Tern - Knowledge

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birds, with individuals typically returning for 7–10 breeding seasons. Maximum known ages include 34 for an Arctic tern and 32 for a sooty. Although several other species are known to live in captivity for up to 20 years, their greatest recorded ages are underestimates because the birds can outlive their

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Habitat enhancements used to increase the breeding success of terns include floating nest platforms for black, common and Caspian terns, and artificial islands created for a number of different species. More specialised interventions include providing nest boxes for roseate terns, which normally nest

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if their habitat is sufficiently stable. A few species nest in small or dispersed groups, but most breed in colonies of up to a few hundred pairs, often alongside other seabirds such as gulls or skimmers. Large tern species tend to form larger colonies, which in the case of the sooty tern can contain

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Most tern species are declining in numbers due to the loss or disturbance of breeding habitat, pollution and increased predation. Gull populations have increased over the last century because of reduced persecution and the availability of food from human activities, and terns have been forced out of

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does not start until after migration, the plumage then becoming more like the adult, but with some retained juvenile feathers and a white forehead with only a partial dark cap. By the second summer, the appearance is very like the adult, and full mature plumage is usually attained by the third year.

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at 48–56 cm (19–22 in), 500–700 g (18–25 oz). They are longer-billed, lighter-bodied, and more streamlined than gulls, and their long tails and long narrow wings give them an elegance in flight. Male and female plumages are identical, although the male can be 2–5% larger than the

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Research in 2007 had suggested that the noddies were not terns at all, but were basal to all the other genera in Laridae, a taxonomy that was followed by the IOC World Bird List for several years up to 2023, but more comprehensive analysis has now shown that the noddies are basal to only the other

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as adults, with a black cap to the head. The legs and bill are various combinations of red, orange, yellow, or black depending on species. The pale plumage is conspicuous from a distance at sea, and may attract other birds to a good feeding area for these fish-eating species. When seen against the

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with his mate or attracts a new female if necessary. Courtship involves ritualised flight and ground displays, and the male often presents a fish to his partner. Most species have little or no nest, laying the eggs onto bare ground, but Trudeau's tern, Forster's tern and the marsh terns construct

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created the family Sternidae for the terns in 1838, for many years they were considered to be a subfamily, Sterninae, of the gull family, Laridae. Relationships between various tern species, and between the terns and the other Charadriiformes, were formerly difficult to resolve because of a poor

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in about four weeks after hatching. Tropical species take longer because of the poorer food supply. Both parents incubate the eggs and feed the chicks, although the female does more incubating and less fishing than her partner. Young birds migrate with the adults. Terns are generally long-lived

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paler grey. The reason for their dark plumage is unknown, but it has been suggested that in tropical areas, where food resources are scarce, the less conspicuous colouration makes it harder for other noddies to detect a feeding bird. Plumage type, especially the head pattern, is linked to the

2664:", with declining populations of less than 10,000 birds. The South Asian black-bellied tern is threatened by habitat loss, egg collecting for food, pollution and predation. In New Zealand, the black-fronted tern is facing a rapid fall in numbers due to predation by introduced mammals and 2587:, and are disproportionately targeted by egg collectors. Tern skins and feathers have long been used for making items of clothing such as capes and hats, and this became a large-scale activity in the second half of the nineteenth century when it became fashionable to use feathers in 1998:

tagged 'G82' covered a staggering 96,000 km in just 10 months from the end of one breeding season to the start of the next, travelling not just the length of the Atlantic Ocean and the width of the Indian Ocean, but also half way across the South Pacific to the boundary between the

1978:, and the Arctic tern sees more annual daylight than any other animal as it migrates from its northern breeding grounds to Antarctic waters, a return journey of more than 30,000 km (19,000 mi). A common tern that hatched in Sweden and was found dead five months later on 402:) have unusual notched-wedge shaped tails, the longest tail feathers being the middle-outer, rather than the central or outermost. Although their legs are short, terns can run well. They rarely swim, despite having webbed feet, usually landing on water only to bathe. 2050:

is entirely oceanic when not breeding, and healthy young birds are not seen on land for up to five years after fledging until they return to breed. They lack waterproof plumage, so they cannot rest on the sea. Where they spend the years prior to breeding is unknown.

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Terns have sometimes benefited from human activities, following the plough or fishing boats for easy food supplies, although some birds get trapped in nets or swallow plastic. Fishermen looked for feeding tern flocks, since the birds could lead them to fish shoals.

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can lead to steep declines in the colonies relying on these prey items. More generally, the loss or disruption to tern colonies caused by human activities has caused declines in many species. Pollution has been a problem in some areas, and in the 1960s and 1970s

2660:. It has a population of fewer than 50 birds and a breeding range of just 9 km (3.5 sq mi). It is declining due to egg collection, human disturbance and the loss of coastal wetlands in China. Three other species are categorised as " 2253:. The marsh terns normally catch insects in the air or pick them off the surface of fresh water. Other species will sometimes use these techniques if the opportunity arises. An individual tern's foraging efficiency increases with its age. 2245:, since these large marine animals drive the prey to the surface. Sooty terns feed at night as the fish rise to the surface, and are believed to sleep on the wing since they become waterlogged easily. Terns of several species will feed on 2318:

in the oil drops than other species. The pigment also improves visual contrast and sharpens distance vision, especially in hazy conditions, and helps terns to locate shoals of fish, although it is uncertain whether they are sighting the

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for at least part of the year. The sexes are identical in appearance, but young birds are readily distinguishable from adults. Terns have a non-breeding plumage, which usually involves a white forehead and much-reduced black cap.

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and lay their eggs on bare ground with little or no nest material. Marsh terns construct floating nests from the vegetation in their wetland habitats, and a few species build simple nests in trees, on cliffs or in crevices. The

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Juvenile terns typically have brown- or yellow-tinged upperparts, and the feathers have dark edges that give the plumage a scaly appearance. They have dark bands on the wings and short tails. In most species, the subsequent

2112:, although trios or female-female pairings have been observed in at least three species. Most terns breed annually and at the same time of year, but some tropical species may nest at intervals shorter than 12 months or 317:). They are slender, lightly built birds with long, forked tails, narrow wings, long bills, and relatively short legs. Most species are pale grey above and white below with a contrasting black cap to the head, but the 2348: 2205:. Interbreeding between tern species is rare, and involves closely related species when it occurs. Hybrids recorded include common tern with roseate, Sandwich with lesser-crested, and black with white-winged. 731:

as well as the marine species. Some authorities consider "tearn" and similar forms to be variants of "stearn", while others derive the English words from Scandinavian equivalents such as Danish and Norwegian

494: 2757:. Parties to the AWEA agreement are required to engage in a wide range of conservation strategies described in a detailed action plan. The plan is intended to address key issues such as species and 1986:, must have flown at least 25,000 km (16,000 mi). Actual flight distances are, of course, much greater than the shortest possible route. Arctic terns from Greenland were shown by radio 2229:

Most terns hunt fish by diving, often hovering first, and the particular approach technique used can help to distinguish similar species at a distance. Sea terns often hunt in association with

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of the terns, and the pale-capped, dark-bodied noddies are believed to have diverged earlier than the other genera from an ancestral white-headed gull, followed by the partially black-headed

530:, given as an individual takes flight in response to a more serious threat; this quietens the usually noisy colony while its residents assess the danger. Other calls include a down-slurred 3350:

de Pietri, Vanesa L; Costeur, Loïc; Güntert, Marcel; Mayr, Gerald (2011). "A revision of the Lari (Aves, Charadriiformes) from the early Miocene of Saint-Gérand-le-Puy (Allier, France)".

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Bridge, Eli S; Jones, Andrew W; Baker, Allan J (2005). "A phylogenetic framework for the terns (Sternini) inferred from mtDNA sequences: implications for taxonomy and plumage evolution".

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up to two million pairs. Large species nest very close together and sit tightly, making it difficult for aerial predators to land among them. Smaller species are less closely packed and

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under water, so they rely on accurate sighting from the air before they plunge-dive. Like other seabirds that feed at the surface or dive for food, terns have red oil droplets in the

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Paton, Tara A; Baker, Allan J (2006). "Sequences from 14 mitochondrial genes provide a well-supported phylogeny of the Charadriiform birds congruent with the nuclear RAG-1 tree".

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research in the early twenty-first century, the terns were historically treated as a separate family, Sternidae. Most terns were formerly treated as belonging to one large genus,

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make rough platforms of grass and seaweed on cliff ledges, in cavities or on other rocky surfaces. The Inca tern nests in crevices, caves and disused burrows, such as that of a

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Terns and their eggs have long been eaten by humans and island colonies were raided by sailors on long voyages since the eggs or large chicks were an easily obtained source of

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Olsen, Björn; Munster, Vincent J; Wallensten, Anders; Waldenström, Jonas; Osterhaus, D M E; Fouchier, Ron A M (2006). "Global patterns of influenza A virus in wild birds".

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van Tuinen, Marcel; Waterhouse, David M; Dyke, Gareth J (2004). "Avian molecular systematics on the rebound: a fresh look at modern shorebird phylogenetic relationships".

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nest above ground level on cliffs or in trees. Migratory terns move to the coast after breeding, and most species winter near land, although some marine species, like the

2761:, management of human activities, research, education, and implementation. The North American legislation is similar, although there is a greater emphasis on protection. 2260:

is an opportunist predator, taking a wide variety of prey from marine, freshwater and terrestrial habitats. Depending on what is available it will eat small crabs, fish,

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Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata

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Nisbet, Ian C T; Bridge, Eli S; Szczys, Patricia; Heidinger, Britt J (2007). "Sexual dimorphism, female-female pairs, and test for assortative mating in Common Terns".

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sky, the white underparts also help to hide the hunting bird from its intended prey. The Inca tern has mainly dark plumage, and three species that mainly eat insects,

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Paton, Tara A; Baker, Allan J; Groth, Jeffrey G; Barrowclough, George F (2003). "RAG-1 sequences resolve phylogenetic relationships within charadriiform birds".

2072:. Most species feed on fish caught by diving from flight, but the marsh terns are insect-eaters, and some large terns will supplement their diet with small land 390:

female and often has a relatively larger bill. Sea terns have deeply forked tails, and at least a shallow "V" is shown by all other species. The noddies (genera

3839: 2116:. Most terns become sexually mature when aged three, although some small species may breed in their second year. Some large sea terns, including the sooty and 3604:"Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of Charadriiformes genera: multigene evidence for the Cretaceous origin of at least 14 clades of shorebirds" 2591:. This trend started in Europe but soon spread to the Americas and Australia. White was the preferred colour, and sometimes wings or entire birds were used. 2184:

Tropical species usually lay just one egg, but two or three is typical in cooler regions if there is an adequate food supply. The time taken to complete the

693:. These results are in disagreement with other molecular and morphological studies, and have been interpreted as showing either a large degree of molecular 639:

bill", referring to the long, pointed bills typical of this group of birds, a feature that distinguishes them from the thicker-billed gulls. Behaviour and

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Terns have a worldwide distribution, breeding on all continents including Antarctica. The northernmost and southernmost breeders are the Arctic tern and

345:; most species are declining in numbers due directly or indirectly to human activities, including habitat loss, pollution, disturbance, and predation by 4117: 2192:

takes 21–28 days. The eggs of most gulls and terns are brown with dark splotches, so they are difficult for predators to spot on the beach. The

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many traditional nesting areas by the larger birds. A few species are defying the trend and showing local increases, including the Arctic tern in

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Stevenson, J G; Hutchison, R E; Hutchison, J B; Bertram B C R; Thorpe, W H (1970). "Individual recognition by auditory cues in the Common Tern (

2333: 2213: 2510:. Lice are often host specific, and the closely related common and Arctic terns carry quite different species. Internal parasites include the 2327:

sensitivity, which in any case is an adaptation more suited to terrestrial feeders like the gulls, and this protects the eye from UV damage.

723:, written in the ninth century or earlier. Variants such as "tearn" occurred by the eleventh century, although the older form lingered on in 4193: 3555:

Thomas, Gavin H; Wills, Matthew A; Székely, Tamás (2004). "Phylogeny of shorebirds, gulls, and alcids (Aves: Charadrii) from the cytochrome-

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stocks in 1972, but breeding colonies have subsequently been lost due to building, disturbance and pollution in their coastal wetlands.

361:. International agreements provide a measure of protection, but adults and eggs of some species are still used for food in the tropics. 45: 4219:

Erwin, R Michael; Eyler, T Brian; Hatfield, Jeff S; McGary, Sabrina (1998). "Diets of nestling Gull-Billed Terns in coastal Virginia".

2668:. Disturbance by cattle and sheep and by human activities is also a factor. The Peruvian tern was initially damaged by the collapse of 6031: 3530: 2280:

and the eggs and chicks of other beach-breeding birds; least terns, little terns and members of its own species may be victims. The

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After breeding, terns moult into a winter plumage, typically showing a white forehead. Heavily worn or aberrant plumages such as

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variant being found in an outbreak involving South African birds. Several species of terns have been implicated as carriers of

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Burger, Joanna; Gochfeld, Michael; Boarman, William I (1988). "Experimental evidence for sibling recognition in Common Terns (

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of that genus. In 1961 the common tern was the first wild bird species identified as being infected with avian influenza, the

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also recognise each other's vocalisations from about the twelfth day after hatching, which helps to keep the brood together.

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area of the US. Because of their sensitivity to pollutants, terns are sometimes used as indicators of contamination levels.

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Gochfeld, M.; Burger, J. (1996). "Family Sternidae (Terns)". In del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.).

1576: 4676: 2686:". Disturbance by humans, dogs and vehicles, predation by introduced species and inappropriate water level management in 1644: 1501: 5803: 5784: 5715: 5673: 5636: 5617: 5562: 5543: 5524: 5446: 5427: 5408: 5347: 5328: 5305: 3333: 2754: 3843: 5998: 4450: 2994:"Comprehensive taxon sampling and vetted fossils help clarify the time tree of shorebirds (Aves, Charadriiformes)" 1756: 3905:

Egevang, Carsten; Stenhouse, Iain J; Phillips, Richard A; Petersen, Aevar; Fox, James W; Silk, Janet R D (2010).

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Turner on Birds (Auium præcipuarum, quarum apud Plinium et Aristotelem mentio est, breuis et succincta historia)

4275: 2552: 2068:, uniquely, lays its single egg on a bare tree branch. Depending on the species, one to three eggs make up the 4262:

Dies, J Ignacio; Marín, Jennifer; Pérez, Carlos (2005). "Diet of nesting Gull-Billed Terns in eastern Spain".

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Burgess, N D; Hirons, G J M (1992). "Creation and management of artificial nesting sites for wetland birds".

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Dunlop, C L; Blokpoel, H; Jarvie, S (1991). "Nesting rafts as a management tool for a declining common tern (

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Varela, F J; Palacios, A G; Goldsmith T M "Color vision in birds" in Ziegler & Bischof (1993) pp. 77–94.

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in the Arctic, and gull-billed terns in little tern colonies. Adults may be robbed of their catch by avian

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Massey, Barbara W (1976). "Vocal Differences between American Least Terns and the European Little Tern".

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terns, not the whole family; this has now been followed by the IOC World Bird List version 14.1 in 2024.

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suggest that the terns are more closely related to the gulls than to the skimmers or skuas, and although

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has a population of less than 5,000 adults breeding on small and often stormy islands in the southern

2440:. Problems arise not only on formerly mammal-free islands, as in New Zealand, but also where an alien 75: 6003: 5977: 3719: 3676: 2770: 2130: 1673: 751:

had used in 1544 as a Latinisation of an English word, presumably "stern", for the black tern) or a

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Vocal differences reinforce species separation between closely related birds such as the least and

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breed only on rivers, and common, least and little terns also sometimes use inland locations. The

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shows the relationships between the tern genera, and the currently recognised species, based on

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Quillfeldt, Petra; Arriero, Elena; Martínez, Javier; Masello, Juan F; Merino, Santiago (2011).

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noddies have dark plumage with a pale head cap, the other two (formerly separated in the genus

3996:"Use of sea ice by arctic terns Sterna paradisaea in Antarctica and impacts of climate change" 1990:

to average 70,000 km (43,000 mi) on their annual migrations, while another from the

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gene sequence found a close relationship between terns and a group of waders in the suborder

678: 354: 20: 3322: 2092: 1342: 385:, at 23 cm (9.1 in) in length and weighing 30–45 g (1.1–1.6 oz), to the 5910: 4813: 4609: 4599: 4321: 4228: 3925: 3568: 3405: 3359: 3228: 3117: 3005: 2945: 2758: 2649: 2281: 1707: 1697: 694: 640: 350: 3904: 8: 4840: 4306: 4196:. Queensland Government Department of Environment and Heritage Protection. Archived from 2525: 2300: 2109: 1835: 1663: 719: 5654: 4817: 4613: 4325: 4232: 3929: 3572: 3409: 3363: 3232: 3121: 3009: 2949: 5685: 5378: 4863: 4786: 4747: 4633: 4577: 4545: 4417: 4392: 4287: 4279: 4244: 4057: 4049: 3948: 3628: 3603: 3375: 3168: 3141: 3086: 2969: 2718:, are expected to decline in the future due to habitat loss and disturbance. Some tern 2703: 2683: 2669: 2661: 2641: 2637: 2515: 2409: 2149: 2019: 2011: 1899: 1885: 1815: 1785: 1625: 1411: 1391: 419: 358: 322: 70: 5705: 4825: 3972: 3842:. Palaeobiology and Biodiversity Research Group, University of Bristol. Archived from 3580: 3469: 3440: 3240: 2412:

brought by humans can seriously affect breeding birds. These can be predators such as

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uttered during social contact. Parents and chicks can locate one another by call, and

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in eastern North America and its yellow-billed subspecies, the Cayenne tern, in the

2387: 6036: 5476: 5266: 4855: 4821: 4778: 4739: 4706: 4637: 4617: 4572: 4562: 4501: 4412: 4404: 4329: 4271: 4236: 4041: 4007: 3943: 3933: 3623: 3615: 3576: 3464: 3454: 3413: 3367: 3271: 3236: 3145: 3125: 3078: 3013: 2953: 2531: 2476: 2391: 2355: 2311:; birds that have to look through an air/water interface have more deeply coloured 2293: 2257: 2178: 1825: 1520: 665:, with just a few dark species placed in other genera; in one 1959 paper, only the 576: 277: 5915: 5458:

The animals of New Zealand: an account of the dominion's air-breathing vertebrates

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Digest of Federal Resource Laws of Interest to the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service

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The inaccessibility of many tern colonies gave them a measure of protection from

2181:. The white tern is unique in that it lays its single egg on a bare tree branch. 2113: 1737: 1530: 1297: 724: 613: 565: 562: 127: 5967: 5820: 3670: 3417: 3017: 2957: 1163: 6026: 5866: 5854: 3559:

gene: parsimony, Bayesian inference, minimum evolution, and quartet puzzling".

2707: 2609: 2371: 2189: 2153: 2077: 1995: 1975: 1971: 1855: 1845: 1615: 596: 584: 310: 4695:"Effect of floating nest platforms on the breeding performance of black terns" 341:

Terns are long-lived birds and are relatively free from natural predators and

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Agreement on the conservation of African-Eurasian migratory Waterbirds (AEWA)

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mats to encourage common terns to nest in areas not vulnerable to flooding.

2541:. Terns are normally free of blood parasites, unlike gulls that often carry 5849: 5842: 5772: 5706:

Svensson, Lars; Mullarney, Killian; Zetterstrom, Dan; Grant, Peter (1999).

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species are the marsh terns, and all other species comprise the sea terns.

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in a subgroup of the family Laridae, which also includes several genera of

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on which the fish feed, or other feeding birds. The red colouring reduces

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Most terns breed on open sandy or rocky areas on coasts and islands. The

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huius generis est & alia parua auis, nostrati lingua sterna apellata

4841:"Least terns nesting on natural and artificial habitats in Georgia, USA" 2694:", indicating less severe concerns or only potential vulnerability. The 2567: 2161:

floating nests from the vegetation in their wetland habitats. Black and

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respectively. Many terns breeding in temperate zones are long-distance

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Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds

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is so categorised because 95% of the population breeds on one island,

549:, and can help humans distinguish similar species, such as common and 5923: 5574:"Tern - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary" 4305:

Blaber, S J M; Milton, D A; Smith, G C; Farmer, M J (November 1995).

4131:. New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service. Archived from 3129: 2743: 2588: 2441: 2269: 2193: 2157: 1561: 768: 741: 690: 670: 374: 342: 326: 289:, that have a worldwide distribution and are normally found near the 204: 87: 5872: 5682: 4906:"Use of artificial eelgrass mats by saltmarsh-nesting Common Terns ( 4859: 4782: 4743: 4390: 4240: 3554: 3205:

Burger J; Gochfeld M "Laridae, Sternidae and Rynchopidae" in Steele

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species. An exception is the brown noddy, which sometimes harbours

2449: 2289: 2261: 2234: 2230: 2222: 2120:, are four or older when they first breed. Terns normally breed in 2059:

The terns are birds of open habitats that typically breed in noisy

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between the terns and these waders, or the retention of an ancient

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The Sound Approach to birding: a guide to understanding bird sound

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Håstad, Olle; Ernstdotter, Emma; Ödeen, Anders (September 2005).

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build nests of twigs, feathers and excreta on tree branches, and

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for several centuries. As now, the term was used for the inland

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Terns have a wide repertoire of vocalisations. For example, the

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Steele, John H; Thorpe Steve A; Turekian, Karl K, eds. (2001).

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given when an adult is approaching the nest with a fish, and a

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caused egg loss through thinning of the shells. In the 1980s,

747:. Linnaeus adopted "stearn" or "sterna" (which the naturalist 5337: 5295: 4662:"Exploitation of bird plumages in the German Mariana Islands" 3973:"Arctic tern in record-breaking migration from Farne Islands" 2749:

Terns are protected by international legislation such as the

2464: 2277: 1251: 1170: 821: 797: 619: 573: 422:, have black underparts in the breeding season. Three of the 302: 294: 190: 169: 5794:

Ziegler, Harris Philip; Bischof, Hans-Joachim, eds. (1993).

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Morrison, P; Gurney M (2007). "Nest boxes for roseate terns

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Baker, Allan J.; Pereira, Sérgio L.; Paton, Tara A. (2007).

1918:

In addition to extant species, the fossil record includes a

1202:

sometimes considered to be a subspecies of the lesser noddy)

5460:(reprint ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5175:"Annex 2: Waterbird species to which the Agreement applies" 4765:

Lampman, K; Taylor, M; Blokpoel, H (1996). "Caspian terns (

4764: 4276:

10.1675/1524-4695(2005)028[0106:dongti]2.0.co;2

3328:(ninth ed.). Edinburgh: Chambers. 2006. p. 1510. 3218: 2620:

in the shelter of tallish vegetation, and using artificial

2468: 2433: 2238: 656: 588: 580: 306: 117: 5796:

Vision, Brain, and Behavior in Birds: A comparative review

4725: 3439:

Thomas, Gavin H; Wills, Matthew A; Székely, Tamás (2004).

2358:

will sometimes prey on the chicks and young of other terns

1408:

formerly considered to be a subspecies of the little tern)

1398:

formerly considered to be a subspecies of the little tern)

1236:

sometimes considered to be a subspecies of the blue noddy)

4885:

on Coquet Island RSPB reserve, Northumberland, England".

4692: 4046:

10.1675/1524-4695(2007)30[169:sdfpat]2.0.co;2

2605: 2456: 2437: 2425: 2421: 2413: 1222:

this and grey noddy formerly treated in a separate genus

592: 290: 3492:

Moynihan, M (1959). "A revision of the family Laridae".

2690:

are the main reasons for its decline. Five species are "

717:

as early as the eighth century, and appears in the poem

405:

The majority of sea terns have light grey or white body

5629:

New generation guide to the birds of Britain and Europe

4838: 4448: 2084:

may see more daylight in a year than any other animal.

5753:(1903 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 5456:

Hutton, Frederick Wollaston; Drummond, James (2011) .

5375: 4548:"Prevalence of blood parasites in seabirds – a review" 3774: 3772: 685:

into several smaller genera. One study of part of the

579:. Within the order, the terns form a lineage with the 5826: 5724: 5626: 5455: 526:, also used as a warning to intruders, and a shorter 5656:

Fleas, Flukes and Cuckoos. A study of bird parasites

5552: 4803: 5591:

Bird Migration (Collins New Naturalist Library 113)

3769: 5777:A Guide to the Birds of Fiji and Western Polynesia 5727:Emerging pests and vector-borne diseases in Europe 5684: 5607: 5436: 5377: 5316: 4957: 3712: 3669: 3438: 3321: 5296:Barlow, Clive; Wacher, Tim; Disley, Tony (1997). 3601: 2904:"Some adaptive features of seabird plumage types" 2428:, or animals that destroy the habitat, including 553:, since flight calls are unique to each species. 6018: 5298:A Field Guide to Birds of The Gambia and Senegal 5215:Birds protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act 4880: 4494:Proceedings of the United States National Museum 3711: 2648:A number of terns face serious threats, and the 652:record and the misidentification of some finds. 5627:Perrins, Christopher M; Arlott, Norman (1987). 5571: 5077: 5047: 4927: 4512: 4490:(Mallophaga: Philopteridae) occurring on terns" 4082: 4080: 3918:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2296:hatchlings, and follows trawlers for discards. 607:did not clearly separate terns from gulls, but 5729:. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers. 5725:Takken, Willem; Knols, Bart G J, eds. (2007). 5338:Constantine, Mark; The Sound Approach (2006). 5017: 4987: 3762: 3760: 3668: 2471:or gulls. Less obvious nest predators include 2145:plumage of the eggs and young for protection. 2141:have small dispersed colonies and rely on the 713:The word "stearn" was used for these birds in 5107: 4839:Krogh, Michael G; Schweitzer, Sara H (1999). 4530: 4521: 3441:"A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny" 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2738:, Forster's tern around the Great Lakes, the 2575:is trapped for food on its wintering grounds. 2249:, following the plough or hunting on foot on 5608:Olsen, Klaus Malling; Larsson, Hans (1995). 5478:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names 4077: 3993: 3507: 3505: 3503: 2562: 2463:, and their chicks and eggs may be taken by 5666:How Animals See: Other Visions of Our World 5137: 4468: 4359: 4357: 4159: 3880: 3808: 3757: 2991: 2800: 1953: 5779:. Suva, Fiji: Environmental Con-sultants. 5203: 4659: 4539: 4068: 3994:Redfern, Chris; Bevan, Richard M. (2020). 3395: 2870: 2382: 44: 5229: 4874: 4769:) breed successfully on a nesting raft". 4710: 4693:Shealer, D; Buzzell, J; Heiar, J (2006). 4593: 4576: 4566: 4449:Parkes, K C; Poole, A; Lapham, H (1971). 4416: 4333: 3947: 3937: 3889: 3627: 3511: 3500: 3468: 3458: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3097: 2867:Gochfeld & Burger (1996) pp. 624–645. 5663: 5553:Maehr, David S; Kale, Herbert W (2005). 5510: 5498: 5398: 5359:Essentials of Avian Medicine and Surgery 5243:. UNEP/ AEWA Secretariat. Archived from 5184:. UNEP/ AEWA Secretariat. Archived from 4903: 4897: 4536:Rothschild & Clay (1953) p. 194–197. 4518:Rothschild & Clay (1953) p. 82, 130. 4451:"The Ruddy Turnstone as an egg predator" 4354: 4347: 4345: 4150: 3970: 3739: 3491: 3485: 3391: 3389: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2631: 2566: 2386: 2212: 2091: 1957: 368: 260: 249: 5771: 5533: 5506:(in Latin). Holmiae : Laurentii Salvii. 5474: 4797: 4758: 4686: 4433: 4375: 4168: 4110: 3987: 3871: 3748: 3058: 2901: 2791: 2714:. Three species, the Inca, Damara, and 1946:are collectively known as noddies, the 611:recognised the distinction in his 1758 464:are much rarer in terns than in gulls. 357:and three other species are classed as 6042:Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte 6019: 5588: 5314: 4719: 4644: 4442: 4384: 4366: 4298: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4025: 3898: 3858: 3840:"Fossil record of the Charadriiformes" 3832: 3644: 3548: 3343: 3305: 3296: 3282: 3255: 3188: 3158: 3152: 3049: 3040: 2895: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2627: 2408:predators, especially on islands, but 5877: 5876: 5631:. Austin: University of Texas Press. 5356: 4832: 4653: 4650:Takken & Knols (2007) p. 137–140. 4342: 4212: 3820:. International Ornithologists' Union 3595: 3561:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3398:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3386: 3221:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3179: 2998:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2980: 2938:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2918: 2886: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2483:, skuas, other terns or large gulls. 2284:will also occasionally catch unusual 2268:and other large insects, lizards and 1142:(2005) and Černý & Natale (2021) 5978:b6a593fd-ccbc-4a68-8c72-3d21aefbcb73 5417: 5241:African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement 5167: 4527:Rothschild & Clay (1953) p. 135. 4483: 4477: 4255: 4165:Hume & Pearson (1993) pp. 54–55. 3733:participating institution membership 3705: 3690:participating institution membership 3662: 3653: 2992:Černý, David; Natale, Rossy (2022). 2892:Hutton & Drummond (2011) p. 226. 2782: 5267:"Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918" 5259: 4806:Journal of Environmental Management 4181: 3964: 3877:Perrins & Arlott (1987) p. 130. 3802: 3037:Olsen & Larsson (1995) pp. 6–9. 13: 5743: 5437:Hume, Rob; Pearson, Bruce (1993). 3352:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2818: 2797:Olsen & Larsson (1995) p. 136. 2188:varies, but for temperate species 1270:also sometimes called white noddy) 474: 377:is the most atypical of the group. 14: 6053: 5814: 5668:. Beckenham, London: Croom Helm. 5610:Terns of Europe and North America 5513:Oxford Book of British Bird Names 5401:Seabirds: An Identification Guide 5273:. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service 4156:Olsen & Larsson (1995) p. 10. 3911:reveals longest animal migration" 2815:Olsen & Larsson (1995) p. 25. 2755:Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 2452:, presents an unfamiliar threat. 2342:in flight showing the forked tail 617:, placing the gulls in the genus 6032:Extant Miocene first appearances 5860: 5848: 5836: 4712:10.1111/j.1557-9263.2006.00040.x 3276:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2004.03362.x 2363: 2347: 2332: 2046:, may wander far from land. The 1755: 1643: 1575: 1544: 1500: 1466: 1435: 1341: 1277: 1243: 1162: 505:Problems playing this file? See 490: 74: 5823:on the Internet Bird Collection 4506:10.5479/si.00963801.105-3353.83 3812:; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). 3696: 3432: 3314: 3212: 3031: 2788:Maehr & Kale (2005) p. 111. 2076:. Many terns are long-distance 5687:Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences 5380:Handbook of Birds of the World 5323:. London: Granada Publishing. 5288: 5217:. US Fish and Wildlife Service 4314:Marine Ecology Progress Series 4129:Threatened Species Information 3814:"Sandpipers, snipes, coursers" 2809: 2722:are endangered, including the 2612:caused severe declines in the 755:equivalent for his genus name 583:, and, less closely, with the 364: 301:. Terns are treated in eleven 1: 5557:. Sarasota: Pineapple Press. 5342:. Poole: The Sound Approach. 5300:. Robertsbridge: Pica Press. 4826:10.1016/s0301-4797(11)80004-6 4660:Spennemann, Dirk H R (1999). 3659:Lockwood (1984) pp. 147, 153. 3581:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00222-7 3241:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00098-8 3185:Constantine (2006) pp. 73–77. 2776: 2455:Adult terns may be hunted by 381:Terns range in size from the 65:together, Northumberland, UK 5612:. London: Christopher Helm. 5484:. London: Christopher Helm. 5403:. London: Christopher Helm. 4699:Journal of Field Ornithology 4675:(2): 309–318. Archived from 4474:Harrison (1988) pp. 320–323. 3886:Harrison (1988) pp. 370–371. 3529:(6): 306–323. Archived from 3372:10.1080/02724634.2011.586663 2883:Harrison (1988) pp. 387–390. 2054: 2034:nest in inland marshes. The 2007:before returning back west. 1608:(or white-winged black tern 708: 7: 5538:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 4381:Lythgoe (1979) pp. 180–183. 4363:Sinclair (1985) pp. 88–100. 4074:Watling (2003) pp. 206–207. 3818:World Bird List Version 9.2 3418:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.01.011 3018:10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107620 2958:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.12.010 2902:Simmons, Keith E L (1972). 2764: 2233:or predatory fish, such as 2152:, which he defends against 2087: 775:studies, are listed below: 681:supported the splitting of 556: 10: 6058: 5691:. London: Academic Press. 4904:Palestis, Brian G (2009). 4486:"Biting lice of the genus 3895:Newton (2010) pp. 150–151. 2529:and members of the genera 2208: 762: 18: 5885: 5664:Sinclair, Sandra (1985). 5576:. Encyclopædia Britannica 5475:Jobling, James A (2010). 5211:"List of Migratory Birds" 3907:"Tracking of Arctic terns 3720:Oxford English Dictionary 3677:Oxford English Dictionary 3494:American Museum Novitates 2771:Seabird breeding behavior 2753:(AEWA) and the US-Canada 2563:Relationships with humans 2299:The eyes of terns cannot 1966:breeds on inland marshes. 1704:also known as swift tern) 1678:Thalasseus albididorsalis 1674:West African crested tern 1036: 1019: 1012: 995: 988: 971: 964: 938: 921: 914: 907: 890: 883: 866: 859: 842: 835: 818: 811: 794: 787: 165: 160: 71:Scientific classification 69: 52: 43: 30: 5798:. Cambridge: MIT Press. 5572:Merriam-Webster (2014). 5399:Harrison, Peter (1988). 5155:. BirdLife International 5125:. BirdLife International 5095:. BirdLife International 5065:. BirdLife International 5035:. BirdLife International 5005:. BirdLife International 4975:. BirdLife International 4945:. BirdLife International 4439:Hume (1993) pp. 112–119. 4098:. BirdLife International 4000:Journal of Avian Biology 3971:BBC News (7 June 2016). 3790:. BirdLife International 3446:BMC Evolutionary Biology 3264:Journal of Avian Biology 2730:race of the grey noddy. 1954:Distribution and habitat 645:Charles Lucien Bonaparte 595:. Early authors such as 467: 5517:Oxford University Press 5315:Burton, Robert (1985). 4622:10.1126/science.1122438 4484:Ward, Ronald A (1955). 3939:10.1073/pnas.0909493107 3766:Harrison (1988) p. 382. 3754:Linnaeus (1758) p. 155. 3725:Oxford University Press 3682:Oxford University Press 3324:The Chambers Dictionary 2806:Harrison (1988) p. 368. 2383:Predators and parasites 2156:, and re-establishes a 2102:Casuarina equisetifolia 1535:Gelochelidon macrotarsa 677:. A recent analysis of 5511:Lockwood, W B (1984). 4935:"Chinese Crested Tern 4568:10.1186/1742-9994-8-26 4409:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0320 3702:Merriam-Webster (2014) 3650:Jobling (2010) p. 365. 3620:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0606 3460:10.1186/1471-2148-4-28 3311:Jobling (2010) p. 338. 3302:Linnaeus (1758) p. 84. 3293:Hume (1993) pp. 12–13. 3046:Hume (1993) pp. 68–75. 2658:BirdLife International 2645: 2599:of small fish such as 2576: 2507:Ceratophyllus borealis 2401: 2226: 2105: 1967: 1928:Sterna milne-edwardsii 1668:Thalasseus bengalensis 740:, and ultimately from 479: 378: 266: 258: 5536:The Ecology of Vision 5534:Lythgoe, J N (1979). 5357:Coles, Brian (2007). 4887:Conservation Evidence 3745:Turner (1544), p. 78. 3512:Collinson, M (2006). 3083:10.1093/auk/105.1.142 3055:Burton (1985) p. 123. 2724:California least tern 2654:critically endangered 2635: 2570: 2390: 2216: 2095: 1961: 1525:Gelochelidon nilotica 1447:— large-billed terns 1356:— little white terns 1292:— brown-backed terns 478: 372: 355:critically endangered 265:Common tern in flight 264: 253: 21:Tern (disambiguation) 5747:. Evans, A H (ed.). 5589:Newton, Ian (2010). 4965:"Black-bellied Tern 4555:Frontiers in Zoology 3780:"Black-fronted Tern 3209:(2001) p. 1469–1480. 2759:habitat conservation 2650:Chinese crested tern 2644:by human activities. 2374:is an insect-eating 2282:greater crested tern 1770:— large white terns 1744:recently split from 1708:Chinese crested tern 1698:Greater crested tern 1680:recently split from 1632:sometimes placed in 1515:— gull-billed terns 695:convergent evolution 351:Chinese crested tern 19:For other uses, see 5710:. London: Collins. 5593:. London: Collins. 5247:on 11 February 2012 4818:1992JEnvM..34..285B 4771:Colonial Waterbirds 4732:Colonial Waterbirds 4614:2006Sci...312..384O 4351:Coles (2007) p. 30. 4326:1995MEPS..127....1B 4233:1998ColWa..21..323E 4221:Colonial Waterbirds 3930:2010PNAS..107.2078E 3723:(Online ed.). 3680:(Online ed.). 3573:2004MolPE..30..516T 3410:2006MolPE..39..657P 3364:2011JVPal..31..812D 3233:2003MolPE..29..268P 3122:1970Natur.226..562S 3010:2022MolPE.17707620C 2950:2005MolPE..35..459B 2628:Conservation status 2526:Ligula intestinalis 2148:The male selects a 2108:Terns are normally 2020:black-fronted terns 1836:South American tern 1664:Lesser crested tern 1302:Onychoprion lunatus 673:were excluded from 373:The plumage of the 5708:Collins Bird Guide 5659:. London: Collins. 5647:Rothschild, Miriam 5441:. London: Hamlyn. 5422:. London: Hamlyn. 5418:Hume, Rob (1993). 4335:10.3354/meps127001 3782:Sterna albostriata 2704:Gulf of California 2666:Australian magpies 2646: 2638:black-bellied tern 2577: 2516:Reighardia sternae 2504:and fleas such as 2410:introduced species 2402: 2227: 2106: 1968: 1900:White-cheeked tern 1886:Black-bellied tern 1816:White-fronted tern 1786:Snowy-crowned tern 1626:Black-fronted tern 1491:Hydroprogne caspia 1412:Yellow-billed tern 518:has a distinctive 486:Common tern (80 s) 480: 420:black-bellied tern 379: 347:introduced mammals 323:black-bellied tern 267: 259: 16:Family of seabirds 6014: 6013: 5986:Open Tree of Life 5879:Taxon identifiers 5736:978-90-8686-053-1 5698:978-0-12-227430-5 5600:978-0-00-730732-6 5491:978-1-4081-2501-4 5467:978-1-108-04002-0 5391:978-84-87334-20-7 5368:978-1-4051-5755-1 5361:. Oxford: Wiley. 5147:Sterna balaenarum 4967:Sterna acuticauda 4937:Sterna bernsteini 4883:Sterna dougallii 4608:(5772): 384–388. 4122:(Sparrman, 1786)" 4012:10.1111/jav.02318 3909:Sterna paradisaea 3731:(Subscription or 3688:(Subscription or 3116:(5245): 562–563. 2682:is described as " 2099:nest on stump of 1916: 1915: 1606:White-winged tern 1453:Large-billed tern 1146: 1145: 1132: 1131: 1123: 1122: 1114: 1113: 1105: 1104: 1096: 1095: 1087: 1086: 1078: 1077: 1069: 1068: 1060: 1059: 1051: 1050: 953: 952: 773:mitochondrial DNA 633:rostrum subulatum 623:and the terns in 601:Francis Willughby 495: 416:white-winged tern 248: 247: 156: 6049: 6007: 6006: 5994: 5993: 5981: 5980: 5971: 5970: 5968:NBNSYS0000161059 5958: 5957: 5945: 5944: 5932: 5931: 5919: 5918: 5906: 5905: 5904: 5874: 5873: 5865: 5864: 5853: 5852: 5841: 5840: 5839: 5832: 5809: 5790: 5768: 5760: 5758: 5740: 5721: 5702: 5690: 5679: 5660: 5642: 5623: 5604: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5568: 5549: 5530: 5507: 5495: 5483: 5471: 5452: 5433: 5414: 5395: 5383: 5372: 5353: 5334: 5322: 5311: 5283: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5263: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5233: 5227: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5190: 5179: 5171: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5141: 5135: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5111: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5081: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5055:"Kerguelen Tern 5051: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5021: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5010: 4991: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4961: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4931: 4925: 4924: 4914: 4901: 4895: 4894: 4878: 4872: 4871: 4845: 4836: 4830: 4829: 4801: 4795: 4794: 4762: 4756: 4755: 4723: 4717: 4716: 4714: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4682:on 27 June 2010. 4681: 4666: 4657: 4651: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4597: 4591: 4590: 4580: 4570: 4552: 4543: 4537: 4534: 4528: 4525: 4519: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4500:(3353): 83–100. 4481: 4475: 4472: 4466: 4465: 4455: 4446: 4440: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4420: 4388: 4382: 4379: 4373: 4370: 4364: 4361: 4352: 4349: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4311: 4302: 4296: 4295: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4216: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4200:on 10 March 2014 4190: 4179: 4172: 4166: 4163: 4157: 4154: 4148: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4138:on 5 August 2008 4137: 4126: 4118:"The White Tern 4114: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4084: 4075: 4072: 4066: 4065: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4018: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3951: 3941: 3924:(5): 2078–2081. 3915: 3902: 3896: 3893: 3887: 3884: 3878: 3875: 3869: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3806: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3776: 3767: 3764: 3755: 3752: 3746: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3728: 3716: 3709: 3703: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3685: 3673: 3666: 3660: 3657: 3651: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3631: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3536:on 8 August 2020 3535: 3518: 3509: 3498: 3497: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3472: 3462: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3393: 3384: 3383: 3347: 3341: 3339: 3327: 3318: 3312: 3309: 3303: 3300: 3294: 3291: 3280: 3279: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3216: 3210: 3203: 3186: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3130:10.1038/226562a0 3101: 3095: 3094: 3062: 3056: 3053: 3047: 3044: 3038: 3035: 3029: 3028: 3026: 3024: 2989: 2978: 2977: 2933: 2916: 2915: 2899: 2893: 2890: 2884: 2881: 2868: 2865: 2816: 2813: 2807: 2804: 2798: 2795: 2789: 2786: 2532:Diphyllobothrium 2473:ruddy turnstones 2367: 2356:gull-billed tern 2351: 2336: 2294:green sea turtle 2288:species such as 2258:gull-billed tern 2179:Humboldt penguin 1826:Black-naped tern 1769: 1759: 1658:— crested terns 1657: 1647: 1600:Chlidonias niger 1589: 1588:Rafinesque, 1822 1579: 1548: 1521:Gull-billed tern 1514: 1504: 1481:— Caspian terns 1480: 1470: 1457:Phaetusa simplex 1439: 1416:S. superciliaris 1355: 1345: 1291: 1281: 1257: 1247: 1176: 1166: 1148: 1147: 1138:Based on Bridge 1015: 1014: 991: 990: 967: 966: 917: 916: 910: 909: 886: 885: 862: 861: 838: 837: 814: 813: 790: 789: 783: 782: 778: 777: 631:the description 497: 496: 477: 151: 79: 78: 48: 34:Temporal range: 28: 27: 6057: 6056: 6052: 6051: 6050: 6048: 6047: 6046: 6017: 6016: 6015: 6010: 6002: 5997: 5989: 5984: 5976: 5974: 5966: 5961: 5953: 5948: 5940: 5935: 5927: 5922: 5914: 5909: 5900: 5899: 5894: 5881: 5871: 5859: 5847: 5837: 5835: 5827: 5817: 5812: 5806: 5787: 5756: 5754: 5745:Turner, William 5737: 5718: 5699: 5676: 5639: 5620: 5601: 5579: 5577: 5565: 5555:Florida's Birds 5546: 5527: 5492: 5481: 5468: 5449: 5430: 5420:The Common Tern 5411: 5392: 5369: 5350: 5331: 5308: 5291: 5286: 5276: 5274: 5265: 5264: 5260: 5250: 5248: 5235: 5234: 5230: 5220: 5218: 5209: 5208: 5204: 5194: 5192: 5191:on 28 July 2011 5188: 5177: 5173: 5172: 5168: 5158: 5156: 5143: 5142: 5138: 5128: 5126: 5117:Sterna aurantia 5113: 5112: 5108: 5098: 5096: 5083: 5082: 5078: 5068: 5066: 5053: 5052: 5048: 5038: 5036: 5023: 5022: 5018: 5008: 5006: 4995:"Peruvian Tern 4993: 4992: 4988: 4978: 4976: 4963: 4962: 4958: 4948: 4946: 4933: 4932: 4928: 4912: 4902: 4898: 4879: 4875: 4860:10.2307/1522218 4843: 4837: 4833: 4802: 4798: 4783:10.2307/1521819 4763: 4759: 4744:10.2307/1521499 4724: 4720: 4691: 4687: 4679: 4664: 4658: 4654: 4649: 4645: 4598: 4594: 4550: 4544: 4540: 4535: 4531: 4526: 4522: 4517: 4513: 4482: 4478: 4473: 4469: 4458:Wilson Bulletin 4453: 4447: 4443: 4438: 4434: 4397:Biology Letters 4389: 4385: 4380: 4376: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4355: 4350: 4343: 4309: 4303: 4299: 4260: 4256: 4241:10.2307/1521644 4217: 4213: 4203: 4201: 4192: 4191: 4182: 4173: 4169: 4164: 4160: 4155: 4151: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4124: 4116: 4115: 4111: 4101: 4099: 4090:Larosterna inca 4086: 4085: 4078: 4073: 4069: 4030: 4026: 4016: 4014: 3992: 3988: 3978: 3976: 3969: 3965: 3913: 3903: 3899: 3894: 3890: 3885: 3881: 3876: 3872: 3863: 3859: 3849: 3847: 3846:on 4 March 2016 3838: 3837: 3833: 3823: 3821: 3807: 3803: 3793: 3791: 3778: 3777: 3770: 3765: 3758: 3753: 3749: 3744: 3740: 3730: 3710: 3706: 3701: 3697: 3687: 3667: 3663: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3645: 3608:Biology Letters 3600: 3596: 3553: 3549: 3539: 3537: 3533: 3516: 3510: 3501: 3490: 3486: 3437: 3433: 3394: 3387: 3348: 3344: 3336: 3320: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3283: 3260: 3256: 3217: 3213: 3204: 3189: 3184: 3180: 3157: 3153: 3102: 3098: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3032: 3022: 3020: 2990: 2981: 2934: 2919: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2871: 2866: 2819: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2792: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2767: 2692:near threatened 2688:South Australia 2652:is classed as " 2630: 2610:organochlorides 2565: 2557:West Nile virus 2538:Schistocephalus 2477:kleptoparasites 2392:Kleptoparasitic 2385: 2378: 2368: 2359: 2352: 2343: 2337: 2211: 2090: 2057: 2032:Forster's terns 1956: 1840:S. hirundinacea 1780:Sterna forsteri 1767: 1746:T. sandvicensis 1732:T. sandvicensis 1655: 1630:C. albostriatus 1587: 1566:Larosterna inca 1531:Australian tern 1512: 1478: 1392:Saunders's tern 1366:Sternula nereis 1353: 1298:Spectacled tern 1289: 1255: 1210:A. tenuirostris 1174: 1133: 1124: 1115: 1106: 1097: 1088: 1079: 1070: 1061: 1052: 954: 765: 725:Norfolk dialect 711: 614:Systema Naturae 570:coastal seabird 566:Charadriiformes 559: 512: 511: 503: 501: 500: 499: 498: 491: 488: 481: 475: 470: 367: 333:have dark body 150: 128:Charadriiformes 73: 39: 32: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6055: 6045: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6012: 6011: 6009: 6008: 5995: 5982: 5972: 5959: 5946: 5933: 5920: 5907: 5891: 5889: 5883: 5882: 5870: 5869: 5857: 5845: 5825: 5824: 5816: 5815:External links 5813: 5811: 5810: 5804: 5791: 5785: 5769: 5741: 5735: 5722: 5716: 5703: 5697: 5680: 5674: 5661: 5643: 5637: 5624: 5618: 5605: 5599: 5586: 5569: 5563: 5550: 5544: 5531: 5525: 5508: 5496: 5490: 5472: 5466: 5453: 5447: 5434: 5428: 5415: 5409: 5396: 5390: 5373: 5367: 5354: 5348: 5335: 5329: 5319:Bird Behaviour 5312: 5306: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5284: 5258: 5237:"Introduction" 5228: 5202: 5166: 5136: 5106: 5087:Sterna elegans 5085:"Elegant Tern 5076: 5057:Sterna virgata 5046: 5016: 4986: 4956: 4926: 4908:Sterna hirundo 4896: 4873: 4854:(2): 290–296. 4831: 4812:(4): 285–295. 4796: 4777:(1): 135–138. 4757: 4738:(2): 116–120. 4728:Sterna hirundo 4718: 4705:(2): 184–194. 4685: 4652: 4643: 4592: 4538: 4529: 4520: 4511: 4476: 4467: 4441: 4432: 4403:(3): 306–309. 4383: 4374: 4365: 4353: 4341: 4297: 4270:(1): 106–109. 4254: 4227:(3): 323–327. 4211: 4180: 4178:(2009) p. 206. 4167: 4158: 4149: 4109: 4076: 4067: 4040:(2): 169–179. 4024: 3986: 3963: 3897: 3888: 3879: 3870: 3868:(1987) p. 212. 3857: 3831: 3801: 3768: 3756: 3747: 3738: 3704: 3695: 3661: 3652: 3643: 3614:(2): 205–209. 3594: 3567:(3): 521–526. 3547: 3499: 3484: 3431: 3404:(3): 657–667. 3385: 3358:(4): 812–828. 3342: 3334: 3313: 3304: 3295: 3281: 3270:(3): 191–194. 3254: 3227:(2): 268–278. 3211: 3187: 3178: 3167:(4): 760–773. 3151: 3106:Sterna hirundo 3096: 3077:(1): 142–148. 3067:Sterna hirundo 3057: 3048: 3039: 3030: 2979: 2944:(2): 459–469. 2917: 2914:(11): 465–479. 2894: 2885: 2869: 2817: 2808: 2799: 2790: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2774: 2773: 2766: 2763: 2708:Kerguelen tern 2629: 2626: 2564: 2561: 2444:, such as the 2384: 2381: 2380: 2379: 2372:whiskered tern 2369: 2362: 2360: 2353: 2346: 2344: 2338: 2331: 2290:agamid lizards 2276:prey includes 2210: 2207: 2163:lesser noddies 2114:asynchronously 2089: 2086: 2056: 2053: 2028:Trudeau's tern 1996:Northumberland 1980:Stewart Island 1972:Antarctic tern 1955: 1952: 1914: 1913: 1912: 1911: 1897: 1883: 1873: 1863: 1856:Kerguelen tern 1853: 1846:Antarctic tern 1843: 1833: 1823: 1813: 1803: 1793: 1783: 1776:Forster's tern 1771: 1768:Linnaeus, 1758 1760: 1752: 1751: 1750: 1749: 1742:T. acuflavidus 1735: 1725: 1715: 1705: 1695: 1685: 1671: 1659: 1648: 1640: 1639: 1638: 1637: 1623: 1616:Whiskered tern 1613: 1610:C. leucopterus 1603: 1591: 1590:— marsh terns 1580: 1572: 1571: 1570: 1569: 1557: 1549: 1541: 1540: 1539: 1538: 1528: 1516: 1505: 1497: 1496: 1495: 1494: 1482: 1471: 1463: 1462: 1461: 1460: 1448: 1440: 1432: 1431: 1430: 1429: 1419: 1409: 1399: 1389: 1379: 1369: 1357: 1346: 1338: 1337: 1336: 1335: 1325: 1315: 1305: 1293: 1282: 1274: 1273: 1272: 1271: 1259: 1248: 1240: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1227: 1213: 1203: 1193: 1190:Anous stolidus 1181: 1175:Stephens, 1826 1167: 1159: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1144: 1143: 1135: 1134: 1130: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1121: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1103: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1094: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1085: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1076: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1067: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1049: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1018: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1004: 1003: 994: 989: 987: 984: 983: 980: 979: 970: 965: 963: 960: 959: 956: 955: 951: 950: 947: 946: 937: 934: 933: 930: 929: 920: 915: 913: 908: 906: 903: 902: 899: 898: 889: 884: 882: 879: 878: 875: 874: 865: 860: 858: 855: 854: 851: 850: 841: 836: 834: 831: 830: 827: 826: 817: 812: 810: 807: 806: 803: 802: 793: 788: 786: 781: 764: 761: 753:North Germanic 749:William Turner 710: 707: 605:William Turner 597:Conrad Gessner 558: 555: 502: 489: 484: 483: 482: 473: 472: 471: 469: 466: 366: 363: 246: 245: 244: 243: 236: 229: 222: 215: 208: 201: 194: 187: 180: 173: 163: 162: 158: 157: 145: 141: 140: 135: 131: 130: 125: 121: 120: 115: 111: 110: 105: 101: 100: 95: 91: 90: 85: 81: 80: 67: 66: 50: 49: 41: 40: 33: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6054: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6005: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5973: 5969: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5912: 5908: 5903: 5897: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5875: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5844: 5834: 5833: 5830: 5822: 5819: 5818: 5807: 5805:0-262-24036-X 5801: 5797: 5792: 5788: 5786:982-9030-04-0 5782: 5778: 5774: 5773:Watling, Dick 5770: 5767: 5765: 5752: 5751: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5732: 5728: 5723: 5719: 5717:0-00-219728-6 5713: 5709: 5704: 5700: 5694: 5689: 5688: 5681: 5677: 5675:0-7099-3336-3 5671: 5667: 5662: 5658: 5657: 5652: 5651:Clay, Theresa 5648: 5644: 5640: 5638:0-292-75532-5 5634: 5630: 5625: 5621: 5619:0-7136-4056-1 5615: 5611: 5606: 5602: 5596: 5592: 5587: 5575: 5570: 5566: 5564:1-56164-335-1 5560: 5556: 5551: 5547: 5545:0-19-854529-0 5541: 5537: 5532: 5528: 5526:0-19-214155-4 5522: 5518: 5514: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5487: 5480: 5479: 5473: 5469: 5463: 5459: 5454: 5450: 5448:0-600-57951-4 5444: 5440: 5435: 5431: 5429:0-540-01266-1 5425: 5421: 5416: 5412: 5410:0-7470-1410-8 5406: 5402: 5397: 5393: 5387: 5382: 5381: 5374: 5370: 5364: 5360: 5355: 5351: 5349:90-810933-1-2 5345: 5341: 5336: 5332: 5330:0-246-12440-7 5326: 5321: 5320: 5313: 5309: 5307:1-873403-32-1 5303: 5299: 5294: 5293: 5272: 5268: 5262: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5232: 5216: 5212: 5206: 5187: 5183: 5176: 5170: 5154: 5150: 5148: 5145:"Damara Tern 5140: 5124: 5120: 5118: 5110: 5094: 5090: 5088: 5080: 5064: 5060: 5058: 5050: 5034: 5030: 5028: 5027:Sterna nereis 5020: 5004: 5000: 4998: 4997:Sterna lorata 4990: 4974: 4970: 4968: 4960: 4944: 4940: 4938: 4930: 4922: 4918: 4911: 4909: 4900: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4877: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4842: 4835: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4800: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4767:Sterna caspia 4761: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4722: 4713: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4689: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4663: 4656: 4647: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4596: 4588: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4549: 4542: 4533: 4524: 4515: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4489: 4488:Saemundssonia 4480: 4471: 4463: 4459: 4452: 4445: 4436: 4428: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4387: 4378: 4369: 4360: 4358: 4348: 4346: 4336: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4308: 4301: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4215: 4199: 4195: 4194:"Little tern" 4189: 4187: 4185: 4177: 4171: 4162: 4153: 4134: 4130: 4123: 4121: 4113: 4097: 4093: 4091: 4083: 4081: 4071: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4028: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3990: 3974: 3967: 3959: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3912: 3910: 3901: 3892: 3883: 3874: 3867: 3861: 3845: 3841: 3835: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3805: 3789: 3785: 3783: 3775: 3773: 3763: 3761: 3751: 3742: 3734: 3726: 3722: 3721: 3715: 3708: 3699: 3691: 3683: 3679: 3678: 3672: 3665: 3656: 3647: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3598: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3551: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3523: 3522:British Birds 3515: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3496:(1928): 1–42. 3495: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3447: 3442: 3435: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3392: 3390: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3346: 3337: 3335:0-550-10105-5 3331: 3326: 3325: 3317: 3308: 3299: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3258: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3215: 3208: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3155: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3100: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3061: 3052: 3043: 3034: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2913: 2909: 2908:British Birds 2905: 2898: 2889: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2812: 2803: 2794: 2785: 2781: 2772: 2769: 2768: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2740:Sandwich tern 2737: 2731: 2729: 2728:Easter Island 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2678: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2643: 2639: 2634: 2625: 2623: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2598: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2574: 2569: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2545: 2540: 2539: 2534: 2533: 2528: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2508: 2503: 2499: 2498: 2497:Saemundssonia 2494:of the genus 2493: 2489: 2484: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2453: 2451: 2447: 2446:American mink 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2400: 2396: 2393: 2389: 2377: 2373: 2366: 2361: 2357: 2350: 2345: 2341: 2335: 2330: 2329: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2321:phytoplankton 2317: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2247:invertebrates 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2225:to a juvenile 2224: 2220: 2215: 2206: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2126:site-faithful 2123: 2119: 2118:bridled terns 2115: 2111: 2104: 2103: 2098: 2094: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2062: 2052: 2049: 2045: 2044:Aleutian tern 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2012:yellow-billed 2008: 2006: 2005:Amundsen Seas 2002: 1997: 1993: 1992:Farne Islands 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1965: 1960: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1930: 1929: 1924: 1923:palaeospecies 1921: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1891: 1890:S. acuticauda 1887: 1884: 1881: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1870:S. paradisaea 1867: 1864: 1861: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1772: 1766: 1765: 1761: 1758: 1754: 1753: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1729: 1728:Sandwich tern 1726: 1723: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1712:T. bernsteini 1709: 1706: 1703: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1660: 1656:F. Boie, 1822 1654: 1653: 1649: 1646: 1642: 1641: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1592: 1586: 1585: 1581: 1578: 1574: 1573: 1567: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1558: 1556:— Inca terns 1555: 1554: 1550: 1547: 1543: 1542: 1536: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1517: 1511: 1510: 1506: 1503: 1499: 1498: 1492: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1483: 1477: 1476: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1464: 1458: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1441: 1438: 1434: 1433: 1427: 1423: 1422:Peruvian tern 1420: 1417: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1406:S. antillarum 1403: 1400: 1397: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1376:S. balaenarum 1373: 1370: 1367: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1358: 1354:F. Boie, 1822 1352: 1351: 1347: 1344: 1340: 1339: 1333: 1329: 1328:Aleutian tern 1326: 1323: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1312:O. anaethetus 1309: 1306: 1303: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1294: 1288: 1287: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1275: 1269: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1254: 1253: 1249: 1246: 1242: 1241: 1235: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1182: 1180: 1173: 1172: 1168: 1165: 1161: 1160: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1141: 1137: 1136: 1128: 1127: 1119: 1118: 1110: 1109: 1101: 1100: 1092: 1091: 1083: 1082: 1074: 1073: 1065: 1064: 1056: 1055: 1047: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1041: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1017: 1016: 1010: 1009: 1006: 1005: 1002: 1001: 1000: 993: 992: 986: 985: 982: 981: 978: 977: 976: 969: 968: 962: 961: 958: 957: 949: 948: 945: 944: 943: 936: 935: 932: 931: 928: 927: 926: 919: 918: 912: 911: 905: 904: 901: 900: 897: 896: 895: 888: 887: 881: 880: 877: 876: 873: 872: 871: 864: 863: 857: 856: 853: 852: 849: 848: 847: 840: 839: 833: 832: 829: 828: 825: 824: 823: 816: 815: 809: 808: 805: 804: 801: 800: 799: 792: 791: 785: 784: 780: 779: 776: 774: 770: 760: 758: 754: 750: 746: 743: 739: 735: 730: 726: 722: 721: 716: 706: 702: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 679:DNA sequences 676: 672: 668: 664: 663: 658: 653: 651: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 621: 616: 615: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 575: 571: 567: 564: 554: 552: 548: 543: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 510: 508: 487: 465: 463: 459: 454: 448: 446: 445: 440: 439: 434: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 408: 403: 401: 397: 393: 388: 384: 376: 371: 362: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 339: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 283: 279: 275: 271: 263: 256: 252: 242: 241: 237: 235: 234: 230: 228: 227: 223: 221: 220: 216: 214: 213: 209: 207: 206: 202: 200: 199: 195: 193: 192: 188: 186: 185: 181: 179: 178: 174: 172: 171: 167: 166: 164: 159: 154: 149: 146: 143: 142: 139: 136: 133: 132: 129: 126: 123: 122: 119: 116: 113: 112: 109: 106: 103: 102: 99: 96: 93: 92: 89: 86: 83: 82: 77: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 55:Sandwich tern 51: 47: 42: 37: 36:Early Miocene 29: 26: 22: 5886: 5795: 5776: 5763: 5762: 5755:. 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Retrieved 3001: 2997: 2941: 2937: 2911: 2907: 2897: 2888: 2811: 2802: 2793: 2784: 2748: 2732: 2712:Indian Ocean 2696:elegant tern 2677:Australasian 2674: 2647: 2618: 2593: 2585:aphrodisiacs 2578: 2573:roseate tern 2544:Haemoproteus 2542: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2514: 2505: 2502:feather lice 2495: 2492:chewing lice 2485: 2481:frigatebirds 2454: 2403: 2399:elegant tern 2395:western gull 2298: 2274:Warm-blooded 2266:grasshoppers 2255: 2228: 2183: 2175:grey noddies 2154:conspecifics 2147: 2139:Damara terns 2107: 2100: 2058: 2016:large-billed 2009: 1969: 1947: 1943: 1940:Procelsterna 1939: 1935: 1933: 1926: 1917: 1907: 1903: 1893: 1889: 1879: 1869: 1859: 1849: 1839: 1830:S. sumatrana 1829: 1819: 1810:S. dougallii 1809: 1806:Roseate tern 1799: 1789: 1779: 1762: 1745: 1741: 1738:Cabot's tern 1731: 1721: 1718:Elegant tern 1711: 1701: 1691: 1681: 1677: 1667: 1650: 1633: 1629: 1619: 1609: 1599: 1582: 1565: 1551: 1534: 1524: 1509:Gelochelidon 1507: 1490: 1487:Caspian tern 1473: 1456: 1442: 1425: 1415: 1405: 1396:S. saundersi 1395: 1386:S. albifrons 1385: 1375: 1365: 1348: 1332:O. aleuticus 1331: 1321: 1311: 1308:Bridled tern 1301: 1290:Wagler, 1832 1284: 1267: 1256:Wagler, 1832 1250: 1234:A. albivitta 1233: 1224:Procelsterna 1223: 1219: 1209: 1206:Lesser noddy 1199: 1189: 1169: 1139: 1038: 1037: 1021: 1020: 997: 996: 973: 972: 940: 939: 925:Gelochelidon 923: 922: 892: 891: 868: 867: 844: 843: 820: 819: 796: 795: 766: 756: 744: 737: 733: 720:The Seafarer 718: 712: 703: 687:cytochrome b 682: 674: 660: 654: 632: 628: 624: 618: 612: 568:contains 18 560: 551:arctic terns 547:little terns 544: 535: 531: 527: 523: 513: 504: 449: 442: 436: 428:Procelsterna 427: 423: 404: 399: 396:Procelsterna 395: 391: 387:Caspian tern 380: 340: 314: 286: 285:, subfamily 280: 269: 268: 238: 231: 224: 217: 210: 203: 196: 189: 184:Gelochelidon 182: 175: 168: 147: 63:roseate tern 25: 5821:Tern videos 5500:Linnaeus, C 5289:Cited texts 4923:(3): 11–16. 4730:) colony". 4669:Micronesica 4088:"Inca Tern 3810:Gill, Frank 2736:Scandinavia 2716:river terns 2614:Great Lakes 2597:Overfishing 2397:chasing an 2340:Little tern 2325:ultraviolet 2301:accommodate 2221:bringing a 2219:common tern 2133:intruders. 2097:Brown noddy 2082:Arctic tern 2074:vertebrates 2036:black noddy 2024:marsh terns 1988:geolocation 1984:New Zealand 1934:The genera 1904:S. repressa 1880:S. aurantia 1866:Arctic tern 1796:Common tern 1790:S. trudeaui 1620:C. hybridus 1513:Brehm, 1830 1475:Hydroprogne 1382:Little tern 1372:Damara tern 1322:O. fuscatus 1286:Onychoprion 1196:Black noddy 1186:Brown noddy 942:Hydroprogne 846:Onychoprion 736:or Swedish 715:Old English 516:common tern 447:groupings. 438:Onychoprion 365:Description 329:, and some 319:marsh terns 255:Common tern 212:Onychoprion 198:Hydroprogne 144:Subfamily: 59:common tern 6021:Categories 5757:11 January 5580:11 January 5515:. Oxford: 5277:25 January 5251:25 January 5221:25 January 5195:25 January 4848:Waterbirds 4464:: 306–307. 4264:Waterbirds 4120:Gygis alba 4034:Waterbirds 3735:required.) 3692:required.) 2777:References 2720:subspecies 2706:, and the 2684:vulnerable 2680:fairy tern 2662:endangered 2642:endangered 2512:crustacean 2376:marsh tern 2313:carotenoid 2286:vertebrate 2270:amphibians 2190:incubation 2124:, and are 2110:monogamous 2080:, and the 2066:white tern 2048:sooty tern 2040:white tern 1964:black tern 1948:Chlidonias 1908:Chlidonias 1894:Chlidonias 1876:River tern 1860:S. virgata 1850:S. vittata 1820:S. striata 1800:S. hirundo 1722:T. elegans 1692:T. maximus 1688:Royal tern 1682:T. maximus 1652:Thalasseus 1596:Black tern 1584:Chlidonias 1553:Larosterna 1479:Kaup, 1829 1402:Least tern 1362:Fairy tern 1318:Sooty tern 1268:Gygis alba 1264:White tern 1258:— noddies 1230:Grey noddy 1220:A. cerulea 1216:Blue noddy 1200:A. minutus 1023:Thalasseus 999:Chlidonias 975:Larosterna 729:black tern 655:Following 641:morphology 637:awl-shaped 627:. He gave 507:media help 412:black tern 383:least tern 359:endangered 240:Thalasseus 205:Larosterna 177:Chlidonias 38:to present 5916:Sterninae 5887:Sternidae 4174:Svensson 2744:Caribbean 2700:Isla Rasa 2670:anchoveta 2601:sand eels 2589:hatmaking 2521:tapeworms 2488:parasites 2486:External 2442:carnivore 2406:mammalian 2307:of their 2231:porpoises 2217:An adult 2194:precocial 2158:pair bond 2150:territory 2055:Behaviour 2030:and some 1906:possibly 1892:possibly 1702:T. bergii 1562:Inca tern 1426:S. lorata 769:cladogram 742:Old Norse 709:Etymology 691:Thinocori 671:Inca tern 561:The bird 433:phylogeny 375:Inca tern 343:parasites 327:Inca tern 287:Sterninae 257:in flight 153:Bonaparte 148:Sterninae 94:Kingdom: 88:Eukaryota 5896:Wikidata 5775:(2003). 5653:(1953). 5502:(1758). 5439:Seabirds 4630:16627734 4587:22035144 4427:17148194 4320:: 1–13. 4292:85996773 4062:85678067 3958:20080662 3714:"Sterna" 3638:17284401 3589:15012936 3540:17 April 3479:15329156 3426:16531074 3380:84758271 3249:13678682 3138:16057385 2974:25027599 2966:15804415 2765:See also 2726:and the 2622:eelgrass 2549:protozoa 2523:such as 2490:include 2479:such as 2450:Scotland 2418:raccoons 2316:pigments 2262:crayfish 2251:mudflats 2235:bluefish 2223:sand eel 2135:Peruvian 2122:colonies 2088:Breeding 2078:migrants 2061:colonies 2038:and the 1976:migrants 1444:Phaetusa 1350:Sternula 1157:Species 894:Phaetusa 870:Sternula 699:genotype 669:and the 609:Linnaeus 585:skimmers 577:families 557:Taxonomy 540:siblings 462:albinism 458:melanism 444:Sternula 315:Rynchops 311:skimmers 309:and the 299:wetlands 274:seabirds 233:Sternula 219:Phaetusa 134:Family: 108:Chordata 104:Phylum: 98:Animalia 84:Domain: 6037:Laridae 5991:4947418 5942:3242555 5902:Q875769 5867:Biology 5855:Animals 5829:Portals 5153:Species 5123:Species 5093:Species 5063:Species 5033:Species 5003:Species 4973:Species 4943:Species 4917:In Vivo 4868:1522218 4814:Bibcode 4791:1521819 4752:1521499 4638:7795090 4610:Bibcode 4602:Science 4578:3223496 4418:1617148 4322:Bibcode 4284:1522321 4249:1521644 4229:Bibcode 4096:Species 4054:4501815 4017:24 July 3979:24 July 3949:2836663 3926:Bibcode 3864:Barlow 3824:25 June 3788:Species 3629:2375939 3569:Bibcode 3406:Bibcode 3360:Bibcode 3229:Bibcode 3173:4085004 3161:The Auk 3146:4181980 3118:Bibcode 3091:4087337 3023:24 July 3006:Bibcode 2946:Bibcode 2702:in the 2581:protein 2461:raptors 2430:rabbits 2309:retinas 2243:bonitos 2209:Feeding 2196:chicks 2143:cryptic 1920:Miocene 1179:noddies 763:Species 667:noddies 657:genetic 524:kee-yah 407:plumage 335:plumage 331:noddies 282:Laridae 276:in the 161:Genera 138:Laridae 124:Order: 114:Class: 6004:148764 5975:NZOR: 5955:113891 5929:1STNAF 5802: 5783: 5733: 5714: 5695: 5672: 5635: 5616: 5597: 5561: 5542: 5523: 5488: 5464: 5445: 5426: 5407: 5388: 5365: 5346: 5327: 5304: 4893:: 1–3. 4866: 4789: 4750: 4636: 4628: 4585: 4575: 4425: 4415: 4290: 4282: 4247: 4204:13 May 4176:et al. 4142:15 May 4060: 4052: 3956: 3946: 3866:et al. 3850:13 May 3671:"Tern" 3636: 3626: 3587: 3477: 3470:515296 3467: 3453:: 28. 3424: 3378: 3332: 3247: 3207:et al. 3171: 3144: 3136: 3110:Nature 3089: 2972: 2964: 2519:, and 2465:herons 2198:fledge 2186:clutch 2173:, and 2070:clutch 2018:, and 1764:Sterna 1634:Sterna 1154:Genus 1151:Image 1040:Sterna 757:Sterna 683:Sterna 675:Sterna 662:Sterna 650:fossil 629:Sterna 625:Sterna 603:, and 591:, and 418:, and 349:. The 325:, the 321:, the 303:genera 295:rivers 278:family 226:Sterna 155:, 1838 61:and a 6027:Terns 5999:WoRMS 5950:IRMNG 5843:Birds 5482:(PDF) 5189:(PDF) 5178:(PDF) 5159:8 May 5129:8 May 5099:8 May 5069:8 May 5039:8 May 5009:8 May 4979:8 May 4949:7 May 4913:(PDF) 4864:JSTOR 4844:(PDF) 4787:JSTOR 4748:JSTOR 4680:(PDF) 4665:(PDF) 4634:S2CID 4551:(PDF) 4454:(PDF) 4310:(PDF) 4288:S2CID 4280:JSTOR 4245:JSTOR 4136:(PDF) 4125:(PDF) 4102:8 May 4058:S2CID 4050:JSTOR 4006:(2). 3975:. 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