The cult of Athena Nike was operable in the early sixth century BC. On the remains of a
Mycenaean bastion, a cult image of Athena seated holding a pomegranate in her right hand and holding a helmet in her left was placed on top of a square limestone base. The Sanctuary of Athena Nike was demolished
420:
Just above the cornice, on the north and south sides of the temple, rests the cyma. They sit at an angle on both sides, creating the slope that makes up the roofing and the pediment. Stretching along the cyma is an order of lion heads that extend outward. At each end of the cyma, where the corners
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On the parapet, there would have stood a famous marble statue of a wingless Nike. The positioning of this statue has Nike leaning towards her right foot with her right arm stretching towards her sandal and her clothes slipping off her shoulder. For a while, there has been much debate over what the
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The cornice stretches flat and with no moldings that would create a design. If there had been a design, it would not be sculptural. There is evidence that would suggest that the cornice would have at one point been painted. However, because the architecture has been worn for such a long time, any
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the central akroteria really looked like. The same can be said for the statues that would make up the east and west akroteria. Both were made of bronze and it is impossible to know what the figures could have been. Theories around the figure of the central statue include the winged horse
75:. In contrast to the Acropolis proper, a walled sanctuary entered through the Propylaea, the Victory Sanctuary was open, entered from the Propylaea's southwest wing and from a narrow stair on the north. The sheer walls of its bastion were protected on the north, west, and south by the
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of the 5th century BC. The orientation of the temple is set up so that the East Frieze sits above the entrance of the temple on the porch side. The north frieze depicted a battle between Greeks entailing cavalry. The south frieze showed the decisive victory over the
Persians at the
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were thought to have destroyed it in 480 BC. Sculptures from the friezes have been salvaged such as: deeds of
Hercules, statue of Moscophoros, a damaged sculpture of a goddess credited to Praxiteles and the Rampin horseman, as well as epigraphic dedications, decrees, and stelae.
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A commemorative trophy is another theory for the central akroteria that has yet to be disproven for many of the same reasons as the tripod. There are also some sculptures on the surrounding parapets that depict Nike setting up a trophy.
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in
Olympia would be a good statue for comparison with the exception of the two Nikai. This shape for the central akroteria would explain the cuttings in the supporting block that would not have matched with some of the other forms.
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fit in the cuttings of the supporting block (unlike the animal theories). 2) A tripod would have been a likely statue to have a bronze core when serving as an acroteria. 3) The Tripod is commonly used as a symbol of victory.
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while the temple remained intact was a modest 7 metres (23 feet). The ratio of height to diameter of the columns is 7:1, rather than the more standard 9:1 or 10:1 ratio in Ionic buildings. Constructed from white
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and Eduard
Schaubert excavated the temple in the 1830s. The building had been totally dismantled in the 17th century and the stone built into the Turkish wall that surrounded the hill. A primitive
217:. The columns along the east and west fronts were monolithic columns. The temple ran 8 metres (26 feet) long by 5.5 metres (18 feet) wide and 7 metres (23 feet) tall. The total height from the
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by the
Persians in 480-479 BC and a temple was built over the remains. The new temple construction was underway in 449 BC and was finished around 420 BC. The cult was supervised by the
298:. The outside of the parapet was adorned by carved relief sculptures showing Nike in a variety of activities, including two Nikai setting up a trophy, and all in procession.
93:, and Athena was worshipped in this form, representative of being victorious in war. The citizens worshipped the goddesses in hopes of a successful outcome in the long
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438:. However, these theories may be unlikely as the proportions of these animals’ bodies would not match where their feet would be placed in the akroteria's base block.
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that opened in 2009. The Temple of Athena Nike is often closed to visitors as work continues. The new museum exhibit consists of fragments of the site before the
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temple on the
Acropolis. It has a prominent position on a steep bastion at the south west corner of the Acropolis to the right of the entrance, the
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was carried out in 1836 when the temple was re-erected from remaining parts. A third restoration was completed in Summer 2010. The main structure,
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would turn into the east and west faces of the temple, there are cuttings just above the cyma where an akroteria would have been placed.
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Connelly, Joan Breton, Portrait of a priestess: women and ritual in ancient Greece, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2007
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or wingless victory, and the story arose that the statue was deprived of wings so that it could never leave the city.
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The Temple of Athena Nike: A Small Shrine Dedicated To One of Athena's
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The temple of Athena Nike - Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Tourism
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Gorham, Stevens (1908). "The Cornice of the Temple of Athena Nike".
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were decorated on all sides with relief sculpture in the idealized
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was added around it to prevent people from falling from the steep
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The Temple of Athena Nike was finished around 420 BC, during the
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The famous parapet of Nike removing her sandal is an example of
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and columns are largely intact, minus the roof and most of the
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Schultz, Peter. “The Akroteria of the Temple of Athena Nike.”
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N, James (December 2009). "The Acropolis and its new museum".
817:"Athena Nike Temple. Parapet. South slab. The "Sandalbinder""
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knowledge of what the design could have been is long lost.
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Some time after the temple was completed, around 410 BC a
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666:"The East and West Friezes of the Temple of Athena Nike"
317:. Fragments of the sculpted frieze are exhibited in the
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A relief from the parapet around the temple which shows
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Temple of Athena Nike is on the right from the Propylaea
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Gardner's art through the ages : a global history
117:, from the south frieze of the Temple of Athena Nike,
846:. Kleiner, Fred S. (14th ed., ed.). Australia.
370:. Nike was originally the "winged victory" goddess (
721:Architecture and Meaning on the Athenian Acropolis
1609:5th-century BC religious buildings and structures
275:. The east frieze showed an assembly of the gods
1619:Ancient Greek buildings and structures in Athens
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394:An 1893 photograph of the Acropolis showing the
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643:. Cambridge University Press. p. 183.
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31:Painting of the Temple of Athena Nike, by
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1449:Metopes of the Parthenon
1109:Odeon of Herodes Atticus
951:70, no. 1 (2001): 1–47.
639:Hurwit, Jeffrey (2004).
136:Priestess of Athena Nike
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624:Duamato, Lamia (1980).
505:Encyclopædia Britannica
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1489:Moschophoros
1464:Antenor Kore
1294:Themistocles
1189:Hekatompedon
1103:
1011:
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163:Architecture
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101:and allies.
85:
77:Nike Parapet
76:
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1484:Peplos Kore
1474:Kritios Boy
1364:Ludwig Ross
1314:Callicrates
1219:Arrephorion
1214:Pandroseion
1209:Chalkotheke
1094:Erechtheion
1033: /
374:the winged
358:wet drapery
307:anastylosis
301:Architects
264:entablature
215:Kallikrates
33:Carl Werner
1603:Categories
1339:Lord Elgin
1229:Eleusinion
1144:Beulé Gate
1134:Aglaureion
1021:23°43′30″E
1018:37°58′17″N
826:2023-10-12
781:(4): 2–9.
755:2012-12-09
730:0521469813
650:0521527406
491:References
396:Beulé Gate
195:colonnaded
182:tetrastyle
179:. It is a
171:Floor plan
1427:Sculpture
1329:Mardonius
1319:Mnesikles
1259:Klepsydra
1154:Peripatos
1099:Propylaia
1089:Parthenon
932:192945630
870:cite book
862:894921256
803:190844675
795:0737-4453
706:155917173
690:0002-9114
611:160355685
591:Antiquity
568:0091-7338
562:: 53–73.
522:Footnotes
425:Akroteria
311:stylobate
219:stylobate
212:architect
73:Propylaea
1479:Kore 670
1324:Xerxes I
1299:Pericles
997:Archived
576:42617835
459:See also
321:and the
315:tympanae
285:Poseidon
223:pediment
156:Persians
121:(London)
99:Spartans
1416:at the
1392:Museums
1309:Ictinus
1304:Phidias
517:, 2004.
515:TASCHEN
507:, 1968.
496:Sources
436:Chimera
432:Pegasus
403:Cornice
296:bastion
292:parapet
260:friezes
254:Friezes
202:facades
198:portico
105:History
1538:Events
1283:People
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343:Athens
277:Athena
187:column
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1588:Moria
928:S2CID
920:JSTOR
799:S2CID
702:S2CID
694:JSTOR
607:S2CID
572:JSTOR
363:cella
191:Ionic
69:Ionic
45:Greek
884:link
880:link
876:link
858:OCLC
848:ISBN
791:ISSN
725:ISBN
686:ISSN
645:ISBN
564:ISSN
416:Cyma
368:naos
283:and
281:Zeus
258:The
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