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Schrecker continues, because research positions require extreme specialization, they must consolidate the frequency and intensity of performance evaluations across a given career, and they cannot have the same flexibility or turnover rates as other jobs, making the tenure process a practical necessity: "A mathematician cannot teach a class on medieval Islam, nor can an art historian run an organic chemistry lab. Moreover, there is no way that the employing institution can provide the kind of retraining that would facilitate such a transformation... even the largest and most well-endowed institution lacks the resources to reevaluate and replace its medieval
Islamicists and algebraic topologists every year. Tenure thus lets the academic community avoid excessive turnover while still ensuring the quality of the institution's faculty. It is structured around two assessments – one at hiring, the other some six years later – that are far more rigorous than those elsewhere in society and give the institution enough confidence in the ability of the successful candidates to retain them on a permanent basis." Tenure also locks in the non-pecuniary aspects of academic compensation, lowering the required salary.
281:
and university teachers: tenure and faculty governance. It exists as well because of the procedural guarantees that surround those practices... My own experiences prove tenure's value. As a historian who wants to conform to the highest professional standards while also trying to contribute in some way to the cause of freedom and social justice, I am viewed as a controversial figure in some circles. I would be seriously hampered in my work, however, if I was constantly worrying about losing my job because of something I wrote or said... Tenure is also the mechanism through which institutions create a protected space within which college and university teachers can exercise their craft without worrying that an unpopular or unorthodox undertaking might put their careers at risk. More concretely, it creates an economically secure cohort of senior faculty members who can (and sometimes do) defend the quality of
American education as well as the ability of their colleagues to teach, do research, and speak out as citizens without fear of institutional reprisals. Such, at least, is the idealized version of the relationship between tenure and academic freedom.
225:, teaching excellence, and administrative or community service. They limit the number of years that any employee can remain employed as a non-tenured instructor or professor, compelling the institution to grant tenure to or terminate an individual, with significant advance notice, at the end of a specified time period. Some institutions require promotion to associate professor as a condition of tenure. A university may also offer research positions or professional track and clinical track academic positions which are said to be "non-tenure track". Positions with titles such as instructor, lecturer, adjunct professor, research professor etc. do not carry the possibility of tenure, have higher teaching loads (other than maybe the research positions), have less influence within the institution, lower compensation with few or no benefits (see
292:
in the academy, a well-documented leftward slant in political affiliation. To Bruce, this is an argument against tenure, but my point is that the more I am persuaded that there is groupthink orthodoxy afoot, the more I want assurances that I would not get fired if I write an essay on free trade or the Second
Amendment or a book on anarchism. I take it the counterargument is that the more entrenched the orthodoxy becomes, the less likely a heterodox scholar will be tenured, or even hired, in the first place... I can see that this poses a problem but fail to see how abolishing tenure would help. As things stand, some heterodox scholars do get hired and tenured.. If only the heterodox need formal protection, and we have a problem with growing orthodoxy, then eliminating the formal protection will exacerbate the problem."
187:" (a kind of broader second PhD thesis; the very highest degree available within the university, entitling the holder to be a "full professor"), after which they are eligible for tenureship. This means that, compared to other countries, academics in Germany obtain tenure at a relatively late age, as on average one becomes an Academic Assistant at the age of 42. In 2002 the "Juniorprofessur" position (comparable to an assistant professor in the US, but not always endowed with a tenure track) was introduced as an alternative to "Habilitation". However, the degree of formal equivalence between a "Habilitation" and a successfully completed "Juniorprofessur" varies across the different states (
183:
fixed-term contracts, research grants, fellowships and part-time jobs. In 2010, 9% of academic staff were professors, 66% were "junior staff" (including doctoral candidates on contracts), and 25% were other academic staff in secondary employment. Permanent research, teaching and management positions below professorship as an "Akademischer Rat" (a civil service position salaried like high school teachers) have become relatively rare compared to the 1970s and 1980s and are often no longer refilled after a retirement. In order to attain the position of professor, in some fields, an academic must usually complete a "
142:, due to what they regarded as unacceptable and untenable behavior (putting pressure on postdoc in regards of an employment survey and using private emails for work related matters despite repeated warnings about it). The handling of the firing was criticized by other researchers. A later court decision ruled that the dismissal had not followed the collective agreements and Thybo received an economic compensation. Thybo had insisted that he should be reinstated in his previous position, but this was not supported by the court and the university did not rehire him.
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244:(AAC&U), the 1940 Statement is endorsed by over 250 scholarly and higher education organizations and is widely adopted into faculty handbooks and collective bargaining agreements at institutions of higher education throughout the United States. This statement holds that, "The common good depends upon the free search for truth and its free exposition" and stresses that academic freedom is essential in teaching and research in this regard.
87:, argued that Andrew's free expression threatened donations to Brown, and that money was the life blood of universities. In 1897 Andrews was forced to offer his resignation, but there was a backlash by faculty and students who advocated that he should be protected under the principles of free speech. The board reversed its decision and refused Andrews' resignation. A year later, Andrews resigned anyway.
263:
outweighed by the benefits"—and he points out that the very debate about tenure in which he is engaging is made possible by the academic freedom which tenure makes possible. "Tenure remains scholars' best defense of free inquiry and heterodoxy," writes Skoble, "especially in these times of heightened polarization and internet outrage. Let us focus on fixing it, not scrapping it."
331:, writing in respect of a fellow professor he deemed unacceptable, stated that "the dean ... would not tolerate ineffective teaching by a non-tenured teacher who was making no effort to improve," thereby tacitly admitting, or at least leaving open the fair inference, that ineffective teaching is tolerated if the professor is tenured.
291:
If the "social justice" element of
Schrecker's defense makes it seem like present-day assurances of academic freedom create a politically left echo chamber in academic departments, Skoble observes that tenure thus becomes all the more necessary to preserve a diversity of ideas: "There is an orthodoxy
280:
And yet, despite its whittling away by such unfortunate decisions as
Urofsky, Garcetti, and Hong, the traditional form of academic freedom still exists, misunderstood and imperiled as it may be. It exists by virtue of two practices that protect the job security and institutional authority of college
182:
Academics are divided into two classes: On the one hand, professors (W2/W3&C3/C4 positions in the new and old systems of pay grades) are employed as state civil servants and hold tenure as highly safeguarded lifetime employment; On the other hand, there is a much larger group of "junior staff" on
287:
In elementary and secondary schools, tenure also protects teachers from being fired for personal, political, or other non-work related reasons: tenure prohibits school districts from firing experienced teachers to hire less experienced, less expensive teachers as well as protects teachers from being
275:
Above all, however, tenure is essential because it protects academic freedom: not only in cases in which a scholar's politics may run counter to those of their department, institution, or funding bodies, but also and most often in cases when a scholar's work innovates in ways that challenge received
262:
Defenders of tenure, like Ellen
Schrecker and Aeon J. Skoble, generally acknowledge flaws in how tenure approvals are currently run and problems in how tenured professors might use their time, security, and power; however, as Skoble puts it, the "downsides are either not as bad as claimed, or costs
194:
Due to a university system that guarantees universities relative academic freedom, the position of professor in
Germany is relatively strong and independent. As civil servants, professors have a series of attendant rights and benefits, yet this status is subject to discussion. In the W pay scale the
295:
Skoble argues categorically and plainly against critics that say "tenure protects incompetent professors": "My argument is that when this happens, it is a malfunction of the system, not an intrinsic feature of its proper use. The way it is supposed to work is that incompetent professors do not get
271:
that most other workers can only dream of" counterbalances universities' inability to compete with the private sector: "Universities, after all, are not corporations and cannot provide the kinds of financial remuneration that similarly educated individuals in other fields expect." Furthermore,
326:
A further criticism of tenure is that it rewards complacency. Once professors are awarded tenure, they may begin putting reduced effort into their job, knowing that their removal is difficult or expensive to the institution. Another criticism is that it may cause the institution to tolerate
266:
Supporters of tenure argue that the security granted by tenure is necessary to recruit talented individuals into university professorships, because in many fields private industry jobs pay significantly more; as
Schrecker puts it, providing professors "the kind of
304:
Some have argued that modern tenure systems diminish academic freedom, forcing those seeking tenured positions to profess conformance to the level of mediocrity as those awarding the tenured professorships. For example, according to physicist
164:. In its place, there is the distinction between permanent and temporary contracts for academics. A permanent lecturer in UK universities usually holds an open-ended position that covers teaching, research and administrative responsibilities.
320:, who recommends the elimination of tenure (for economics professors) in order to incentivize higher performance among professors, also points out that a pay increase may be required to compensate faculty members for the lost job security.
126:
Danish universities in advertisements for faculty positions usually state that professor positions are tenured. However, the interpretation of tenure at Danish universities has been a matter of controversy.
130:
Denmark adopted a more hierarchical management approach for universities in the early 2000s. This new system was introduced by parliament on proposal by the
Minister of Science, Technology and Development,
296:
tenure in the first place. The rebuttal is 'but they do, therefore tenure is a bad idea.' But that is like arguing that because you ran a red light and caused a train wreck, driving is a bad idea."
217:
in the United States and Canada, some faculty positions have tenure and some do not. Typical systems (such as the widely adopted "1940 Statement of
Principles on Academic Freedom and Tenure" of the
191:), and the informal recognition of having served as a "Juniorprofessur" as a replacement for the "Habilitation" in the appointment procedures for professorships varies greatly between disciplines.
102:, to ensure Nazi racial theories were integrated in university curriculums. This caused a purge of 1500 professors, and by 1939, nearly half of all faculty posts were occupied by Nazis.
79:. The board of Brown University, many of whom were creditors and landowners (positions that benefited from deflation), told Andrews to cease his public advocacy. The Dean of
138:
The controversial understanding of tenure in Denmark was demonstrated by University of Copenhagen in 2016, when the university fired the internationally renowned professor,
52:, which holds that it benefits society in the long run if academics are free to hold and espouse a variety of views, even if the views are unpopular or controversial.
60:
Tenure was introduced into American universities in the early 1900s in part to prevent the arbitrary dismissal of faculty members who expressed unpopular views.
2075:
592:
135:, based on his vision that Danish universities in the future should compete about funding in order to increase their attention to marketing and industry.
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968:
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fired for teaching unpopular, controversial, or otherwise challenged curricula such as evolutionary biology, theology, and controversial literature.
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In response to Nazi manipulations of university faculty in Germany, the modern conception of tenure in US higher education originated with the
1020:
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wisdom in the field. As much as Ellen Schrecker identifies its flaws, she asserts tenure's crucial role in preserving academic freedom:
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44:, or under extraordinary circumstances such as financial exigency or program discontinuation. Academic tenure originated in the
2713:
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in the early 20th century, and several other countries have since adopted it. Tenure is a means of defending the principle of
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The Lost Soul of Higher Education: Corporatization, the Assault on Academic Freedom, and the End of the American University
807:
The Lost Soul of Higher Education: Corporatization, the Assault on Academic Freedom, and the End of the American University
151:
240:' (AAUP) 1940 Statement of Principles on Academic Freedom and Tenure. Jointly formulated and endorsed by the AAUP and the
94:, Germany had been a leader in academic tenure, but free speech and tenure were severely curtailed under the Third Reich.
433:
459:
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221:) allow only a limited period to establish a record of published research, ability to attract grant funding,
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called universal education "the most corroding and disintegrating poison". He appointed Education Minister
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is a type of academic appointment that protects its holder from being fired or laid off except for
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309:, "...it is practically career suicide for a young theoretical physicist not to join the field of
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Lycan, Mountaineers Are Free at 297 (Stone Mountain, Georgia: Linton Day Publishing Co. 1994).
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Aeon J. Skoble, "Tenure: The Good Outweighs the Bad – A Surresponse to James E. Bruce," in
857:
Aeon J. Skoble, "Tenure: The Good Outweighs the Bad – A Surresponse to James E. Bruce," in
792:
Aeon J. Skoble, "Tenure: The Good Outweighs the Bad – A Surresponse to James E. Bruce," in
779:
Aeon J. Skoble, "Tenure: The Good Outweighs the Bad – A Surresponse to James E. Bruce", in
402:"Elisha Benjamin Andrews: 1889-1898 | Office of the President | Brown University"
160:
The original form of academic tenure was removed in the United Kingdom in 1988 through the
8:
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Some U.S. states have considered legislation to remove tenure at public universities.
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professorial pay is related to performance rather than merely to age, as it was in C.
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to reduce the impact on Americans and farmers who owed larger and larger loans due to
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incompetent professors if they are tenured. Gilbert Lycan, a history professor at
230:
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64:
49:
646:; this statement has been adopted by more than 200 scholarly and academic groups (
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944:"Students and Faculty Fear Tenure and DEI Bills Could 'Destroy' Texas Colleges"
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652:"Recommended Institutional Regulations on Academic Freedom and Tenure"
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704:"1940 Statement of Principles on Academic Freedom and Tenure – AAUP"
650:). The American Association of University Professors also publishes
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434:"Helge Sander forandrede universiteterne totalt og fortryder intet"
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1021:"Study links tenure criteria to long-term professor performance"
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644:"1940 Statement of Principles on Academic Freedom and Tenure"
861:
Volume 22, Number 1 (Spring 2019): 207–210, quoted at 208–9.
247:
In the United States, tenure rights for teachers serving in
2406:
1849:
460:"Nature: Sacking of prominent geoscientist rocks community"
254:
also have been in existence for more than a hundred years.
874:
Volume 22, Number 1 (Spring 2019): 207–210, quoted at 209.
796:
Volume 22, Number 1 (Spring 2019): 207–210, quoted at 210.
783:
Volume 22, Number 1 (Spring 2019): 207–210, quoted at 208.
1389:
997:"Bills To End College Tenure Have Fizzled At The Finish"
593:"Prekäre Arbeitsverhältnisse an Universitäten nehmen zu"
63:
One notable instance was the case of the resignation of
2076:
List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents
494:"Sacking of top geologist Hans Thybo was unjustified"
242:Association of American Colleges and Universities
2988:
109:fired several prominent economists for teaching
916:"Let's Just Get Rid of Tenure (Including Mine)"
665:"The Status of Non-Tenure-Track Faculty | AAUP"
1087:
238:American Association of University Professors
219:American Association of University Professors
30:"Tenure" redirects here. For other uses, see
1061:"Explainer: how Europe does academic tenure"
619:"Explainer: how Europe does academic tenure"
542:"Explainer: how Europe does academic tenure"
457:
198:
1094:
1080:
883:
361:Academic ranks (Australia and New Zealand)
2818:Comprehensive Employment and Training Act
209:Under the tenure systems adopted by many
2662:Job losses caused by the Great Recession
1344:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates
966:
941:
831:
384:"The Role of Tenure in Higher Education"
2843:Credentialism and educational inflation
458:Schiermeier, Quirin (5 December 2016).
14:
2989:
2714:List of countries by unemployment rate
1058:
910:
567:"buwin2013keyresults.pdf — BuWiN 2017"
378:
376:
1075:
967:Flaherty, Colleen (13 January 2017).
690:"A brief history of academic freedom"
420:"A brief history of academic freedom"
257:
1612:Practice-based professional learning
299:
152:Academic ranks in the United Kingdom
2160:Workers' right to access the toilet
994:
373:
24:
1052:
539:
25:
3013:
948:The Chronicle of Higher Education
872:Journal of Markets & Morality
859:Journal of Markets & Morality
794:Journal of Markets & Morality
781:Journal of Markets & Morality
648:"Endorsers of the 1940 Statement"
621:. 6 February 2018. Archived from
145:
2931:
2930:
2224:Corporate collapses and scandals
832:Makowsky, Michael (1 May 2023).
496:. uniavisen.dk. 27 November 2017
341:Academic tenure in North America
205:Academic tenure in North America
107:University of Illinois at Urbana
1039:
1013:
988:
960:
935:
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877:
864:
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822:(The New Press, 2010), p. 27-28
812:
799:
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760:American Federation of Teachers
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27:Indefinite academic appointment
2724:Employment-to-population ratio
2096:Occupational health psychology
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508:
486:
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13:
1:
2812:Works Progress Administration
2704:Unemployment Convention, 1919
2116:Personal protective equipment
1669:Occupational Outlook Handbook
1059:Enders, JĂĽrgen (2015-06-29).
366:
116:
2893:Psychopathy in the workplace
2066:Human factors and ergonomics
942:Surovell, Eva (2023-05-29).
809:(The New Press, 2010), p. 26
599:(in German). 9 December 2011
229:), and little protection of
7:
2878:Narcissism in the workplace
2091:Occupational exposure limit
838:Economist Writing Every Day
516:"Education Reform Act 1988"
334:
174:Habilitation § Germany
10:
3018:
2807:Civil Works Administration
2689:Technological unemployment
2165:Workplace health promotion
1622:Professional certification
1319:Personality–job fit theory
730:"What is academic tenure?"
202:
171:
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149:
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55:
29:
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2787:Guaranteed minimum income
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1971:
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1109:
472:10.1038/nature.2016.21095
178:Academic ranks in Germany
2956:Aspects of organizations
2637:Involuntary unemployment
2198:Equal pay for equal work
2121:Repetitive strain injury
1627:Professional development
1617:Professional association
1299:Letter of recommendation
887:The Trouble with Physics
346:Faculty (academic staff)
199:United States and Canada
2941:Aspects of corporations
2903:Slow movement (culture)
2782:Employer of last resort
2684:Structural unemployment
2622:Frictional unemployment
2061:Epilepsy and employment
1948:Performance-related pay
1882:National average salary
1800:996 working hour system
597:Der Tagesspiegel Online
440:(in Danish). 2021-06-03
105:In the late 1940s, the
32:Tenure (disambiguation)
2951:Aspects of occupations
2757:Unemployment insurance
2709:Unemployment extension
2679:Reserve army of labour
2484:Constructive dismissal
2291:Sleeping while on duty
2256:Exploitation of labour
2138:Sick building syndrome
1314:Person–environment fit
1184:Independent contractor
520:www.legislation.gov.uk
356:List of academic ranks
283:
2961:Aspects of workplaces
2699:Unemployment benefits
2694:Types of unemployment
2632:Graduate unemployment
2526:Letter of resignation
2155:Workers' compensation
2148:Occupational fatality
1657:Vocational university
1257:Employment counsellor
278:
2997:Academic terminology
2767:Job creation program
2543:Mandatory retirement
2496:Employee offboarding
2316:Workplace incivility
2311:Workplace harassment
2086:Occupational disease
2081:Occupational burnout
1996:Disability insurance
1840:Workweek and weekend
1647:Vocational education
1562:Continuing education
1400:Permanent employment
995:Nietzel, Michael T.
162:Education Reform Act
2672:Recession-proof job
2667:Lists of recessions
2605:Economic depression
2553:Retirement planning
2434:Work–life interface
2271:Employee monitoring
2239:Corporate behaviour
2229:Accounting scandals
2111:Occupational stress
2101:Occupational injury
1637:Reflective practice
1632:Professional school
1354:Work-at-home scheme
1274:Induction programme
1252:Employment contract
1232:Business networking
884:Lee Smolin (2008).
223:academic visibility
111:Keynesian economics
2935:See also templates
2772:Job creation index
2736:Youth unemployment
2600:Discouraged worker
2489:Wrongful dismissal
2469:At-will employment
2342:Civil conscription
2306:Workplace bullying
2193:Affirmative action
2175:Workplace wellness
2106:Occupational noise
1747:Long service leave
1607:Overspecialization
1587:Induction training
1542:Career development
1025:Insidehighered.com
671:. 17 December 2008
625:on 6 February 2018
329:Stetson University
258:Arguments in favor
2984:
2983:
2883:Post-work society
2863:Kiss up kick down
2595:Barriers to entry
2560:Severance package
2392:Human trafficking
2286:Sexual harassment
2266:Employee handbook
2185:Equal opportunity
2048:Safety and health
2038:Take-home vehicle
1652:Vocational school
1602:Lifelong learning
1577:Further education
1537:Career counseling
1532:Career assessment
1309:Overqualification
897:978-0-14-101835-5
890:. Penguin Books.
818:Ellen Schrecker,
805:Ellen Schrecker,
300:Arguments against
227:adjunct professor
16:(Redirected from
3009:
2971:Critique of work
2966:Corporate titles
2934:
2933:
2853:Evil corporation
2719:Employment rates
2642:Jobless recovery
2610:Great Depression
2570:Golden parachute
2565:Golden handshake
2362:Job satisfaction
2352:Critique of work
2170:Workplace phobia
2001:Health insurance
1958:Wage compression
1926:Progressive wage
1785:35-hour workweek
1752:No call, no show
1742:Leave of absence
1592:Knowledge worker
1520:Master craftsman
1324:Personality hire
1262:Executive search
1242:Curriculum vitae
1227:Background check
1096:
1089:
1082:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1065:The Conversation
1046:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1027:. 7 January 2014
1017:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1007:
992:
986:
985:
983:
981:
974:Inside Higher Ed
969:"Killing Tenure"
964:
958:
957:
955:
954:
939:
933:
932:
930:
928:
914:(4 March 2007).
908:
902:
901:
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875:
868:
862:
855:
849:
848:
846:
844:
829:
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797:
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784:
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746:
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741:
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700:
694:
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686:
680:
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661:
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641:
635:
634:
632:
630:
615:
609:
608:
606:
604:
589:
583:
582:
580:
578:
563:
557:
556:
554:
552:
546:The Conversation
540:Enders, JĂĽrgen.
537:
531:
530:
528:
526:
512:
506:
505:
503:
501:
490:
484:
483:
455:
449:
448:
446:
445:
430:
424:
423:
416:
410:
409:
398:
392:
391:
380:
231:academic freedom
71:, who advocated
65:Brown University
50:academic freedom
21:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3002:Labor relations
2987:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2976:Organized labor
2946:Aspects of jobs
2922:
2913:Toxic workplace
2848:Emotional labor
2821:
2745:Public programs
2740:
2657:Great Recession
2627:Full employment
2615:Long Depression
2581:
2479:Banishment room
2455:
2377:Refusal of work
2320:
2244:Corporate crime
2212:
2179:
2042:
1967:
1844:
1771:
1705:
1582:Graduate school
1492:
1414:
1358:
1349:Underemployment
1208:
1152:Self-employment
1127:Contingent work
1117:Academic tenure
1110:Classifications
1105:
1100:
1055:
1053:Further reading
1050:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1005:
1003:
993:
989:
979:
977:
965:
961:
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940:
936:
926:
924:
909:
905:
898:
882:
878:
869:
865:
856:
852:
842:
840:
830:
826:
817:
813:
804:
800:
791:
787:
778:
774:
765:
763:
754:
753:
749:
739:
737:
728:
727:
723:
713:
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702:
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697:
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683:
674:
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663:
662:
658:
642:
638:
628:
626:
617:
616:
612:
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600:
591:
590:
586:
576:
574:
565:
564:
560:
550:
548:
538:
534:
524:
522:
514:
513:
509:
499:
497:
492:
491:
487:
456:
452:
443:
441:
438:University Post
432:
431:
427:
418:
417:
413:
400:
399:
395:
382:
381:
374:
369:
337:
302:
260:
207:
201:
180:
170:
158:
148:
124:
119:
85:Francis Wayland
81:Yale Law School
58:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3015:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2898:Sunday scaries
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2649:
2647:Phillips curve
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2602:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2548:Retirement age
2545:
2535:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2501:Exit interview
2498:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2448:
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2446:
2441:
2431:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2251:Discrimination
2248:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2203:Gender pay gap
2200:
2195:
2189:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2140:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2023:
2018:
2016:Parental leave
2013:
2011:Marriage leave
2008:
2006:Life insurance
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1862:Income bracket
1858:
1856:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1795:Eight-hour day
1792:
1787:
1781:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1698:
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1692:
1691:
1686:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1554:
1552:Creative class
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1512:
1510:Apprenticeship
1506:
1504:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1478:Scarlet-collar
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1424:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1218:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1194:Temporary work
1191:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1162:Skilled worker
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1098:
1091:
1084:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1038:
1012:
987:
959:
934:
912:Levitt, Steven
903:
896:
876:
863:
850:
824:
811:
798:
785:
772:
747:
736:. 30 June 2006
721:
710:. 10 July 2006
695:
681:
656:
636:
610:
584:
558:
532:
507:
485:
450:
425:
411:
393:
371:
370:
368:
365:
364:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
336:
333:
301:
298:
259:
256:
252:public schools
200:
197:
169:
166:
147:
146:United Kingdom
144:
123:
120:
118:
115:
73:silver coinage
69:Elisha Andrews
57:
54:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3014:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2873:Make-work job
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2792:Right to work
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2777:Job guarantee
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2762:Make-work job
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2533:Restructuring
2531:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2511:Notice period
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2417:Unfree labour
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2387:Bonded labour
2385:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2301:Whistleblower
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2234:Control fraud
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2208:Glass ceiling
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2143:Work accident
2141:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2131:United States
2129:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2031:United States
2029:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1986:Casual Friday
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1943:Paid time off
1941:
1939:
1938:Overtime rate
1936:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1919:United States
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1790:Four-day week
1788:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1674:Practice firm
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1572:Employability
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1473:Orange-collar
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1420:Working class
1417:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1294:Job interview
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1147:Part-time job
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1132:Full-time job
1130:
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2908:Toxic leader
2888:Presenteeism
2868:Labor rights
2858:Going postal
2833:Bullshit job
2816:
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2796:
2587:Unemployment
2439:Downshifting
2422:Wage slavery
2402:Penal labour
2357:Dead-end job
2347:Conscription
2126:Right to sit
1981:Annual leave
1963:Working poor
1899:Minimum wage
1877:Maximum wage
1835:Working time
1825:Six-hour day
1727:Career break
1689:Professional
1483:Black-collar
1453:White-collar
1433:Green-collar
1410:Volunteering
1247:Drug testing
1237:Cover letter
1177:Tradesperson
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921:Freakonomics
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834:"Why Tenure"
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762:. 2015-06-01
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669:www.aaup.org
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351:Habilitation
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185:Habilitation
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133:Helge Sander
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100:Bernard Rust
96:Adolf Hitler
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2797:Historical:
2521:Resignation
2461:Termination
2444:Slow living
2412:Truck wages
2397:Labour camp
2325:Willingness
2217:Infractions
1872:Living wage
1820:Remote work
1488:Gold-collar
1443:Pink-collar
1438:Grey-collar
1428:Blue-collar
1395:Labour hire
1370:Cooperative
1334:Recruitment
1289:Job hunting
1222:Application
1204:Wage labour
1189:Labour hire
1142:Job sharing
573:(in German)
2991:Categories
2731:Wage curve
2538:Retirement
2451:Workaholic
2429:Work ethic
2296:Wage theft
2281:Labour law
2276:Evaluation
2261:Dress code
2026:Sick leave
1991:Child care
1953:Salary cap
1867:Income tax
1830:Shift work
1767:Time clock
1762:Sick leave
1757:Sabbatical
1722:Break room
1710:Attendance
1679:Profession
1664:Mentorship
1642:Retraining
1567:E-learning
1463:New-collar
1458:Red-collar
1405:Supervisor
1385:Internship
1304:Onboarding
1172:Technician
1167:Journeyman
1137:Gig worker
1103:Employment
1031:16 October
1006:2023-06-30
953:2023-06-30
766:2021-01-07
740:16 October
714:16 October
675:2019-03-20
629:6 February
577:6 February
444:2021-09-15
367:References
316:Economist
307:Lee Smolin
203:See also:
172:See also:
150:See also:
140:Hans Thybo
117:By country
67:president
2918:Workhouse
2838:Busy work
2652:Recession
2516:Pink slip
2474:Dismissal
2337:Careerism
1931:Singapore
1909:Hong Kong
1777:Schedules
1696:Tradesman
1597:Licensure
1557:Education
1527:Avocation
1468:No-collar
1448:Precariat
1329:Probation
1284:Job fraud
500:22 August
480:186102842
77:deflation
2826:See also
2752:Workfare
2577:Turnover
1973:Benefits
1854:salaries
1815:Overtime
1805:Flextime
1737:Gap year
1732:Furlough
1701:Vocation
1684:Operator
1547:Coaching
1502:training
1380:Employer
1375:Employee
1279:Job fair
1157:Side job
756:"Tenure"
734:Aaup.org
708:Aaup.org
335:See also
215:colleges
156:Lecturer
2802:U.S.A.:
2407:Peonage
2382:Slavery
2332:Boreout
2071:Karoshi
2021:Pension
1810:On-call
1515:Artisan
1199:Laborer
980:9 March
927:9 March
603:8 March
168:Germany
122:Denmark
90:Before
56:History
2506:Layoff
2056:Crunch
1914:Europe
1904:Canada
1892:Europe
1498:Career
1339:Résumé
1214:Hiring
1122:Casual
1001:Forbes
894:
843:12 May
478:
464:Nature
249:(K-12)
176:, and
92:Nazism
38:Tenure
18:Tenure
2367:McJob
1887:World
1850:Wages
1717:Break
1363:Roles
551:4 May
525:4 May
476:S2CID
42:cause
1852:and
1500:and
1267:list
1033:2017
982:2017
929:2017
892:ISBN
845:2023
742:2017
716:2017
631:2018
605:2018
579:2018
553:2018
527:2018
502:2023
213:and
154:and
1390:Job
468:doi
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