1208:. The cotton gin separates seeds and removes the "trash" (dirt, stems and leaves) from the fibre. In a saw gin, circular saws grab the fibre and pull it through a grating that is too narrow for the seeds to pass. A roller gin is used with longer-staple cotton. Here, a leather roller captures the cotton. A knife blade, set close to the roller, detaches the seeds by drawing them through teeth in circular saws and revolving brushes which clean them away. The ginned cotton fibre, known as lint, is then compressed into bales which are about 1.5 m tall and weigh almost 220 kg. Only 33% of the crop is usable lint. Commercial cotton is graded and priced according to its quality; this broadly relates to the average length of the staple and the variety of the plant. Longer-staple cotton (2½ in to 1¼ in) is called Egyptian, medium staple (1¼ in to ¾ in) is called American upland, and short staple (less than ¾ in) is called Indian. The cotton seed is pressed into cooking oil. The husks and meal are processed into animal feed, and the stems into paper.
135:
5666:
4852:
1438:
1279:
1462:
1287:
1217:
1513:
1735:
2071:, which comes from the inner bark of the plants of the Corchorus genus. It is retted like flax, sundried and baled. When spinning a small amount of oil must be added to the fibre. It can be bleached and dyed. It was used for sacks and bags but is now used for the backing for carpets. Jute can be blended with other fibres to make composite fabrics and work continues in Bangladesh to refine the processes and extend the range of usage possible. In the 1970s, jute-cotton composite fabrics were known as
1986:
textile (70 per cent). Approximately 25 per cent of energy in the total textile production like fibre production, spinning, twisting, weaving, knitting, clothing manufacturing etc. is used in dyeing. About 34 per cent of energy is consumed in spinning, 23 per cent in weaving, 38 per cent in chemical wet processing and five per cent in miscellaneous processes. Power dominates consumption pattern in spinning and weaving, while thermal energy is the major factor for chemical wet processing.
1426:
1621:
2379:
4282:
2292:
4743:
2207:
2117:
38:
2008:. Cotton crop provides livelihood to millions of people but its production is becoming expensive because of high water consumption, use of expensive pesticides, insecticides and fertiliser. Genetically modified products aim to increase disease resistance and reduce the water required. The organic sector in India was worth $ 583 million. Genetically modified cotton, in 2007, occupied 43% of cotton growing areas in India.
1726:
handlooms often faced extreme poverty and were unable to obtain an education. The working conditions of cotton production were often harsh, with long hours, low pay, and dangerous machinery. Children, above all, were also prone to physical abuse and often forced to work in unsanitary conditions. It should also be noted that
Children who worked in handlooms often faced extreme poverty and were unable to obtain an education.
1264:
scutching machine worked by passing the cotton through a pair of rollers, and then striking it with iron or steel bars called beater bars or beaters. The beaters, which turn very quickly, strike the cotton hard and knock the seeds out. This process is done over a series of parallel bars so as to allow the seeds to fall through. At the same time, air is blown across the bars, which carries the cotton into a cotton chamber.
1450:
2453:. In organzine each single is given a few twists per inch (tpi), and combine with several other singles counter twisted hard at 10 to 14 tpi. In tram the two singles are doubled with each other with a light twist, 3 to 6 tpi. Sewing thread is two tram threads, hard twisted, and machine-twist is made of three hard-twisted tram threads. Tram for the crepe process is twisted at up to 80 tpi to make it 'kick up'.
4292:
3727:
1089:
1080:
1071:
1060:
1051:
1033:
1024:
1015:
997:
981:
972:
963:
945:
929:
920:
911:
893:
877:
868:
859:
841:
823:
814:
800:
770:
761:
752:
722:
711:
697:
683:
672:
658:
624:
610:
580:
562:
544:
526:
512:
501:
483:
474:
463:
447:
433:
402:
388:
360:
351:
325:
316:
305:
287:
273:
242:
4482:
807:
734:
704:
690:
665:
617:
596:
519:
440:
395:
280:
2342:
the soiled wool from around the legs and anus, graded, and baled. Grading is done on quality as well as length of the fibres. Long wool fibres can be up to 15 in, but anything over 2.5 inches is suitable for combing into worsteds. Fibres less than that form short wool and are described as clothing or carding wool, and are best suited for the jumbled arrangement of woolens.
1743:
1982:. In addition, cotton is farmed intensively and uses large amounts of fertilizer and 25% of the world's insecticides. Native Indian varieties of cotton were rainwater fed, but modern hybrids used for the mills need irrigation, which spreads pests. The 5% of cotton-bearing land in India uses 55% of all pesticides used in India.
1295:
of one big roller with smaller ones surrounding it. All of the rollers are covered in small teeth, and as the cotton is moved forwards, the teeth get finer (i.e. closer together). The cotton leaves the carding machine in the form of a sliver: a large rope of fibres. In a wider sense, carding can refer to these four processes:
224:
twentieth century. Specifically, ancient civilizations in India, Egypt, China, sub-Saharan Africa, Eurasia, South
America, and North and East Africa all had some forms of textile production. The first book about textile manufacturing is considered to be 'A Treatise on the Art of Weaving' by John Murphy.
2534:
was discovered in 1865. Rayon and acetate are both artificial fibres, but not truly synthetic, being made from wood. Although these artificial fibres were discovered in the mid-nineteenth century, successful modern manufacture began much later in the 1930s. Nylon, the first synthetic fibre, made its
2322:
sheep often have dual coats; a soft, short under layer and a hardier, coarser, and longer guard layer. These can be sorted to be processed separately, or spun together. The differing characteristics of each coat allows for very different yarn; the guard hairs can be used for durable outerwear, while
1882:
A further possibility is mercerising, during which the fabric is treated with a caustic soda solution, to cause swelling of the fibres. This results in improved lustre, strength and dye affinity. Cotton is mercerised under tension, and all alkali must be washed out before the tension is released, or
2341:
in one piece from the sheep. Ideally, the wool is cut as close to the skin as possible to maximise fibre length. Going over the same spot twice produces small fibres that will produce pills in finished fabric, something that skilled shearers are usually able to avoid. This is then skirted to remove
1798:
Finishing is a broad range of physical and chemical processes/treatments that complete one stage of textile manufacturing, sometimes in preparation for the next step. Finishing adds value to the product and makes it more attractive, useful and functional for the end-user. Fresh off the loom, cotton
1720:
When a hand loom was located in the home, children helped with the weaving process from an early age. Piecing needs dexterity, and a child can be as productive as an adult. When weaving moved from the home to the mill, children were often allowed to help their older sisters, and laws had to be made
1363:
the roving is pulled off a bobbin and fed through rollers, which are feeding at several different speeds. This thins the roving at a consistent rate. If the roving was not a consistent size, then this step could cause a break in the yarn, or jam the machine. The yarn is twisted through the spinning
1294:
In the carding process, the fibres are separated and then assembled into a loose strand (sliver or tow). The cotton comes off of the picking machine in laps, and is then taken to carding machines. The carders line up the fibres neatly to make them easier to spin. The carding machine consists mainly
1263:
refers to the process of cleaning cotton of its seeds and other impurities. The first scutching machine was invented in 1797, but did not come into further mainstream use until after 1808 or 1809, when it was introduced and used in
Manchester, England. By 1816, it had become generally adopted. The
1725:
from becoming established. The working conditions of cotton production were often harsh, with long hours, low pay, and dangerous machinery. Children, above all, were also prone to physical abuse and often forced to work in unsanitary conditions. It should also be noted that
Children who worked in
1484:
Cotton Counts: Refers to the thickness of the cotton yarn where 840 yards of yarns weighs 1 pound (0.45 kg). 10-count cotton means that 8,400 yards (7,700 m) of yarn weighs 1 pound (0.45 kg). This is coarser than 40-count cotton where 40x840 yards are needed. In the United
Kingdom,
1636:
Shedding: The operation of dividing the warp into two lines so that the shuttle can pass between these lines. There are two general kinds of sheds: "open" and "closed." In an open shed, the warp threads are moved from one line to the other when the pattern requires it. In a closed shed, the warp
1315:
Several slivers are combined. Each sliver will have thin and thick spots, and by combining several slivers together, a more consistent size can be reached. Since combining several slivers produces a very thick rope of cotton fibres, the slivers are separated into rovings. Generally speaking, for
1252:, the cotton is beaten with a beater bar to loosen it up. It is then fed through various rollers, which serve to remove the vegetable matter. The cotton, aided by fans, then collects on a screen and gets fed through more rollers where it emerges as a continuous soft fleecy sheet, known as a lap.
1985:
The consumption of energy in form of water and electricity is relatively high, especially in processes like washing, de-sizing, bleaching, rinsing, dyeing, printing, coating and finishing. Processing is time-consuming. The major portion of water in textile industry is used for wet processing of
1954:
Dyeing is commonly carried out with an anionic direct dye by completely immersing the fabric (or yarn) in an aqueous dye bath according to a prescribed procedure. For improved fastness to washing, rubbing and light, further dyeing methods can be used. These require more complex chemistry during
1195:
that remove the entire boll from the plant. The cotton boll is the seed pod of the cotton plant; attached to each of the thousands of seeds are fibres about 2.5 cm long. There is a higher rate of cotton being produced compared to the actual workers needed to produce the material. In 2013 a
1418:
Gassing is the process of passing yarn very rapidly through a series of Bunsen gas flames in a gassing frame, to burn off the projecting fibres and to make the thread round and smooth and bright. Only the better qualities of yarn are gassed, like the kinds used for voiles, poplins, venetians,
5165:
3697:
223:
Textile manufacturing in the modern era is an evolved form of the art and craft industries. Until the 18th and 19th centuries, the textile industry was a household work. It became mechanised in the 18th and 19th centuries, and has continued to develop through science and technology since the
1840:
are used, scouring will also remove size from the fabric, although desizing often precedes scouring and is considered to be a separate process. Preparation and scouring are prerequisites to most of the other finishing processes. At this stage, even the most naturally white cotton fibres are
3581:
2431:
Opening bales. Assorting skeins: where silk is sorted by colour, size and quality, scouring: where the silk is washed in water of 40 degrees for 12 hours to remove the natural gum, drying: either by steam heating or centrifuge, softening: by rubbing to remove any remaining hard
196:
remains the most widely used and common natural fiber making up 90% of all-natural fibers used in the textile industry. People often use cotton clothing and accessories because of comfort, not limited to different weathers. There are many variable processes available at the
2459:
Dyeing: the skeins are scoured again, and discoloration removed with a sulphur process. This weakens the silk. The skeins are now tinted or dyed. They are dried and rewound onto bobbins, spools and skeins. Looming, and the weaving process on power looms is the same as with
1815:
Scouring is a chemical washing process carried out on cotton fabric to remove natural waxes and non-fibrous impurities (like the remains of seed fragments) from the fibres and any soiling or dirt that might remain. Scouring is usually carried out in iron vessels called
1643:: The operation of projecting the shuttle from side to side of the loom through the division in the warp threads. This is done by the overpick or underpick motions. The overpick is suitable for quick-running looms, whereas the underpick is best for heavy or slow looms.
2467:
Weaving. The organzine is now warped. This is a similar process to in cotton. Firstly, thirty threads or so are wound onto a warping reel, and then using the warping reels, the threads are beamed. A thick layer of paper is laid between each layer on the beam to stop
1855:
Bleaching improves whiteness by removing natural colouration and whatever impurities remain in the cotton; the degree of bleaching is determined by the levels of whiteness and absorbency required of the fabric. Cotton, being a vegetable fibre, is bleached using an
1763:
is done in two different ways; warp and weft. Weft knitting (as seen in the pictures) is similar in method to hand knitting with stitches all connected to each other horizontally. Various weft machines can be configured to produce textiles from a single spool of
1399:
Plying is done by pulling yarn from two or more bobbins and twisting it together, in a direction opposite to the one it was spun in. Depending on the weight desired, the cotton may or may not be plied, and the number of strands twisted together varies.
1613:. As time progressed, new mechanisms were added that stopped the loom any time something went wrong. The mechanisms checked for such things as broken warp or weft threads, the shuttle going straight across, and if the shuttle was empty. Forty of these
3705:
2542:
The techniques used to process these fibres in yarn are essentially the same as with natural fibres, modifications have to be made as these fibres are of great length, and have no texture such as the scales in cotton and wool that aid meshing.
2315:. These are distinguished by the direction of the wool fibres in relation to the thread; woolens are perpendicularly arranged, allowing for fluffy yarns that trap air, while worsteds have parallel fibres, creating a strong and smooth yarn.
1969:
Printing is the application of colour in the form of a paste or ink to the surface of a fabric in a predetermined pattern. It can be described as a form of localised dyeing. Printing designs onto previously dyed fabric is also possible.
1371:
The mule was an intermittent process, as the frame advanced and returned a distance of five feet. It was the descendant of the 1779 Crompton device. It produces a softer, less twisted thread that was favoured for fine fabrics and wefts.
3589:
1345:. This is a technique where the fibres are blown by air into a rotating drum, where they attach themselves to the tail of formed yarn that is continually being drawn out of the chamber. Other methods of break spinning use needles and
3545:
3605:
1364:
of the bobbin as the carriage moves out, and is rolled onto a cylinder called a spindle, which then produces a cone-shaped bundle of fibres known as a "cop", as the carriage returns. Mule spinning produces a finer thread than
1379:
of 1769. It was a continuous process, the yarn was coarser, had a greater twist and was stronger, thus suitable for use as warp thread. Ring spinning is slow due to the distance the thread must pass around the ring.
1608:
At this point, the thread is woven. Depending on the era, one person could manage anywhere from 3 to 100 machines. In the mid-nineteenth century, four was the standard number. A skilled weaver in 1925 could run 6
1868:. If the fabric is to be dyed a deep shade, then lower levels of bleaching are acceptable. However, for white bedding and for medical applications, the highest levels of whiteness and absorbency are essential.
1187:, produces the longer staple needed for mechanised textile production. The planting season is from September to mid-November, and the crop is harvested between March and June. The cotton bolls are harvested by
1779:
are processed from separate spool containers and interwoven through the cylinder with cotton yarn, giving the finished product more flexibility and preventing it from having a 'baggy' appearance. The average
2456:
Stretching. The thread is tested for consistent size. Any uneven thickness is stretched out. The resulting thread is reeled into containing 500 yd to 2500 yd. The skeins are about 50 inches in loop length.
6205:
2330:
Wool that has never been used is known as virgin wool and can be mixed with wool that has been recovered from rags. "Shoddy" is the term for recovered wool that is not matted, while "mungo" comes from
1890:
Many other chemical treatments may be applied to cotton fabrics to produce low flammability, crease-resistance and other qualities, but the four most important non-chemical finishing treatments are:
1556:
Racks of bobbins are set up to hold the thread while it is wound onto the warp beam of a loom. Because the thread is fine, often three of these would be combined to get the desired number of ends.
1997:
and this contains 44.44% carbon. However, due to carbon emissions from fertiliser application, use of mechanized tools to harvest the cotton and so forth cotton manufacture tends to emit more CO
1244:
in large 500-pound bales. When the cotton comes out of a bale, it is all packed together and still contains vegetable matter. The bale is broken open using a machine with large spikes, called an
6235:
2413:: Oiled slivers are wound into laps, and placed in the circular comber. The worsted yarn gathers together to form a top. The shorter fibres or noils remain behind and are removed with a knife.
2345:
At the mill the wool is scoured in a detergent to remove grease (the yolk) and impurities. This is done mechanically in the opening machine. Vegetable matter can be removed chemically using
2015:
was a major exporter of cotton and uses manual labour during the harvest. Human rights groups have expressed concerns over healthcare professionals and children being forced to pick cotton.
1904:
Singeing is designed to burn off the surface fibres from the fabric to produce smoothness. The fabric passes over brushes to raise the fibres, then passes over a plate heated by gas flames.
3621:
2963:
2613:
6312:
6083:
5740:
1196:
cotton farmer in
Mississippi, Bower Flowers, produced around 13,000 bales of cotton in that year alone. This amount of cotton could be used to produce up to 9.4 million T-shirts.
1775:
Warp knits do not stretch as much as a weft knits, and they are run-resistant. A weft knit is not run-resistant, but it has more stretch. This is especially true if spools of
1121:
Cotton is the world's most important natural fibre. In the year 2007, the global yield was 25 million tons from 35 million hectares cultivated in more than 50 countries.
1485:
counts from 10 to 40 are coarse (Oldham Counts), 40 to 80 are medium counts and above 80 is a fine count. In the United States ones, counts up to the 20s are coarse counts.
4525:
3490:
218:
1673:
was fully automatic and was mass-produced between 1909 and the mid-1960s. Modern looms run faster and do not use a shuttle: there are air jet looms, water jet looms, and
1548:
After being spun and plied, the cotton thread is taken to a warping room where the winding machine takes the required length of yarn and winds it onto warpers' bobbins.
1419:
gabardines, Egyptian cottons, etc. The thread loses around 5-8% of its weight if it's gassed. The gassed yarn is darker in shade afterwards, but should not be scorched.
1500:
Denier: this is an alternative method. It is defined as a number that is equivalent to the weight in grams of 9000m of a single yarn. 15 denier is finer than 30 denier.
2774:
6250:
6245:
5695:
1912:
During raising, the fabric surface is treated with sharp teeth to lift the surface fibres, thereby imparting downiness, softness and warmth, as in flannelette.
5690:
4588:
2844:
6210:
5725:
3550:, Barfoot's series of coloured lithographs of 1840 depicting the cotton manufacturing process., Spinning the Web, Manchester Libraries: Darton, p. 12
6347:
5886:
5851:
1799:
fabric not only contains impurities, including warp size, but it also requires further treatment to develop its full potential and to add to its value.
2427:
The processes in silk production are similar to those of cotton but take account that reeled silk is a continuous fibre. The terms used are different.
6215:
2499:
Synthetic fibres are the result of extensive development by scientists to improve upon the naturally occurring animal and plant fibres. In general,
1807:
Depending on the size that has been used, the cloth may be steeped in a dilute acid and then rinsed, or enzymes may be used to break down the size.
4530:
1540:. These pirns are automatically changed by the loom. Thus, the yarn needs to be wrapped onto a beam, and onto pirns before weaving can commence.
214:
3185:
6265:
5685:
2971:
134:
3040:
4535:
2589:
2041:, which means it comes in bundles under the bark of the Linum usitatissimum plant. The plant flowers and is harvested. It is subjected to
1316:
machine processing, a roving is about the width of a pencil. These rovings (or slubbings) are then what are used in the spinning process.
6255:
6149:
5599:
2507:, fibre forming materials through holes (called spinnerets) into the air, thus forming a thread. Before synthetic fibres were developed,
2323:
the inner coat is what is traditionally used to produce the ultrafine wedding ring shawls across Europe. Spinning them together, like in
2296:
2930:
2481:. Whereas silkworms require mulberry leaves, sheep eat grass, clover, forbs and other pasture plants. Sheep, like all ruminants emit CO
2713:
102:
4666:
4236:
74:
1926:
Calendering is a process in which the fabric is passed between heated rollers to generate smooth, polished or embossed effects.
5972:
4328:
3731:
2228:
2138:
55:
2747:
6220:
3680:
3650:
3615:
3571:
3400:
3101:
3074:
2640:
81:
3093:
Lancashire Cotton
Operatives and Work, 1900–1950: A Social History of Lancashire Cotton Operatives in the Twentieth Century
1686:
6225:
2445:
Doubling and twisting. The silk is far too fine to be woven, so now it is doubled and twisted to make the warp, known as
1690:
1669:
are looms that have sophisticated methods of shedding. They may be separate looms or mechanisms added to a plain loom. A
1248:. To fluff up the cotton and remove the vegetable matter, the cotton is sent through a picker or a similar machine. In a
2363:, which arranged fibres perpendicular to the spun yarn. It can also use noils from the worsted combs, mungo, and shoddy.
2018:
There was a 1.5 million tonne cotton deficit in 2018 due to adverse weather conditions, limited water, and pest issues.
1588:
A pirn-winding frame was used to transfer the weft from cheeses of yarn onto the pirns that would fit into the shuttle.
4778:
88:
6382:
6327:
6240:
5765:
5051:
4729:
3169:
2574:
2254:
2164:
1685:
Ends and Picks: Picks refer to the weft, ends refer to the warp. The coarseness of the cloth can be expressed as the
1532:. The warp, which must be strong, needs to be presented to loom on a warp beam. The weft passes across the loom in a
121:
17:
2327:, produces a unique yarn that combines the strength of the guard hairs with the loft and softness of the undercoat.
2236:
2146:
5720:
4568:
4498:
3772:
2011:
Before mechanisation, cotton was harvested manually by farmers in India and by
African slaves in America. In 2012
70:
5592:
4518:
3494:
2438:(winding). The skeins are placed on a reel in a frame with many others. The silk is wound onto spools or bobbins.
2485:
via their digestive system. Also, their pastures may sometimes be fertilised which further increases emissions.
6403:
5932:
3516:
2668:
2232:
2142:
1772:, there are many pieces of yarn and there are vertical chains, zigzagged together by crossing the cotton yarn.
1695:
Heavy domestics are made from coarse yarns, such as 10's to 14's warp and weft, and about 48 ends and 52 picks.
59:
6058:
6032:
5841:
2005:
1437:
4645:
2390:
1356:
The spinning machines takes the roving, thins it and twists it, creating yarn which it winds onto a bobbin.
1349:
forces. This method has replaced the older methods of ring and mule spinning. It is also easily adapted for
6500:
6022:
5901:
4703:
3272:
1478:
1461:
1171:
is grown in locations with long, hot, dry summers with plenty of sunshine and low humidity. Indian cotton,
3159:
1940:
Sanforisation is a form of mechanical pre-shrinking, so that the fabric will shrink less upon laundering.
1768:
or multiple spools, depending on the size of the machine cylinder (in which the needles are bedded). In a
6342:
6337:
6332:
5997:
5836:
5755:
5735:
5730:
5665:
5459:
4851:
6367:
6053:
5821:
5585:
4693:
4321:
2594:
6495:
6464:
6459:
6372:
6357:
6104:
5635:
4958:
3744:
1413:
1325:
6362:
6352:
6291:
5952:
5705:
5640:
4983:
4724:
4719:
2217:
2127:
1824:
solution, which forms a soap with free fatty acids. A kier is usually enclosed, so the solution of
95:
6317:
6068:
5800:
5750:
5630:
4661:
4295:
3364:
2221:
2131:
48:
5479:
6490:
6377:
6114:
6109:
6078:
5906:
5876:
5826:
5775:
5499:
5295:
4978:
4973:
4771:
2564:
1188:
4676:
3211:
2546:
Unlike natural fibres, produced by plants, animals or insects, synthetic fibres are made from
1994:
1425:
6322:
6260:
6230:
5846:
5790:
5519:
5327:
5205:
5074:
5044:
4456:
4314:
1625:
2939:
6413:
5911:
5896:
5856:
5780:
5770:
5489:
5444:
5018:
4123:
4085:
3765:
2657:
A Treatise On The Art Of
Weaving, With Calculations And Tables For The Use Of Manufacturers
1973:
1793:
202:
1308:
Drawing: where a drawing frame combines 4 slivers into one, repeated for increased quality
1278:
8:
6286:
6002:
5992:
5987:
5962:
5710:
5655:
5540:
5210:
4942:
4787:
4503:
4451:
4098:
3981:
2721:
2559:
1861:
1336:
1312:
Combing is optional, but is used to remove the shorter fibres, creating a stronger yarn.
739:
198:
139:
3424:
1693:
per quarter-inch square, or per inch square. Ends is always written first. For example:
1286:
1216:
6063:
5942:
5831:
5760:
5413:
4932:
4640:
4618:
4608:
2753:
1884:
1183:
1173:
5129:
6434:
6408:
6189:
6119:
6007:
5947:
5871:
5816:
5566:
5464:
5285:
4968:
4816:
4764:
4698:
4633:
4628:
4583:
4093:
4062:
3883:
3738:
3676:
3670:
3646:
3611:
3567:
3472:
3467:
3450:
3406:
3396:
3165:
3097:
3070:
2664:
2636:
2531:
1877:
1865:
1850:
1533:
1342:
1178:
2099:. It is difficult to bleach, and is used for making cord and rope. It is subject to
1512:
1449:
1305:
Carding: combing the tangled lap into a thick rope of 1/2 inch in diameter, a sliver
177:
or printed, fabricated into cloth which is then converted into useful goods such as
6449:
6418:
5957:
5927:
5745:
5700:
5449:
5322:
5307:
5079:
5037:
4683:
4598:
4551:
4461:
3636:
3462:
2350:
1964:
1825:
1760:
1568:
machine is needed for strengthening the warp by adding starch, to reduce breakage.
1565:
1391:
This is the process where each of the bobbins is rewound to give a tighter bobbin.
162:
5715:
1742:
1734:
6439:
6296:
6164:
6048:
5861:
5625:
5545:
5388:
5373:
5220:
4988:
4876:
4747:
4593:
4508:
4285:
4108:
4070:
3863:
3758:
3640:
3091:
2660:
2630:
2508:
2500:
2494:
2324:
2095:
1857:
1658:
1610:
1350:
5509:
4016:
1576:
The process of drawing each end of the warp separately through the dents of the
6444:
6134:
6129:
6017:
5891:
5785:
5680:
5650:
5514:
5469:
5302:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5260:
5230:
5119:
5084:
5008:
4998:
4993:
4937:
4896:
4613:
4556:
4513:
4156:
3961:
3816:
3666:
2584:
2569:
2338:
1751:
1705:
1650:
1577:
1525:
1220:
4406:
1649:: The third primary movement of the loom when making cloth: the action of the
6484:
6398:
6169:
6139:
6124:
5881:
5795:
5561:
5504:
5393:
5383:
5378:
5245:
5225:
5184:
5089:
5003:
4963:
4912:
4821:
4603:
4561:
4416:
4174:
4146:
4133:
4031:
3946:
3789:
3491:"Boosting winter pasture growth with nitrogen fertiliser – Western Australia"
3410:
3300:
2435:
2346:
2190:
1935:
1769:
1670:
1662:
1632:
The three primary movements of a loom are shedding, picking, and beating-up.
1614:
1365:
1360:
1346:
1192:
640:
633:
4166:
3741:
Descriptions and calculations for purchasing all cotton processing machines.
2307:
Wool comes from domesticated sheep. It is used to create two kinds of yarn,
6454:
6206:
Amalgamated
Association of Beamers, Twisters and Drawers (Hand and Machine)
6174:
6159:
6027:
5967:
5494:
5474:
5408:
5358:
5337:
5149:
5094:
4337:
4231:
4221:
4151:
3926:
3918:
3327:
1674:
1620:
1232:
Ginning, bale-making and transportation are done in the country of origin.
3476:
3390:
2690:
2472:
6469:
6179:
6154:
5982:
5977:
5937:
5611:
5484:
5439:
5434:
5403:
5134:
5013:
4922:
4831:
4141:
4006:
3991:
3931:
3888:
3821:
3455:
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology and Cognate Medical Sciences
2547:
2416:
1990:
1979:
1722:
1376:
1241:
205:
and colouration processes to the production of a wide range of products.
4351:
2378:
1974:
Economic, environmental and political consequences of cotton manufacture
1383:
Sewing thread was made of several threads twisted together, or doubled.
6281:
6184:
6073:
6012:
5608:
5535:
5398:
5368:
5363:
5124:
5114:
5099:
4927:
4891:
4441:
4411:
4371:
4211:
4206:
4075:
3941:
3908:
3873:
3798:
3451:"Measurement of Carbon Dioxide Production in Sheep by Isotope Dilution"
2535:
debut in the United States as a replacement for silk, and was used for
2291:
2090:
2068:
2038:
2012:
1666:
1603:
1488:
Hank: A length of 7 leas or 840 yards (the worsted hank is only 560 yd)
1205:
186:
4401:
4113:
4053:
2579:
2334:
wool. Extract is recovered chemically from mixed cotton/wool fabrics.
1899:
1409:
5454:
5144:
5104:
4886:
4881:
4671:
4421:
4226:
4021:
3956:
2536:
2512:
2504:
2046:
1833:
1260:
1168:
335:
296:
231:
6236:
General Union of Lancashire and Yorkshire Warp Dressers' Association
5577:
5312:
2206:
2116:
37:
5866:
5317:
5265:
4826:
4431:
4391:
4356:
4194:
4039:
3971:
3675:, John Heywood, Deansgate, Manchester, reprinted Elibron Classics,
2519:
2478:
2319:
2275:
2050:
2004:
The growth of cotton is divided into two segments i.e. organic and
1921:
1776:
1756:
178:
5164:
3806:
2271:
1302:
Lapping: removing the dust to create a flat sheet or lap of cotton
6144:
5179:
5060:
4917:
4871:
4866:
4841:
4742:
4466:
4376:
4361:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4103:
3811:
3449:
Whitelaw, F. G.; Brockway, J. M.; Reid, R. S. (22 January 1972).
3273:"Cutting cotton carbon emissions - Findings from Warangal, India"
2523:
2410:
2360:
2312:
2300:
2100:
2042:
1837:
1781:
1709:
1597:
1580:
and the eyes of the healds, in the order indicated by the draft.
1273:
1042:
492:
411:
147:
143:
3878:
1133:
5429:
5332:
5290:
5250:
5235:
5109:
4836:
4811:
4576:
4446:
4426:
4366:
4306:
4258:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4001:
3986:
3976:
3951:
3936:
3898:
3831:
3726:
2308:
1949:
1829:
1821:
1817:
589:
201:
and fabric-forming stages coupled with the complexities of the
193:
182:
174:
3588:, Manchester: Marsden & Company, Ltd. 1921, archived from
2792:
1211:
1124:
There are six stages to the manufacturing of cotton textiles:
5645:
5215:
5154:
5139:
4806:
4481:
4386:
4263:
4216:
4199:
4118:
3903:
3893:
3868:
3846:
3836:
3781:
3330:. International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD).
2527:
2267:
2186:
2182:
2178:
1088:
1079:
1070:
1059:
1050:
1032:
1023:
1014:
996:
980:
971:
962:
944:
928:
919:
910:
892:
876:
867:
858:
840:
822:
813:
799:
769:
760:
751:
721:
710:
696:
682:
671:
657:
623:
609:
579:
561:
543:
525:
511:
500:
482:
473:
462:
446:
432:
401:
387:
359:
350:
324:
315:
304:
286:
272:
241:
166:
4526:
Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution
1617:
or automatic looms could be operated by one skilled worker.
1491:
Thread: A length of 54 in (the circumference of a warp beam)
219:
Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution
5350:
5255:
5240:
5189:
4801:
4756:
4471:
4436:
4396:
4381:
4011:
3996:
3966:
3858:
3853:
3841:
3826:
3326:
Voora, Vivek; Larrea, Cristina; Bermudez, Steffany (2020).
2331:
2084:
2062:
2032:
1765:
1537:
1529:
1521:
806:
733:
703:
689:
664:
616:
595:
518:
439:
394:
279:
170:
5029:
3642:
Power from Steam: A History of the Stationary Steam Engine
2635:. Internet Archive. New York : Macmillan. p. 2.
1227:
3750:
3704:, One guy from Barlick-Book Transcription, archived from
1653:
as it drives each pick of weft to the fell of the cloth.
2473:
Environmental consequences of wool and silk manufacture
2318:
Modern sheep have uniform fleeces, while primitive and
2021:
1181:
is only suitable for hand processing. American cotton,
1152:
6251:
North East Lancashire Amalgamated Weavers' Association
3747:
Descriptions and illustrations of principal machines.
3231:
3229:
2932:
Technological Evolution in Cotton Spinning, 1878–1933
1787:
6246:
Lancashire Amalgamated Tape Sizers' Friendly Society
6211:
Amalgamated Association of Operative Cotton Spinners
3448:
2970:, Manchester City Council: Libraries, archived from
2827:
2825:
2720:, Manchester City Council: Libraries, archived from
2629:
Hollen, Norma R.; Hollen, Norma R. Textiles (1988).
192:
Different types of fibres are used to produce yarn.
3325:
2349:(carbonising). Washing uses a solution of soap and
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3226:
1955:processing, and are thus more expensive to apply.
1147:
3388:
2822:
2488:
1503:Tex: is the weight in grams of 1 km of yarn.
1255:
6482:
3517:"Do Synthetic Fabrics Harm the Environment – No"
3293:
1729:
1583:
1138:
4531:Textile manufacturing by pre-industrial methods
3672:Recent Cotton Mill Construction and Engineering
2353:. The wool is oiled before carding or combing.
1128:
215:Textile manufacturing by pre-industrial methods
6216:Amalgamated Textile Warehousemen's Association
2281:
1319:
5593:
5045:
4772:
4322:
3766:
3429:Antiques Digest: Lost Knowledge from the Past
2295:Traditional spinner in her family's house in
1528:, and the crosswise threads are known as the
1163:
5746:B. Hick and Sons / Hick, Hargreaves & Co
4536:Timeline of clothing and textiles technology
2628:
2590:Timeline of clothing and textiles technology
2053:or combing. It is then treated like cotton.
1341:Most spinning today is done using break, or
6266:United Textile Factory Workers' Association
6256:Northern Counties Textile Trades Federation
3745:1921 John Hetherington & Sons Catalogue
3645:, Cambridge University Press, p. 244,
2837:
2235:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2145:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1375:The ring was a descendant of the Arkwright
1212:Preparatory processes – preparation of yarn
165:. It is largely based on the conversion of
5600:
5586:
5052:
5038:
4779:
4765:
4329:
4315:
3773:
3759:
3301:"Doctors and nurses forced to pick cotton"
3209:
3164:. Woodhead. 29 April 2017. pp. 1–10.
2781:, Manchester City Council: Libraries, 2009
2767:
2692:Cotton and textiles — the challenges ahead
1929:
1524:. The lengthwise threads are known as the
3466:
3178:
2255:Learn how and when to remove this message
2165:Learn how and when to remove this message
2001:than is stored in the form of cellulose.
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
3603:
3096:, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., p. 90,
2956:
2922:
2706:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2290:
2270:is the main leaf fibre used; others are
1828:can be boiled under pressure, excluding
1741:
1733:
1699:
1619:
1511:
1497:Lea: A length of 80 threads or 120 yards
1285:
1277:
1215:
173:, then yarn into fabric. These are then
133:
3739:Cotton Year Book 1910 (Textile Mercury)
3695:
3665:
3561:
3543:
3376:
3352:
3340:
3259:
3247:
3235:
3146:
3033:
3027:
3003:
2916:
2904:
2892:
2880:
2868:
2831:
2816:
1394:
1235:
1228:Ginning, bale-making and transportation
227:
14:
6483:
3579:
3134:
3122:
3089:
3083:
3064:
3015:
2991:
2928:
2688:
1841:yellowish, and bleaching is required.
1704:Associated job titles include piecer,
1571:
5786:Yates & Thom / Yates of Blackburn
5607:
5581:
5033:
4760:
4310:
3754:
3635:
3483:
2938:, Stanford University, archived from
2752:, Craft Revival Trust, archived from
2742:
2740:
2738:
2677:
2518:The first artificial fibre, known as
1624:A Draper loom in the textile museum,
1551:
4291:
3367:1 October 2003, accessed 20 May 2010
3192:, Manchester City Council: Libraries
3047:, Manchester City Council: Libraries
2851:, Manchester City Council: Libraries
2530:in 1924. A similar product known as
2373:
2359:Woollens: Fibre is prepared through
2233:adding citations to reliable sources
2200:
2196:
2177:These bast fibres can also be used:
2143:adding citations to reliable sources
2110:
2106:
2022:Processing of other vegetable fibres
60:adding citations to reliable sources
31:
27:The industry which produces textiles
3604:Gurr, Duncan; Hunt, Julian (1998),
3392:The magic of Shetland lace knitting
2522:from 1799 onwards, became known as
1661:was the first semi-automatic loom.
24:
6221:Amalgamated Textile Workers' Union
5766:William Roberts & Co of Nelson
4589:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
4480:
3610:, Oldham Education & Leisure,
3203:
2735:
1788:Finishing – processing of textiles
25:
6512:
6241:General Union of Loom Overlookers
3720:
2575:Glossary of textile manufacturing
1836:in the fibre. If the appropriate
1680:
189:and various industrial products.
6226:Amalgamated Weavers' Association
5664:
5163:
4850:
4741:
4336:
4290:
4281:
4280:
3725:
3468:10.1113/expphysiol.1972.sp002136
2550:, and thus require no farmland.
2377:
2205:
2115:
1460:
1448:
1436:
1424:
1087:
1078:
1069:
1058:
1049:
1031:
1022:
1013:
995:
979:
970:
961:
943:
927:
918:
909:
891:
875:
866:
857:
839:
821:
812:
805:
798:
768:
759:
750:
732:
720:
709:
702:
695:
688:
681:
670:
663:
656:
622:
615:
608:
594:
578:
560:
542:
524:
517:
510:
499:
481:
472:
461:
445:
438:
431:
400:
393:
386:
358:
349:
323:
314:
303:
285:
278:
271:
240:
36:
5656:Sidney Stott (later Sir Philip)
3566:, Pergamon Press, p. 258,
3537:
3509:
3495:Government of Western Australia
3442:
3417:
3382:
3370:
3358:
3346:
3334:
3319:
3265:
3253:
3241:
3161:Principles of Textile Finishing
3152:
3140:
3128:
3116:
3058:
3021:
3009:
2997:
2985:
2910:
2898:
2886:
2874:
2862:
1472:
1299:Willowing: loosening the fibres
233:Cotton manufacturing processes
47:needs additional citations for
6084:Amalgamated Cotton Mills Trust
3069:. Learning Press. p. 80.
2810:
2793:"Planet Money Makes A T-Shirt"
2785:
2649:
2622:
2606:
2489:Processing of synthetic fibres
1978:Production of cotton requires
1915:
1871:
1256:Blending, mixing and scutching
1157:
13:
1:
6059:Lancashire Cotton Corporation
6033:Thomas Whitehead and Brothers
5736:W & J Galloway & Sons
3698:"Arthur Robert's Engine List"
2689:Majeed, A (19 January 2009),
2600:
1820:. The fabric is boiled in an
1730:Knitting – fabric manufacture
1637:threads are all placed level.
1584:Pirning (processing the weft)
5837:John Hetherington & Sons
5721:Clayton, Goodfellow & Co
5460:Thomas Ferguson & Co Ltd
4786:
4667:Conservation and restoration
2775:"Cultivating and Harvesting"
2663:. 1824. pp. 16 to 500.
1844:
1738:A circular knitting machine.
1591:
1479:Units of textile measurement
1204:The seed cotton goes into a
1143:
7:
5822:Butterworth & Dickinson
5059:
4730:Textile manufacturing terms
3582:"Glossary of Textile Terms"
2695:, Dawn-the Internet edition
2553:
2515:, which comes from plants.
2503:are created by forcing, or
2477:Both wool and silk require
2369:
2282:Processing of wool and silk
1958:
1893:
1810:
1802:
1536:that carries the yarn on a
1520:The weaving process uses a
1386:
1330:
1320:Spinning – yarn manufacture
10:
6517:
6054:Fine Spinners and Doublers
5662:
4694:Mathematics and fiber arts
3780:
3702:Arthur Roberts Black Book.
3607:The Cotton Mills of Oldham
3586:Arthur Roberts Black Book.
3389:Lovick, Elizabeth (2013).
3210:GREENHALGH, DAVID (2005),
2615:Career Guide to Industries
2595:Wet processing engineering
2539:and other military uses.
2492:
2103:, separating and pounding
2082:
2060:
2030:
1962:
1947:
1933:
1919:
1907:
1897:
1875:
1848:
1832:, which would degrade the
1791:
1749:
1601:
1595:
1543:
1507:
1494:Bundle: Usually 10 lb
1476:
1407:
1403:
1334:
1323:
1271:
1267:
1199:
1164:Cultivating and harvesting
1129:Cultivating and Harvesting
212:
208:
6465:John Kay (spinning frame)
6460:John Kay (flying shuttle)
6427:
6391:
6305:
6274:
6198:
6105:Cotton-spinning machinery
6092:
6041:
5920:
5877:Parr, Curtis & Madely
5827:Curtis, Parr & Walton
5809:
5706:Browett, Lindley & Co
5673:
5618:
5554:
5528:
5422:
5348:
5198:
5172:
5161:
5067:
4959:Cotton-spinning machinery
4951:
4905:
4859:
4848:
4794:
4738:
4712:
4654:
4544:
4491:
4478:
4344:
4276:
4165:
4132:
4084:
4061:
4052:
4030:
3917:
3797:
3788:
2659:(1st ed.). Glasgow:
2526:around 1894, and finally
2449:, and the weft, known as
1943:
1715:
1559:
1414:Gassing (textile process)
1326:Cotton-spinning machinery
1102:
259:
255:
250:
5902:Textile Machinery Makers
5882:British Northrop Loom Co
5801:Woolstenhulmes & Rye
5751:John Musgrave & Sons
5631:Bradshaw Gass & Hope
1746:Close-up on the needles.
990:Sizing/slashing/dressing
257:
253:
248:
6419:Quarry Bank Mill, Styal
6079:James Burton & Sons
6069:Combined Egyptian Mills
5907:Tweedales & Smalley
3562:Collier, Ann M (1970),
3544:Barfoot, J. R. (1840),
3521:www.actforlibraries.org
2845:"Preparatory Processes"
2511:were made from natural
2422:
2286:
2093:from the inner bark of
2078:
2056:
2026:
1930:Shrinking (sanforising)
71:"Textile manufacturing"
6115:Magnetic ring spinning
6110:DREF friction spinning
5791:Willans & Robinson
5696:Bateman & Sherratt
5500:Brigitta Scherzenfeldt
4979:Magnetic ring spinning
4974:DREF friction spinning
4485:
3564:A Handbook of Textiles
3547:The Progress of Cotton
3328:"Global Market Report"
3280:awsassets.wwfindia.org
3067:Clothing & Fashion
3065:Kelsie, Cruse (2016).
3018:, p. Cotton count
2565:Dref Friction Spinning
2304:
1747:
1739:
1629:
1517:
1291:
1283:
1224:
151:
6292:Mule spinners' cancer
6261:The Textile Institute
6231:Cardroom Amalgamation
6100:Textile manufacturing
5912:T. Wildman & Sons
5897:Taylor, Lang & Co
5857:Howard & Bullough
5847:John Pilling and Sons
5781:Urmson & Thompson
5691:Ashworth & Parker
5520:Margaretha Zetterberg
5206:Barber-Colman knotter
4984:Mule spinners' cancer
4569:Australian Aboriginal
4499:Clothing and textiles
4484:
3734:at Wikimedia Commons
3732:Textile manufacturing
3696:Roberts, A S (1921),
3637:Hills, Richard Leslie
3090:Fowler, Alan (2003),
2294:
1900:Singe § Textiles
1745:
1737:
1700:Associated job titles
1623:
1602:Further information:
1515:
1410:Singe § Textiles
1408:Further information:
1335:Further information:
1289:
1281:
1240:Cotton is shipped to
1219:
1134:Preparatory Processes
155:Textile manufacturing
137:
6275:Employment practices
6093:Industrial processes
5711:Buckley & Taylor
5636:F.W. Dixon & Son
5529:Employment practices
5490:Margaretha Reichardt
5480:Maria Elisabet Öberg
5445:Micheline Beauchemin
5199:Tools and techniques
5019:Wool combing machine
4704:Units of measurement
3580:Curtis, H P (1921),
3431:, Old and Sold, 1900
2756:on 26 September 2010
2229:improve this section
2139:improve this section
2006:genetically modified
1794:Finishing (textiles)
1395:Folding and twisting
1236:Opening and cleaning
228:Processing of cotton
56:improve this article
6501:Textile engineering
6287:Kissing the shuttle
6064:Bagley & Wright
6003:George Augustus Lee
5993:William Houldsworth
5963:Nathaniel Eckersley
5832:Dobson & Barlow
5776:Scott & Hodgson
5741:Benjamin Goodfellow
5726:Earnshaw & Holt
5541:Kissing the shuttle
4952:Industrial spinning
4906:Hand spinning tools
4748:Clothing portal
4545:Regional and ethnic
4519:Indian subcontinent
3365:Daily Star Magazine
2714:"Machine processes"
2618:. The Bureau. 2006.
2560:Clothing technology
1862:sodium hypochlorite
1572:Drawing in, Looming
1337:Spinning (textiles)
1189:stripper harvesters
1177:, is finer but the
234:
159:textile engineering
5943:Hugh Hornby Birley
5887:Pemberton & Co
5872:Mather & Platt
5852:Harling & Todd
5817:Brooks & Doxey
5761:Petrie of Rochdale
5756:J & W McNaught
5701:Boulton & Watt
5414:Warp-weighted loom
4677:wearable fiber art
4486:
3425:"Silk manufacture"
2974:on 24 October 2008
2929:Saxonhouse, Gary,
2749:Handicrafts India.
2724:on 23 October 2008
2580:Textile from algae
2389:. You can help by
2305:
1860:, such as diluted
1748:
1740:
1630:
1552:Warping or beaming
1518:
1292:
1284:
1225:
1184:Gossypium hirsutum
1174:Gossypium arboreum
369:Finishing scutcher
232:
152:
6478:
6477:
6435:Richard Arkwright
6414:Weavers' Triangle
6409:Queen Street Mill
6190:Lancashire boiler
6120:Open-end spinning
6042:Limited companies
6008:Charles Macintosh
5948:Joseph Brotherton
5575:
5574:
5567:Queen Street Mill
5465:Elisabeth Forsell
5027:
5026:
4969:Open-end spinning
4754:
4753:
4304:
4303:
4272:
4271:
4048:
4047:
3730:Media related to
3682:978-1-4021-4558-2
3652:978-0-521-45834-4
3617:978-0-902809-46-8
3592:on 6 October 2011
3573:978-0-08-018057-1
3402:978-1-84448-935-0
3307:. 16 October 2012
3103:978-0-7546-0116-6
3076:978-1-280-29435-8
2871:, pp. 66, 67
2642:978-0-02-367530-0
2532:cellulose acetate
2407:
2406:
2265:
2264:
2257:
2197:Other leaf fibres
2175:
2174:
2167:
2107:Other bast fibres
1989:Cotton acts as a
1887:will take place.
1878:Mercerised cotton
1866:hydrogen peroxide
1851:Textile bleaching
1351:artificial fibres
1343:open-end spinning
1290:A Combing machine
1119:
1118:
140:Finlayson factory
132:
131:
124:
106:
18:Textile machinery
16:(Redirected from
6508:
6496:Textile industry
6450:James Hargreaves
6348:Oldham (borough)
5958:Peter Drinkwater
5928:Elkanah Armitage
5810:Machinery makers
5668:
5602:
5595:
5588:
5579:
5578:
5450:Johanna Brunsson
5167:
5054:
5047:
5040:
5031:
5030:
4943:Spinner's weasel
4854:
4781:
4774:
4767:
4758:
4757:
4746:
4745:
4462:Textile printing
4331:
4324:
4317:
4308:
4307:
4294:
4293:
4284:
4283:
4059:
4058:
3795:
3794:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3752:
3751:
3729:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3620:, archived from
3600:
3599:
3597:
3576:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3497:. 19 August 2021
3487:
3481:
3480:
3470:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3395:. Search Press.
3386:
3380:
3374:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3277:
3269:
3263:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3213:Cotton finishing
3207:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3190:Spinning the Web
3182:
3176:
3175:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3045:Spinning the Web
3037:
3031:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2968:Spinning the Web
2960:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2944:
2937:
2926:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2849:Spinning the Web
2841:
2835:
2829:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2779:Spinning the Web
2771:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2744:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2718:Spinning the Web
2710:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2686:
2675:
2674:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2610:
2509:cellulose fibres
2501:synthetic fibres
2402:
2399:
2381:
2374:
2351:sodium carbonate
2260:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2240:
2209:
2201:
2170:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2150:
2119:
2111:
1965:Textile printing
1826:sodium hydroxide
1784:is a weft knit.
1628:, Massachusetts
1611:Lancashire Looms
1464:
1452:
1440:
1428:
1091:
1082:
1073:
1062:
1053:
1035:
1026:
1017:
999:
983:
974:
965:
947:
931:
922:
913:
895:
879:
870:
861:
843:
825:
816:
809:
802:
772:
763:
754:
736:
724:
713:
706:
699:
692:
685:
674:
667:
660:
626:
619:
612:
598:
582:
564:
546:
528:
521:
514:
503:
485:
476:
465:
449:
442:
435:
404:
397:
390:
362:
353:
327:
318:
307:
289:
282:
275:
244:
235:
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
105:
64:
40:
32:
21:
6516:
6515:
6511:
6510:
6509:
6507:
6506:
6505:
6481:
6480:
6479:
6474:
6440:Samuel Crompton
6423:
6404:Helmshore Mills
6387:
6301:
6297:Piece-rate list
6270:
6194:
6165:Lancashire Loom
6088:
6049:Oldham Limiteds
6037:
5988:Richard Howarth
5916:
5862:Geo. Hattersley
5805:
5669:
5660:
5626:David Bellhouse
5614:
5606:
5576:
5571:
5550:
5546:Piece-rate list
5524:
5418:
5389:Lancashire loom
5374:Hattersley loom
5344:
5221:Chilkat weaving
5194:
5168:
5159:
5063:
5058:
5028:
5023:
4989:Piece-rate list
4947:
4901:
4855:
4846:
4790:
4785:
4755:
4750:
4740:
4734:
4708:
4650:
4540:
4487:
4476:
4340:
4335:
4305:
4300:
4268:
4161:
4128:
4080:
4071:Artificial silk
4044:
4026:
3913:
3784:
3779:
3723:
3711:
3709:
3708:on 23 July 2011
3687:
3685:
3683:
3667:Nasmith, Joseph
3657:
3655:
3653:
3627:
3625:
3624:on 18 July 2011
3618:
3595:
3593:
3574:
3553:
3551:
3540:
3535:
3525:
3523:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3500:
3498:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3447:
3443:
3434:
3432:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3403:
3387:
3383:
3375:
3371:
3363:
3359:
3351:
3347:
3339:
3335:
3324:
3320:
3310:
3308:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3284:
3282:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3258:
3254:
3246:
3242:
3234:
3227:
3218:
3216:
3208:
3204:
3195:
3193:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3172:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3145:
3141:
3133:
3129:
3121:
3117:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3088:
3084:
3077:
3063:
3059:
3050:
3048:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3026:
3022:
3014:
3010:
3002:
2998:
2990:
2986:
2977:
2975:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2948:
2946:
2945:on 16 July 2011
2942:
2935:
2927:
2923:
2915:
2911:
2903:
2899:
2891:
2887:
2879:
2875:
2867:
2863:
2854:
2852:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2830:
2823:
2815:
2811:
2801:
2799:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2759:
2757:
2746:
2745:
2736:
2727:
2725:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2698:
2696:
2687:
2678:
2671:
2661:Blackie and Son
2655:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2627:
2623:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2556:
2497:
2495:Synthetic fibre
2491:
2484:
2475:
2425:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2387:needs expansion
2372:
2289:
2284:
2261:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2226:
2210:
2199:
2171:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2136:
2120:
2109:
2096:Cannabis sativa
2087:
2081:
2065:
2059:
2035:
2029:
2024:
2000:
1993:as it contains
1976:
1967:
1961:
1952:
1946:
1938:
1932:
1924:
1918:
1910:
1902:
1896:
1880:
1874:
1858:oxidizing agent
1853:
1847:
1813:
1805:
1796:
1790:
1754:
1732:
1718:
1702:
1687:number of picks
1683:
1659:Lancashire Loom
1606:
1600:
1594:
1586:
1574:
1562:
1554:
1546:
1510:
1481:
1475:
1468:
1465:
1456:
1453:
1444:
1441:
1432:
1429:
1416:
1406:
1397:
1389:
1339:
1333:
1328:
1322:
1282:Carding machine
1276:
1270:
1258:
1238:
1230:
1214:
1202:
1193:spindle pickers
1166:
230:
221:
213:Main articles:
211:
128:
117:
111:
108:
65:
63:
53:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6514:
6504:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6476:
6475:
6473:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6445:Peter Foxcroft
6442:
6437:
6431:
6429:
6425:
6424:
6422:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6395:
6393:
6389:
6388:
6386:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6309:
6307:
6306:Lists of mills
6303:
6302:
6300:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6278:
6276:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6202:
6200:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6135:Spinning jenny
6132:
6130:Spinning frame
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6096:
6094:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6045:
6043:
6039:
6038:
6036:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6018:Samuel Oldknow
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5933:Henry Ashworth
5930:
5924:
5922:
5918:
5917:
5915:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5892:Platt Brothers
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5842:Joseph Hibbert
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5813:
5811:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5803:
5798:
5796:J & E Wood
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5681:Daniel Adamson
5677:
5675:
5671:
5670:
5663:
5661:
5659:
5658:
5653:
5651:Stott and Sons
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5622:
5620:
5616:
5615:
5605:
5604:
5597:
5590:
5582:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5569:
5564:
5558:
5556:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5532:
5530:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5522:
5517:
5515:Judocus de Vos
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5470:Dorothy Liebes
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5426:
5424:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5355:
5353:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5303:Tablet weaving
5300:
5299:
5298:
5296:Sizing machine
5288:
5283:
5278:
5276:Salish weaving
5273:
5268:
5263:
5261:Navajo weaving
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5231:Flying shuttle
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5202:
5200:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5176:
5174:
5170:
5169:
5162:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5071:
5069:
5065:
5064:
5057:
5056:
5049:
5042:
5034:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5009:Throstle frame
5006:
5001:
4999:Spinning jenny
4996:
4994:Spinning frame
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4955:
4953:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4945:
4940:
4938:Spinning wheel
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4897:Twist per inch
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4863:
4861:
4857:
4856:
4849:
4847:
4845:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4798:
4796:
4792:
4791:
4784:
4783:
4776:
4769:
4761:
4752:
4751:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4716:
4714:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4669:
4664:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4631:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4586:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4571:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4559:
4548:
4546:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4506:
4501:
4495:
4493:
4492:History of ...
4489:
4488:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4341:
4334:
4333:
4326:
4319:
4311:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4288:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4177:
4171:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4138:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4090:
4088:
4086:Semi-synthetic
4082:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4067:
4065:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4042:
4036:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3923:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3803:
3801:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3778:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3742:
3722:
3721:External links
3719:
3718:
3717:
3693:
3681:
3663:
3651:
3633:
3616:
3601:
3577:
3572:
3559:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3508:
3482:
3441:
3416:
3401:
3381:
3369:
3357:
3345:
3333:
3318:
3292:
3264:
3252:
3240:
3225:
3202:
3177:
3170:
3151:
3139:
3137:, p. Ends
3127:
3125:, p. Shed
3115:
3102:
3082:
3075:
3057:
3032:
3020:
3008:
2996:
2984:
2955:
2921:
2909:
2897:
2885:
2873:
2861:
2836:
2821:
2809:
2784:
2766:
2734:
2705:
2676:
2669:
2648:
2641:
2621:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2585:Textile design
2582:
2577:
2572:
2570:Fashion design
2567:
2562:
2555:
2552:
2493:Main article:
2490:
2487:
2482:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2440:
2439:
2433:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2405:
2404:
2384:
2382:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2347:sulphuric acid
2337:The fleece is
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2263:
2262:
2213:
2211:
2204:
2198:
2195:
2173:
2172:
2123:
2121:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2083:Main article:
2080:
2077:
2061:Main article:
2058:
2055:
2031:Main article:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
1998:
1975:
1972:
1963:Main article:
1960:
1957:
1948:Main article:
1945:
1942:
1934:Main article:
1931:
1928:
1920:Main article:
1917:
1914:
1909:
1906:
1898:Main article:
1895:
1892:
1876:Main article:
1873:
1870:
1849:Main article:
1846:
1843:
1812:
1809:
1804:
1801:
1792:Main article:
1789:
1786:
1752:Knitted fabric
1750:Main article:
1731:
1728:
1717:
1714:
1701:
1698:
1682:
1679:
1663:Jacquard looms
1655:
1654:
1644:
1638:
1615:Northrop Looms
1596:Main article:
1593:
1590:
1585:
1582:
1573:
1570:
1561:
1558:
1553:
1550:
1545:
1542:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1477:Main article:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1423:
1405:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1388:
1385:
1332:
1329:
1324:Main article:
1321:
1318:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1272:Main article:
1269:
1266:
1257:
1254:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1226:
1213:
1210:
1201:
1198:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1101:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1085:
1083:
1076:
1074:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1054:
1047:
1045:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1029:
1027:
1020:
1018:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
993:
991:
988:
985:
984:
977:
975:
968:
966:
959:
956:
955:
953:
950:
948:
941:
939:
936:
933:
932:
925:
923:
916:
914:
907:
904:
903:
901:
898:
896:
889:
887:
884:
881:
880:
873:
871:
864:
862:
855:
852:
851:
849:
846:
844:
837:
835:
830:
827:
826:
819:
817:
810:
803:
796:
793:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
774:
773:
766:
764:
757:
755:
748:
745:
744:
742:
737:
730:
727:
725:
718:
715:
714:
707:
700:
693:
686:
679:
676:
675:
668:
661:
654:
651:
650:
645:
643:
638:
636:
631:
628:
627:
620:
613:
606:
603:
602:
599:
592:
587:
584:
583:
576:
573:
572:
569:
566:
565:
558:
555:
554:
551:
548:
547:
540:
537:
536:
533:
530:
529:
522:
515:
508:
505:
504:
497:
495:
490:
487:
486:
479:
477:
470:
467:
466:
459:
457:
454:
451:
450:
443:
436:
429:
426:
425:
420:
418:
416:
414:
409:
406:
405:
398:
391:
384:
381:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
364:
363:
356:
354:
347:
344:
343:
340:
338:
332:
329:
328:
321:
319:
312:
309:
308:
301:
299:
294:
291:
290:
283:
276:
269:
266:
265:
263:
258:
256:
254:
252:
249:
246:
245:
238:
229:
226:
210:
207:
130:
129:
44:
42:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6513:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6491:Textile mills
6489:
6488:
6486:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6432:
6430:
6426:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6399:Bancroft Shed
6397:
6396:
6394:
6390:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6310:
6308:
6304:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6273:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6203:
6201:
6197:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6170:Northrop Loom
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6140:Spinning mule
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6125:Ring spinning
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6097:
6095:
6091:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6040:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5925:
5923:
5919:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5808:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5716:Carels Frères
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5674:Engine makers
5672:
5667:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5610:
5603:
5598:
5596:
5591:
5589:
5584:
5583:
5580:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5562:Bancroft Shed
5560:
5559:
5557:
5553:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5527:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5505:Clara Sherman
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5421:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5394:Northrop loom
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5384:Jacquard loom
5382:
5380:
5379:Horrocks loom
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5352:
5347:
5339:
5336:
5335:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5246:Inkle weaving
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5226:Fingerweaving
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5197:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5185:Warp and weft
5183:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5171:
5166:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5055:
5050:
5048:
5043:
5041:
5036:
5035:
5032:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5004:Spinning mule
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4964:Ring spinning
4962:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4950:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4913:Hand spinning
4911:
4910:
4908:
4904:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4858:
4853:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4782:
4777:
4775:
4770:
4768:
4763:
4762:
4759:
4749:
4744:
4737:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4711:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4689:Manufacturing
4687:
4685:
4682:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4490:
4483:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4417:Passementerie
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4332:
4327:
4325:
4320:
4318:
4313:
4312:
4309:
4297:
4289:
4287:
4279:
4278:
4275:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4164:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3776:
3771:
3769:
3764:
3762:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3728:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3694:
3684:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3664:
3654:
3648:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3623:
3619:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3602:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3578:
3575:
3569:
3565:
3560:
3549:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3445:
3430:
3426:
3420:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3385:
3378:
3373:
3366:
3361:
3354:
3349:
3342:
3337:
3329:
3322:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3281:
3274:
3268:
3262:, p. 159
3261:
3256:
3250:, p. 157
3249:
3244:
3238:, p. 155
3237:
3232:
3230:
3215:
3214:
3206:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3173:
3171:9780081006610
3167:
3163:
3162:
3155:
3149:, p. 118
3148:
3143:
3136:
3131:
3124:
3119:
3105:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3086:
3078:
3072:
3068:
3061:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3029:
3024:
3017:
3012:
3005:
3000:
2993:
2988:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2941:
2934:
2933:
2925:
2919:, pp. 71
2918:
2913:
2907:, pp. 80
2906:
2901:
2895:, pp. 70
2894:
2889:
2882:
2877:
2870:
2865:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2833:
2828:
2826:
2818:
2813:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2694:
2693:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2672:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2644:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2625:
2617:
2616:
2609:
2605:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2551:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2486:
2480:
2466:
2465:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2436:Silk throwing
2434:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2401:
2392:
2388:
2385:This section
2383:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2340:
2335:
2333:
2328:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2256:
2248:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2214:This section
2212:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2169:
2166:
2158:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2124:This section
2122:
2118:
2113:
2112:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2086:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1981:
1971:
1966:
1956:
1951:
1941:
1937:
1936:Sanforization
1927:
1923:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1879:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1808:
1800:
1795:
1785:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1744:
1736:
1727:
1724:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1671:Northrop Loom
1668:
1664:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1599:
1589:
1581:
1579:
1569:
1567:
1557:
1549:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1514:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1467:Ring spinning
1463:
1458:
1455:Ring spinning
1451:
1446:
1443:Mule spinning
1439:
1434:
1431:Mule spinning
1427:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1401:
1392:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1367:
1366:ring spinning
1362:
1361:mule spinning
1357:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1347:electrostatic
1344:
1338:
1327:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1288:
1280:
1275:
1265:
1262:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1233:
1222:
1218:
1209:
1207:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1115:
1114:Sewing thread
1112:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1104:Yarn (cheese)
1100:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
994:
992:
989:
987:
986:
982:
978:
976:
973:
969:
967:
964:
960:
958:
957:
954:
951:
949:
946:
942:
940:
937:
935:
934:
930:
926:
924:
921:
917:
915:
912:
908:
906:
905:
902:
899:
897:
894:
890:
888:
885:
883:
882:
878:
874:
872:
869:
865:
863:
860:
856:
854:
853:
850:
847:
845:
842:
838:
836:
834:
831:
829:
828:
824:
820:
818:
815:
811:
808:
804:
801:
797:
795:
794:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
775:
771:
767:
765:
762:
758:
756:
753:
749:
747:
746:
743:
741:
738:
735:
731:
728:
726:
723:
719:
717:
716:
712:
708:
705:
701:
698:
694:
691:
687:
684:
680:
678:
677:
673:
669:
666:
662:
659:
655:
653:
652:
649:
646:
644:
642:
641:Ring spinning
639:
637:
635:
634:Mule spinning
632:
630:
629:
625:
621:
618:
614:
611:
607:
605:
604:
600:
597:
593:
591:
588:
586:
585:
581:
577:
575:
574:
571:Intermediate
570:
568:
567:
563:
559:
557:
556:
552:
550:
549:
545:
541:
539:
538:
534:
532:
531:
527:
523:
520:
516:
513:
509:
507:
506:
502:
498:
496:
494:
491:
489:
488:
484:
480:
478:
475:
471:
469:
468:
464:
460:
458:
455:
453:
452:
448:
444:
441:
437:
434:
430:
428:
427:
424:
421:
419:
417:
415:
413:
410:
408:
407:
403:
399:
396:
392:
389:
385:
383:
382:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
365:
361:
357:
355:
352:
348:
346:
345:
341:
339:
337:
333:
331:
330:
326:
322:
320:
317:
313:
311:
310:
306:
302:
300:
298:
295:
293:
292:
288:
284:
281:
277:
274:
270:
268:
267:
264:
262:
247:
243:
239:
237:
236:
225:
220:
216:
206:
204:
200:
195:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
149:
145:
141:
136:
126:
123:
115:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
6455:Thomas Highs
6199:Associations
6175:Air-jet loom
6160:Roberts Loom
6099:
6028:John Rylands
5998:John Kennedy
5973:William Gray
5968:John Fielden
5953:James Burton
5771:George Saxon
5686:Ashton Frost
5641:Edward Potts
5510:Gunta Stölzl
5495:John Rylands
5475:Ethel Mairet
5409:Roberts loom
5359:Air-jet loom
5095:Double weave
4725:Sewing terms
4720:Dyeing terms
4688:
4345:Fundamentals
4338:Textile arts
4232:Polyethylene
3724:
3710:, retrieved
3706:the original
3701:
3686:, retrieved
3671:
3656:, retrieved
3641:
3626:, retrieved
3622:the original
3606:
3594:, retrieved
3590:the original
3585:
3563:
3552:, retrieved
3546:
3538:Bibliography
3524:. Retrieved
3520:
3511:
3499:. Retrieved
3485:
3461:(1): 37–55.
3458:
3454:
3444:
3433:, retrieved
3428:
3419:
3391:
3384:
3379:, p. 19
3377:Collier 1970
3372:
3360:
3355:, p. 17
3353:Collier 1970
3348:
3343:, p. 16
3341:Collier 1970
3336:
3321:
3309:. Retrieved
3304:
3295:
3283:. Retrieved
3279:
3267:
3260:Collier 1970
3255:
3248:Collier 1970
3243:
3236:Collier 1970
3217:, retrieved
3212:
3205:
3194:, retrieved
3189:
3180:
3160:
3154:
3147:Collier 1970
3142:
3130:
3118:
3107:, retrieved
3092:
3085:
3066:
3060:
3049:, retrieved
3044:
3035:
3028:Collier 1970
3023:
3011:
3006:, p. 74
3004:Collier 1970
2999:
2987:
2976:, retrieved
2972:the original
2967:
2958:
2947:, retrieved
2940:the original
2931:
2924:
2917:Collier 1970
2912:
2905:Collier 1970
2900:
2893:Collier 1970
2888:
2883:, p. 69
2881:Collier 1970
2876:
2869:Collier 1970
2864:
2853:, retrieved
2848:
2839:
2834:, p. 13
2832:Collier 1970
2819:, p. 11
2817:Collier 1970
2812:
2800:. Retrieved
2796:
2787:
2778:
2769:
2758:, retrieved
2754:the original
2748:
2726:, retrieved
2722:the original
2717:
2708:
2697:, retrieved
2691:
2656:
2651:
2631:
2624:
2614:
2608:
2548:fossil fuels
2545:
2541:
2517:
2498:
2476:
2450:
2446:
2426:
2395:
2391:adding to it
2386:
2344:
2336:
2329:
2317:
2306:
2266:
2251:
2242:
2227:Please help
2215:
2176:
2161:
2152:
2137:Please help
2125:
2094:
2088:
2072:
2066:
2045:, breaking,
2036:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1968:
1953:
1939:
1925:
1911:
1903:
1889:
1881:
1854:
1814:
1806:
1797:
1774:
1755:
1723:child labour
1719:
1712:, draw boy.
1703:
1694:
1684:
1681:Measurements
1675:rapier looms
1656:
1646:
1640:
1631:
1607:
1587:
1575:
1563:
1555:
1547:
1519:
1473:Measurements
1417:
1398:
1390:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1358:
1355:
1340:
1314:
1311:
1293:
1259:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1231:
1203:
1182:
1172:
1167:
1123:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1103:
1098:
833:Weaving shed
832:
647:
601:Fine roving
423:Carding room
422:
261:Blowing room
260:
251:Bale breaker
222:
191:
158:
154:
153:
118:
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
6470:Robert Owen
6180:Rapier loom
6155:Water frame
6023:Robert Peel
5983:Samuel Greg
5978:Hannah Greg
5938:Hugh Birley
5921:Mill owners
5485:Lilly Reich
5440:Otti Berger
5435:Anni Albers
5404:Rapier loom
5135:Plain weave
5075:Basketweave
5014:Water frame
4923:Niddy noddy
4625:Indonesian
4407:Nålebinding
4063:Regenerated
4007:Spider silk
3628:14 February
3554:11 February
3219:12 February
3186:"Finishing"
3135:Curtis 1921
3123:Curtis 1921
3030:, p. 3
3016:Curtis 1921
2994:, p. 1
2992:Curtis 1921
2760:12 February
2699:12 February
2468:entangling.
2245:August 2021
2155:August 2021
1991:carbon sink
1980:arable land
1916:Calendering
1872:Mercerising
1864:or diluted
1721:to prevent
1667:Dobby looms
1377:Water frame
1221:Platt Bros.
161:is a major
138:Weaving at
112:August 2021
6485:Categories
6343:Manchester
6338:Lancashire
6333:Derbyshire
6282:More looms
6185:Dandy loom
6074:Courtaulds
6013:Hugh Mason
5619:Architects
5609:Lancashire
5536:More looms
5399:Power loom
5369:Dobby loom
5364:Dandy loom
5173:Components
5125:Pile weave
5115:Leno weave
5100:Even-weave
4928:Nostepinne
4892:Short draw
4860:Techniques
4713:Glossaries
4442:Rug making
4412:Needlework
4372:Embroidery
4212:Modacrylic
4207:Microfiber
4124:Triacetate
4076:Milk fiber
3942:Camel hair
3874:Lotus silk
3712:11 January
3688:11 January
3658:11 January
3596:11 January
3526:20 October
3501:5 February
3311:20 October
3285:20 October
3196:29 January
3109:21 January
3051:29 January
2978:29 January
2964:"Spinning"
2949:26 January
2855:29 January
2802:29 October
2728:29 January
2670:1444653490
2601:References
2537:parachutes
2091:bast fibre
2089:Hemp is a
2069:bast fibre
2067:Jute is a
2039:bast fibre
2037:Flax is a
2013:Uzbekistan
1708:, weaver,
1647:Beating-up
1604:Power loom
1206:cotton gin
456:Sliver lap
187:upholstery
82:newspapers
6383:Yorkshire
6368:Stockport
6313:LCC mills
5731:Fairbairn
5455:Ada Dietz
5349:Types of
5105:Gabardine
4887:Scutching
4882:Long draw
4795:Materials
4699:Recycling
4672:Fiber art
4514:Byzantine
4422:Patchwork
4227:Polyester
4099:Diacetate
4054:Synthetic
3957:Chiengora
3411:862210511
3041:"Weaving"
2513:cellulose
2505:extruding
2447:organzine
2297:Old Bagan
2216:does not
2126:does not
2075:fabrics.
2047:scutching
1995:cellulose
1885:shrinkage
1845:Bleaching
1834:cellulose
1770:warp knit
1706:scavenger
1261:Scutching
1158:Marketing
1153:Finishing
789:Bleaching
553:Slubbing
297:Willowing
203:finishing
183:household
6428:Pioneers
6373:Tameside
6358:Rochdale
6328:Cheshire
6150:Steaming
5867:Asa Lees
5318:Tapestry
5266:Pibiones
5180:Textiles
5085:Coverlet
4877:Heckling
4788:Spinning
4684:Industry
4662:Blocking
4629:Balinese
4573:Burmese
4504:Quilting
4452:Spinning
4432:Quilting
4392:Knitting
4357:Beadwork
4352:Appliqué
4286:Category
4195:Technora
4157:Metallic
4040:Asbestos
3982:Pashmina
3947:Cashmere
3669:(1894),
3639:(1993),
3305:BBC News
2632:Textiles
2554:See also
2520:art silk
2479:farmland
2398:May 2023
2370:Worsteds
2320:landrace
2313:worsteds
2276:henequen
2051:hackling
1959:Printing
1922:Calender
1894:Singeing
1838:reagents
1811:Scouring
1803:Desizing
1777:elastane
1757:Knitting
1516:A Warper
1387:Checking
1331:Spinning
1148:Knitting
1139:Spinning
1004:Spooling
784:Bundling
740:Doubling
648:Spinning
535:Drawing
379:Teasing
342:Batting
336:scutcher
334:Breaker
199:spinning
179:clothing
163:industry
6392:Museums
6363:Salford
6353:Preston
6145:Carding
5423:Weavers
5286:Shuttle
5080:Charvet
5061:Weaving
4933:Spindle
4918:Distaff
4872:Combing
4867:Carding
4842:Worsted
4655:Related
4619:Oaxacan
4609:Mexican
4599:Mapuche
4552:African
4467:Weaving
4402:Macramé
4382:Felting
4362:Crochet
4296:Commons
4254:Vinylon
4249:Vectran
4244:Spandex
4175:Acrylic
4167:Polymer
4134:Mineral
4114:Piñatex
4104:Lyocell
4094:Acetate
4032:Mineral
3962:Guanaco
3812:Bagasse
3790:Natural
3477:4553559
2797:NPR.org
2524:viscose
2460:cotton.
2411:Combing
2361:carding
2309:woolens
2303:(2019).
2301:Myanmar
2237:removed
2222:sources
2147:removed
2132:sources
2101:retting
2043:retting
1908:Raising
1782:t-shirt
1761:machine
1710:tackler
1641:Picking
1598:Weaving
1592:Weaving
1544:Winding
1534:shuttle
1508:Weaving
1404:Gassing
1274:Carding
1268:Carding
1200:Ginning
1144:Weaving
1043:Weaving
952:Gassing
938:Warping
900:Cabling
886:Beaming
848:Winding
779:Winding
729:Reeling
493:Combing
412:Carding
374:Lapping
209:History
185:items,
150:in 1951
148:Finland
144:Tampere
96:scholar
6318:Bolton
5612:cotton
5430:Acesas
5333:Wicker
5328:Wattle
5323:Temple
5313:Tāniko
5291:Sizing
5251:Kasuri
5236:Heddle
5211:Beamer
5150:Swivel
5120:Oxford
5110:Lampas
5068:Weaves
4837:Woolen
4822:Staple
4817:Sliver
4812:Roving
4641:Korean
4614:Navajo
4594:Andean
4577:Acheik
4457:Stitch
4447:Sewing
4427:Plying
4377:Fabric
4367:Dyeing
4259:Vinyon
4237:UHMWPE
4222:Olefin
4190:Kevlar
4185:Twaron
4180:Aramid
4152:Basalt
4147:Carbon
4017:Vicuña
4002:Tendon
3992:Rabbit
3987:Qiviut
3977:Mohair
3952:Catgut
3937:Byssus
3932:Angora
3927:Alpaca
3919:Animal
3899:Rattan
3889:Raffia
3832:Cotton
3817:Bamboo
3782:Fibers
3679:
3649:
3614:
3570:
3475:
3435:4 July
3409:
3399:
3168:
3100:
3073:
2667:
2639:
2432:spots.
2417:Angora
2332:felted
2191:nettle
2073:jutton
1950:Dyeing
1944:Dyeing
1830:oxygen
1822:alkali
1716:Issues
1626:Lowell
1566:sizing
1560:Sizing
1412:, and
1250:picker
1246:opener
1223:picker
1179:staple
1169:Cotton
1107:Bundle
590:Roving
194:Cotton
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
6378:Wigan
5646:Stott
5555:Mills
5351:looms
5338:Resin
5308:Talim
5216:Braid
5155:Twill
5140:Satin
5130:Piqué
5090:Dobby
4807:Rolag
4646:Māori
4634:Sumba
4584:Hmong
4557:Kongo
4387:Fiber
4264:Zylon
4217:Nylon
4200:Nomex
4142:Glass
4119:Rayon
4109:Modal
3972:Llama
3904:Sisal
3894:Ramie
3869:Kenaf
3864:Kapok
3847:Linen
3837:Fique
3822:Bashō
3807:Abacá
3799:Plant
3276:(PDF)
2943:(PDF)
2936:(PDF)
2528:rayon
2339:shorn
2272:abacá
2268:Sisal
2187:ramie
2183:urena
2179:kenaf
1818:kiers
1242:mills
1099:Cloth
169:into
167:fibre
103:JSTOR
89:books
6323:Bury
5281:Shed
5271:Reed
5256:Loom
5241:Ikat
5190:Yarn
5145:Shot
4802:Noil
4604:Maya
4562:Kuba
4509:Silk
4472:Yarn
4437:Rope
4397:Lace
4012:Wool
3997:Silk
3967:Hair
3909:Wood
3884:Pine
3879:Piña
3859:Jute
3854:Hemp
3842:Flax
3827:Coir
3714:2009
3690:2009
3677:ISBN
3660:2009
3647:ISBN
3630:2009
3612:ISBN
3598:2009
3568:ISBN
3556:2009
3528:2022
3503:2024
3473:PMID
3437:2009
3407:OCLC
3397:ISBN
3313:2022
3287:2022
3221:2009
3198:2009
3166:ISBN
3111:2009
3098:ISBN
3071:ISBN
3053:2009
2980:2009
2951:2009
2857:2009
2804:2021
2762:2009
2730:2009
2701:2009
2665:ISBN
2637:ISBN
2451:tram
2423:Silk
2325:lopi
2311:and
2287:Wool
2274:and
2220:any
2218:cite
2130:any
2128:cite
2085:Hemp
2079:Hemp
2063:Jute
2057:Jute
2033:Flax
2027:Flax
1766:yarn
1691:ends
1689:and
1665:and
1657:The
1651:reed
1578:reed
1538:pirn
1530:weft
1526:warp
1522:loom
1191:and
217:and
175:dyed
171:yarn
75:news
4832:Tow
4827:Top
4022:Yak
3463:doi
2393:.
2231:by
2141:by
1759:by
1359:In
1146:or
157:or
142:in
58:by
6487::
3700:,
3584:,
3519:.
3493:.
3471:.
3459:57
3457:.
3453:.
3427:,
3405:.
3303:.
3278:.
3228:^
3188:,
3043:,
2966:,
2847:,
2824:^
2795:.
2777:,
2737:^
2716:,
2679:^
2299:,
2278:.
2193:.
2189:,
2185:,
2181:,
2049:,
1677:.
1564:A
1368:.
1353:.
181:,
146:,
5601:e
5594:t
5587:v
5053:e
5046:t
5039:v
4780:e
4773:t
4766:v
4330:e
4323:t
4316:v
3774:e
3767:t
3760:v
3530:.
3505:.
3479:.
3465::
3413:.
3315:.
3289:.
3174:.
3079:.
2806:.
2673:.
2645:.
2483:2
2400:)
2396:(
2258:)
2252:(
2247:)
2243:(
2239:.
2225:.
2168:)
2162:(
2157:)
2153:(
2149:.
2135:.
1999:2
125:)
119:(
114:)
110:(
100:·
93:·
86:·
79:·
52:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.