5290:
modernizing public administration. From 2015-2018, the focus shifted to boosting investment, pursuing structural reforms, and responsible fiscal policies. Furthermore, in 2019, the priorities stressed that policy efforts at national level should focus on delivering high-quality investment and reforms which increase productivity growth, inclusiveness and institutional capacity, while continuing to ensure macro-financial stability and sound public finances. Finally, in the 2020 Annual
Sustainable Growth Strategy, there was a tremendous shift of priorities which stressed the transition towards a sustainable and inclusive economy, technological progress, sustainable solutions and demographic changes. Indeed, the 2020 Strategy has four dimensions; environmental sustainability, productivity gains, fairness and macroeconomic stability.
5673:
actors have dominated the semester process as well as the decision-making process In addition, they wrote that the legal basis of some elements of the coordination architecture means that the
Semester is a hierarchical structure that Member States frequently experience as imposition from above. However, in their study, they note that although the Semester was largely driven by economic considerations when it was initiated, there has been a partial and progressive socialization of the European Semester and they stress that understanding the dynamics of the semester process and its stages of development is central to understanding its wider evolution and sense of trajectory.
20:
5478:
document contains also specific policies that the country will implement in order to strengthen employment and growth. Furthermore, the programme gives an overview of the strategic investments and the use of the structural funds made by the state. The situation of the country regarding the objectives of the current framework strategy (currently Europe 2020) are also reported. The measures adopted in the
National Reform Programmes should be precise and represent immediate and comprehensive budgetary consequences in relation to national objectives and targets.
615:
2993:
2105:
3063:
4271:
3680:
3153:
2466:
4223:
3632:
3104:
2181:
2634:
1758:
254:
2673:
1810:
306:
663:
5430:
Countries can find in their report a detailed analysis of the challenges their economy face, as well as policy suggestions for tackling these challenges. The reports are also intended to provide the basis for a dialogue between the Member States and the
European Commission under the form of bilateral meetings which follow their release. The country reports are important for States in view of the preparation of their National Reform Programmes as well as their Stability or Convergence Programmes.
4439:
3848:
3321:
2349:
2118:
2842:
1992:
488:
3438:
2967:
651:
4415:
3824:
3297:
2325:
4403:
3812:
3285:
2313:
4367:
3776:
3249:
2427:
2277:
2816:
1966:
462:
627:
4499:
4235:
3908:
3644:
3381:
3116:
2454:
2385:
4487:
4463:
3896:
3872:
3369:
3345:
2373:
2361:
2803:
1953:
449:
181:. As opposed to other years, the 2020 European Semester recommendations mainly focused on broad areas that were the most related to the sanitary crisis, such as investments on healthcare, preservation of employment, research and development and the preservation of the single market. Created in a context of crises, the European Semester will be adapted in 2021 in response to the COVID-19 crisis. The Recovery and Resilience Facility, as part of the
8336:
8324:
8312:
4307:
3716:
3189:
2229:
4355:
4247:
3764:
3656:
3237:
3128:
2490:
2193:
1111:
687:
639:
4475:
4295:
4283:
4211:
3884:
3704:
3692:
3620:
3357:
3177:
3165:
3092:
2907:
2647:
2514:
2478:
2217:
2169:
2057:
1771:
603:
553:
267:
2894:
2868:
2044:
2018:
540:
514:
2712:
1849:
345:
4391:
4259:
3800:
3668:
3425:
3273:
3141:
3050:
2954:
2764:
2660:
2301:
2205:
1914:
1901:
1784:
709:
675:
410:
397:
280:
4343:
3752:
3225:
2881:
2699:
2686:
2621:
2265:
2031:
1836:
1823:
1745:
731:
527:
332:
319:
241:
4748:
3037:
2790:
1940:
1797:
436:
293:
3451:
2980:
2751:
1888:
384:
4427:
4331:
3836:
3740:
3309:
3213:
2337:
2253:
216:
2829:
1979:
475:
4523:
3932:
3405:
2526:
2138:
4451:
3860:
3333:
2738:
2502:
1875:
371:
4319:
3728:
3201:
2241:
2597:
2933:
2083:
579:
4379:
3788:
3261:
2855:
2289:
2005:
501:
2725:
1862:
358:
4511:
3920:
3393:
2397:
2777:
1927:
423:
2920:
2070:
566:
3486:
72:. As a recurrent cycle of budgetary cooperation among the EU Member States, it runs from November to June and is preceded in each country by a national semester running from July to October in which the recommendations introduced by the Commission and approved by the Council are to be adopted by national parliaments and construed into national legislation.
6355:"Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Central Bank, the European Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions and the European Investment Bank Annual Growth Survey 2019: For a stronger Europe in the face of global uncertainty (COM/2018/770 final)"
6736:
5668:
The effectiveness of the
European Semester has also been criticized due to the annual decline of the implementation of Country-Specific Mechanisms by the Member States.As observed by Efstathiou et al. (2018), there was a decline in the adoption and implementation of the CSRs by the member states from
5451:. It endorses the AGS and lists the broad economic priorities that need to be adopted by the member states. These guidelines allow Member States to develop their stability programs (for euro area members) or convergence programs (for non-euro area members states) and their national reform programmes.
119:
Therefore, the countries found it appropriate to coordinate their economic policy procedures under a common time-based framework as well as to facilitate and harmonize their national budgetary, growth and employment policy goals, while taking into consideration various EU set of targets. The
European
5639:
4) Continued integration of the
Sustainable Development Goals into the European Semester - Commission is working to integrate Sustainable Development Goals into the European Semester, and an annual SDG monitor reports will be available from all the member states. In addition, the report will include
5515:
its proposal of recommendation in view of the adoption of the
Country-specific recommendations (CSRs). The documents contains policy guidelines for each country. It states the macroeconomic, fiscal and budgetary reforms that need to be taken or the way of addressing challenges. These recommendations
5676:
Additionally, Bekker (2015) observed that the
European Semester’s socioeconomic coordination process was complex in nature and that the different dimensions were often difficult to disentangle thus the European Semester may be considered as both economic and social. However, she also notes that the
5627:
1) National reform programmes and stability/convergence programmes - as usual, member states have to submit their economic and fiscal policy strategies, this time taking into account a new dimension of
National Reform Programme, which includes bi-annual reporting requirements under the Recovery and
5580:
formally adopts the country-specific recommendations, and the member states are supposed to take these recommendations into account in their national decision-making and in the next year’s national budget. All CSRs adopted in the context of the European Semester since 2011 are registered in the CSR
5284:
gives in the document an overview of the state of the European economy and looks at what has been accomplished in the past years in terms of growth, jobs and investment. It also gives the key challenge that the economy is facing which can lead to macroeconomic, financial and budgetary imbalances as
5261:
The Commission releases three documents which explain and demonstrate the overall situation of the employment, the social priorities and the economic stability inside the European Union. It also delivers overall recommendations for the Eurozone and a specific opinion on the draft budgetary plans of
5680:
Overall, whereas it was established following the global financial crisis in a context of social dissatisfaction about the measures taken, the European Semester establishes a coordination framework in which social policy coordination has gained importance during the second half of the last decade.
5619:
In sum, in 2022, the European Semester is to provide its economic and employment policy scope while adapting to the Recovery and Resilience Facility. With the EU’s strategy of competitive sustainability, further shifting of economic policy coordination has taken place in line with COVID-19 crisis
5232:
It's the most important period of the semester if we take into account the five documents that are produced: the Annual Growth Survey; the Alert Mechanism Report; the Joint Employment Report; the Commission’s recommendation for the euro area; and the Commission’s opinions on draft budgetary plans.
75:
The European Semester has evolved over the years with a gradual inclusion of social, economic, and employment objectives and it is governed by mainly three pillars which are a combination of hard and soft law due a mix of surveillance mechanisms and possible sanctions with coordination processes.
5656:
The economic governance structure of the European Semester has been criticized for focusing more on framing policies at the national level rather than reinforcing policies at the European level, as well as having an inclination towards executive institutions rather than legislative institutions.
5477:
It gives a detailed project of economic reforms that each country will implement. It also contains all the reforms the country has taken (and will take) to address the country recommendations of the previous years or simply the reforms that the country has taken regarding its own situation. This
5391:
The opinion assesses the conformity of the draft budgetary plan of each Member state in line with the fiscal and budgetary rules (first pillar). It also gives an overview of the implementation of each State regarding the Country-specific recommendation (CSRs) addressed during the former European
5672:
Another criticism put forward by many authors is the prioritization of economic objectives over social objectives in the European Semester. For example, Zeitlin et al (2018) observe that many critics argue that social policy has been largely dominated by economic policy and that economic policy
4865:
component. Within hard law, the processes of budgetary as well as macroeconomic assessments and recommendations mentioned as legally engaging States in regulations or in treaties, must be observed. That means that States can be subjected to sanctions in case of non-compliance. The first and the
79:
The main objectives of the European Semester are noted as: contributing to ensuring convergence and stability in the EU; contributing to ensuring sound public finances; fostering economic growth; preventing excessive macroeconomic imbalances in the EU; and implementing the Europe 2020 strategy.
5531:
engages European Semester Officers (ESOs) who are economic policy experts with the role of bringing the Semester closer to national stakeholders by overseeing the implementation of the CSRs, feeding the Country Teams with CSR analysis, national insights and sentiments, and sometimes explaining
5493:
Each country sets in the document the orientation and the objectives of its budgetary policies for 3 years. The document should demonstrate how the country is in the path in reaching its Medium-Term Objective (MTO) and how it will prevent and correct its macroeconomic/budgetary imbalances. The
5429:
in the previous years, the reform priorities that the country needs to endorse as well as a summary of the possible in-depth investigation launched under the AMR. Country reports also cover all areas of macroeconomic or social relevance with the aim of monitoring the progress of Member States.
5192:
Socio-economic coordination relates to the coordination of national and European socio-economic policies with the objective of promoting growth and jobs. The 2011 European Semester was dominated by the pursuit of fiscal consolidation and macroeconomic austerity with limited concern for social
5175:
can publish a recommendation that publicly recognizes the non-compliance with the corrective measures. This will be automatically adopted by the Council unless a qualified majority of Member States oppose to it. The Commission may also recommend to the Council the imposition of sanctions, the
5644:
While social targets are not precisely defined in the RRF, the Commission will, through the Semester governance, monitor the amount spent on reforms and investments focused on young people, gender and other groups, thereby taking the role of promoting the correct distribution of money to the
5289:
targets, the macroeconomic report analyzing the EU economic situation and the joint employment report. The AGS priorities have evolved overtime: From 2011 to 2014, the AGS priorities focused on fiscal consolidation, tackling unemployment and the social consequences of the crisis as well as
5162:
The countries that are facing (or that may face) macroeconomic imbalances are subjected to an in-depth analysis that can lead to the opening of an excessive macroeconomic imbalance procedure. If a Member State has seen an excessive macroeconomic imbalance procedure launched against it, the
5611:
The Recovery and Resilience Facility requires from the member states, for the use of the financial support, plans and strategies with reforms and public investment projects. The main European Semester’s tools used to integrate the Recovery and Resilience Facility are the Country Specific
6310:
6151:
5702:
5280:. It is a comprehensive document of the Autumn Package which analyses the most recent trends in terms of economic and social policies and establishes the general economic and social priorities for the EU. It also provides the Member States with policy guidance for the upcoming year. The
80:
However, the rate of the implementation of the recommendations adopted during the European Semester has been disappointing and has gradually declined since its initiation in 2011 which has led to an increase in the debate/criticism towards the effectiveness of the European Semester.
5612:
Recommendations and the National Reforms Programmes, facilitating the elaboration of plans in order to assess the reform trajectories. In addition, the European Semester timeline will be used to facilitate the exchange of information among the different actors along the process.
6128:"Regulation (EU) No 472/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013 on the strengthening of economic and budgetary surveillance of Member States in the euro area experiencing or threatened with serious difficulties with respect to their financial stability"
5615:
Although the use of the European Semester as the tool for the Covid-crisis Recovery plan faces criticism, it is also seen as an opportunity for the European Semester to become more effective, as this process makes the soft governance dimension of the European Semester harder.
5253:. Before the budget of each Member State is debated in its national parliament, the Commission needs to assess it according to numerous elements such as the macroeconomic and budgetary situation of the country or the council recommendations made during former semesters.
5569:(EPSCO) and advisory bodies such as the Economic Policy Committee (EPC), the Employment Committee (EMCO), and the Social Protection Committee (SPC) discusses and debates the draft of the country-specific recommendations, which are in turn discussed and endorsed by the
5684:
The coupling of the RRF to the Semester represents its latest development. It constitutes a new opportunity for social actors to further enter the process and seize their legitimate role, even though social players involvement remains so far mainly country-specific.
4874:
This pillar under the European semester framework aims at ensuring the surveillance and preventing the apparition of budgetary imbalances. In case of imbalances, corrective measures are taken. The legislative acts and treaties under this pillar are the following:
6085:"Regulation (EU) No 1175/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 November 2011 amending Council Regulation (EC) No 1466/97 on the strengthening of the surveillance of budgetary positions and the surveillance and coordination of economic policies"
177:, the European Semester requirements were simplified. During the 2020 round of the European Semester, the main steps basically remained the same, but in response to the high socio-economic uncertainty of the crisis, some measures were made more flexible for the
4798:
The European economic governance is formed by 3 pillars that were taken over under a single overarching framework: the European Semester. Before 2010, the European economic governance consisted of 2 pillars: the budgetary surveillance since the adoption of the
5516:
need to be followed and implemented by the Member States. The CSRs are drafted after a thorough assessment of the progress made from the previous year's CSRs, and a detailed analysis of the National Reform Programmes and Stability or Convergence Programmes.
1558:
4860:
refers to non-binding processes. Indeed, during the European Semester, there is a coordination between the Member States that are not legally engaged and not forced to comply with its outcomes or its targets. Nevertheless, the European Semester also has a
7007:
5703:
https://ec.europa.eu/info/business-economy-euro/economic-and-fiscal-policy-coordination/eu-economic-governance-monitoring-prevention-correction/stability-and-growth-pact/corrective-arm-excessive-deficit-procedure/excessive-deficit-procedures-overview_en
5677:
subsuming of social policy goals into economic cycles of governance does not necessarily result in the subjugation of social policy to economic imperatives and concludes that there is still an opportunity to achieve complementary modes of coordination.
5669:
2013 to 2017. Moreover, in an earlier study by Darvas et al. (2015), it was observed that there was a limited response and implementation of CSRs by the member states and an annual decline in CSRs implementation from 40% in 2011 to 29% in 2014 .
5351:. It also gives actions that were taken by Member States in line with the Guidelines for the Employment Policies of each country. Furthermore, the States are monitored by a scoreboard of indicators set up in the European Pillar of Social Rights (
6777:
4992:. All the Member states that haven't reach a certain reference rate of public spending (deficit) based on GDP growth in the medium term (unique to each Member State based on projections) have to follow a trajectory of adjustment defined by the
5498:
forecasts. Any differences will have to be explained and justified. The programme contains more precisely budgetary and fiscal assumptions for 3 years such as the planned deficit, the level of indebtedness and some macroeconomic scenarios.
5183:
In 2018, 12 countries were subjected to an in-depth review from the Commission because they faced macroeconomic imbalances: Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden.
4975:
during its assessment of the budgetary situation of a Member State. The MTO must lead to an equilibrium of the deficits of each Member State and is calculated as the difference between public spending and the potential GDP growth. Indeed,
6215:
5631:
2) Publication of streamline country reports - country reports will include a general overview of economic and social development and difficulties that states are facing. In addition, they will provide an analysis of their resilience.
9500:
5664:
It has also been criticized for primarily being based on budgetary discipline rather than adequately addressing the coordination as well as the political and economic policy integration which would favour growth and development.
5803:
5204:, a significant re-balancing between social, economic, and employment objectives has been visible in the policy orientation of successive European Semesters. In the 2017 European Commission’s reflection paper on deepening the
5660:
Additionally, the overlap of the governance tools has been seen as increasing the complexity of interpretation and understanding of the European Semester for both authorities and citizens at the national and European level.
120:
Semester was meant to boost and improve the national strategies towards more fiscal, economic, employment and social policy coordination. It is based on different acts as well as on actions and development plans such as the
4888:
Regulation (EU) n° 472/2013 of 21 May 2013 on the strengthening of economic and budgetary surveillance of Member States in the euro area experiencing or threatened with serious difficulties with respect to their financial
58:
was established in 2010 as an annual cycle of economic and fiscal policy coordination. It provides a central framework of processes within the EU socio-economic governance. The European Semester is a core component of the
5332:
on the prevention and correction of macroeconomic imbalances. Several indicators are used in order to determine the countries that need an in-depth review (IDR) because of the macroeconomic risk they face or may face.
4894:
4866:
second pillars of the European Semester form the hard law component. The third pillar is the broader one and the more sensitive for the Member States (mainly because of its social component) and deals with soft law.
63:
and it annually aggregates different processes of control, surveillance and coordination of budgetary, fiscal, economic and social policies. It also offers a large space for discussions and interactions between the
4881:
Regulation (EU) n°1175/2011 of 16 November 2011 amending Council Regulation (EC) No 1466/97 on the strengthening of the surveillance of budgetary positions and the surveillance and coordination of economic
5424:
publishes its Country reports. The reports underline for each State the economic situation and forecasts, the progress regarding the implementation of the Country-specific recommendations addressed by the
5635:
3) Proposals for country-specific recommendations - these recommendations will highlight the important issues; and in some situations, in-depth analyses to identify the requirement of policy analyses.
5681:
Even though its social aspect has been criticized because it is considered overwhelmed by the economic goals, there is more and more evidence that the Semester faces a progressive socialization.
5545:
4170:
975:
743:
9944:
5608:
but also the European Semester. Consequently, the European Semester became “the main institutional vehicle” for the Recovery and Resilience Facility, and they now encompass each other.
9949:
9659:
9364:
1220:
5541:
5593:, the EU adapted its socio-economic governance and decided to provide financial support to all member states in order to help them recover. In that context, as a key tool of the
5532:
complex details of EU economic governance to the national stakeholders. When the draft has been formulated by the Country Teams, it is then submitted to the Director-Generals of
6876:
5566:
1166:
1123:
1115:
4815:(EMU) was enhanced and one additional pillar was added while the existing pillars were strengthened. The 3 Pillars that form the European Semester since the crisis include:
9954:
8763:
5604:
decided to use some of the existing EU macro-economic instruments to facilitate the implementation and the management of the Recovery and Resilience Facility, notably the
4635:
5494:
stability programmes must contain macroeconomic forecasts that are provided by an independent authority and that will be reviewed and subjected to a comparison with the
6176:"Regulation (EU) No 1173/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 November 2011 on the effective enforcement of budgetary surveillance in the euro area"
5123:. Those rules are notably related to accounting, statistics, realism in budgetary information, etc. In case of suspicion of data manipulation or wrong information, the
9632:
151:
on the strengthening of the surveillance of budgetary positions and the surveillance and coordination of economic policies. The first Semester was initiated in 2011.
9359:
1251:
619:
9837:
8872:
4785:
1206:
5537:
1211:
6959:"An Introduction: "Macroeconomic Policy Coordination and Domestic Politics: Policy Coordination in the EU from the European Semester to the Covid‐19 Crisis"*"
9671:
9519:
8669:
6196:"Regulation (EU) No 1176/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 November 2011 on the prevention and correction of macroeconomic imbalances"
3474:
933:
4852:) which doesn’t play a relevant role during the Semester because all the macroeconomic and budgetary processes that form its core are part of the 3 pillars.
9349:
9200:
9024:
8735:
8428:
8423:
8418:
5151:
gives an assessment for each country on the basis of its economic and financial situation using different indicators. There are two types of indicators:
4927:
that states that the budgetary and the rules concerning public indebtedness should be transposed in a national law preferably of a constitutional nature.
3998:
1322:
5040:
in its article 6 states that if a Member State requests financial assistance, an evaluation shall be made on the sustainability of its government debt.
1420:
667:
9571:
9530:
9484:
8082:
7328:
5979:
Trubek, David M.; Cottrell, M. Patrick; Nance, Mark Thomas (2005). "'Soft Law,' 'Hard Law,' and European Integration: Toward a Theory of Hybridity".
5205:
4812:
2152:
1468:
116:
93:
60:
6279:
1360:
1282:
1176:
7150:
8867:
8373:
5344:
4937:
4917:
4629:
1597:
1102:
6712:
6010:
5533:
5520:
8929:
8433:
969:
655:
9313:
8782:
8621:
8616:
8611:
4778:
1415:
1063:
115:’ economic policies were coordinated separately and yet the member states’ economies were (and still are) closely interdependent under the
6378:
149:
Regulation (EU) No 1175/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 November 2011 amending Council Regulation (EC) No 1466/97
10022:
9832:
9448:
8845:
5065:
4625:
3522:
1267:
1201:
1191:
721:
699:
593:
9642:
9354:
9328:
9227:
8725:
8292:
7505:
4647:
1330:
691:
643:
607:
6577:
9964:
8924:
8818:
5624:
The Commission classified the four main dimensions of the 2022 European Semester, integrating the Recovery and Resilience Facility:
3542:
1696:
1370:
1310:
1048:
873:
735:
713:
679:
9760:
9755:
5285:
well as defining long-term economic and social objectives for Europe. The annual growth survey is based on the progress towards the
1683:
9681:
9603:
8438:
7598:
5581:
database, which is the main tool for recording and monitoring each member state's annual progress with the implementation of CSRs.
4610:
4119:
3537:
6510:
6104:
9853:
9708:
9622:
6625:
6403:
4771:
4580:
4275:
4163:
197:
6425:
10017:
9232:
9145:
8989:
8954:
8823:
8755:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8580:
8413:
7396:
7381:
5713:
The Annual Growth Survey has been renamed as ‘the Annual Sustainable Growth Strategy (ASGS)’ during the 2020 European Semester.
5321:
4944:. The multilateral surveillance is a part since 2011 of the European Semester. Therefore, each Member State has to give to the
4545:
4535:
1666:
1602:
1455:
1435:
1425:
1348:
1230:
1149:
7087:
4758:
9926:
9897:
9782:
9676:
9479:
8828:
8750:
8720:
8571:
8287:
7304:
6255:
6195:
6175:
6127:
6084:
6061:
5329:
5116:
5029:
4953:
4670:
4063:
4038:
1654:
6649:
9822:
9777:
9691:
9239:
8919:
8833:
8813:
8730:
8490:
5020:. Moreover, the 60% criterion was taken over in the Protocol on the procedure regarding excessive deficits attached to the
4675:
4620:
4595:
4575:
4570:
4540:
4443:
4026:
3780:
3507:
3500:
1258:
1087:
1080:
1038:
831:
631:
6601:
5095:
were subjected to that procedure. Only 2 countries have never seen an excessive deficit procedure launched against them:
9934:
9892:
9637:
9337:
9210:
9106:
8408:
8366:
7861:
4615:
4605:
4600:
4590:
4555:
4550:
4053:
2131:
1706:
1641:
6553:
5620:
challenges. This shift was confirmed by the Annual Sustainable Growth Survey, at the beginning of the 2021-2022 cycle.
5177:
9802:
9542:
9537:
9274:
8791:
8745:
8715:
8656:
8548:
8455:
8400:
8090:
5305:
5277:
5246:
5213:
5112:
5037:
4734:
4665:
4585:
4560:
4195:
4190:
3479:
878:
768:
229:
178:
112:
105:
89:
69:
65:
5409:'s recommendation. The Council also adopts conclusions on the Alert Mechanism Report and on the Annual Growth Survey.
5012:
relative to the GDP of each Member State was first inserted in the Protocol on the excessive deficit procedure of the
185:(that aims at helping the EU recover from the sanitary crisis), was integrated into the European Semester framework.
9939:
9827:
9554:
9505:
9254:
9168:
9140:
8902:
8598:
8495:
5325:
5144:
4712:
4565:
4070:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
1676:
1661:
1365:
1305:
1292:
1161:
1016:
1001:
758:
5377:
Member States have to implement in order to tackle critical issues for the functioning of the Single currency area.
9547:
9303:
9244:
9163:
9050:
8994:
8838:
8526:
8071:
7954:
7386:
6673:
4185:
3532:
3062:
3021:
2538:
2444:
1729:
1701:
1671:
1578:
1463:
1272:
1186:
1171:
167:
6853:
5597:, the Recovery and Resilience Facility emerged as a financial support for member states through loans and grants.
4902:
9887:
9792:
9772:
9510:
8710:
8698:
8606:
7603:
6899:"The European Semester as Goldilocks: Macroeconomic Policy Coordination and the Recovery and Resilience Facility"
5745:"Introduction: the European Semester as a new architecture of EU socioeconomic governance in theory and practice"
5328:(MIP) in identifying and addressing the risks of macroeconomic imbalances in accordance with articles 3 and 4 of
4419:
4075:
3993:
3684:
97:
8674:
6447:
9902:
9817:
9750:
9696:
9686:
9664:
9564:
9378:
9269:
9264:
9205:
9122:
8964:
8359:
4407:
1716:
1612:
1377:
1315:
887:
782:
206:
7030:"From the European Semester to the Recovery and Resilience Facility: Some Social Actors are (not) Resurfacing"
9979:
9912:
9882:
9745:
9718:
9559:
9286:
9220:
9173:
9073:
8862:
8855:
8391:
7463:
5577:
5562:
5512:
5464:
5426:
5370:
5309:
5164:
5073:
5025:
4997:
4949:
4503:
4491:
4467:
4239:
3971:
3961:
3517:
1537:
1095:
748:
159:
5200:
morphed into a broader economic and employment crisis, leading to a rapid erosion of public support for the
9740:
9627:
9586:
9298:
9078:
8563:
8120:
7488:
7437:
7427:
5605:
5120:
4845:
4827:
4479:
4371:
4359:
4335:
4311:
4299:
4287:
4251:
4227:
4215:
4102:
4021:
4016:
3852:
1524:
753:
144:
125:
9463:
6354:
5052:
can activate the corrective phase of the SGP and recommend during the European semester the opening of an
4840:
In some literature, there is a fourth pillar based on Financial solidarity (formed by different acts: the
9907:
9812:
9591:
9249:
8553:
8508:
8140:
8105:
8100:
7891:
5352:
5053:
4977:
4910:
4906:
4898:
4887:
4880:
4717:
4527:
4455:
4395:
4347:
4323:
4263:
4107:
3978:
3011:
2563:
2543:
937:
148:
133:
7223:
European socioeconomic governance in action: Coordinating social policies in the third European Semester
6761:
Toolkit for EAPN members on engaging with the European Semester and the European Pillar of Social Rights
5024:(article 1). For the multilateral surveillance, each Member State has to give to the Commission and the
9617:
9453:
9215:
9019:
7593:
4515:
4431:
4383:
4048:
3983:
1711:
1430:
1402:
1395:
19:
7838:
7246:"Socializing the European Semester? Economic Governance and Social Policy Coordination in Europe 2020"
5923:
88:
The European Semester was initiated in 2010 with the aim of providing better coordination between the
9872:
9494:
9308:
9011:
8959:
8768:
8679:
7856:
7483:
7422:
7297:
7179:"Socializing the European Semester: EU social and economic policy co-ordination in crisis and beyond"
6017:
5033:
4981:
4957:
4820:
4800:
3988:
1355:
1299:
1011:
861:
121:
6532:
5212:
suggested that the Semester could be further reinforced by fostering cooperation and dialogue among
10027:
9525:
9063:
9058:
8850:
8463:
8050:
7800:
7760:
6491:
6466:
5405:
The Council adopts the recommendations on the economic policy of the euro area on the basis of the
4971:
effects and budgetary short-term measures. The MTO is an important parameter taken into account by
3512:
1508:
1503:
1033:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
7813:
5245:
Member States of their draft budgetary plans. This also marks the start of a dialogue between the
4819:
The budgetary surveillance that was strengthened (in view with the legislative acts reforming the
9988:
9767:
9654:
7943:
7442:
5899:
5347:. This document outlines the important social and employment achievements or developments in the
5081:
5069:
5061:
4924:
4849:
4058:
3828:
3016:
1144:
1139:
5875:
9877:
9723:
9612:
9581:
9515:
9458:
8889:
8468:
8156:
8060:
7818:
7338:
5519:
The initial preparation and drafting of the CSRs is done by Country Teams which are led by the
5028:
in its stability programme all the information concerning its indebtedness ratio (article 3 of
4729:
4097:
4033:
3816:
3077:
2137:
1058:
955:
795:
614:
6803:"Building national ownership of the European Semester: the role of European Semester officers"
5171:
will be in charge of closely monitoring their implementation. If there is no improvement, the
9993:
9598:
9418:
8984:
8540:
8327:
7886:
7866:
7775:
7755:
7613:
7376:
7353:
7333:
5313:
4752:
4114:
4080:
3912:
3900:
3876:
3648:
2558:
1448:
1235:
1215:
1053:
154:
At the end of 2017, the scope of the European Semester widened with the announcement by the
9797:
9403:
9393:
9259:
9195:
9083:
8626:
8478:
8115:
7911:
7901:
7896:
7808:
7785:
7290:
5048:
In case of an excessive deficit, a deviation from the MTO or from the adjustment path, the
4808:
4706:
4146:
4126:
3956:
3888:
3768:
3744:
3720:
3708:
3696:
3660:
3636:
3624:
2588:
2573:
2568:
1550:
1042:
101:
5016:(article 1) in order to prepare the convergence of the States towards the adoption of the
4952:
in its stability programme all the information concerning its deficit ratio (article 3 of
8:
9959:
9787:
9728:
9647:
9438:
9423:
8934:
8914:
8808:
8044:
8028:
7938:
7916:
7906:
7715:
7705:
7695:
7513:
7495:
6737:"2019 European Semester: National Reform Programmes and Stability/Convergence Programmes"
5528:
5527:. It has to follow a deliberative and evidence-based process. At the national level, the
5524:
5508:
5495:
5460:
5421:
5406:
5366:
5317:
5301:
5281:
5273:
5250:
5216:
at different levels to ensure and encourage stronger domestic implementation of reforms.
5209:
5172:
5168:
5155:
Example of internal indicators: public and private indebtedness, unemployment level, etc.
5148:
5132:
5124:
5077:
5049:
4993:
4972:
4945:
4659:
4366:
4136:
4131:
3936:
3864:
3804:
3775:
3756:
3732:
3672:
3469:
3253:
3248:
3055:
2583:
2578:
2426:
2281:
2276:
1919:
1245:
1181:
1026:
849:
837:
789:
415:
163:
155:
8241:
7851:
92:
regarding their fiscal and economic policies. It is embedded in the architecture of the
9807:
9408:
9187:
9101:
8513:
8339:
8161:
7823:
7790:
7765:
7750:
7745:
7720:
7710:
7700:
7618:
7269:
7063:
6936:
6273:
6067:
5701:
A list of the details per country can be found on the website of the Commission :
5594:
5412:
During these 2 months, the national parliament of each Member State adopts its budget.
5127:
can launch an investigation in a Member State that can lead to sanctions. For example,
4724:
4655:
4141:
3949:
3924:
3840:
3792:
2596:
1646:
949:
801:
182:
6330:
3006:
8740:
8335:
8323:
8311:
8246:
7780:
7730:
7725:
7608:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7458:
7273:
7261:
7226:
7200:
7156:
7107:
7067:
7055:
6988:
6940:
6928:
6834:
6261:
6251:
6071:
6057:
6011:"Treaty On Stability, Coordination And Governance In The Economic And Monetary Union"
5992:
5961:
5850:
5776:
5590:
5013:
4841:
3485:
1458:
843:
626:
174:
9735:
9413:
8897:
8251:
8231:
8226:
8095:
7999:
7927:
7770:
7740:
7735:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7518:
7253:
7190:
7152:
The limitations of policy coordination in the euro area under the European Semester
7099:
7045:
7037:
6978:
6970:
6918:
6910:
6824:
6814:
6049:
5984:
5840:
5766:
5756:
5601:
5570:
5444:
5158:
Example of external indicators: exchange rates, the export data of each State, etc.
5021:
4964:
4856:
The European Semester is a framework of processes that combines hard and soft law.
2494:
994:
867:
8664:
7195:
7178:
6851:
6819:
6802:
5761:
5744:
5584:
1286:
9443:
8261:
8110:
7473:
6492:"Annual Growth Survey 2016: Strengthening the recovery and fostering convergence"
4804:
4085:
3527:
2431:
1262:
662:
166:
of the implementation of a social dimension within the third pillar, through the
129:
8004:
2506:
9428:
8382:
8266:
8206:
8191:
8186:
7628:
7528:
7432:
7125:
6404:"Annual Growth Survey: advancing the EU's comprehensive response to the crisis"
5448:
5348:
5201:
4968:
4834:
4683:
4270:
4090:
3679:
3157:
3152:
2678:
2465:
2123:
1815:
1473:
1067:
1005:
855:
819:
813:
311:
55:
7230:
6829:
6467:"EU Annual Growth Survey 2015: A new Momentum for Jobs, Growth and Investment"
6053:
10011:
9489:
8256:
8201:
8181:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8014:
7973:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7523:
7359:
7265:
7204:
7160:
7111:
7059:
6992:
6932:
6838:
6265:
5996:
5965:
5854:
5780:
4177:
3443:
2972:
2611:
2530:
2458:
1276:
825:
5523:
with contributions from desk officers and several responsible from relevant
5115:
have to build their budgetary framework according precise rules detailed in
8976:
8315:
8271:
8236:
8221:
8216:
8196:
8009:
7994:
7978:
7651:
7646:
7641:
3965:
2518:
2482:
2470:
1617:
Authority for European Political Parties and European Political Foundations
807:
137:
8351:
7245:
7103:
7029:
108:
and demonstrated the need for an enhanced economic and fiscal governance.
8907:
8800:
8211:
7636:
7588:
7583:
7406:
7257:
7041:
5548:
for discussion and finally to the college of commissioners for approval.
5286:
4438:
3847:
3325:
3320:
2998:
2847:
2353:
2348:
2110:
1997:
493:
7050:
6983:
6958:
6898:
5988:
9398:
8999:
7545:
7391:
6974:
6914:
4414:
3823:
3301:
3296:
2821:
2329:
2324:
1971:
1478:
650:
467:
6923:
5845:
5828:
5771:
4920:(article 126) and its Protocol on the Excessive deficits (Protocol 12)
9866:
8946:
8877:
7401:
7343:
4402:
3811:
3289:
3284:
2808:
2412:
2317:
2312:
1958:
1154:
454:
6294:
Reflection Paper on the Deepening of the Economic and monetary Union
5829:"The European Semester: Democratic Weaknesses as Limits to Learning"
5106:
9576:
9433:
9318:
7687:
7348:
5484:
5383:
5374:
5242:
5197:
5057:
4862:
4857:
4803:(SGP) in 1997 and the socio-economic coordination initiated by the
4498:
4486:
4462:
4234:
3907:
3895:
3871:
3643:
3385:
3380:
3373:
3368:
3349:
3344:
3120:
3115:
2912:
2899:
2873:
2652:
2453:
2389:
2384:
2377:
2372:
2365:
2360:
2159:
2062:
2049:
2023:
1776:
763:
558:
545:
519:
272:
9342:
7478:
5096:
5088:
4474:
4354:
4330:
4306:
4294:
4282:
4246:
4222:
4210:
3883:
3763:
3739:
3715:
3703:
3691:
3655:
3631:
3619:
3430:
3361:
3356:
3241:
3236:
3217:
3212:
3193:
3188:
3181:
3176:
3169:
3164:
3132:
3127:
3108:
3103:
3096:
3091:
2959:
2886:
2769:
2743:
2717:
2704:
2691:
2665:
2639:
2626:
2513:
2489:
2477:
2257:
2252:
2233:
2228:
2221:
2216:
2197:
2192:
2185:
2180:
2173:
2168:
2036:
1906:
1880:
1854:
1841:
1828:
1789:
1763:
1750:
1559:
Agencies, decentralised independent bodies and joint undertakings
1110:
686:
638:
602:
532:
402:
376:
350:
337:
324:
285:
259:
246:
215:
5542:
Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion
5056:. The council automatically adopts the recommendation against a
4940:
prohibits excessive deficits. Besides, the protocol n°12 states
188:
8684:
6245:
5585:
The 2022 European Semester and Recovery and Resilience Facility
5143:
This pillar aims at monitoring and preventing the emergence of
5100:
4967:
taken in a broader period of time and that is not subjected to
4895:
conclusions of the Amsterdam European Council of 16 and 17 June
4640:
4522:
4450:
4390:
4342:
4318:
4258:
3931:
3859:
3799:
3751:
3727:
3667:
3456:
3409:
3404:
3337:
3332:
3277:
3272:
3229:
3224:
3205:
3200:
3145:
3140:
3042:
2985:
2938:
2860:
2795:
2756:
2730:
2525:
2501:
2305:
2300:
2269:
2264:
2245:
2240:
2209:
2204:
2088:
2010:
1945:
1893:
1867:
1802:
730:
708:
674:
584:
506:
441:
389:
363:
298:
143:
The European Semester was created under the legal basis of the
7282:
5567:
Employment, Social Policy, Health and Consumer Affairs Council
7468:
7088:"Les règles de la nouvelle gouvernance économique européenne"
5324:. This report marks the beginning of the annual cycle of the
5128:
5092:
4510:
4426:
4378:
3919:
3835:
3787:
3397:
3392:
3313:
3308:
3265:
3260:
2925:
2834:
2782:
2401:
2396:
2341:
2336:
2293:
2288:
2075:
1984:
1932:
571:
480:
428:
6578:"2020 European Semester: Annual Sustainable Growth Strategy"
6379:"European Semester: a guide to the main rules and documents"
5187:
5138:
4636:
Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union
9323:
7313:
6048:, Cambridge University Press, 2018-08-02, pp. 29–145,
5360:
The Recommendation on the economic policy of the euro area:
5222:
5167:
will recommend measures that the States shall take and the
5017:
1426:
Economic and Financial Affairs configuration of the Council
6699:
The European Semester – an analysis of the 2017-2018 cycle
6650:"2019 European Semester: Recommendation for the euro area"
6044:"Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)",
5373:
recommendation. The document prescribes measures that the
5241:
The European semester begins with the submission from the
104:. These international economic crisis deeply affected the
9501:
European Judicial Network in civil and commercial matters
5447:
discusses the economic situation of the countries of the
5131:
got fiscal sanctions under that procedure because of the
4688:
6852:
Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs.
6626:"2019 European Semester: Draft Joint Employment Report"
4869:
16:
Annual cycle of economic and fiscal policy coordination
8491:
International Authority for the Ruhr (1949–1951)
5538:
Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs
6296:. Brussels: European Commission. 2017. pp. 2–33.
5827:
Papadopoulos, Yannis; Piattoni, Simona (2019-04-13).
8549:
European Monetary Cooperation Fund (1973–1994)
5826:
4980:
amending one of the two regulation constituting the
4833:
The socioeconomic coordination (strengthened by the
8581:
European Financial Stability Mechanism (2010–
8496:
European Coal and Steel Community (1951–2002)
7005:
6874:
6530:
6508:
6489:
6464:
6445:
6423:
6401:
5978:
8572:European Financial Stability Facility (2010–
5546:Directorate-General for Taxation and Customs Union
4931:
7329:Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union
7177:Zeitlin, Jonathan; Vanhercke, Bart (2018-02-01).
6956:
5196:However, as the sovereign debt crisis within the
5176:conditions of which are detailed in Article 4 of
5107:Obligation to Deliver Correct Information in Time
94:Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union
10009:
7243:
7176:
7126:"Is the European Semester effective and useful?"
6602:"2019 European Semester: Alert Mechanism Report"
1421:Committee on Budgetary Control of the Parliament
9945:Largest cities by population within city limits
7027:
6896:
6763:. European Anti-Poverty Network. February 2018.
5525:Directorate-Generals of the European Commission
5487:) / the Convergence Programme (for non-eurozone
5003:
4938:Treaty on the functioning of the European Union
4918:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
4826:The macroeconomic surveillance (created by the
1598:European Institute of Innovation and Technology
700:Countries with suspended accession negotiations
6554:"2019 European Semester: Annual Growth Survey"
6248:Social developments in the European Union 2012
5534:Secretariat-General of the European Commission
5521:Secretariat-General of the European Commission
5343:This report is mandated by article 140 of the
5043:
8554:European Monetary Institute (1994–1998)
8509:European Economic Community (1958–1993)
8367:
7298:
7148:
6713:"European Council conclusions, 22 March 2019"
5958:La gouvernance économique européenne réformée
5742:
5459:Each member state sends two documents to the
4779:
189:The three pillars: a mix of hard and soft law
8527:European Atomic Energy Community (est. 1958)
7092:Reflets et Perspectives de la Vie économique
6957:D'Erman, Valerie; Verdun, Amy (2021-12-03).
6278:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4893:The Stability and Growth Pact formed by the
8381:
7244:Zeitlin, Jonathan; Vanhercke, Bart (2014).
6897:Vanhercke, Bart; Verdun, Amy (2021-12-03).
6854:"Country-Specific Recommendations database"
5551:
5433:
5395:
5227:
3523:Political groups of the European Parliament
1594:Decentralised independent bodies of the EU
9228:Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification
8374:
8360:
8293:European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism
7305:
7291:
7220:
5353:Council decision 2018/1215 of 16 July 2018
5188:Third pillar: Socio-economic coordination
4837:that came into force on 13 December 2011);
4786:
4772:
34: ERM II member with opt-out (Denmark)
7194:
7149:Darvas, Zsolt M; Leandro, Álvaro (2015).
7085:
7049:
6982:
6922:
6828:
6818:
6782:European Commission - European Commission
6696:
6678:European Commission - European Commission
6674:"2019 European Semester: Country Reports"
6654:European Commission - European Commission
6630:European Commission - European Commission
6582:European Commission - European Commission
6558:European Commission - European Commission
6335:European Commission - European Commission
5955:
5844:
5808:European Commission - European Commission
5770:
5760:
5139:Second pillar: Macroeconomic surveillance
1697:Publications Office of the European Union
9682:European Structural and Investment Funds
9604:European System of Financial Supervision
8469:Western European Union (1954–2011)
7028:Vanhercke, Bart; Verdun, Amy C. (2022).
6246:Natali, David. Vanhercke, Bart. (2013).
6152:"Excessive deficit procedure - overview"
5382:The Opinion on draft budgetary plans of
5365:It's a draft recommendation made by the
5223:The Functioning of the European Semester
5147:. In its annual Alert Mechanism Report,
5135:that had misrepresented its statistics.
4120:European System of Financial Supervision
1416:Internal Audit Service of the Commission
18:
5743:Verdun, Amy; Zeitlin, Jonathan (2018).
4963:The Medium-term objective (MTO) is the
4626:United Kingdom–European Union relations
2551:Non Euro countries relationship to Euro
10010:
9146:European Economic and Social Committee
8955:Court of Justice of the European Union
8479:European Communities (1967–2009)
7216:
7214:
7023:
7021:
6963:JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies
6952:
6950:
6903:JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies
6892:
6890:
6778:"Stability and convergence programmes"
5322:European Economic and social committee
5068:following the procedure stated in the
4648:United States–European Union relations
1667:European Economic and Social Committee
9783:Stabilisation and Association Process
9480:Area of freedom, security and justice
8355:
8288:European Financial Stability Facility
7479:Euro interbank offered rate (Euribor)
7286:
7172:
7170:
7081:
7079:
7077:
6800:
6772:
6770:
6305:
6303:
6241:
6239:
6237:
6235:
6039:
6037:
4870:First pillar: Budgetary surveillance
4671:European Union and the United Nations
4203:Foreign relations of EU member states
23:The Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)
9778:European Union Association Agreement
8514:European Community (1993–2009)
7680:Coins by country with minting rights
6132:Eur-Lex Access to European Union law
5951:
5949:
5947:
5945:
5943:
5870:
5868:
5866:
5864:
5798:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5738:
5736:
5734:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5640:each state’s progress in SDG areas.
5565:in its different formations such as
5272:The AGS is a communication from the
4676:European Union Association Agreement
4611:Switzerland–European Union relations
3508:Elections to the European Parliament
9107:European Data Protection Supervisor
8409:Ideas of European unity before 1948
7862:French Southern and Antarctic Lands
7211:
7018:
6947:
6887:
5651:
5400:
5345:Treaty on the functioning of the EU
4581:Kazakhstan–European Union relations
2132:Nuclear power in the European Union
1707:European Personnel Selection Office
1642:European Data Protection Supervisor
1603:European Public Prosecutor's Office
13:
10023:Institutions of the European Union
9803:EU Strategy for the South Caucasus
9543:Common Security and Defence Policy
9538:Common Foreign and Security Policy
8091:European Monetary Cooperation Fund
7489:European payments initiative (EPI)
7167:
7074:
7008:"The 2022 European Semester cycle"
6877:"Recovery and Resilience Facility"
6767:
6300:
6232:
6034:
5338:The Joint Employment Report (JER):
5300:It is a report addressed from the
4735:Convention on the Future of Europe
4666:Microstates and the European Union
4546:Australia–European Union relations
4536:Argentina–European Union relations
3484:
3480:Microstates and the European Union
3061:
3029:Non-Schengen area EU member states
2595:
2136:
769:Withdrawal from the European Union
173:In 2020, with the outbreak of the
14:
10039:
9572:Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)
9169:European Union Military Committee
9141:European Committee of the Regions
7183:Journal of European Public Policy
5940:
5861:
5787:
5749:Journal of European Public Policy
5725:
5326:macroeconomic imbalance procedure
5295:The Alert Mechanism Report (AMR):
4713:European Coal and Steel Community
1677:European Union Military Committee
1662:European Committee of the Regions
1565:Decentralised agencies of the EU
1293:Member of the European Parliament
964:Abandoned treaties and agreements
61:Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)
9548:Permanent Structured Cooperation
9164:Political and Security Committee
9051:European Atomic Energy Community
8334:
8322:
8310:
7484:Single euro payments area (SEPA)
7387:European System of Central Banks
7225:. Observatoire social européen.
6697:Stevenson, Howard (April 2019).
5133:Autonomous Community of Valencia
4811:, the economic dimension of the
4746:
4621:Ukraine–European Union relations
4596:Moldova–European Union relations
4576:Iceland–European Union relations
4571:Georgia–European Union relations
4541:Armenia–European Union relations
4521:
4509:
4497:
4485:
4473:
4461:
4449:
4437:
4425:
4413:
4401:
4389:
4377:
4365:
4353:
4341:
4329:
4317:
4305:
4293:
4281:
4269:
4257:
4245:
4233:
4221:
4209:
3930:
3918:
3906:
3894:
3882:
3870:
3858:
3846:
3834:
3822:
3810:
3798:
3786:
3774:
3762:
3750:
3738:
3726:
3714:
3702:
3690:
3678:
3666:
3654:
3642:
3630:
3618:
3449:
3436:
3423:
3403:
3391:
3379:
3367:
3355:
3343:
3331:
3319:
3307:
3295:
3283:
3271:
3259:
3247:
3235:
3223:
3211:
3199:
3187:
3175:
3163:
3151:
3139:
3126:
3114:
3102:
3090:
3048:
3035:
3022:Visa policy of the Schengen Area
2991:
2978:
2965:
2952:
2931:
2918:
2905:
2892:
2879:
2866:
2853:
2840:
2827:
2814:
2801:
2788:
2775:
2762:
2749:
2736:
2723:
2710:
2697:
2684:
2671:
2658:
2645:
2632:
2619:
2524:
2512:
2500:
2488:
2476:
2464:
2452:
2425:
2395:
2383:
2371:
2359:
2347:
2335:
2323:
2311:
2299:
2287:
2275:
2263:
2251:
2239:
2227:
2215:
2203:
2191:
2179:
2167:
2116:
2103:
2081:
2068:
2055:
2042:
2029:
2016:
2003:
1990:
1977:
1964:
1951:
1938:
1925:
1912:
1899:
1886:
1873:
1860:
1847:
1834:
1821:
1808:
1795:
1782:
1769:
1756:
1743:
1702:European External Action Service
1672:Political and Security Committee
1579:European Supervisory Authorities
1109:
956:European Economic Area Agreement
729:
707:
685:
673:
661:
649:
637:
625:
613:
601:
577:
564:
551:
538:
525:
512:
499:
486:
473:
460:
447:
434:
421:
408:
395:
382:
369:
356:
343:
330:
317:
304:
291:
278:
265:
252:
239:
214:
9950:National parties by affiliation
9793:Euronest Parliamentary Assembly
9773:Economic Partnership Agreements
8464:Western Union (1948–1954)
7312:
7237:
7142:
7118:
6999:
6868:
6845:
6794:
6753:
6729:
6705:
6690:
6666:
6642:
6618:
6594:
6570:
6546:
6524:
6502:
6483:
6458:
6439:
6417:
6395:
6371:
6347:
6323:
6286:
6208:
6188:
6168:
6144:
6120:
6097:
6077:
5707:
5695:
5267:The Annual Growth Survey (AGS):
4932:Rules concerning Public Deficit
4616:Turkey–European Union relations
4606:Russia–European Union relations
4601:Norway–European Union relations
4591:Mexico–European Union relations
4556:Canada–European Union relations
4551:Brazil–European Union relations
4076:Passports of the European Union
3066:Schengen Area from January 2023
168:European Pillar of Social Right
9955:Presidents of the institutions
9751:European Higher Education Area
9329:International status and usage
9123:Agencies of the European Union
8856:European political foundations
6003:
5972:
5916:
5892:
5820:
5556:
5472:The National Reform Programme:
5193:cohesion and inclusion goals.
5072:For the Non-Euro Members, the
4586:Japan–European Union relations
4561:China–European Union relations
1717:European Administrative School
1613:European Data Protection Board
1498:European Investment Bank Group
207:Politics of the European Union
1:
10018:Economy of the European Union
9746:European Common Aviation Area
9201:Charter of Fundamental Rights
9174:European Union Military Staff
9074:European University Institute
8863:Council of the European Union
7464:Economy of the European Union
7196:10.1080/13501763.2017.1363269
7086:de Streel, Alexandre (2013).
6820:10.1080/23745118.2019.1601323
6807:European Politics and Society
5956:De Streel, Alexandre (2013).
5762:10.1080/13501763.2017.1363807
5719:
5483:The Stability Programme (for
5420:At the end of the month, the
5066:(reversed qualified majority)
4984:states that the MTO shall be
4807:in the early 2000. Since the
4566:European Union–NATO relations
3612:Elections in EU member states
3543:Referendums related to the EU
1538:European University Institute
1532:European University Institute
759:Germany–Netherlands relations
28: Members of the Eurozone
9741:European Political Community
9587:European Banking Supervision
9079:European Stability Mechanism
7594:2 € commemorative coins
7428:European Stability Mechanism
7006:European Commission (2022).
6875:European Commission (2021).
6531:European Commission (2017).
6509:European Commission (2016).
6490:European Commission (2015).
6465:European Commission (2014).
6446:European Commission (2013).
6424:European Commission (2012).
6402:European Commission (2010).
6311:"Draft budgetary plans 2019"
5804:"European Semester timeline"
5330:Regulation (EU) No 1176/2011
5004:Rules concerning Public Debt
4886:The Two Pack and especially
4879:The Six Pack and especially
4846:European Stability Mechanism
4103:European Banking Supervision
2141:Euratom since 1 January 2021
1588:Executive agencies of the EU
1525:European Stability Mechanism
1519:European Stability Mechanism
126:European Employment Strategy
117:Economic and Monetary Union.
90:European Union member states
7:
9813:Union for the Mediterranean
9592:Single Resolution Mechanism
9531:Vehicle registration plates
9485:Migration and asylum policy
9464:Potential superpower status
8101:European Monetary Institute
6801:Munta, Mario (2020-01-01).
6606:European Commission website
6533:"Annual Growth Survey 2018"
6511:"Annual Growth Survey 2017"
6448:"Annual Growth Survey 2014"
6426:"Annual Growth Survey 2013"
6046:EU Treaties and Legislation
5924:"European Semester in 2020"
5511:publishes and sends to the
5415:
5256:
5206:Economic and Monetary Union
5087:A lot of countries such as
5064:of the States oppose to it
5054:excessive deficit procedure
5044:Excessive Deficit Procedure
4978:Regulation (EU) n°1175/2011
4813:Economic and Monetary Union
4718:European Economic Community
4108:Single Resolution Mechanism
3475:EEA National Identity cards
3012:Schengen Information System
2544:Enlargement of the eurozone
2153:Economic and Monetary Union
1609:Corporate bodies of the EU
1227:Council preparatory bodies
976:UK membership renegotiation
134:Open Method of Coordination
132:that sets the basis of the
98:Financial crisis of 2007–08
10:
10044:
9756:EU/ESA Framework Agreement
9454:Differentiated integration
9020:European Court of Auditors
8851:European political parties
7955:Other extant EU currencies
7801:Monetary agreement with EU
6216:"MIP surveillance in 2018"
6105:"Treaty on European Union"
5645:different social groups.
5236:
1691:Inter-institutional bodies
1436:Public Prosecutor's Office
1403:European Court of Auditors
1396:European Court of Auditors
1349:Court of Justice of the EU
96:and was created after the
83:
9973:
9925:
9873:House of European History
9861:
9852:
9707:
9495:European Judicial Network
9472:
9386:
9377:
9365:Health expense per person
9294:
9285:
9186:
9154:
9131:
9115:
9092:
9039:
9012:Supreme audit institution
9010:
8975:
8945:
8888:
8799:
8790:
8781:
8706:
8697:
8655:
8597:
8562:
8539:
8522:
8504:
8486:
8477:
8454:
8447:
8399:
8390:
8305:
8280:
8149:
8129:
8036:
8027:
7987:
7963:
7952:
7928:Countries and territories
7925:
7875:
7857:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
7836:
7799:
7686:
7679:
7627:
7599:Other commemorative coins
7544:
7537:
7504:
7451:
7423:Stability and Growth Pact
7415:
7369:
7321:
6054:10.1017/9781108624374.003
5981:SSRN Working Paper Series
5080:'s recommendation with a
5034:Stability and Growth Pact
4982:Stability and Growth Pact
4958:Stability and Growth Pact
4801:Stability and Growth Pact
4753:European Union portal
1356:European Court of Justice
783:Treaties and Declarations
749:Belgium–Germany relations
122:Stability and Growth Pact
9064:European Investment Fund
9059:European Investment Bank
8281:Former fiscal provisions
8051:European Monetary System
7841:using euro per agreement
5833:European Policy Analysis
5689:
5552:Summer economic forecast
5454:
5438:
5434:Spring economic forecast
5396:Winter economic forecast
5262:the Eurozone countries.
5228:Autumn economic forecast
5145:macroeconomic imbalances
4986:between -0,5% of the GDP
4942:3% of the GDP as maximum
1636:Other independent bodies
1081:Legislative institutions
1054:College of Commissioners
1034:Von der Leyen Commission
754:France–Germany relations
196:This article is part of
9768:European Peace Facility
8995:System of Central Banks
7930:using euro unilaterally
7443:European Fiscal Compact
7250:SSRN Electronic Journal
7034:SSRN Electronic Journal
6717:www.consilium.europa.eu
6383:www.consilium.europa.eu
5928:www.consilium.europa.eu
5904:www.consilium.europa.eu
5880:www.consilium.europa.eu
5628:Resilience facility.
3017:Visa Information System
2445:Other currencies in use
1236:Council Working Parties
9878:2012 Nobel Peace Prize
9724:European Economic Area
9582:European banking union
9459:Privileged partnership
9314:Government procurement
8157:European Currency Unit
7843:without minting rights
7339:European banking union
5576:Finally, in July, the
5502:
5178:Regulation n°1174/2011
5060:Member State unless a
4911:Regulation n°1175/2011
4907:Regulation n°1177/2011
4730:Western European Union
4098:European banking union
4034:European Single Market
3603:2024 (latest election)
3490:
3489:European Economic Area
3078:European Economic Area
3067:
2601:
2142:
1568:Single market agencies
989:Executive institutions
929:Treaties of succession
620:Bosnia and Herzegovina
48:
46: Other EU members
9823:Free trade agreements
9665:Health Insurance Card
9599:Capital Markets Union
9449:Democratic legitimacy
9419:Optimum currency area
9240:Legislative procedure
8985:European Central Bank
8328:European Union portal
7877:Potential adoption by
7867:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
7614:Europa coin programme
7377:European Central Bank
7334:Capital Markets Union
7155:. Brussels: Bruegel.
7104:10.3917/rpve.522.0013
6856:. European Commission
5595:NextGenerationEU Plan
5314:European Central Bank
5306:European institutions
5278:European institutions
5038:Regulation n°472/2013
4115:Capital Markets Union
4027:Free Trade Agreements
3488:
3065:
2599:
2140:
1449:European Central Bank
1410:Other auditory bodies
1390:Auditory institutions
1343:Judicial institutions
1088:Legislative procedure
970:European Constitution
894:Treaties of accession
66:European institutions
52:The European Semester
22:
9935:Books on the subject
9798:EU Gateway Programme
9761:EU/ESA Space Council
9719:Neighbourhood Policy
9677:Regional development
9643:Environmental policy
9633:Educational policies
9560:Neighbourhood Policy
9404:Intergovernmentalism
9394:European integration
9309:Community preference
9260:Enhanced cooperation
9245:Citizens' Initiative
9084:Unified Patent Court
8935:Directorates-General
8726:Environmental issues
8150:Preceding currencies
8116:European debt crisis
7506:International status
7258:10.2139/ssrn.2511031
7042:10.2139/ssrn.4013325
5960:. pp. 455–481.
5076:has to agree on the
5030:Regulation n°1466/97
4988:and the equilibrium
4954:Regulation n°1466/97
4903:Regulation n°1467/97
4899:Regulation n°1466/97
4707:European Communities
4147:Enhanced cooperation
3518:European foundations
3135:(provisional member)
1684:EU/ESA Space Council
1551:Unified Patent Court
1545:Unified Patent Court
1331:National parliaments
1221:Directorates-general
40: ERM II members
9960:Terrorist incidents
9788:Eastern Partnership
9729:EEA Joint Committee
9648:European Green Deal
9618:Agricultural policy
9424:Supranational union
8915:European Commission
8873:General Secretariat
8809:European Parliament
8764:Special territories
8564:Financial stability
8131:Previous EU members
8045:Snake in the tunnel
7496:Euro Currency Index
7221:Bekker, S. (2015).
7012:European Commission
6881:European Commission
6540:European Commission
6518:European Commission
6496:European Commission
6471:European Commission
6452:European Commission
6433:European Commission
6411:European Commission
5989:10.2139/ssrn.855447
5900:"European Semester"
5876:"European Semester"
5589:In response to the
5529:European Commission
5318:European Parliament
5210:European Commission
5010:60% of indebtedness
4936:Article 126 of the
4186:Ext. Action Service
4171:High Representative
4137:European Federation
4011:Policies and issues
3470:EEA Joint Committee
2600:Eurozone since 2015
1622:Joint undertakings
1246:European Parliament
1027:European Commission
850:Treaty of Amsterdam
838:Single European Act
790:Schuman Declaration
744:Special territories
722:Applicant countries
594:Candidate countries
164:European Commission
156:European Parliament
111:Prior to 2010, the
9808:Northern Dimension
9555:Enlargement Policy
9497:(criminal matters)
9409:Multi-speed Europe
9102:European Ombudsman
8758:(first-level NUTS)
8741:Larger urban zones
8340:Numismatics portal
8162:Austrian schilling
7839:Non-EU territories
7514:Proposed eurobonds
6975:10.1111/jcms.13276
6915:10.1111/jcms.13267
6830:20.500.14018/13948
5485:Eurozone countries
5082:qualified majority
5062:qualified majority
4725:European Community
4656:Common Travel Area
4142:Multi-speed Europe
3999:Fundamental Rights
3550:European elections
3491:
3068:
2602:
2143:
1647:European Ombudsman
1124:July–December 2024
950:Schengen Agreement
862:Berlin Declaration
832:Solemn Declaration
802:Europe Declaration
49:
10002:
10001:
9921:
9920:
9908:Telephone numbers
9848:
9847:
9623:Cultural policies
9373:
9372:
9360:Unemployment rate
9182:
9181:
9042:international-law
9035:
9034:
9025:Secretary-General
8777:
8776:
8736:Geographic centre
8693:
8692:
8593:
8592:
8535:
8534:
8349:
8348:
8301:
8300:
8247:Portuguese escudo
8023:
8022:
7832:
7831:
7675:
7674:
7604:Identifying marks
7459:Economy of Europe
7416:Fiscal provisions
6257:978-2-87452-291-8
6063:978-1-108-62437-4
5846:10.1002/epa2.1060
5563:Council of the EU
5117:Directive 2011/85
5014:Maastricht Treaty
4796:
4795:
4164:Foreign relations
2097:Associated states
1712:Anti-Fraud Office
1431:Anti-Fraud Office
1366:Advocates General
1212:Secretary-General
1096:Council of the EU
1064:Secretary-General
844:Maastricht Treaty
10035:
9982:
9859:
9858:
9736:Energy Community
9655:Fisheries policy
9414:Neofunctionalism
9384:
9383:
9292:
9291:
9234:Official Journal
9221:Citizens' Rights
8960:Court of Justice
8898:European Council
8846:Political groups
8797:
8796:
8788:
8787:
8759:
8704:
8703:
8484:
8483:
8452:
8451:
8397:
8396:
8376:
8369:
8362:
8353:
8352:
8338:
8326:
8314:
8252:Sammarinese lira
8242:Monégasque franc
8232:Luxembourg franc
8227:Lithuanian litas
8096:Delors Committee
8085:
8079:
8074:
8068:
8063:
8057:
8034:
8033:
8000:Hungarian forint
7967:
7961:
7960:
7852:Saint Barthélemy
7684:
7683:
7542:
7541:
7519:Reserve currency
7307:
7300:
7293:
7284:
7283:
7278:
7277:
7241:
7235:
7234:
7218:
7209:
7208:
7198:
7174:
7165:
7164:
7146:
7140:
7139:
7137:
7136:
7122:
7116:
7115:
7083:
7072:
7071:
7053:
7025:
7016:
7015:
7003:
6997:
6996:
6986:
6954:
6945:
6944:
6926:
6894:
6885:
6884:
6872:
6866:
6865:
6863:
6861:
6849:
6843:
6842:
6832:
6822:
6798:
6792:
6791:
6789:
6788:
6774:
6765:
6764:
6757:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6747:
6733:
6727:
6726:
6724:
6723:
6709:
6703:
6702:
6701:. pp. 4–19.
6694:
6688:
6687:
6685:
6684:
6670:
6664:
6663:
6661:
6660:
6646:
6640:
6639:
6637:
6636:
6622:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6612:
6598:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6588:
6574:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6564:
6550:
6544:
6543:
6537:
6528:
6522:
6521:
6515:
6506:
6500:
6499:
6487:
6481:
6480:
6478:
6477:
6462:
6456:
6455:
6443:
6437:
6436:
6430:
6421:
6415:
6414:
6408:
6399:
6393:
6392:
6390:
6389:
6375:
6369:
6368:
6366:
6365:
6351:
6345:
6344:
6342:
6341:
6327:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6317:
6307:
6298:
6297:
6290:
6284:
6283:
6277:
6269:
6243:
6230:
6229:
6227:
6226:
6212:
6206:
6205:
6203:
6202:
6192:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6182:
6172:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6162:
6148:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6138:
6124:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6114:
6109:
6101:
6095:
6094:
6092:
6091:
6081:
6075:
6074:
6041:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6028:
6022:
6016:. Archived from
6015:
6007:
6001:
6000:
5976:
5970:
5969:
5953:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5934:
5920:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5910:
5896:
5890:
5889:
5887:
5886:
5872:
5859:
5858:
5848:
5824:
5818:
5817:
5815:
5814:
5800:
5785:
5784:
5774:
5764:
5740:
5714:
5711:
5705:
5699:
5652:Criticism/Debate
5602:European Council
5571:European Council
5445:European Council
5401:December/January
5036:). Furthermore,
4788:
4781:
4774:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4526:
4525:
4514:
4513:
4502:
4501:
4490:
4489:
4478:
4477:
4466:
4465:
4454:
4453:
4442:
4441:
4430:
4429:
4418:
4417:
4406:
4405:
4394:
4393:
4382:
4381:
4370:
4369:
4358:
4357:
4346:
4345:
4334:
4333:
4322:
4321:
4310:
4309:
4298:
4297:
4286:
4285:
4274:
4273:
4262:
4261:
4250:
4249:
4238:
4237:
4226:
4225:
4214:
4213:
4132:Supranationalism
4039:Area of FS&J
3935:
3934:
3923:
3922:
3911:
3910:
3899:
3898:
3887:
3886:
3875:
3874:
3863:
3862:
3851:
3850:
3839:
3838:
3827:
3826:
3815:
3814:
3803:
3802:
3791:
3790:
3779:
3778:
3767:
3766:
3755:
3754:
3743:
3742:
3731:
3730:
3719:
3718:
3707:
3706:
3695:
3694:
3683:
3682:
3671:
3670:
3659:
3658:
3647:
3646:
3635:
3634:
3623:
3622:
3513:European parties
3454:
3453:
3452:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3408:
3407:
3396:
3395:
3384:
3383:
3372:
3371:
3360:
3359:
3348:
3347:
3336:
3335:
3324:
3323:
3312:
3311:
3300:
3299:
3288:
3287:
3276:
3275:
3264:
3263:
3252:
3251:
3240:
3239:
3228:
3227:
3216:
3215:
3204:
3203:
3192:
3191:
3180:
3179:
3168:
3167:
3156:
3155:
3144:
3143:
3131:
3130:
3119:
3118:
3107:
3106:
3095:
3094:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3040:
3039:
3038:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2529:
2528:
2517:
2516:
2505:
2504:
2495:Hungarian forint
2493:
2492:
2481:
2480:
2469:
2468:
2457:
2456:
2430:
2429:
2400:
2399:
2388:
2387:
2376:
2375:
2364:
2363:
2352:
2351:
2340:
2339:
2328:
2327:
2316:
2315:
2304:
2303:
2292:
2291:
2280:
2279:
2268:
2267:
2256:
2255:
2244:
2243:
2232:
2231:
2220:
2219:
2208:
2207:
2196:
2195:
2184:
2183:
2172:
2171:
2160:Eurozone members
2121:
2120:
2119:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2008:
2007:
2006:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1591:Euratom agencies
1216:Thérèse Blanchet
1114:
1113:
1017:List of meetings
995:European Council
868:Treaty of Lisbon
734:
733:
712:
711:
690:
689:
678:
677:
666:
665:
654:
653:
642:
641:
630:
629:
618:
617:
606:
605:
582:
581:
580:
569:
568:
567:
556:
555:
554:
543:
542:
541:
530:
529:
528:
517:
516:
515:
504:
503:
502:
491:
490:
489:
478:
477:
476:
465:
464:
463:
452:
451:
450:
439:
438:
437:
426:
425:
424:
413:
412:
411:
400:
399:
398:
387:
386:
385:
374:
373:
372:
361:
360:
359:
348:
347:
346:
335:
334:
333:
322:
321:
320:
309:
308:
307:
296:
295:
294:
283:
282:
281:
270:
269:
268:
257:
256:
255:
244:
243:
242:
218:
193:
192:
183:NextGenerationEU
113:EU member states
106:EU member states
45:
39:
33:
27:
10043:
10042:
10038:
10037:
10036:
10034:
10033:
10032:
10028:Eurozone crisis
10008:
10007:
10005:
10003:
9998:
9985:
9978:
9969:
9917:
9898:Public holidays
9844:
9818:Global Strategy
9710:
9703:
9672:Labour mobility
9565:Global Strategy
9526:Driving licence
9468:
9444:Pro-Europeanism
9369:
9281:
9206:Competition law
9178:
9156:
9150:
9133:
9127:
9111:
9094:
9088:
9043:
9041:
9031:
9006:
8971:
8941:
8925:Vice-Presidents
8884:
8819:Vice-Presidents
8773:
8757:
8751:Protected areas
8721:External border
8689:
8651:
8589:
8558:
8531:
8518:
8500:
8473:
8443:
8434:1993–2004
8429:1973–1993
8424:1958–1972
8419:1948–1957
8386:
8380:
8350:
8345:
8297:
8276:
8262:Slovenian tolar
8145:
8134:
8132:
8125:
8111:Black Wednesday
8081:
8077:
8070:
8066:
8059:
8055:
8019:
7983:
7965:
7957:
7948:
7932:
7929:
7921:
7880:
7879:other countries
7878:
7871:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7828:
7795:
7671:
7623:
7533:
7500:
7474:Euro calculator
7447:
7411:
7365:
7317:
7311:
7281:
7242:
7238:
7219:
7212:
7175:
7168:
7147:
7143:
7134:
7132:
7124:
7123:
7119:
7084:
7075:
7026:
7019:
7004:
7000:
6955:
6948:
6895:
6888:
6873:
6869:
6859:
6857:
6850:
6846:
6799:
6795:
6786:
6784:
6776:
6775:
6768:
6759:
6758:
6754:
6745:
6743:
6735:
6734:
6730:
6721:
6719:
6711:
6710:
6706:
6695:
6691:
6682:
6680:
6672:
6671:
6667:
6658:
6656:
6648:
6647:
6643:
6634:
6632:
6624:
6623:
6619:
6610:
6608:
6600:
6599:
6595:
6586:
6584:
6576:
6575:
6571:
6562:
6560:
6552:
6551:
6547:
6535:
6529:
6525:
6513:
6507:
6503:
6488:
6484:
6475:
6473:
6463:
6459:
6444:
6440:
6428:
6422:
6418:
6406:
6400:
6396:
6387:
6385:
6377:
6376:
6372:
6363:
6361:
6353:
6352:
6348:
6339:
6337:
6329:
6328:
6324:
6315:
6313:
6309:
6308:
6301:
6292:
6291:
6287:
6271:
6270:
6258:
6244:
6233:
6224:
6222:
6214:
6213:
6209:
6200:
6198:
6194:
6193:
6189:
6180:
6178:
6174:
6173:
6169:
6160:
6158:
6150:
6149:
6145:
6136:
6134:
6126:
6125:
6121:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6103:
6102:
6098:
6089:
6087:
6083:
6082:
6078:
6064:
6043:
6042:
6035:
6026:
6024:
6020:
6013:
6009:
6008:
6004:
5977:
5973:
5954:
5941:
5932:
5930:
5922:
5921:
5917:
5908:
5906:
5898:
5897:
5893:
5884:
5882:
5874:
5873:
5862:
5825:
5821:
5812:
5810:
5802:
5801:
5788:
5741:
5726:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5708:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5687:
5654:
5648:
5643:
5623:
5591:Covid-19 crisis
5587:
5559:
5554:
5505:
5457:
5441:
5436:
5418:
5403:
5398:
5369:in view of the
5259:
5239:
5230:
5225:
5219:
5190:
5141:
5109:
5084:of the voting.
5070:Fiscal compact.
5046:
5008:The maximum of
5006:
4990:or exceeding it
4969:economic cycles
4934:
4872:
4809:Eurozone crisis
4805:Lisbon Strategy
4792:
4763:
4759:Other countries
4747:
4745:
4740:
4739:
4702:
4694:
4693:
4680:
4652:
4532:
4520:
4508:
4496:
4484:
4472:
4460:
4448:
4436:
4424:
4412:
4400:
4388:
4376:
4364:
4352:
4340:
4328:
4316:
4304:
4292:
4280:
4268:
4256:
4244:
4232:
4220:
4208:
4205:
4200:
4182:
4174:
4166:
4156:
4155:
4086:Pro-Europeanism
4012:
4004:
4003:
3952:
3942:
3941:
3929:
3917:
3905:
3893:
3881:
3869:
3857:
3845:
3833:
3821:
3809:
3797:
3785:
3773:
3761:
3749:
3737:
3725:
3713:
3701:
3689:
3677:
3665:
3653:
3641:
3629:
3617:
3614:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3552:
3547:
3528:Spitzenkandidat
3503:
3493:
3492:
3466:
3461:
3450:
3448:
3437:
3435:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3414:
3402:
3390:
3378:
3366:
3354:
3342:
3330:
3318:
3306:
3294:
3282:
3270:
3258:
3246:
3234:
3222:
3210:
3198:
3186:
3174:
3162:
3150:
3138:
3125:
3113:
3101:
3089:
3086:
3080:
3070:
3069:
3049:
3047:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3026:
3007:Prüm Convention
3003:
2992:
2990:
2979:
2977:
2966:
2964:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2943:
2932:
2930:
2919:
2917:
2906:
2904:
2893:
2891:
2880:
2878:
2867:
2865:
2854:
2852:
2841:
2839:
2828:
2826:
2815:
2813:
2802:
2800:
2789:
2787:
2776:
2774:
2763:
2761:
2750:
2748:
2737:
2735:
2724:
2722:
2711:
2709:
2698:
2696:
2685:
2683:
2672:
2670:
2659:
2657:
2646:
2644:
2633:
2631:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2604:
2603:
2594:
2593:
2553:
2548:
2535:
2523:
2511:
2499:
2487:
2475:
2463:
2451:
2448:
2441:
2439:
2432:Paschal Donohoe
2424:
2416:
2409:
2407:
2394:
2382:
2370:
2358:
2346:
2334:
2322:
2310:
2298:
2286:
2274:
2262:
2250:
2238:
2226:
2214:
2202:
2190:
2178:
2166:
2163:
2155:
2145:
2144:
2128:
2117:
2115:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2082:
2080:
2069:
2067:
2056:
2054:
2043:
2041:
2030:
2028:
2017:
2015:
2004:
2002:
1991:
1989:
1978:
1976:
1965:
1963:
1952:
1950:
1939:
1937:
1926:
1924:
1913:
1911:
1900:
1898:
1887:
1885:
1874:
1872:
1861:
1859:
1848:
1846:
1835:
1833:
1822:
1820:
1809:
1807:
1796:
1794:
1783:
1781:
1770:
1768:
1757:
1755:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1736:Euratom members
1732:
1722:
1721:
1693:
1688:
1658:
1655:Advisory bodies
1651:
1638:
1633:
1562:
1555:
1547:
1542:
1534:
1529:
1521:
1516:
1509:Investment Fund
1504:Investment Bank
1500:
1494:
1486:
1485:
1451:
1441:
1440:
1412:
1407:
1399:
1391:
1383:
1382:
1352:
1344:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1327:
1311:Vice Presidents
1255:
1249:
1242:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1120:
1108:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1083:
1073:
1072:
1049:Vice Presidents
1030:
1023:
998:
990:
982:
981:
966:
961:
946:
941:
940:
931:
926:
925:
896:
891:
890:
885:
796:Treaty of Paris
785:
775:
774:
773:
740:
728:
725:
718:
706:
703:
696:
684:
672:
668:North Macedonia
660:
648:
636:
624:
612:
600:
597:
590:
589:
578:
576:
565:
563:
552:
550:
539:
537:
526:
524:
513:
511:
500:
498:
487:
485:
474:
472:
461:
459:
448:
446:
435:
433:
422:
420:
409:
407:
396:
394:
383:
381:
370:
368:
357:
355:
344:
342:
331:
329:
318:
316:
305:
303:
292:
290:
279:
277:
266:
264:
253:
251:
240:
238:
233:
209:
191:
175:COVID-19 crisis
147:and especially
130:Lisbon Strategy
102:Eurozone crisis
86:
47:
43:
41:
37:
35:
31:
29:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
10041:
10031:
10030:
10025:
10020:
10000:
9999:
9997:
9996:
9991:
9984:
9983:
9975:
9974:
9971:
9970:
9968:
9967:
9962:
9957:
9952:
9947:
9942:
9937:
9931:
9929:
9923:
9922:
9919:
9918:
9916:
9915:
9910:
9905:
9900:
9895:
9890:
9885:
9883:Laissez-passer
9880:
9875:
9870:
9862:
9856:
9850:
9849:
9846:
9845:
9843:
9842:
9841:
9840:
9835:
9833:Current agenda
9825:
9820:
9815:
9810:
9805:
9800:
9795:
9790:
9785:
9780:
9775:
9770:
9765:
9764:
9763:
9753:
9748:
9743:
9738:
9733:
9732:
9731:
9721:
9715:
9713:
9705:
9704:
9702:
9701:
9700:
9699:
9694:
9692:Sport policies
9689:
9684:
9679:
9674:
9669:
9668:
9667:
9657:
9652:
9651:
9650:
9640:
9635:
9630:
9625:
9620:
9610:
9609:
9608:
9607:
9606:
9596:
9595:
9594:
9589:
9579:
9569:
9568:
9567:
9562:
9557:
9552:
9551:
9550:
9535:
9534:
9533:
9528:
9523:
9513:
9508:
9503:
9498:
9492:
9487:
9476:
9474:
9470:
9469:
9467:
9466:
9461:
9456:
9451:
9446:
9441:
9439:Federalisation
9436:
9431:
9429:Euroscepticism
9426:
9421:
9416:
9411:
9406:
9401:
9396:
9390:
9388:
9381:
9375:
9374:
9371:
9370:
9368:
9367:
9362:
9357:
9352:
9347:
9346:
9345:
9335:
9334:
9333:
9332:
9331:
9316:
9311:
9306:
9301:
9295:
9289:
9283:
9282:
9280:
9279:
9278:
9277:
9272:
9262:
9257:
9252:
9247:
9242:
9237:
9230:
9225:
9224:
9223:
9213:
9208:
9203:
9198:
9192:
9190:
9184:
9183:
9180:
9179:
9177:
9176:
9171:
9166:
9160:
9158:
9152:
9151:
9149:
9148:
9143:
9137:
9135:
9129:
9128:
9126:
9125:
9119:
9117:
9113:
9112:
9110:
9109:
9104:
9098:
9096:
9090:
9089:
9087:
9086:
9081:
9076:
9071:
9070:
9069:
9066:
9061:
9053:
9047:
9045:
9037:
9036:
9033:
9032:
9030:
9029:
9028:
9027:
9016:
9014:
9008:
9007:
9005:
9004:
9003:
9002:
8997:
8992:
8981:
8979:
8973:
8972:
8970:
8969:
8968:
8967:
8962:
8951:
8949:
8943:
8942:
8940:
8939:
8938:
8937:
8932:
8927:
8922:
8912:
8911:
8910:
8905:
8894:
8892:
8886:
8885:
8883:
8882:
8881:
8880:
8875:
8870:
8860:
8859:
8858:
8853:
8848:
8843:
8842:
8841:
8839:Constituencies
8831:
8826:
8821:
8816:
8805:
8803:
8794:
8785:
8779:
8778:
8775:
8774:
8772:
8771:
8766:
8761:
8753:
8748:
8743:
8738:
8733:
8731:Extreme points
8728:
8723:
8718:
8713:
8707:
8701:
8695:
8694:
8691:
8690:
8688:
8687:
8682:
8677:
8672:
8667:
8661:
8659:
8653:
8652:
8650:
8649:
8644:
8639:
8634:
8629:
8624:
8619:
8614:
8609:
8603:
8601:
8595:
8594:
8591:
8590:
8588:
8587:
8578:
8568:
8566:
8560:
8559:
8557:
8556:
8551:
8545:
8543:
8537:
8536:
8533:
8532:
8530:
8529:
8523:
8520:
8519:
8517:
8516:
8511:
8505:
8502:
8501:
8499:
8498:
8493:
8487:
8481:
8475:
8474:
8472:
8471:
8466:
8460:
8458:
8456:Defence policy
8449:
8445:
8444:
8442:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8405:
8403:
8394:
8388:
8387:
8385: articles
8383:European Union
8379:
8378:
8371:
8364:
8356:
8347:
8346:
8344:
8343:
8331:
8319:
8306:
8303:
8302:
8299:
8298:
8296:
8295:
8290:
8284:
8282:
8278:
8277:
8275:
8274:
8269:
8267:Spanish peseta
8264:
8259:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8224:
8219:
8214:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8192:Finnish markka
8189:
8187:Estonian kroon
8184:
8179:
8174:
8169:
8164:
8159:
8153:
8151:
8147:
8146:
8144:
8143:
8141:United Kingdom
8137:
8135:
8130:
8127:
8126:
8124:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8087:
8086:
8075:
8064:
8048:
8040:
8038:
8031:
8025:
8024:
8021:
8020:
8018:
8017:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7997:
7991:
7989:
7985:
7984:
7982:
7981:
7976:
7970:
7968:
7958:
7953:
7950:
7949:
7947:
7946:
7941:
7935:
7933:
7926:
7923:
7922:
7920:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7892:Czech Republic
7889:
7883:
7881:
7876:
7873:
7872:
7870:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7848:
7846:
7837:
7834:
7833:
7830:
7829:
7827:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7805:
7803:
7797:
7796:
7794:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7692:
7690:
7681:
7677:
7676:
7673:
7672:
7670:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7633:
7631:
7625:
7624:
7622:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7550:
7548:
7539:
7535:
7534:
7532:
7531:
7529:World currency
7526:
7521:
7516:
7510:
7508:
7502:
7501:
7499:
7498:
7493:
7492:
7491:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7455:
7453:
7449:
7448:
7446:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7433:Euro Plus Pact
7430:
7425:
7419:
7417:
7413:
7412:
7410:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7373:
7371:
7370:Administration
7367:
7366:
7364:
7363:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7325:
7323:
7319:
7318:
7310:
7309:
7302:
7295:
7287:
7280:
7279:
7236:
7210:
7189:(2): 149–174.
7166:
7141:
7117:
7073:
7017:
6998:
6946:
6909:(1): 204–223.
6886:
6867:
6844:
6793:
6766:
6752:
6728:
6704:
6689:
6665:
6641:
6617:
6593:
6569:
6545:
6523:
6501:
6482:
6457:
6438:
6416:
6394:
6370:
6346:
6331:"Press corner"
6322:
6299:
6285:
6256:
6231:
6207:
6187:
6167:
6143:
6119:
6096:
6076:
6062:
6033:
6002:
5971:
5939:
5915:
5891:
5860:
5819:
5786:
5755:(2): 137–148.
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5715:
5706:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5653:
5650:
5586:
5583:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5504:
5501:
5491:
5490:
5475:
5474:
5456:
5453:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5417:
5414:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5389:
5388:
5363:
5362:
5341:
5340:
5298:
5297:
5270:
5269:
5258:
5255:
5238:
5235:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5189:
5186:
5160:
5159:
5156:
5149:the Commission
5140:
5137:
5108:
5105:
5045:
5042:
5005:
5002:
4973:the Commission
4933:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4925:Fiscal Compact
4921:
4914:
4891:
4884:
4871:
4868:
4854:
4853:
4850:Fiscal Compact
4838:
4835:Euro Plus Pact
4831:
4824:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4783:
4776:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4755:
4742:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4721:
4720:
4715:
4703:
4701:Defunct bodies
4700:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4686:
4679:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4651:
4650:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4638:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4531:
4530:
4518:
4506:
4494:
4482:
4470:
4458:
4446:
4434:
4422:
4410:
4398:
4386:
4374:
4362:
4350:
4338:
4326:
4314:
4302:
4290:
4278:
4276:Czech Republic
4266:
4254:
4242:
4230:
4218:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4196:Defence Policy
4193:
4191:Foreign Policy
4188:
4181:
4180:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4139:
4134:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4091:Euroscepticism
4088:
4083:
4078:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4019:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3994:Recommendation
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3953:
3948:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3927:
3915:
3903:
3891:
3879:
3867:
3855:
3843:
3831:
3819:
3807:
3795:
3783:
3771:
3759:
3747:
3735:
3723:
3711:
3699:
3687:
3685:Czech Republic
3675:
3663:
3651:
3639:
3627:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3533:Constituencies
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3504:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3446:
3433:
3417:Non-EU members
3415:
3413:
3412:
3400:
3388:
3376:
3364:
3352:
3340:
3328:
3316:
3304:
3292:
3280:
3268:
3256:
3244:
3232:
3220:
3208:
3196:
3184:
3172:
3160:
3158:Czech Republic
3148:
3136:
3123:
3111:
3099:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3060:
3059:
3045:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3002:
3001:
2988:
2975:
2962:
2946:Non-EU members
2944:
2942:
2941:
2928:
2915:
2902:
2889:
2876:
2863:
2850:
2837:
2824:
2811:
2798:
2785:
2772:
2759:
2746:
2733:
2720:
2707:
2694:
2681:
2679:Czech Republic
2668:
2655:
2642:
2629:
2615:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2534:
2533:
2521:
2509:
2497:
2485:
2473:
2461:
2442:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2410:
2405:
2404:
2392:
2380:
2368:
2356:
2344:
2332:
2320:
2308:
2296:
2284:
2272:
2260:
2248:
2236:
2224:
2212:
2200:
2188:
2176:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2135:
2134:
2127:
2126:
2124:United Kingdom
2113:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2078:
2065:
2052:
2039:
2026:
2013:
2000:
1987:
1974:
1961:
1948:
1935:
1922:
1909:
1896:
1883:
1870:
1857:
1844:
1831:
1818:
1816:Czech Republic
1805:
1792:
1779:
1766:
1753:
1739:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1669:
1664:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1628:of the Euratom
1626:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1506:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1474:Euro banknotes
1471:
1466:
1452:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1280:
1268:Largest groups
1265:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1204:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1147:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1132:Configurations
1130:
1121:
1107:
1100:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1084:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1036:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1014:
992:
991:
988:
987:
984:
983:
980:
979:
973:
962:
960:
959:
953:
944:Other treaties
942:
932:
927:
897:
892:
886:
884:
883:
882:
881:
876:
865:
859:
856:Treaty of Nice
853:
847:
841:
835:
829:
823:
820:Euratom Treaty
817:
814:Treaty of Rome
811:
805:
799:
793:
786:
781:
780:
777:
776:
772:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
739:
738:
719:
717:
716:
697:
695:
694:
682:
670:
658:
646:
634:
622:
610:
591:
588:
587:
574:
561:
548:
535:
522:
509:
496:
483:
470:
457:
444:
431:
418:
405:
392:
379:
366:
353:
340:
327:
314:
312:Czech Republic
301:
288:
275:
262:
249:
235:
234:
228:
227:
224:
223:
220:
219:
211:
210:
205:
202:
201:
190:
187:
85:
82:
56:European Union
42:
36:
30:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10040:
10029:
10026:
10024:
10021:
10019:
10016:
10015:
10013:
10006:
9995:
9992:
9990:
9987:
9986:
9981:
9977:
9976:
9972:
9966:
9963:
9961:
9958:
9956:
9953:
9951:
9948:
9946:
9943:
9941:
9938:
9936:
9933:
9932:
9930:
9928:
9924:
9914:
9911:
9909:
9906:
9904:
9901:
9899:
9896:
9894:
9893:Media freedom
9891:
9889:
9886:
9884:
9881:
9879:
9876:
9874:
9871:
9869:
9868:
9864:
9863:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9851:
9839:
9836:
9834:
9831:
9830:
9829:
9826:
9824:
9821:
9819:
9816:
9814:
9811:
9809:
9806:
9804:
9801:
9799:
9796:
9794:
9791:
9789:
9786:
9784:
9781:
9779:
9776:
9774:
9771:
9769:
9766:
9762:
9759:
9758:
9757:
9754:
9752:
9749:
9747:
9744:
9742:
9739:
9737:
9734:
9730:
9727:
9726:
9725:
9722:
9720:
9717:
9716:
9714:
9712:
9706:
9698:
9695:
9693:
9690:
9688:
9685:
9683:
9680:
9678:
9675:
9673:
9670:
9666:
9663:
9662:
9661:
9658:
9656:
9653:
9649:
9646:
9645:
9644:
9641:
9639:
9638:Energy policy
9636:
9634:
9631:
9629:
9628:Customs Union
9626:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9616:
9615:
9614:
9613:Single market
9611:
9605:
9602:
9601:
9600:
9597:
9593:
9590:
9588:
9585:
9584:
9583:
9580:
9578:
9575:
9574:
9573:
9570:
9566:
9563:
9561:
9558:
9556:
9553:
9549:
9546:
9545:
9544:
9541:
9540:
9539:
9536:
9532:
9529:
9527:
9524:
9521:
9517:
9516:identity card
9514:
9512:
9509:
9507:
9504:
9502:
9499:
9496:
9493:
9491:
9490:Schengen Area
9488:
9486:
9483:
9482:
9481:
9478:
9477:
9475:
9471:
9465:
9462:
9460:
9457:
9455:
9452:
9450:
9447:
9445:
9442:
9440:
9437:
9435:
9432:
9430:
9427:
9425:
9422:
9420:
9417:
9415:
9412:
9410:
9407:
9405:
9402:
9400:
9397:
9395:
9392:
9391:
9389:
9385:
9382:
9380:
9376:
9366:
9363:
9361:
9358:
9356:
9353:
9351:
9348:
9344:
9341:
9340:
9339:
9336:
9330:
9327:
9326:
9325:
9322:
9321:
9320:
9317:
9315:
9312:
9310:
9307:
9305:
9302:
9300:
9297:
9296:
9293:
9290:
9288:
9284:
9276:
9273:
9271:
9268:
9267:
9266:
9263:
9261:
9258:
9256:
9253:
9251:
9248:
9246:
9243:
9241:
9238:
9236:
9235:
9231:
9229:
9226:
9222:
9219:
9218:
9217:
9214:
9212:
9211:Copyright law
9209:
9207:
9204:
9202:
9199:
9197:
9194:
9193:
9191:
9189:
9185:
9175:
9172:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9162:
9161:
9159:
9153:
9147:
9144:
9142:
9139:
9138:
9136:
9130:
9124:
9121:
9120:
9118:
9114:
9108:
9105:
9103:
9100:
9099:
9097:
9091:
9085:
9082:
9080:
9077:
9075:
9072:
9068:EIB Institute
9067:
9065:
9062:
9060:
9057:
9056:
9054:
9052:
9049:
9048:
9046:
9038:
9026:
9023:
9022:
9021:
9018:
9017:
9015:
9013:
9009:
9001:
8998:
8996:
8993:
8991:
8988:
8987:
8986:
8983:
8982:
8980:
8978:
8974:
8966:
8965:General Court
8963:
8961:
8958:
8957:
8956:
8953:
8952:
8950:
8948:
8944:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8930:Commissioners
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8917:
8916:
8913:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8901:
8900:
8899:
8896:
8895:
8893:
8891:
8887:
8879:
8876:
8874:
8871:
8869:
8866:
8865:
8864:
8861:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8844:
8840:
8837:
8836:
8835:
8832:
8830:
8827:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8817:
8815:
8812:
8811:
8810:
8807:
8806:
8804:
8802:
8798:
8795:
8793:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8780:
8770:
8767:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8754:
8752:
8749:
8747:
8746:Member states
8744:
8742:
8739:
8737:
8734:
8732:
8729:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8717:
8714:
8712:
8709:
8708:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8696:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8673:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8662:
8660:
8658:
8654:
8648:
8645:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8635:
8633:
8630:
8628:
8625:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8615:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8604:
8602:
8600:
8596:
8586:
8584:
8579:
8577:
8575:
8570:
8569:
8567:
8565:
8561:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8546:
8544:
8542:
8538:
8528:
8525:
8524:
8521:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8507:
8506:
8503:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8489:
8488:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8476:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8462:
8461:
8459:
8457:
8453:
8450:
8446:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8406:
8404:
8402:
8398:
8395:
8393:
8389:
8384:
8377:
8372:
8370:
8365:
8363:
8358:
8357:
8354:
8342:
8341:
8337:
8332:
8330:
8329:
8325:
8320:
8318:
8317:
8313:
8308:
8307:
8304:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8285:
8283:
8279:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8257:Slovak koruna
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8207:Greek drachma
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8182:Dutch guilder
8180:
8178:
8177:Cypriot pound
8175:
8173:
8172:Croatian kuna
8170:
8168:
8167:Belgian franc
8165:
8163:
8160:
8158:
8155:
8154:
8152:
8148:
8142:
8139:
8138:
8136:
8128:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8084:
8076:
8073:
8065:
8062:
8054:
8053:
8052:
8049:
8046:
8042:
8041:
8039:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8026:
8016:
8015:Swedish krona
8013:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7992:
7990:
7986:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7974:Bulgarian lev
7972:
7971:
7969:
7962:
7959:
7956:
7951:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7924:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7884:
7882:
7874:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7835:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7806:
7804:
7802:
7798:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7693:
7691:
7689:
7685:
7682:
7678:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7634:
7632:
7630:
7626:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7551:
7549:
7547:
7543:
7540:
7538:Denominations
7536:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7511:
7509:
7507:
7503:
7497:
7494:
7490:
7487:
7486:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7456:
7454:
7450:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7420:
7418:
7414:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7382:ECB president
7380:
7378:
7375:
7374:
7372:
7368:
7362:
7361:
7360:Euro-Skulptur
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7326:
7324:
7320:
7315:
7308:
7303:
7301:
7296:
7294:
7289:
7288:
7285:
7275:
7271:
7267:
7263:
7259:
7255:
7251:
7247:
7240:
7232:
7228:
7224:
7217:
7215:
7206:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7188:
7184:
7180:
7173:
7171:
7162:
7158:
7154:
7153:
7145:
7131:
7127:
7121:
7113:
7109:
7105:
7101:
7097:
7094:(in French).
7093:
7089:
7082:
7080:
7078:
7069:
7065:
7061:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7043:
7039:
7035:
7031:
7024:
7022:
7013:
7009:
7002:
6994:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6976:
6972:
6968:
6964:
6960:
6953:
6951:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6916:
6912:
6908:
6904:
6900:
6893:
6891:
6882:
6878:
6871:
6855:
6848:
6840:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6812:
6808:
6804:
6797:
6783:
6779:
6773:
6771:
6762:
6756:
6742:
6738:
6732:
6718:
6714:
6708:
6700:
6693:
6679:
6675:
6669:
6655:
6651:
6645:
6631:
6627:
6621:
6607:
6603:
6597:
6583:
6579:
6573:
6559:
6555:
6549:
6541:
6534:
6527:
6519:
6512:
6505:
6497:
6493:
6486:
6472:
6468:
6461:
6453:
6449:
6442:
6434:
6427:
6420:
6412:
6405:
6398:
6384:
6380:
6374:
6360:
6356:
6350:
6336:
6332:
6326:
6312:
6306:
6304:
6295:
6289:
6281:
6275:
6267:
6263:
6259:
6253:
6249:
6242:
6240:
6238:
6236:
6221:
6217:
6211:
6197:
6191:
6177:
6171:
6157:
6153:
6147:
6133:
6129:
6123:
6106:
6100:
6086:
6080:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6040:
6038:
6023:on 2012-03-23
6019:
6012:
6006:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5982:
5975:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5952:
5950:
5948:
5946:
5944:
5929:
5925:
5919:
5905:
5901:
5895:
5881:
5877:
5871:
5869:
5867:
5865:
5856:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5823:
5809:
5805:
5799:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5791:
5782:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5739:
5737:
5735:
5733:
5731:
5729:
5724:
5710:
5704:
5698:
5694:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5649:
5646:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5607:
5603:
5598:
5596:
5592:
5582:
5579:
5574:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5561:In June, the
5549:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5517:
5514:
5510:
5500:
5497:
5488:
5486:
5481:
5480:
5479:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5462:
5452:
5450:
5446:
5431:
5428:
5423:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5393:
5387:
5385:
5380:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5339:
5336:
5335:
5334:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5291:
5288:
5283:
5279:
5276:to the other
5275:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5263:
5254:
5252:
5248:
5247:Member States
5244:
5234:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5214:member states
5211:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5194:
5185:
5181:
5179:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5146:
5136:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5113:Member States
5104:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5085:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5041:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5022:Lisbon Treaty
5019:
5015:
5011:
5001:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4961:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4926:
4922:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4908:
4905:, amended by
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4890:
4885:
4883:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4867:
4864:
4859:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4836:
4832:
4829:
4825:
4822:
4818:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4789:
4784:
4782:
4777:
4775:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4744:
4743:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4698:
4697:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4661:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4646:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4179:
4178:Josep Borrell
4176:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4165:
4160:
4159:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4096:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4022:Customs Union
4020:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4008:
4007:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3966:ECJ Case 6/64
3963:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3946:
3945:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3538:Apportionment
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3497:
3496:
3487:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3458:
3447:
3445:
3444:Liechtenstein
3434:
3432:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3079:
3074:
3073:
3064:
3057:
3046:
3044:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2989:
2987:
2976:
2974:
2973:Liechtenstein
2963:
2961:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2940:
2929:
2927:
2916:
2914:
2903:
2901:
2890:
2888:
2877:
2875:
2864:
2862:
2851:
2849:
2838:
2836:
2825:
2823:
2812:
2810:
2799:
2797:
2786:
2784:
2773:
2771:
2760:
2758:
2747:
2745:
2734:
2732:
2721:
2719:
2708:
2706:
2695:
2693:
2682:
2680:
2669:
2667:
2656:
2654:
2643:
2641:
2630:
2628:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2612:Schengen Area
2608:
2607:
2598:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2531:Swedish krona
2527:
2522:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2460:
2459:Bulgarian lev
2455:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2440:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2114:
2112:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2090:
2079:
2077:
2066:
2064:
2053:
2051:
2040:
2038:
2027:
2025:
2014:
2012:
2001:
1999:
1988:
1986:
1975:
1973:
1962:
1960:
1949:
1947:
1936:
1934:
1923:
1921:
1910:
1908:
1897:
1895:
1884:
1882:
1871:
1869:
1858:
1856:
1845:
1843:
1832:
1830:
1819:
1817:
1806:
1804:
1793:
1791:
1780:
1778:
1767:
1765:
1754:
1752:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1574:AFSC agencies
1573:
1571:CFSP agencies
1570:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1513:EIB Institute
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1490:
1489:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1445:
1444:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1387:
1386:
1379:
1378:General Court
1376:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1340:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1287:Iratxe García
1284:
1281:
1278:
1277:Manfred Weber
1274:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1248:
1247:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1112:
1105:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1059:Civil Service
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1043:Von der Leyen
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1003:
1000:
999:
997:
996:
986:
985:
977:
974:
971:
968:
967:
965:
957:
954:
951:
948:
947:
945:
939:
935:
930:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
895:
889:
880:
877:
875:
872:
871:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
826:Merger Treaty
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
787:
784:
779:
778:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
741:
737:
732:
727:
726:
724:
723:
715:
710:
705:
704:
702:
701:
693:
688:
683:
681:
676:
671:
669:
664:
659:
657:
652:
647:
645:
640:
635:
633:
628:
623:
621:
616:
611:
609:
604:
599:
598:
596:
595:
586:
575:
573:
562:
560:
549:
547:
536:
534:
523:
521:
510:
508:
497:
495:
484:
482:
471:
469:
458:
456:
445:
443:
432:
430:
419:
417:
406:
404:
393:
391:
380:
378:
367:
365:
354:
352:
341:
339:
328:
326:
315:
313:
302:
300:
289:
287:
276:
274:
263:
261:
250:
248:
237:
236:
231:
230:Member states
226:
225:
222:
221:
217:
213:
212:
208:
204:
203:
199:
195:
194:
186:
184:
180:
179:Member States
176:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
152:
150:
146:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
118:
114:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
81:
77:
73:
71:
70:Member States
67:
62:
57:
53:
21:
10004:
9865:
9687:Space policy
9355:Average wage
9350:Minimum wage
9233:
8977:Central bank
8792:Institutions
8716:Demographics
8599:Enlargements
8582:
8573:
8541:Central bank
8448:Predecessors
8333:
8321:
8316:Money portal
8309:
8272:Vatican lira
8237:Maltese lira
8222:Latvian lats
8217:Italian lira
8197:French franc
8010:Romanian leu
8005:Polish złoty
7995:Czech koruna
7979:Danish krone
7824:Vatican City
7609:Starter kits
7358:
7249:
7239:
7222:
7186:
7182:
7151:
7144:
7133:. Retrieved
7129:
7120:
7098:(2): 13–49.
7095:
7091:
7051:10419/299834
7033:
7011:
7001:
6984:1887/3455697
6966:
6962:
6906:
6902:
6880:
6870:
6858:. Retrieved
6847:
6813:(1): 36–52.
6810:
6806:
6796:
6785:. Retrieved
6781:
6760:
6755:
6744:. Retrieved
6741:ec.europa.eu
6740:
6731:
6720:. Retrieved
6716:
6707:
6698:
6692:
6681:. Retrieved
6677:
6668:
6657:. Retrieved
6653:
6644:
6633:. Retrieved
6629:
6620:
6609:. Retrieved
6605:
6596:
6585:. Retrieved
6581:
6572:
6561:. Retrieved
6557:
6548:
6539:
6526:
6517:
6504:
6495:
6485:
6474:. Retrieved
6470:
6460:
6451:
6441:
6432:
6419:
6410:
6397:
6386:. Retrieved
6382:
6373:
6362:. Retrieved
6358:
6349:
6338:. Retrieved
6334:
6325:
6314:. Retrieved
6293:
6288:
6247:
6223:. Retrieved
6220:ec.europa.eu
6219:
6210:
6199:. Retrieved
6190:
6179:. Retrieved
6170:
6159:. Retrieved
6156:ec.Europa.eu
6155:
6146:
6135:. Retrieved
6131:
6122:
6111:. Retrieved
6099:
6088:. Retrieved
6079:
6045:
6025:. Retrieved
6018:the original
6005:
5980:
5974:
5957:
5931:. Retrieved
5927:
5918:
5907:. Retrieved
5903:
5894:
5883:. Retrieved
5879:
5839:(1): 58–79.
5836:
5832:
5822:
5811:. Retrieved
5807:
5752:
5748:
5709:
5697:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5647:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5599:
5588:
5575:
5560:
5518:
5506:
5492:
5482:
5476:
5471:
5458:
5442:
5419:
5411:
5404:
5390:
5381:
5364:
5359:
5342:
5337:
5299:
5294:
5271:
5266:
5260:
5240:
5231:
5218:
5195:
5191:
5182:
5161:
5142:
5110:
5086:
5047:
5009:
5007:
4989:
4985:
4962:
4941:
4935:
4873:
4855:
4797:
4709:(1958–1993)
4202:
4169:
4049:Agricultural
3972:Subsidiarity
3611:
3549:
3463:
3416:
3083:
3028:
2945:
2550:
2519:Romanian leu
2507:Polish złoty
2483:Danish krone
2471:Czech koruna
2443:
2438:
2419:
2411:
2406:
2158:
2096:
1735:
1690:
1653:
1635:
1557:
1544:
1531:
1518:
1497:
1493:Other bodies
1409:
1394:
1347:
1329:
1244:
1131:
1116:
1101:
1094:
1025:
993:
963:
943:
928:
893:
808:Spaak Report
720:
698:
592:
172:
153:
142:
138:Horizon 2020
110:
87:
78:
74:
51:
50:
9965:Urban areas
9828:Enlargement
9506:Citizenship
9255:LGBT rights
9093:Independent
8908:Euro summit
8824:Secretariat
8801:Legislature
8657:Withdrawals
8212:Irish pound
8202:German Mark
8106:Enlargement
7771:Netherlands
7407:Euro summit
6969:(1): 3–20.
5557:June / July
5489:countries):
5320:and to the
5310:the Council
5287:Europe 2020
4444:Netherlands
4127:Integration
4071:Citizenship
3853:Netherlands
3326:Netherlands
3084:EEA members
2999:Switzerland
2848:Netherlands
2354:Netherlands
2111:Switzerland
1998:Netherlands
1302:(2019–2024)
1300:9th session
1207:Secretariat
978:(2015–2016)
494:Netherlands
124:(SGP), the
10012:Categories
9940:Directives
9838:Statistics
9660:Healthcare
9399:Eurosphere
9304:Currencies
9275:Withdrawal
9250:Regulation
9055:EIB Group
9000:Eurosystem
8868:Presidency
8829:Committees
8769:Statistics
8439:Since 2004
8121:Withdrawal
7944:Montenegro
7819:San Marino
7761:Luxembourg
7667:500 €
7662:200 €
7657:100 €
7392:Eurosystem
7231:1066340928
7135:2020-03-21
6924:1828/13776
6787:2020-03-07
6746:2020-03-07
6722:2020-03-07
6683:2020-03-07
6659:2020-03-05
6635:2020-03-05
6611:2020-03-05
6587:2020-03-21
6563:2020-03-21
6476:2020-03-21
6388:2020-03-21
6364:2020-03-05
6340:2020-03-12
6316:2020-03-05
6225:2020-03-20
6201:2020-03-04
6181:2020-03-04
6161:2020-03-20
6137:2020-03-07
6113:2020-03-03
6090:2020-03-04
6027:2020-03-07
5933:2022-03-28
5909:2022-03-28
5885:2020-03-06
5813:2020-03-05
5772:1828/12656
5720:References
5509:commission
5496:Commission
5461:Commission
5422:Commission
5407:Commission
5392:semester.
5367:Commission
5302:Commission
5282:Commission
5274:Commission
5251:Commission
5173:Commission
5169:Commission
5125:Commission
5078:Commission
5050:Commission
4994:Commission
4946:Commission
4889:stability.
4420:Luxembourg
3979:Regulation
3829:Luxembourg
3302:Luxembourg
2822:Luxembourg
2330:Luxembourg
1972:Luxembourg
1583:SRM bodies
1479:Euro coins
1323:Conference
1103:Presidency
879:Article 50
656:Montenegro
468:Luxembourg
140:strategy.
9888:Languages
9867:Douzelage
9711:relations
9511:passports
9434:Euromyths
9338:Transport
9216:Directive
9044:EU bodies
8990:President
8947:Judiciary
8920:President
8903:President
8890:Executive
8878:Eurogroup
8834:Elections
8814:President
8711:Geography
8699:Geography
7756:Lithuania
7652:50 €
7647:20 €
7642:10 €
7629:Banknotes
7619:Euro mint
7524:Petroeuro
7402:Eurogroup
7344:Euro sign
7274:153498697
7266:1556-5068
7205:1350-1763
7161:930603134
7112:0034-2971
7068:246234038
7060:1556-5068
6993:0021-9886
6941:244883821
6933:0021-9886
6839:2374-5118
6274:cite book
6266:951561364
6072:240345852
5997:1556-5068
5966:875965937
5855:2380-6567
5781:1350-1763
5606:EU budget
5304:to other
4882:policies.
4408:Lithuania
4059:Fisheries
4045:Policies
3984:Directive
3817:Lithuania
3501:Elections
3290:Lithuania
3058:(Opt-out)
2809:Lithuania
2420:President
2413:Eurogroup
2318:Lithuania
1959:Lithuania
1625:of the EU
1456:President
1259:President
1155:Eurogroup
1068:Juhansone
1039:President
1002:President
874:Article 7
455:Lithuania
9989:Category
9903:Religion
9709:Foreign
9697:VAT Area
9577:Eurozone
9473:Policies
9387:Concepts
9379:Politics
9319:Eurozone
9270:opt-outs
9265:Treaties
9155:Military
9132:Advisory
9116:Agencies
8756:Regions
8414:Founders
8401:Timeline
8133:and euro
7887:Bulgaria
7786:Slovenia
7781:Slovakia
7776:Portugal
7688:Eurozone
7637:5 €
7589:2 €
7584:1 €
7438:Six pack
7354:Language
7349:Eurozone
6860:30 April
6250:. ETUI.
5463:and the
5416:February
5386:members:
5384:Eurozone
5375:Eurozone
5257:November
5249:and the
5243:Eurozone
5198:Eurozone
5121:Six Pack
5111:All the
5058:Eurozone
4996:and the
4948:and the
4863:hard law
4858:Soft law
4848:and the
4842:Two Pack
4828:Six Pack
4504:Slovenia
4492:Slovakia
4468:Portugal
4240:Bulgaria
4081:Identity
4064:Regional
3989:Decision
3913:Slovenia
3901:Slovakia
3877:Portugal
3649:Bulgaria
3386:Slovenia
3374:Slovakia
3350:Portugal
3121:Bulgaria
2913:Slovenia
2900:Slovakia
2874:Portugal
2653:Bulgaria
2559:Bulgaria
2390:Slovenia
2378:Slovakia
2366:Portugal
2063:Slovenia
2050:Slovakia
2024:Portugal
1777:Bulgaria
1316:Quaestor
1162:AGRIFISH
888:Opt-outs
559:Slovenia
546:Slovakia
520:Portugal
273:Bulgaria
198:a series
162:and the
145:Six-pack
136:and the
100:and the
9980:Outline
9913:Symbols
9854:Culture
9343:TRACECA
9287:Economy
9095:offices
8392:History
8037:General
8029:History
7912:Romania
7902:Hungary
7897:Denmark
7809:Andorra
7741:Ireland
7731:Germany
7721:Finland
7716:Estonia
7706:Croatia
7701:Belgium
7696:Austria
7452:Economy
7322:General
7130:Bruegel
6359:Eur-lex
5578:Council
5513:Council
5465:Council
5427:Council
5371:Council
5237:October
5165:Council
5119:of the
5097:Estonia
5089:Belgium
5074:council
5032:of the
5026:Council
4998:Council
4965:deficit
4956:of the
4950:Council
4660:Ireland
4630:History
4480:Romania
4372:Ireland
4360:Hungary
4336:Germany
4312:Finland
4300:Estonia
4288:Denmark
4252:Croatia
4228:Belgium
4216:Austria
3962:Primacy
3889:Romania
3781:Ireland
3769:Hungary
3745:Germany
3721:Finland
3709:Estonia
3697:Denmark
3661:Croatia
3637:Belgium
3625:Austria
3431:Iceland
3362:Romania
3254:Ireland
3242:Hungary
3218:Germany
3194:Finland
3182:Estonia
3170:Denmark
3133:Croatia
3109:Belgium
3097:Austria
3056:Ireland
2960:Iceland
2887:Romania
2770:Hungary
2744:Germany
2718:Finland
2705:Estonia
2692:Denmark
2666:Croatia
2640:Belgium
2627:Austria
2589:Romania
2574:Hungary
2569:Denmark
2564:Czechia
2282:Ireland
2258:Germany
2234:Finland
2222:Estonia
2198:Croatia
2186:Belgium
2174:Austria
2037:Romania
1920:Ireland
1907:Hungary
1881:Germany
1855:Finland
1842:Estonia
1829:Denmark
1790:Croatia
1764:Belgium
1751:Austria
1730:Euratom
1459:Lagarde
1371:Rulings
1361:Members
1283:S&D
1263:Metsola
1252:Members
1231:COREPER
1117:Hungary
1012:Parties
1008:(ALDE)
870:(2007)
692:Ukraine
644:Moldova
632:Georgia
608:Albania
533:Romania
416:Ireland
403:Hungary
377:Germany
351:Finland
338:Estonia
325:Denmark
286:Croatia
260:Belgium
247:Austria
160:Council
84:History
54:of the
9994:Portal
9299:Budget
9196:Acquis
9157:bodies
9134:bodies
8783:Bodies
8080:
8069:
8058:
7939:Kosovo
7917:Sweden
7907:Poland
7814:Monaco
7751:Latvia
7736:Greece
7726:France
7711:Cyprus
7397:Ecofin
7316:topics
7272:
7264:
7229:
7203:
7159:
7110:
7066:
7058:
6991:
6939:
6931:
6837:
6264:
6254:
6070:
6060:
5995:
5964:
5853:
5779:
5316:, the
5312:, the
5208:, the
5101:Sweden
4897:1997,
4844:, the
4641:Brexit
4528:Sweden
4456:Poland
4396:Latvia
4348:Greece
4324:France
4264:Cyprus
4054:Energy
4017:Budget
3957:Acquis
3937:Sweden
3865:Poland
3805:Latvia
3757:Greece
3733:France
3673:Cyprus
3464:Topics
3457:Norway
3455:
3442:
3429:
3410:Sweden
3338:Poland
3278:Latvia
3230:Greece
3206:France
3146:Cyprus
3054:
3043:Cyprus
3041:
2997:
2986:Norway
2984:
2971:
2958:
2939:Sweden
2937:
2924:
2911:
2898:
2885:
2872:
2861:Poland
2859:
2846:
2833:
2820:
2807:
2796:Latvia
2794:
2781:
2768:
2757:Greece
2755:
2742:
2731:France
2729:
2716:
2703:
2690:
2677:
2664:
2651:
2638:
2625:
2584:Sweden
2579:Poland
2539:ERM II
2306:Latvia
2270:Greece
2246:France
2210:Cyprus
2122:
2109:
2089:Sweden
2087:
2074:
2061:
2048:
2035:
2022:
2011:Poland
2009:
1996:
1983:
1970:
1957:
1946:Latvia
1944:
1931:
1918:
1905:
1894:Greece
1892:
1879:
1868:France
1866:
1853:
1840:
1827:
1814:
1803:Cyprus
1801:
1788:
1775:
1762:
1749:
1306:Bureau
1202:Voting
1172:COMPET
1150:ECOFIN
1006:Michel
972:(2004)
958:(1992)
952:(1985)
864:(2007)
858:(2001)
852:(1997)
846:(1992)
840:(1986)
834:(1983)
828:(1965)
822:(1957)
816:(1957)
810:(1956)
804:(1951)
798:(1951)
792:(1950)
736:Kosovo
714:Turkey
680:Serbia
585:Sweden
583:
570:
557:
544:
531:
518:
507:Poland
505:
492:
479:
466:
453:
442:Latvia
440:
427:
414:
401:
390:Greece
388:
375:
364:France
362:
349:
336:
323:
310:
299:Cyprus
297:
284:
271:
258:
245:
158:, the
128:, the
44:
38:
32:
26:
9927:Lists
9040:Other
7988:Other
7791:Spain
7766:Malta
7746:Italy
7546:Coins
7469:Eonia
7270:S2CID
7064:S2CID
6937:S2CID
6536:(PDF)
6514:(PDF)
6429:(PDF)
6407:(PDF)
6108:(PDF)
6068:S2CID
6021:(PDF)
6014:(PDF)
5690:Notes
5455:April
5439:March
5129:Spain
5093:Italy
4516:Spain
4432:Malta
4384:Italy
3925:Spain
3841:Malta
3793:Italy
3398:Spain
3314:Malta
3266:Italy
2926:Spain
2835:Malta
2783:Italy
2402:Spain
2342:Malta
2294:Italy
2076:Spain
1985:Malta
1933:Italy
1577:ESFS
1167:EPSCO
1045:(EPP)
572:Spain
481:Malta
429:Italy
9520:list
9324:Euro
8685:2020
8680:2012
8675:1985
8670:1984
8665:1962
8647:2013
8642:2007
8637:2004
8632:1995
8627:1990
8622:1986
8617:1981
8612:1973
8607:1954
8583:2012
8574:2012
7964:ERM
7314:Euro
7262:ISSN
7227:OCLC
7201:ISSN
7157:OCLC
7108:ISSN
7056:ISSN
6989:ISSN
6929:ISSN
6862:2024
6835:ISSN
6280:link
6262:OCLC
6252:ISBN
6058:ISBN
5993:ISSN
5962:OCLC
5851:ISSN
5777:ISSN
5600:The
5507:The
5443:The
5099:and
5018:Euro
4923:The
4916:The
4909:and
3598:2019
3593:2014
3588:2009
3583:2004
3578:1999
3573:1994
3568:1989
3563:1984
3558:1979
1464:ESCB
1182:ENVI
938:2020
934:1984
923:2011
919:2005
915:2003
911:1994
907:1985
903:1979
899:1972
764:EU 3
232:(27)
68:and
9188:Law
8083:EMU
8078:III
8072:ERM
8061:ECU
7579:50c
7574:20c
7569:10c
7254:doi
7191:doi
7100:doi
7096:LII
7046:hdl
7038:doi
6979:hdl
6971:doi
6919:hdl
6911:doi
6825:hdl
6815:doi
6050:doi
5985:doi
5841:doi
5767:hdl
5757:doi
5503:May
5355:).
5091:or
4960:).
4821:SGP
4689:G20
3950:Law
1469:EMU
1273:EPP
1192:EYC
1187:JHA
1177:TTE
1145:FAC
1140:GAC
10014::
8067:II
7966:II
7564:5c
7559:2c
7554:1c
7268:.
7260:.
7252:.
7248:.
7213:^
7199:.
7187:25
7185:.
7181:.
7169:^
7128:.
7106:.
7090:.
7076:^
7062:.
7054:.
7044:.
7036:.
7032:.
7020:^
7010:.
6987:.
6977:.
6967:60
6965:.
6961:.
6949:^
6935:.
6927:.
6917:.
6907:60
6905:.
6901:.
6889:^
6879:.
6833:.
6823:.
6811:21
6809:.
6805:.
6780:.
6769:^
6739:.
6715:.
6676:.
6652:.
6628:.
6604:.
6580:.
6556:.
6538:.
6516:.
6494:.
6469:.
6450:.
6431:.
6409:.
6381:.
6357:.
6333:.
6302:^
6276:}}
6272:{{
6260:.
6234:^
6218:.
6154:.
6130:.
6066:,
6056:,
6036:^
5991:.
5983:.
5942:^
5926:.
5902:.
5878:.
5863:^
5849:.
5835:.
5831:.
5806:.
5789:^
5775:.
5765:.
5753:25
5751:.
5747:.
5727:^
5573:.
5544:,
5540:,
5536:,
5467::
5449:EU
5349:EU
5308::
5202:EU
5180:.
5103:.
5000:.
4901:,
4830:);
4823:);
4684:G7
4632:)
1261::
1214::
1126:)
1066::
1041::
1004::
936:,
921:,
917:,
913:,
909:,
905:,
901:,
200:on
170:.
9522:)
9518:(
8585:)
8576:)
8375:e
8368:t
8361:v
8056:I
8047:"
8043:"
7306:e
7299:t
7292:v
7276:.
7256::
7233:.
7207:.
7193::
7163:.
7138:.
7114:.
7102::
7070:.
7048::
7040::
7014:.
6995:.
6981::
6973::
6943:.
6921::
6913::
6883:.
6864:.
6841:.
6827::
6817::
6790:.
6749:.
6725:.
6686:.
6662:.
6638:.
6614:.
6590:.
6566:.
6542:.
6520:.
6498:.
6479:.
6454:.
6435:.
6413:.
6391:.
6367:.
6343:.
6319:.
6282:)
6268:.
6228:.
6204:.
6184:.
6164:.
6140:.
6116:.
6093:.
6052::
6030:.
5999:.
5987::
5968:.
5936:.
5912:.
5888:.
5857:.
5843::
5837:5
5816:.
5783:.
5769::
5759::
4913:.
4787:e
4780:t
4773:v
4662:)
4658:(
4628:(
3968:)
3964:(
1289:)
1285:(
1279:)
1275:(
1254:)
1250:(
1122:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
