524:(Teaching Methods, 1771). Janković's new pedagogical textbook was divided into chapters on the methodology of group lessons, reading, numbers' tablets, and questioning; ways to instruct individuals in learning their letters, writing, and arithmetic; and administrative procedures. These divisions were the same as those in the book's Austrian counterpart. But as was often the case when an idea, ideal, or system indigenous to Western Europe was adopted to Russian circumstances, the textbook took on specific Russian characteristics. In contrast to the earlier Serbian and Romanian manual, this one practically ignored religion as a subject to be taught in school, was shorter and more precise, and stressed the use of the Russian language in the classroom. The central theme of the Guide for Teachers was put succinctly enough in a forward: "The rank of teacher obligates them to try and make from their student's useful members of society, and to do what is necessary to frequently encourage youth towards the observation of their societal duties, to enlighten their minds, and to teach them to think and to act wisely, honorably and decently".
467:, on science and philosophy. In fact, he was largely influenced by the thought of these men, if not others; and his importance is large because he first applied systematically the principles of thought and investigation, formulated by philosophers of the Era of Enlightenment to the general organization of education. Another aspect of his educational influence is the second edition of the "Comparative Dictionary of All Languages and Dialects, Arranged in Alphabetical Order," issued in 1791. In short, Theresian school reforms had a significant impact on the educational level of the Banat. At the very least the reforms promoted the rise of the Serbian and Romanian literary vernaculars. Efforts to diffuse the written vernacular began in 1770 when the court sanctioned the establishment of a Cyrillic press for Serbs and Romanians alike by the Viennese publishing firm of Joseph von Kuzböck. Schoolbooks were also translated for the Romanian population, which was concentrated in southeastern Banat. It is no accident in this regard that the noted Serbian playwright
48:
508:(The Commission for the Establishment of Public Schools) founded by Catherine in 1782 to plan and supervise the development of a new system. Ten days later, Janković produced a draft plan for a public school system in Russia which was accepted by Catherine on 21 September. For the next four years, the Commission worked out ways and means to implement the proposals through the empire. In a decade of work, the Commission introduced into Russia the essentials of a modern educational system on par with Europe.
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families. Families, in general, were less inclined to send their daughters to a school than their sons, although the
General School Ordinance applied equally to both sexes. Religion pluralism posed problems in the Banat of the eighteenth century, particularly in education. The Orthodox religion had employed statutory autonomy since the late seventeenth century, when
528:
schools of their own. In addition, schooling was to be extended to soldiers themselves. Weekly visits by normal school graduates were to provide information in reading, writing, and arithmetic. Catherine the Great strongly endorsed
Janković's proposal and forwarded it to the Court War Council. She ennobled him in 1791, giving him an estate in the
894:
487:
Although
Janković had put aside his pedagogical work, for the time being, his Banat reforms had begun to attract the attention of educational reformers throughout the Slavic world. While there was no dearth of pedagogical reforms in Russia, virtually all were German or Baltic, mostly Roman Catholics
441:
continued emphasis upon memorization. Janković was an advocate of the
Socratic method, in which instruction took the form of a conversation between teacher and pupil. Memorization was important but to a certain point. During his career, Janković was formulating a general theory of education. In this
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The school ordinance for the Banat (1776) reflected the resulting compromise. School instruction was to be in
Serbian or Romanian, although higher salaries were offered to those schoolmasters capable of providing German instruction. Supervision of the schools was to be divided between the state (the
233:
educational writings. Since parish education was his main concern, Janković spent most of his time in Hecker's school for the poor. It was there that he saw pupils divided according to ability and receiving instruction collectively. He decided there and then against corporal punishment if one wanted
544:
instructed state governors to help the
Russian Empress in her research). The result was published as a dictionary of simple terms in more than 200 languages. The second edition of this dictionary Pallas could not complete and Janković was asked to take over the task. This one contained 61,700 words
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and teaching institute. Still fearing of arousing
Catholic distrust, Janković kept their journey secret. He had deliberately chosen Mrazović and Vujanovski, neither of whom lived in the Banat so that no one in the town would learn of his Berlin connections. When Mrazović and Vujanovski returned to
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in 1778 to oversee the preliminary training of elementary teachers at state-run, special schools called
Praparanden-Anstalten. School districts were also formed. Three such districts for Serb schools were headed by prominent pedagogues and writers of the time: in Banat, Teodor Janković Mirievski;
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In the
Habsburg Empire, there was resistance to compulsory education at first. The salary of the teachers remained the responsibility of the parish community and although the free distribution of textbooks reduced somewhat the financial burden, school fees remained a source of hardship for poorer
299:
script before the
Hungarian Court Chancellery. Vidak's successor, Mojsije Putnik proved to be a broad-minded cleric who understood and supported Janković's aim to educate everyone. As secretary, Janković devoted much of his time to his scientific interests. Although science was little more than a
283:. Janković no doubt endeared himself to both by stressing the importance of civic education for all—male and female children and adults. Janković headed the implementation in Timis Province of the Austrian school edict of 1774 as applied to the traditions of the Orthodox population, both Serb and
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Teodor was the son of Jovan (Ivan) Janković, a high-ranking Serbian military officer in the service of the Austrian crown. His ancestors had been living in their country estate in the Banat since the 15th century when they were forced to leave Mirijevo, near Belgrade, with the encroachment of the
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Janković later journeyed to St. Petersburg in 1782 at the behest of the empress where he helped supervise reforms in Russian primary schools. In Russia, Janković proposed changes in the system. Instead of attending schools outside the barracks the children of soldiers were now to attend special
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and others, and was the first to formulate that idea of "education according to traditions and customs" so influential in his work in the Habsburg Empire among the Serbs, Romanians, Greeks, Bulgars and in Imperial Russia among the Russians, Ukrainians, Ruthenians, Rusyns, and Belarusians. The
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who became close to Catherine the Great, for whom he helped carry out a peculiar project to try to establish the truth of the theory of a single language as the basis of all languages in the world. To this end, Pallas attempted to record different words in languages of the Russian Empire and
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the number of Orthodox schools in the Banat had doubled to 500 in 1782. The Hungarian Court Chancellery, which took over administration of the Banat in 1778, estimated in 1780 that most Serbian villages and more than half of the Romanian villages had Orthodox elementary schools. The higher
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concentration of schools among the Serbs reflected the fact that the Serbian population tended to be concentrated in the southern and central Banat, a region of market towns and agrarian villages. In the eastern Banat, where most Romanians lived, a more rural, pastoral economy prevailed.
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The year 1783 saw the publication of three books by the Commission which in themselves reveal Catherine's entire educational attitude. The first was a guide for teachers who were to staff the new schools, the second two were books of rules for students to follow. The teachers' manual,
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the Banat in 1773, Janković apprenticed them as schoolmasters in a local parish to observe whether they had mastered the essentials of Hecker's pedagogy. Fully satisfied with their performance, soon Janković would begin reforming the parish schools under his jurisdiction.
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made Janković his private secretary in 1773. Janković rapidly distinguished himself as a studious and conscientious educator and administrator. When Bishop Vicentije was elevated to Metropolitan of Karlovci in 1774, Janković was appointed a secretary to the new bishop,
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had graduated from the schools established by the reforms in the 1770s. Similarly, four of the Romanian intellectuals—Mihai Roşu Martinovici, Dimitrie Țichindeal, Paul Iorgovici (1764-1808) and Constantin Diaconovici-Loga (1770-1850) -- even taught in them.
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to instill a love of learning in the child. He opted to talk and discuss with the pupil to prove that abiding discipline can resolve ignorance. Janković was particularly impressed by the discipline and order he found and also the tabular-literal method by
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in 279 different languages (171 Asian, 55 European, 30 African and 22 American languages). Although methodologically flawed, this experiment, and especially criticism of its techniques, did much to develop a basis for the study of
415:. After Mirijevski, the supreme superintendent of Serbian and Romanian schools in the empire was Uroš Nestorović (1765-1825) who initiated and founded the first Serbian teacher's college. Grigorije Obradović, the nephew of
337:
reform in the Banat hinged upon the ability of Vienna to reach a 'modus vivendi' with the Orthodox hierarchy. That such a compromise was achieved was largely the work of Teodor Janković who had close ties with both the
241:
Janković soon realized that if he was to reform his parish schools in the Banat, he would need a core of trained teachers. Upon returning to the Banat in 1772, Janković dispatched to Temesvar two young acquaintances,
201:, Janković received his early education at the Gymnasium of his native town, then he went to the Slavo-Latin school in Karlovci (Karlowitz), and then studied law, science, philosophy, and political science at the
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hobby for Janković, he subsequently acquired a modest scientific reputation for his treatises in specialized textbooks and manuals. The breath of Janković's scientific interests is seen in his correspondence with
594:
Comparative Dictionary of All Languages and Dialects, Arranged in Alphabetical Order (Volumes 1-4, 1790-1791), considerably enlarged from an original, compiled by Peter Simon Pallas and published from 1787 to
228:
to see if the manuals work. It was not highly irregular for an Orthodox layman to visit a Protestant school in Protestant Berlin. There he spent the next month visiting Hecker, observing classes and studying
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in 1791. Among the great 18th century education reformers of Europe and Russia, Teodor Janković stands alone in that limelight. He became a member of the Russian Academy in 1783. He also held the rank of
291:. In effect, the administration of the Metropolitanate of Karlovci lay in the hands of Janković. He also prepared special pedagogical handbooks for teachers. He used his position to contest against the
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already translated and adapted by him into Serbian and Rumanian in 1776 for use in the Austrian Empire. But the Russian guidebook also encompassed ideas held by the University of Moscow compilers of
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and Protestants. Janković alone offered a pedagogical model to the Orthodox Slavs who, for whatsoever reason, were dissatisfied with the conditions of parish schooling in their territories. In 1782
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Banat School Commission in Temesvar) and the Orthodox clergy. The state and the Serbian Orthodox Church also shared financial responsibility for the building and maintenance of the schools. The
354:, before being appointed as director of the Banat School Commission in 1773. A striking example of successful translation policy was the Banat, where Janković translated and adapted many of
156:, 22 May 1814) was a Serbian and Russian educational reformer, academic, scholar and pedagogical writer. For his accomplishments in educational reforms he was twice ennobled, by
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granted ecclesiastical self-government in exchange for military assistance against the Turks. Both lay and clerical education of the Orthodox population was in the hands of the
743:"(PDF) Orphelins Kalligraphie : Reformen des Schulwesens und serbische Gesellschaft in der Habsburgermonarchie des 18. Jahrhunderts | Vladimir Simić - Academia.edu"
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and Osijek where Orthodox schoolmasters were instructed in the fundamentals of the Sagan method, preferred by Johann Felbiger. Janković sent Stevan Vujanovski to
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who praised Janković for having schools built for minorities in the Habsburg domains. On 6 September 1782, Janković had his first meeting with Catherine and
643:
549:. From 1802 to 1804, Janković was a member of the Commission for Schools of the Ministry of Public Education (known as the Central School Board from 1803).
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238:(1710-1789), the mnemonic device that organized each lesson into outline form. He insisted that there be no gender differences in the school system.
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909:
859:
832:
370:. Janković was thereby able to win the trust of both the Austrian court and of the Orthodox metropolitans Vićentije Jovanović Vidak and later
17:
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The Metropolitanate in Karlovci, for its part, also contributed funds for the training of schoolmasters and the distribution of catechism.
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in Vienna subsidized the training of seventeen Serbian schoolmasters at the Vienna Normal School and established three-month seminars in
715:
504:, who served as her advisor on education. The next day he was made the director of Russian schools and by law a permanent member of
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was Russia's first systematic outline of pedagogical method. Janković was the author of the manual, which was based in part upon a
213:. After entering the University of Vienna, he began to read widely in the fields of general knowledge, mathematics, and science.
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810:
287:. When the Metropolitan Vićentije died in February 1780, Janković received the leading candidate to succeed him, Metropolitan
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Aufklärung und Kulturtransfer in Mittel- und Osteuropa / Herausgegeben von Agnieszka Pufelska und Iwan Michelangelo d'Aprile
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842:
776:
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304:, a German and Russian natural philosopher. Aepinus is best known for his researches in electricity and magnetism.
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The result was a considerable expansion of primary schooling in Banat. When Janković left the Habsburg Empire for
651:
567:. Janković returned to Saint Petersburg with a comfortable pension, where he remained until his death in 1814.
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respect, he is the forerunner of Heinrich Julius Bruns (1746-1794), Joseph Anton Gall (1748-1807),
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579:
Guide for Teachers of the First and Second Grades of Public Schools in the Russian Empire (1783)
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792:
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434:
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Ocherki istorii shkoly i pedagogicheskoi mysli narodov SSSR: XVIII v.-pervaia polovina XIX v.
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343:
235:
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Absolutism and the Eighteenth-Century Origins of Compulsory Schooling in Prussia and Austria
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Absolutism and the Eighteenth-Century Origins of Compulsory Schooling in Prussia and Austria
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Absolutism and the Eighteenth-Century Origins of Compulsory Schooling in Prussia and Austria
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influence of Janković on educational thought is comparable with that of his contemporaries,
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514:"Rukovodstvo uchiteliam pervago i vtorago klassa narodnykh uchilishch Rossiiskoi Imperii,"
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358:'s works into Serbian and Romanian, not to mention the teaching of past reformers such as
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at Vienna and attended the Normal School and teaching institute but also served under
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reformers and the Orthodox clergy. Janković had not only studied under cameralist
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invited Janković to Imperial Russia on the recommendation of Maria Theresa's son
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in 1774 for his contributions to educational reform and management in Austria.
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de Mirievo, was a soldier who attained the rank of Major General during the
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Ocherki po istorii sistem narodnogo prosveshcheniia v Rossii v XVIII–XIX vv
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148:(also written F. I. Mirievskii, Fedor Ivanovich Yankovich de Mirievo;
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Together with Russian scholars and pedagogues, Jankovic wrote:
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987:(The History of New Serbian Literature), Belgrade, 1914, p.54
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throughout the world by sending out a survey (in the USA,
668:
The Routledge History of East-Central Europe Since 1700
977:, Edited by M. F. Shabaeva. Moscow, 1973. Pages 143–54
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After being appointed a director of public school in
130:
Comparative Dictionary of All Languages and Dialects,
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Ocherki po istorii nachal’nogo obrazovaniia v Rossii
665:
Livezeanu, Irina; Klimo, Arpad von (16 March 2017).
552:During his stay in Russia, Teodor held the rank of
479:
266:, an area inhabited by Serbs and Romanians, Bishop
891:"Simon Beattie : JANKOVIC-MIRIJEVSKI, Teodor"
433:Heavily influenced by the Rousseauean pedagogy of
419:, was one of the principal educators at the time.
1041:Habsburg monarchy emigrants to the Russian Empire
1011:People from the Russian Empire of Serbian descent
992:
908:Verdugo, Richard R.; Milne, Andrew (June 2016).
694:"СРБИ – ШТАБ-ОФИЦИРИ И ГЕНЕРАЛИ У РУСКОЈ ВОЈСЦИ"
585:Writing Samples and a Guide to Penmanship (1782)
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885:
883:
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1036:18th-century educators from the Russian Empire
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967:Konstantinov, N. A., and V. Ia. Struminskii.
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878:
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250:, who were to spend a year in Vienna at the
858:Melton, James van Horn (13 November 2003).
831:Melton, James van Horn (13 November 2003).
714:Melton, James van Horn (13 November 2003).
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758:
756:
46:
937:"Елаборат о српској азбуци и ортографији"
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316:A book in Russian by Janković-Mirijevski
311:
224:. In his travels, Janković journeyed to
753:
307:
14:
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911:National Identity: Theory and Research
857:
830:
713:
740:
209:student his professor was Johann von
971:, 2nd ed. Moscow, 1953. Pages 61–78.
350:, who became the Orthodox bishop of
765:Cirkovic, Sima M. (15 April 2008).
506:Komissiia ob uchrezhdenii uchilisch
374:and his clergy. He was ennobled by
24:
599:He also wrote numerous textbooks.
25:
1062:
985:Istorija nove srpske književnosti
691:
152:, 17 April 1741 –
741:Simić, Vladimir (January 2009).
535:In St. Petersburg, Janković met
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785:
734:
707:
685:
658:
13:
1:
935:Јанковић Миријевски, Теодор.
797:mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk
624:
591:An Arithmetic Handbook (1784)
494:Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
323:Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
216:After reading the manuals of
1031:18th-century Austrian people
1021:18th-century Serbian writers
644:"Teodor Janković-Mirijevski"
220:, Janković decided to visit
191:
27:Serbian academic, and writer
7:
1026:19th-century Serbian people
793:"Franz Aepinus - Biography"
602:
437:, Janković was critical of
403:; and Stevan Vujanovski in
327:Metropolitanate of Karlovci
197:Ottoman invaders. Born in
101:Academic, professor, writer
10:
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954:
444:Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi
146:Teodor Janković Mirijevski
36:Teodor Janković-Mirijevski
18:Teodor Janković Mirijevski
439:Johann Ignaz von Felbiger
356:Johann Ignaz von Felbiger
331:Vićentije Jovanović Vidak
268:Vićentije Jovanović Vidak
178:Ivan Yankovich de Mirievo
138:Reduced Russian Geography
125:
115:
105:
97:
77:
54:
45:
34:
570:
502:Imperial Academy of Arts
471:and poet and translator
964:. St. Petersburg, 1912.
960:Rozhdestvenskii, S. V.
588:Rules for Pupils (1782)
500:, the President of the
333:. Hence the success of
435:Johann Bernard Basedow
317:
368:Jean Jacques Rousseau
344:Joseph von Sonnenfels
315:
236:Johann Friedrich Hahn
818:nsprvojvodine.org.rs
463:, Franz Aepinus and
461:Anastasije Stojković
308:Obstacles to reforms
222:Johann Julius Hecker
203:University of Vienna
134:Universal Geography,
120:University of Vienna
518:"Felbiger Handbuch"
490:Catherine the Great
482:Catherine the Great
162:Catherine the Great
654:on 2 January 2019.
537:Peter Simon Pallas
395:Avram Mrazović in
364:John Amos Comenius
318:
182:Lieutenant General
1006:Russian educators
1001:Serbian educators
897:on 15 March 2019.
609:Dositej Obradović
542:George Washington
522:"Sposob ucheniia"
465:Dositej Obradović
457:Emanuilo Janković
448:Adolph Diesterweg
417:Dositej Obradović
248:Stefan Vujanovski
218:Hecker and Zwecke
180:held the rank of
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16:(Redirected from
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893:. Archived from
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692:Lalić, Sredoje.
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650:. Archived from
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473:Aleksije Vezilić
452:Friedrich Fröbel
297:Serbian Cyrillic
199:Sremska Kamenica
186:Imperial Russian
171:Imperial Russian
154:Saint Petersburg
150:Sremska Kamenica
88:Saint Petersburg
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68:Sremska Kamenica
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771:. p. 166.
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160:in 1774 and by
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116:Alma mater
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72:Austrian Empire
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5:
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1016:Habsburg Serbs
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561:Ivan Yankovich
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384:Court Treasury
372:Mojsije Putnik
360:Wolfgang Ratke
348:Peter Petrović
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289:Mojsije Putnik
277:Peter Petrović
260:Timis Province
244:Avram Mrazović
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85:(aged 73)
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