5583:, towards eruption of local shocks (in particular when both the sovereign and its national banking sector is perceived by the market to be in a fragile situation). It would also carry less risk for needing injection of additional public money to service its payment of deposit guarantees in the event of severe crisis, as failing risks would be spread more widely across all member states while its private sector funds would be raised over a much larger pool of financial institutions. EDIS would just like the national deposit guarantee schemes be privately funded through ex ante risk-based fees paid by all the participating banks in the Member States, and be devised in a way that would prevent moral hazard. Establishment of a fully-fledged EDIS will take time. A possible option would be to devise the EDIS as a re-insurance system at the European level for the national deposit guarantee schemes.
135:
5501:
indicators could be monitored in the future as part of the annual
European Semester: (A) Getting more people of all ages into work; (B) Striking the right balance between flexible and secure labour contracts; (C) Avoiding the divide between "labor market insiders" with high protection and wages and "labor market outsiders"; (D) Shifting taxes away from labour; (E) Delivering tailored support for the unemployed to re-enter the labour market; (F) Improving education and lifelong learning; (G) Ensure that every citizen has access to an adequate education; (H) Ensure that an effective social protection system and "
648:
3026:
2138:
3096:
4304:
3713:
3186:
2499:
4256:
3665:
3137:
2214:
2667:
1791:
287:
2706:
1843:
339:
696:
5345:"Establish a well-defined and limited fiscal capacity to improve the absorption of country-specific economic shocks, through an insurance system set up at the central level." Such fiscal capacity would reinforce the resilience of the eurozone, and is envisaged to be complementary to the "contractual arrangements" created in stage 2. The idea is to establish it as a built-in incentives-based system, so that eurozone Member States eligible for participation in this centralized asymmetrically working
4472:
3881:
3354:
2382:
5108:
effected centrally from the ECB. As a consequence, if member states do not manage their economy in a way that they can show a fiscal discipline (as they were obliged by the
Maastricht treaty), the mechanism means a member state could effectively 'run out of money' to finance spending. This is characterized as a sovereign debt crisis where a country is without the possibility of refinancing itself with a sovereign currency. This is what happened to Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Cyprus, and Spain.
2151:
2875:
2025:
521:
3471:
3000:
684:
4448:
3857:
3330:
2358:
4436:
3845:
3318:
2346:
4400:
3809:
3282:
2460:
2310:
5514:(B) Periodic reporting on national reform implementation, regular peer reviews or a "comply-or-explain" approach should be used more systematically to hold the Member States accountable for the delivery of their National Reform Programme commitments. The Eurogroup could also play a coordinating role in cross-examining performance, with increased focus on benchmarking and pursuing best practices within the Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure (MIP) framework.
2849:
1999:
495:
660:
5829:, is that its conditional shock absorbing transfers shall be triggered long before there is a need for ESM to offer the country a conditional macroeconomic crisis support programme, but that the mechanism at the same time never shall result in permanent annual transfers - or income equalizing transfers - between countries. A first building block of this "economic shock absorption mechanism", could perhaps be establishment of a permanent version of the
4532:
4268:
3941:
3677:
3414:
3149:
2487:
2418:
4520:
4496:
3929:
3905:
3402:
3378:
2406:
2394:
2836:
1986:
482:
7575:
7563:
7551:
4340:
3749:
3222:
2262:
4388:
4280:
3797:
3689:
3270:
3161:
2523:
2226:
1144:
720:
672:
4508:
4328:
4316:
4244:
3917:
3737:
3725:
3653:
3390:
3210:
3198:
3125:
2940:
2680:
2547:
2511:
2250:
2202:
2090:
1804:
636:
586:
300:
2927:
2901:
2077:
2051:
573:
547:
5136:, appeared unlikely to happen. Additionally, there were widespread fears that a process of strengthening the Union's power to intervene in eurozone member states and to impose flexible labour markets and flexible wages, might constitute a serious threat to Social Europe. In the negotiation process, member states advocated different solutions depending on their political and political characteristics, while the result was a broad compromise.
2745:
1882:
378:
4424:
4292:
3833:
3701:
3458:
3306:
3174:
3083:
2987:
2797:
2693:
2334:
2238:
1947:
1934:
1817:
742:
708:
443:
430:
313:
4376:
3785:
3258:
2914:
2732:
2719:
2654:
2298:
2064:
1869:
1856:
1778:
764:
560:
365:
352:
274:
4781:
25:
5213:, and should be based on the principle of "voluntary participation and non-binding outcome". Meaning the end result of an EAC should not be a final dictate, but instead just an early delivered politically approved non-binding "advisory note" put forward to the national parliament, which then can be taken into consideration, as part of their process on improving and finalizing the design of their major economic reform in the making.
3070:
2823:
1973:
1830:
469:
326:
3484:
3013:
2784:
1921:
417:
4460:
4364:
3869:
3773:
3342:
3246:
2370:
2286:
249:
2862:
2012:
508:
4556:
3965:
3438:
2559:
2171:
4484:
3893:
3366:
2771:
2535:
1908:
404:
4352:
3761:
3234:
2274:
2630:
2966:
2116:
612:
4412:
3821:
3294:
2888:
2322:
2038:
534:
2758:
1895:
391:
4544:
3953:
3426:
2430:
2810:
1960:
456:
2953:
2103:
599:
5555:. The bridge financing mechanism is envisaged to be made available as a supplementing instrument, in order to make SRF capable straight from the first day it becomes operational (1 January 2016) to conduct potential large scale immediate transfers for resolution of financial institutions in critical need. The mechanism will only exist temporarily, until a certain level of funds have been collected by SRF.
5268:(ESM), for conducting "direct bank recapitalization" between the ESM rescue fund and a country-specific systemic bank in critical need, so that the general government of the country in which the beneficiary is situated won't be involved as a guaranteeing debtor on behalf of the bank. This proposed new instrument, would be contrary to the first framework made available by ESM for "bank recapitalizations"
3519:
5685:: (A) Simplification of prospectus requirements; (B) Reviving the EU market for high quality securitisation; (C) Greater harmonisation of accounting and auditing practices; (D) Addressing the most important bottlenecks preventing the integration of capital markets in areas like insolvency law, company law, property rights and the legal enforceability of cross-border claims.
5512:(A) The Country-Specific Recommendations which are already in place as part of the European Semester, need to focus more on "priority reforms", and shall be more concrete in regards of their expected outcome and time-frame for delivery (while still granting the Member State political maneuver room on how the exact measures shall be designed and implemented).
5505:" are in place to protect the most vulnerable in society; (I) Implementation of major reforms to ensure pension and health systems can continue functioning in a socially just way while coping with the rising economic expenditure pressures stemming from the rapidly ageing populations in Europe - in example by aligning the retirement age with life expectancy.
5107:
and essentially use of a 'foreign currency' for the respective states, they can no longer use an isolated national monetary policy as an economic tool within their central banks. Nor can they issue money to finance any required government deficits or pay interest on government bond sales. All this is
4903:, presented in October 1970 the first commonly agreed blueprint to create an economic and monetary union in three stages (Werner plan). The project experienced serious setbacks from the crises arising from the non-convertibility of the US dollar into gold in August 1971 (i.e., the collapse of the
5705:
This new independent advisory entity would coordinate and complement the work of the already established independent national fiscal advisory councils. The board would also provide a public and independent assessment, at
European level, of how budgets – and their execution – perform against the
6389:
5500:
There is no "one-size-fits-all" standard template to follow, meaning that no harmonized specific minimum standards are envisaged to be set up as compliance requirements in this field. But as the challenges often are similar across Member States, their performance and progress on the following
5762:), which mean Europeans speak with a fragmented voice, leading to the EU punching below its political and economic weight. Although the building of consolidated external representation is desirable, it is envisaged to be a gradual process, with only the first steps to be taken in stage 1.
5319:
Establish a new "mechanism for stronger coordination, convergence and enforcement of structural policies based on arrangements of a contractual nature between Member States and EU institutions on the policies countries commit to undertake and on their implementation". The envisaged
5821:– and a continued adherence to them once they are reached – would need to be verified by regular monitoring and would be among the conditions for each eurozone Member State to meet in order to become eligible for participation in a new fiscal capacity referred to as the
5836:
Another important pre-condition for the launch of the "economic shock absorption mechanism", is expected to be, that the eurozone first establish an increasing degree of "common decision-making on national budgets" and an "enhanced coordination of economic policies"
5457:. The proposed "Eurozone system of Competitiveness Authorities" would bring together these national bodies and the Commission, which on an annual basis would coordinate the "recommendation for actions" being issued by the national Competitiveness Authorities.
1591:
201:
member states. All new EU member states must commit to participate in the third stage in their treaties of accession and are obliged to enter the third stage once they comply with all convergence criteria. Twenty EU member states, including most recently
5562:
An ultimate common backstop should also be established to the SRF, for the purpose of handling rare severe crisis events featuring a total amount of resolution costs beyond the capacity of the funds held by SRF. This could be done through the issue of an
5802:
should be moved into becoming part of the EU treaty law applying automatically for all eurozone member states (something which is possible to do within existing paragraphs of the current EU treaty), in order to simplify and institutionalize its
5441:
The EMU should be made more resilient by building on existing instruments and making the best possible use of the existing
Treaties. In other words, "deepening by doing". This first stage comprise implementation of the following eleven working
4867:
Governor Marius
Holtrop argued that a common central-bank policy was necessary in a unified Europe, but his subsequent advocacy of a coordinated initiative by the European Community's central banks was met with skepticism from the heads of the
5567:
to SRF, with any potential draws from this extra standby arrangement being conditioned on simultaneous implementation of extra ex-post levies on the financial industry, to ensure full repayment of the drawn funds to ESM over a medium-term
5480:, so that the Commission more forcefully within this legal framework can require implementation of structural reforms - followed by a period of extended reform implementation surveillance in which continued incompliance can be sanctioned.
5012:, designed to ensure budgetary discipline after creation of the euro, and a new exchange rate mechanism (ERM II) is set up to provide stability above the euro and the national currencies of countries that haven't yet entered the eurozone.
5124:. The intensification of work on plans to complete the existing EMU in order to correct its economic errors and social upheavals soon introduced the keyword "genuine" EMU. At the beginning of 2012, a proposed correction of the defective
5084:
There has also been significant doubt if all eurozone states really fulfilled a "high degree of sustainable convergence" as demanded by the
Maastricht treaty as condition to join the Euro without getting into financial trouble later on.
5649:
from investors in the EU and all over the world, so that companies (including SMEs) in addition to the already available bank credit lending also can tap capital markets through alternative funding sources that better suits
5792:
in Spring 2017, which will conduct an assessment of progress made in Stage 1, and outline in more details the next steps and measures needed for completion of the EMU in Stage 2. This second stage is currently envisaged to
5152:
was issued by the four presidents of the
Council, European Commission, ECB and Eurogroup. The report outlined the following roadmap for implementing actions being required to ensure the stability and integrity of the EMU:
5833:, in which the tap by a country into the identified pool of financing sources and future strategic investment projects could be timed to occur upon the periodic eruption of downturns/shocks in its economic business cycle.
5434:. The report outlined a roadmap for further deepening of the EMU, meant to ensure a smooth functioning of the currency union and to allow the member states to be better prepared for adjusting to global challenges:
5208:
A pilot project was conducted in June 2014, which recommended the design of the yet to be developed Ex Ante
Coordination (EAC) framework, should be complementary to the instruments already in use as part of the
5664:
by pooling cross-border private risk-sharing through a deepening integration of bond and equity markets, hereby also protecting it better against the risk for systemic shocks in the national financial sector.
189:
are the set of requirements that needs to be fulfilled in order for a country to be approved to participate in the third stage. An important element of this is participation for a minimum of two years in the
6510:
4891:
in 1969, which set out the need for "greater co-ordination of economic policies and monetary cooperation," which was followed by the decision of the Heads of State or
Government at their summit meeting in
5032:
From the start of 1999, the euro is now a real currency, and a single monetary policy is introduced under the authority of the ECB. A three-year transition period begins before the introduction of actual
4994:
is established as the forerunner of the
European Central Bank, with the task of strengthening monetary cooperation between the member states and their national banks, as well as supervising ECU banknotes.
5706:
economic objectives and recommendations set out in the EU fiscal framework. Its issued opinions and advice should feed into the decisions taken by the Commission in the context of the European Semester.
5472:) is currently only triggered if excessive imbalances are identified while the state subsequently also fails to deliver a National Reform Programme sufficiently addressing the found imbalances, and the
5349:
are encouraged to continue implementing sound fiscal policy and structural reforms in accordance with their "contractual obligations", making these two new instruments intrinsically linked and mutually
5681:, could also play an important role in terms of providing a neutral treatment for different but comparable activities and investments across jurisdictions. A genuine CMU is envisaged also to require
5635:(CMU), and will publish a more concrete action plan for how to achieve it in September 2015. The CMU is envisaged to include all 28 EU Members and to be fully build by 2019. Its construction will:
4203:
5238:
Agreement on the harmonisation of national resolution and deposit guarantee frameworks, so that the financial industry across all countries contribute appropriately under the same set of rules.
1008:
776:
5283:
in their recovery/resolution phase, if such banks will be found in need to receive additional recapitalization funds after conducted bail-in by private creditors and regulated payment by the
5324:"could be supported with temporary, targeted and flexible financial support", although if such support is granted it "should be treated separately from the multiannual financial framework".
5606:
of countries unable to function as alternative backstop themselves without endangering their fiscal stability), while there should be made no change to the current requirement for a prior
5748:
As the Eurogroup will step up its involvement and steering role in the revamped European Semester, a reinforcement of its presidency and provided means at its disposal, may be required.
5573:
181:
There are three stages of the EMU, each of which consists of progressively closer economic integration. Only once a state participates in the third stage it is permitted to adopt the
42:
1253:
5677:
to ensure their solidity and that they have sufficient risk management structures in place (ultimately leading to the launch of a new single European capital markets supervisor).
6198:
Verdun A., The role of the Delors Committee in the creation of EMU: an epistemic community?, Journal of European Public Policy, Volume 6, Number 2, 1 June 1999 , pp. 308–328(21)
1199:
1156:
1148:
5248:
which established a common harmonized framework for the recovery and resolution of credit institutions and investment firms found to be in danger of failing, and through the
6438:"Completing Europe's Economic and Monetary Union: Report by Jean-Claude Juncker in close cooperation with Donald Tusk, Jeroen Dijsselbloem, Mario Draghi and Martin Schulz"
5551:
Building up SRF with sufficient funds, is an ongoing process to be conducted through eight years of annual contributions made by the financial sector, as regulated by the
4668:
4939:, was asked to propose a new timetable with clear, practical and realistic steps for creating an economic and monetary union. This way of working was derived from the
1284:
652:
4818:
1239:
6286:
5272:, which required the general government to step in as a guaranteeing debtor on behalf of its beneficiary banks – with the adverse impact of burdening their gross
4856:
asked in 1929 for a European currency against the background of an increased economic division due to a number of new nation states in Europe after World War I.
89:
5529:
1244:
6173:
Harold James (2020). "The BIS and the European Monetary Experiment". In Claudio Borio; Stijn Claessens; Piet Clement; Robert McCauley; Hyun Song Shin (eds.).
61:
3507:
966:
5602:
was launched in December 2014, but should soon be reviewed for the purpose of loosening its restrictive eligibility criteria (currently it only applies for
6452:"Economic governance review: Report on the application of Regulations (EU) n° 1173/2011, 1174/2011, 1175/2011, 1176/2011, 1177/2011, 472/2013 and 473/2013"
194:("ERM II"), in which candidate currencies demonstrate economic convergence by maintaining limited deviation from their target rate against the euro.
6218:
4031:
1355:
68:
5410:
5279:
ESM made the proposed "direct bank recapitalization" framework operational starting from December 2014, as a new novel ultimate backstop instrument for
5015:
On 3 May 1998, at the European Council in Brussels, the 11 initial countries that will participate in the third stage from 1 January 1999 are selected.
1453:
700:
5815:(focusing primarily on labour markets, competitiveness, business environment, public administrations, and certain aspects of tax policy like i.e. the
5516:(C) The annual cycle of the European Semester should be supplemented by a stronger multi-annual approach in line with the renewed convergence process.
5810:, could also be agreed to complete the EMU's economic and institutional architecture, for the purpose of making the convergence process more binding.
5233:
This point was fully achieved, when CRD‑IV/CRR entered into force in July 2013 and European Banking Supervision became operational in November 2014.
5769:
5732:
More systematic consultation by governments of national Parliaments and social partners before submitting National Reform and Stability Programmes.
5200:
1393:
1315:
1209:
75:
6161:
6302:
Târlea, Silvana; Bailer, Stephanie; Degner, Hanno; Dellmuth, Lisa; Leuffen, Dirk; Lundgren, Magnus; Tallberg, Jonas; Wasserfallen, Fabio (2019).
5907:
published the minutes, reports and transcripts of the Committee for the Study of Economic and Monetary Union ('Delors Committee') in March 2020.
5788:
The achievements of the first stage would be consolidated. On basis of consultation with an expert group, the European Commission will publish a
4662:
1630:
1135:
7605:
6258:
Hacker, Björn (2013): On the Way to a Fiscal or a Stability Union? The Plans for a »Genuine« Economic and Monetary Union, FES, online at:
5022:(ECB) is created, and on 31 December 1998, the conversion rates between the 11 participating national currencies and the euro are established.
57:
1002:
688:
5447:
Deepening the Economic Union by ensuring a new boost to convergence, jobs and growth across the entire eurozone. This shall be achieved by:
6420:
6092:
4811:
1448:
1096:
6187:
5192:
Point fully achieved through entry into force of the Six‑Pack in December 2011, Fiscal Compact in January 2013 and Two‑Pack in May 2013.
4658:
3555:
1300:
1234:
1224:
754:
732:
626:
5729:
More systematic interactions between Commissioners and national Parliaments on Country-Specific Recommendations and on national budgets.
7531:
6744:
4680:
1363:
724:
676:
640:
6270:
Busch, Klaus (April 2012): Is the Euro Failing? Structural Problems and Policy Failures Bringing Europe to the Brink, FES, online at:
5958:(2000), "Italy towards European Monetary Union (and domestic socio-economic disunion)", in Moss, Bernard H.; Michie, Jonathan (eds.),
3575:
1729:
1403:
1343:
1081:
906:
768:
746:
712:
5476:
published for states with excessive imbalance but without EIP only work as a non-legal peer-pressure instrument. In the future, the
4946:
The Delors report of 1989 set out a plan to introduce the EMU in three stages and it included the creation of institutions like the
1716:
6837:
5936:
5453:
Each eurozone state shall (like Belgium and Netherlands already did) create an independent national body in charge of tracking its
4643:
4152:
3570:
5830:
4804:
4613:
4308:
4196:
230:
7600:
6635:
6620:
6437:
5816:
4578:
4568:
1699:
1635:
1488:
1468:
1458:
1381:
1263:
1182:
82:
4791:
7526:
6543:
6146:
5726:
Plenary debate at the European Parliament first on the Annual Growth Survey and then on the Country-Specific Recommendations.
5372:. A subject to "enhanced coordination", could in example be the specific taxation and employment policies implemented by the
4703:
4096:
4071:
1687:
6451:
5603:
5280:
4708:
4653:
4628:
4608:
4603:
4573:
4476:
4059:
3813:
3540:
3533:
1291:
1120:
1113:
1071:
864:
664:
7100:
5921:
5875:
5538:
5521:
5300:
5223:
4899:
On the basis of various previous proposals, an expert group chaired by Luxembourg's Prime Minister and Finance Minister,
4648:
4638:
4633:
4623:
4588:
4583:
4086:
2164:
1739:
1674:
175:
6175:
Promoting Global Monetary and Financial Stability: The Bank for International Settlements after Bretton Woods, 1973-2020
5808:(i.e. commonly agreed "convergence benchmark standards" of a more binding legal nature, and a treasury for the eurozone)
7329:
6283:
5857:
Reaching the final stage of "a deep and genuine EMU", by also considering the prospects of potential EU treaty changes.
4767:
4698:
4618:
4593:
4228:
4223:
3512:
911:
801:
262:
6468:
5991:
5967:
5825:, which will be established for the eurozone as a last element of this second stage. The fundamental idea behind the
5462:
4745:
4598:
4103:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
1709:
1694:
1398:
1338:
1325:
1194:
1049:
1034:
791:
108:
5758:
The EU and the eurozone are still not represented as one voice in the international financial institutions (i.e. in
4896:
in 1969 to draw up a plan by stages with a view to creating an economic and monetary union by the end of the 1970s.
7310:
7193:
6625:
4947:
4218:
3565:
3095:
3054:
2571:
2477:
1762:
1734:
1704:
1611:
1496:
1305:
1219:
1204:
191:
6403:
6842:
6034:
6003:
5338:
Stage 3: Improving the resilience of EMU through the creation of a shock-absorption function at the central level
4452:
4108:
4026:
3717:
5657:
by connecting investors and those who need funding more efficiently, both within Member States and cross-border.
5642:
for all businesses across Europe and investment projects, in particular start-ups, SMEs and long-term projects.
5227:
4440:
1749:
1645:
1410:
1348:
920:
815:
239:
215:
211:
46:
6702:
6517:
Completing Europe's Economic and Monetary Union: Five presidents' report (EC, EP, ECB, Eurogroup and Council)
5926:
5469:
5186:
5178:
4536:
4524:
4500:
4272:
4004:
3994:
3550:
1570:
1128:
781:
5116:
Being of the opinion that the pure austerity course was not able to solve the Euro-crisis, French President
4907:) and from rising oil prices in 1972. An attempt to limit the fluctuations of European currencies, using a
7359:
6727:
6676:
6666:
5799:
5691:
5592:
5265:
5219:
4512:
4404:
4392:
4368:
4344:
4332:
4320:
4284:
4260:
4248:
4135:
4054:
4049:
3885:
1557:
786:
6207:
4962:
On 1 July 1990, exchange controls are abolished, thus capital movements are completely liberalised in the
7379:
7344:
7339:
7130:
5861:
All of the above three stages are envisaged to bring further progress on all four dimensions of the EMU:
5759:
5304:
4991:
4963:
4837:
4750:
4560:
4488:
4428:
4380:
4356:
4296:
4140:
4011:
3044:
2596:
2576:
970:
167:
6505:
6832:
4548:
4464:
4416:
4081:
4016:
1744:
1463:
1435:
1428:
134:
7077:
7095:
6722:
6661:
6536:
6483:
5009:
4021:
1388:
1332:
1044:
894:
186:
7289:
7039:
6999:
6511:
European integration process: 1969–1979 Crises and revival: Economic and Monetary Union cooperation
4869:
3545:
1541:
1536:
1066:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
7052:
6237:
5980:
On the way to a fiscal or a stability union? The plans for a "genuine" economic and monetary union
5712:
Revamp the European Semester by reorganizing it to follow two consecutive stages. The first stage
4973:
in 1992 establishes the completion of the EMU as a formal objective and sets a number of economic
7182:
6681:
5502:
5489:
5182:
5170:
Stage 1: Ensuring fiscal sustainability and breaking the costly link between banks and sovereigns
4091:
3861:
3049:
1177:
1172:
185:
as its official currency. As such, the third stage is largely synonymous with the eurozone. The
35:
7395:
7299:
7057:
6577:
6500:
6078:
5941:
5777:
5545:
5308:
5284:
4860:
4762:
4130:
4066:
3849:
3110:
2170:
1091:
988:
828:
647:
6516:
6343:
Lundgren, Magnus; Bailer, Stephanie; Dellmuth, Lisa; Tallberg, Jonas; Târlea, Silvana (2019).
5723:
Strengthen parliamentary control as part of the European Semester. This shall be achieved by:
5292:
Stage 2: Completing the integrated financial framework and promoting sound structural policies
127:, a group of EU countries at the most advanced stage of the EMU that have already adopted the
7566:
7125:
7105:
7014:
6994:
6852:
6615:
6592:
6572:
5931:
5916:
5904:
5879:
5698:
5632:
5621:
5423:
5098:
5078:
5019:
4977:, concerning the inflation rate, public finances, interest rates and exchange rate stability.
4927:
The debate on EMU was fully re-launched at the Hannover Summit in June 1988, when the ad hoc
4883:
A first concrete attempt to create an economic and monetary union between the members of the
4864:
4785:
4147:
4113:
3945:
3933:
3909:
3681:
2591:
1481:
1268:
1248:
1086:
6136:
5671:
strengthening of the available tools to manage systemic risks of financial players prudently
7354:
7150:
7140:
7135:
7047:
7024:
6529:
6001:
Miles, Lee; Doherty, Gabriel (March 2005). "The United Kingdom: a cautious euro-outsider".
5894:
Enhancing democratic accountability, legitimacy and institutional strengthening of the EMU.
5737:
Increase the level of cooperation between the European Parliament and national Parliaments.
5197:
Establish a framework for systematic Ex Ante Coordination of major economic policy reforms
5145:
5094:
4974:
4970:
4931:
of the central bank governors of the twelve member states, chaired by the President of the
4904:
4884:
4845:
4841:
4739:
4179:
4159:
3989:
3921:
3801:
3777:
3753:
3741:
3729:
3693:
3669:
3657:
2621:
2606:
2601:
1583:
1075:
5148:, which revealed a number of weaknesses in the architecture of the EMU, a report entitled
5117:
8:
7283:
7267:
7177:
7155:
7145:
6954:
6944:
6934:
6752:
6734:
6282:
Janssen, Ronald (2013): A Social Dimension for a Genuine Economic Union, SEJ, online at:
5431:
5419:
4950:(ESCB), which would become responsible for formulating and implementing monetary policy.
4932:
4909:
4888:
4877:
4692:
4399:
4169:
4164:
3969:
3897:
3837:
3808:
3789:
3765:
3705:
3502:
3286:
3281:
3088:
2616:
2611:
2459:
2314:
2309:
1952:
1278:
1214:
1059:
882:
870:
822:
448:
7480:
7090:
6107:
7578:
7400:
7062:
7029:
7004:
6989:
6984:
6959:
6949:
6939:
6857:
6366:
6325:
6223:
6051:
6020:
5768:
Integrate intergovernmental agreements into the framework of EU law. This includes the
4757:
4688:
4174:
3982:
3957:
3873:
3825:
2629:
1679:
982:
834:
3039:
7574:
7562:
7550:
7485:
7019:
6969:
6964:
6847:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6697:
6329:
6142:
6055:
6024:
5987:
5963:
5955:
5273:
5256:
5210:
5125:
4853:
4849:
3518:
1491:
876:
659:
6396:
6370:
6284:
http://www.social-europe.eu/2013/03/a-social-dimension-for-a-genuine-economic-union/
6032:
Howarth, David (March 2007). "The domestic politics of British policy on the Euro".
7490:
7470:
7465:
7334:
7238:
7166:
7009:
6979:
6974:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6757:
6404:"Ex ante coordination of major economic reform plans –report on the pilot exercise"
6356:
6315:
6271:
6259:
6043:
6012:
5978:
5694:, so that it becomes capable of detecting risks to the financial sector as a whole.
5415:
5005:
4928:
4922:
2527:
1027:
900:
1319:
7500:
7349:
6712:
6406:. Council of the European Union (Economic and Financial Committee). 17 June 2014.
6290:
5104:
4118:
3560:
2464:
1295:
695:
7243:
5813:
Significant progress towards these new common "convergence benchmark standards"
5488:
require implementation of reforms in countries accumulating large and sustained
5399:
2539:
7505:
7445:
7430:
7425:
6867:
6767:
6671:
5773:
5509:
Stronger coordination of economic policies within a revamped European Semester:
5131:
4936:
4873:
4716:
4303:
4123:
3712:
3190:
3185:
2711:
2498:
2156:
1848:
1506:
1100:
1038:
888:
852:
846:
344:
198:
171:
6047:
6016:
5177:
Framework for fiscal governance shall be completed through implementation of:
7594:
7495:
7440:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7253:
7212:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6762:
6598:
6361:
6344:
6320:
6303:
4900:
4210:
3476:
3005:
2644:
2563:
2491:
1309:
858:
5960:
The single European currency in national perspective: a community in crisis?
5497:
Greater focus on employment and social performance in the European Semester:
5314:
SRM was established in January 2015, SRF started working from January 2016.
206:, have entered the third stage and have adopted the euro as their currency.
7554:
7510:
7475:
7460:
7455:
7435:
7248:
7233:
7217:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6444:
6304:"Explaining governmental preferences on economic and monetary union reform"
5754:
Take steps towards a consolidated external representation of the eurozone:
5525:
5077:
There have been debates as to whether the Eurozone countries constitute an
4940:
3998:
2551:
2515:
2503:
1650:
Authority for European Political Parties and European Political Foundations
840:
6238:"Project Syndicate-Martin Feldstein-The French Don't Get It-December 2011"
5839:(i.e. of the specific taxation and employment policies implemented by the
7450:
6875:
6827:
6822:
6645:
6138:
Money and the Rise of the Modern Papacy: Financing the Vatican, 1850–1950
5789:
5669:
The establishment of the CMU, is envisaged at the same time to require a
5628:
5579:
A new common deposit insurance would be less vulnerable than the current
5484:
better capture imbalances (external deficits) for the eurozone as a whole
4471:
3880:
3358:
3353:
3031:
2880:
2386:
2381:
2143:
2030:
526:
210:, whose EU membership predates the introduction of the euro, has a legal
6784:
6630:
5038:
5034:
4997:
On 16 December 1995, details such as the name of the new currency (the
4953:
The three stages for the implementation of the EMU were the following:
4447:
3856:
3334:
3329:
2854:
2362:
2357:
2004:
1511:
683:
500:
5478:
EIP should be triggered as soon as excessive imbalances are identified
5455:
competitiveness performance and policies for improving competitiveness
6640:
6582:
6415:
6413:
5741:
5427:
4893:
4435:
3844:
3322:
3317:
2841:
2445:
2350:
2345:
1991:
1187:
487:
5493:(if caused by insufficient domestic demand or low growth potential).
5053:
On 1 January 2008, Cyprus and Malta join the third stage of the EMU.
24:
6926:
6587:
5559:
Implementing concrete steps towards the common backstop to the SRF:
5121:
5041:, but legally the national currencies have already ceased to exist.
4531:
4519:
4495:
4267:
3940:
3928:
3904:
3676:
3418:
3413:
3406:
3401:
3382:
3377:
3153:
3148:
2945:
2932:
2906:
2685:
2486:
2422:
2417:
2410:
2405:
2398:
2393:
2192:
2095:
2082:
2056:
1809:
796:
591:
578:
552:
305:
124:
6410:
5843:
of each Member State - which is published as part of their annual
5720:
then subsequently feature a discussion of country specific issues.
5716:
shall be devoted to the eurozone as a whole, and the second stage
5134:, common debt management and a completely integrated banking union
6717:
5111:
4507:
4387:
4363:
4339:
4327:
4315:
4279:
4255:
4243:
3916:
3796:
3772:
3748:
3736:
3724:
3688:
3664:
3652:
3463:
3394:
3389:
3274:
3269:
3250:
3245:
3226:
3221:
3214:
3209:
3202:
3197:
3165:
3160:
3141:
3136:
3129:
3124:
2992:
2919:
2802:
2776:
2750:
2737:
2724:
2698:
2672:
2659:
2546:
2522:
2510:
2290:
2285:
2266:
2261:
2254:
2249:
2230:
2225:
2218:
2213:
2206:
2201:
2069:
1939:
1913:
1887:
1874:
1861:
1822:
1796:
1783:
1592:
Agencies, decentralised independent bodies and joint undertakings
1143:
719:
671:
635:
565:
435:
409:
383:
370:
357:
318:
292:
279:
248:
207:
203:
5001:) as well as the duration of the transition periods are decided.
4984:
5986:. Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Internat. Policy Analysis.
5675:
strengthening of the supervisory framework for financial actors
5614:
first to be conducted before the instrument becomes accessible.
5264:
Establish a new operational framework under the auspice of the
4673:
4555:
4483:
4423:
4375:
4351:
4291:
3964:
3892:
3832:
3784:
3760:
3700:
3489:
3442:
3437:
3370:
3365:
3310:
3305:
3262:
3257:
3238:
3233:
3178:
3173:
3075:
3018:
2971:
2893:
2828:
2789:
2763:
2558:
2534:
2338:
2333:
2302:
2297:
2278:
2273:
2242:
2237:
2121:
2043:
1978:
1926:
1900:
1835:
763:
741:
707:
617:
539:
474:
422:
396:
331:
6521:
6384:
6382:
6380:
6342:
5391:(mentioned as part of stage 2 in the updated 2015 reform plan)
5357:(mentioned as part of stage 2 in the updated 2015 reform plan)
5331:(mentioned as part of stage 2 in the updated 2015 reform plan)
5120:
reopened the debate about a reform of the architecture of the
5065:
On 1 January 2015, Lithuania joins the third stage of the EMU.
6707:
6506:
The euro (European Commission Economic and Financial Affairs)
5450:
Creation of a eurozone system of Competitiveness Authorities:
5400:
Second EMU reform plan (2015–25): The Five Presidents' Report
5056:
On 1 January 2009, Slovakia joins the third stage of the EMU.
5050:
On 1 January 2007, Slovenia joins the third stage of the EMU.
5026:
4956:
4543:
4459:
4411:
3952:
3868:
3820:
3430:
3425:
3346:
3341:
3298:
3293:
2958:
2867:
2815:
2434:
2429:
2374:
2369:
2326:
2321:
2108:
2017:
1965:
604:
513:
461:
5068:
On 1 January 2023, Croatia joins the third stage of the EMU.
5059:
On 1 January 2011, Estonia joins the third stage of the EMU.
4669:
Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union
174:
is a group of policies aimed at converging the economies of
6552:
6377:
5062:
On 1 January 2014, Latvia joins the third stage of the EMU.
5047:
On 1 January 2002, the euro notes and coins are introduced.
5044:
On 1 January 2001, Greece joins the third stage of the EMU.
4998:
1459:
Economic and Financial Affairs configuration of the Council
182:
128:
6301:
5679:
A harmonized taxation scheme for capital market activities
5307:(SRM) as a common resolution authority and setting up the
5868:
Focusing on convergence, prosperity, and social cohesion.
4721:
4840:
in Europe was first raised well before establishing the
6123:
France persuaded Belgium, Italy, Switzerland and Greece
5482:(B) The Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure should also
5103:
Since membership of the eurozone establishes a single
6513:
subject file by the CVCE (Centre of European Studies)
6501:
EMU: A Historical Documentation (European Commission)
6432:
6430:
6421:"ESM direct bank recapitalisation instrument adopted"
6141:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 39.
5683:
update of EU legislation in the following four areas
5241:
This point has now been fully achieved, through the
218:and is thus not required to enter the third stage.
58:"Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union"
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
6427:
6345:"Bargaining success in the reform of the Eurozone"
5587:Improving the effectiveness of the instrument for
5139:
6568:Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union
6219:"As Euro Nears 10, Cracks Emerge in Fiscal Union"
5953:
5486:- not just for each individual country, and also
5406:"Completing Europe's Economic and Monetary Union"
7592:
6272:http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/id/ipa/09034.pdf
6260:http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/id/ipa/10400.pdf
6093:"What is the Economic and Monetary Union? (EMU)"
5770:Treaty on Stability, Coordination and Governance
5544:Setting up a bridge financing mechanism for the
5259:in case of a bank's inability to pay its debts.
5201:Treaty on Stability, Coordination and Governance
5088:
4980:The treaty enters into force on 1 November 1993.
1454:Committee on Budgetary Control of the Parliament
6469:"Green Paper: Building a Capital Markets Union"
6390:"Towards a genuine Economic and Monetary Union"
5150:"Towards a genuine Economic and Monetary Union"
1631:European Institute of Innovation and Technology
733:Countries with suspended accession negotiations
5655:Make the capital markets work more effectively
5112:Plans for reformed Economic and Monetary Union
6537:
5888:Ensuring sound and integrated fiscal policies
5776:; and the Intergovernmental Agreement on the
5662:Make the capital markets more shock resilient
5647:Increase and diversify the sources of funding
5252:(DGSD; Directive 2014/49/EU of 16 April 2014)
5228:Capital Requirements Directive and Regulation
4985:Stage Two: 1 January 1994 to 31 December 1998
4812:
6172:
6000:
5631:describing how they envisage to build a new
5370:"enhanced coordination of economic policies"
5366:"common decision-making on national budgets"
5311:(SRF) as an appropriate financial backstop.
5245:(BRRD; Directive 2014/59/EU of 15 May 2014)
3556:Political groups of the European Parliament
1627:Decentralised independent bodies of the EU
7532:European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism
6544:
6530:
5612:regulated SRF payment for resolution costs
5474:reform implementation surveillance reports
5404:In June 2015, a follow-up report entitled
5027:Stage Three: 1 January 1999 and continuing
4957:Stage One: 1 July 1990 to 31 December 1993
4819:
4805:
155: ERM II member with opt-out (Denmark)
6360:
6319:
6240:. Project-syndicate.org. 28 December 2011
6177:. Cambridge University Press. p. 13.
5130:introduction of a fiscal capacity of the
1730:Publications Office of the European Union
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
6482:Bank, European Central (20 March 2020).
6471:. European Commission. 18 February 2015.
6457:. European Commission. 28 November 2014.
5627:The European Commission has published a
4153:European System of Financial Supervision
1449:Internal Audit Service of the Commission
133:
6392:. European Commission. 5 December 2012.
6134:
6077:Bank, European Central (10 July 2020).
6031:
5831:European Fund for Strategic Investments
5608:resolution bail-in by private creditors
5243:Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive
5144:In December 2012, at the height of the
4659:United Kingdom–European Union relations
2584:Non Euro countries relationship to Euro
7593:
6128:
6105:
5976:
5714:(stretching from November to February)
5553:Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive
5414:) was issued by the presidents of the
4681:United States–European Union relations
1700:European Economic and Social Committee
138:The Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)
7606:Monetary policy of the European Union
7527:European Financial Stability Facility
6718:Euro interbank offered rate (Euribor)
6525:
6099:
5827:"economic shock absorption mechanism"
5823:"economic shock absorption mechanism"
4831:
4704:European Union and the United Nations
4236:Foreign relations of EU member states
6919:Coins by country with minting rights
6481:
6440:. European Commission. 21 June 2015.
6076:
5520:Completing and fully exploiting the
5347:"economic shock-absorption function"
4709:European Union Association Agreement
4644:Switzerland–European Union relations
3541:Elections to the European Parliament
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
7101:French Southern and Antarctic Lands
5922:Banking union of the European Union
5876:Banking union of the European Union
5539:Banking union of the European Union
5461:Strengthened implementation of the
5378:(published as part of their annual
5301:Banking union of the European Union
5250:Deposit Guarantee Scheme Directive
5230:(CRD‑IV/CRR) will enter into force.
5224:Banking union of the European Union
4614:Kazakhstan–European Union relations
2165:Nuclear power in the European Union
1740:European Personnel Selection Office
1675:European Data Protection Supervisor
1636:European Public Prosecutor's Office
176:member states of the European Union
149: ERM II member without opt-out
13:
7330:European Monetary Cooperation Fund
6728:European payments initiative (EPI)
6106:Bolton, Sally (10 December 2001).
5947:
5898:
5673:(macro-prudential toolkit), and a
5581:national deposit guarantee schemes
5364:Establish an increasing degree of
5128:currency architecture comprising:
5008:decides at Amsterdam to adopt the
4887:goes back to an initiative by the
4848:existed from 1865 to 1927. In the
4768:Convention on the Future of Europe
4699:Microstates and the European Union
4579:Australia–European Union relations
4569:Argentina–European Union relations
3517:
3513:Microstates and the European Union
3094:
3062:Non-Schengen area EU member states
2628:
2169:
802:Withdrawal from the European Union
14:
7617:
6494:
5574:European Deposit Insurance Scheme
5463:Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure
4746:European Coal and Steel Community
1710:European Union Military Committee
1695:European Committee of the Regions
1598:Decentralised agencies of the EU
1326:Member of the European Parliament
997:Abandoned treaties and agreements
7573:
7561:
7549:
6723:Single euro payments area (SEPA)
6626:European System of Central Banks
5937:European Supervisory Authorities
5439:Stage 1 (July 2015 – June 2017):
4948:European System of Central Banks
4916:
4779:
4654:Ukraine–European Union relations
4629:Moldova–European Union relations
4609:Iceland–European Union relations
4604:Georgia–European Union relations
4574:Armenia–European Union relations
4554:
4542:
4530:
4518:
4506:
4494:
4482:
4470:
4458:
4446:
4434:
4422:
4410:
4398:
4386:
4374:
4362:
4350:
4338:
4326:
4314:
4302:
4290:
4278:
4266:
4254:
4242:
3963:
3951:
3939:
3927:
3915:
3903:
3891:
3879:
3867:
3855:
3843:
3831:
3819:
3807:
3795:
3783:
3771:
3759:
3747:
3735:
3723:
3711:
3699:
3687:
3675:
3663:
3651:
3482:
3469:
3456:
3436:
3424:
3412:
3400:
3388:
3376:
3364:
3352:
3340:
3328:
3316:
3304:
3292:
3280:
3268:
3256:
3244:
3232:
3220:
3208:
3196:
3184:
3172:
3159:
3147:
3135:
3123:
3081:
3068:
3055:Visa policy of the Schengen Area
3024:
3011:
2998:
2985:
2964:
2951:
2938:
2925:
2912:
2899:
2886:
2873:
2860:
2847:
2834:
2821:
2808:
2795:
2782:
2769:
2756:
2743:
2730:
2717:
2704:
2691:
2678:
2665:
2652:
2557:
2545:
2533:
2521:
2509:
2497:
2485:
2458:
2428:
2416:
2404:
2392:
2380:
2368:
2356:
2344:
2332:
2320:
2308:
2296:
2284:
2272:
2260:
2248:
2236:
2224:
2212:
2200:
2149:
2136:
2114:
2101:
2088:
2075:
2062:
2049:
2036:
2023:
2010:
1997:
1984:
1971:
1958:
1945:
1932:
1919:
1906:
1893:
1880:
1867:
1854:
1841:
1828:
1815:
1802:
1789:
1776:
1735:European External Action Service
1705:Political and Security Committee
1612:European Supervisory Authorities
1142:
989:European Economic Area Agreement
762:
740:
718:
706:
694:
682:
670:
658:
646:
634:
610:
597:
584:
571:
558:
545:
532:
519:
506:
493:
480:
467:
454:
441:
428:
415:
402:
389:
376:
363:
350:
337:
324:
311:
298:
285:
272:
247:
192:European Exchange Rate Mechanism
23:
6551:
6475:
6461:
6336:
6295:
6276:
6264:
6252:
6230:
6212:
6035:Journal of European Integration
6004:Journal of European Integration
5903:The Historical Archives of the
5718:(stretching from March to July)
5140:First EMU reform plan (2012–15)
4649:Turkey–European Union relations
4639:Russia–European Union relations
4634:Norway–European Union relations
4624:Mexico–European Union relations
4589:Canada–European Union relations
4584:Brazil–European Union relations
4109:Passports of the European Union
3099:Schengen Area from January 2023
34:needs additional citations for
6201:
6192:
6181:
6166:
6155:
6108:"A history of currency unions"
6085:
6070:
5270:(utilized by Spain in 2012–13)
5146:European sovereign debt crisis
4619:Japan–European Union relations
4594:China–European Union relations
1750:European Administrative School
1646:European Data Protection Board
1531:European Investment Bank Group
240:Politics of the European Union
1:
7601:Economy of the European Union
6703:Economy of the European Union
6079:"Economic and Monetary Union"
6063:
5927:Economy of the European Union
5541:. This shall be achieved by:
5537:Complete construction of the
5470:Excessive Imbalance Procedure
5089:Monetary policy inflexibility
4599:European Union–NATO relations
3645:Elections in EU member states
3576:Referendums related to the EU
1571:European University Institute
1565:European University Institute
792:Germany–Netherlands relations
143: Members of the Eurozone
6833:2 € commemorative coins
6667:European Stability Mechanism
5800:European Stability Mechanism
5772:, the relevant parts of the
5692:European Systemic Risk Board
5604:systemically important banks
5600:direct bank recapitalisation
5593:European Stability Mechanism
5589:direct bank recapitalisation
5266:European Stability Mechanism
5220:European Banking Supervision
5072:
4136:European Banking Supervision
2174:Euratom since 1 January 2021
1621:Executive agencies of the EU
1558:European Stability Mechanism
1552:European Stability Mechanism
123:Not to be confused with the
7:
7340:European Monetary Institute
5910:
5806:More far-reaching measures
5740:Reinforce the steer of the
5640:Improve access to financing
5305:Single Resolution Mechanism
4992:European Monetary Institute
4964:European Economic Community
4838:economic and monetary union
4751:European Economic Community
4141:Single Resolution Mechanism
3508:EEA National Identity cards
3045:Schengen Information System
2577:Enlargement of the eurozone
2186:Economic and Monetary Union
1642:Corporate bodies of the EU
1260:Council preparatory bodies
1009:UK membership renegotiation
197:The EMU policies cover all
168:economic and monetary union
131:as their official currency.
16:Economic union and policies
10:
7622:
7194:Other extant EU currencies
7040:Monetary agreement with EU
5962:, Basingstoke: Macmillan,
5408:(often referred to as the
5226:, and ensure the proposed
5222:as a first element of the
5199:(as per Article 11 of the
5092:
4920:
1724:Inter-institutional bodies
1469:Public Prosecutor's Office
1436:European Court of Auditors
1429:European Court of Auditors
1382:Court of Justice of the EU
221:
122:
7544:
7519:
7388:
7368:
7275:
7266:
7226:
7202:
7191:
7167:Countries and territories
7164:
7114:
7096:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
7075:
7038:
6925:
6918:
6866:
6838:Other commemorative coins
6783:
6776:
6743:
6690:
6662:Stability and Growth Pact
6654:
6608:
6560:
6135:Pollard, John F. (2005).
6048:10.1080/07036330601144409
6017:10.1080/07036330400030064
5845:National Reform Programme
5565:ESM financial credit line
5490:current account surpluses
5380:National Reform Programme
5337:
5291:
5169:
5164:
5161:
5010:Stability and Growth Pact
4786:European Union portal
1389:European Court of Justice
816:Treaties and Declarations
782:Belgium–Germany relations
187:euro convergence criteria
7520:Former fiscal provisions
7290:European Monetary System
7080:using euro per agreement
6486:. European Central Bank.
6362:10.1177/1465116518811073
6321:10.1177/1465116518814336
6289:19 December 2013 at the
5468:(A) Its corrective arm (
5411:"Five Presidents Report"
5322:contractual arrangements
5158:
5004:On 16–17 June 1997, the
4870:National Bank of Belgium
1669:Other independent bodies
1114:Legislative institutions
1087:College of Commissioners
1067:Von der Leyen Commission
787:France–Germany relations
229:This article is part of
7169:using euro unilaterally
6682:European Fiscal Compact
6423:. ESM. 8 December 2014.
6349:European Union Politics
6308:European Union Politics
5598:The ESM instrument for
5503:social protection floor
5165:Status as of June 2015
3050:Visa Information System
2478:Other currencies in use
1269:Council Working Parties
7396:European Currency Unit
7082:without minting rights
6578:European banking union
5977:Hacker, Björn (2013).
5954:Simonazzi, Annamaria;
5798:The intergovernmental
5778:Single Resolution Fund
5697:Launch a new advisory
5546:Single Resolution Fund
5309:Single Resolution Fund
5303:, by establishing the
5285:Single Resolution Fund
4861:European Forum Alpbach
4763:Western European Union
4131:European banking union
4067:European Single Market
3636:2024 (latest election)
3523:
3522:European Economic Area
3111:European Economic Area
3100:
2634:
2175:
1601:Single market agencies
1022:Executive institutions
962:Treaties of succession
653:Bosnia and Herzegovina
163:
161: Other EU members
7567:European Union portal
7116:Potential adoption by
7106:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
6853:Europa coin programme
6616:European Central Bank
6573:Capital Markets Union
5932:European Central Bank
5917:Capital Markets Union
5905:European Central Bank
5880:capital markets union
5699:European Fiscal Board
5633:Capital Markets Union
5622:Capital Markets Union
5572:Agreeing on a common
5376:of each Member State
5099:Optimum currency area
5093:Further information:
5079:optimum currency area
5020:European Central Bank
4865:De Nederlandsche Bank
4148:Capital Markets Union
4060:Free Trade Agreements
3521:
3098:
2632:
2173:
1482:European Central Bank
1443:Other auditory bodies
1423:Auditory institutions
1376:Judicial institutions
1121:Legislative procedure
1003:European Constitution
927:Treaties of accession
137:
7389:Preceding currencies
7355:European debt crisis
6745:International status
5530:Digital Market Union
5095:European debt crisis
5018:On 1 June 1998, the
4975:convergence criteria
4971:Treaty of Maastricht
4905:Bretton Woods System
4885:European Communities
4846:Latin Monetary Union
4844:. For example, the
4842:European Communities
4740:European Communities
4180:Enhanced cooperation
3551:European foundations
3168:(provisional member)
1717:EU/ESA Space Council
1584:Unified Patent Court
1578:Unified Patent Court
1364:National parliaments
1254:Directorates-general
43:improve this article
7370:Previous EU members
7284:Snake in the tunnel
6735:Euro Currency Index
5878:and constructing a
5432:European Parliament
5420:European Commission
4933:European Commission
4910:snake in the tunnel
4889:European Commission
4878:Deutsche Bundesbank
4219:Ext. Action Service
4204:High Representative
4170:European Federation
4044:Policies and issues
3503:EEA Joint Committee
2633:Eurozone since 2015
1655:Joint undertakings
1279:European Parliament
1060:European Commission
883:Treaty of Amsterdam
871:Single European Act
823:Schuman Declaration
777:Special territories
755:Applicant countries
627:Candidate countries
7579:Numismatics portal
7401:Austrian schilling
7078:Non-EU territories
6753:Proposed eurobonds
6484:"Delors Committee"
6224:The New York Times
5956:Vianello, Fernando
5855:Stage 3 (by 2025):
5817:corporate tax base
4832:Early developments
4758:European Community
4689:Common Travel Area
4175:Multi-speed Europe
4032:Fundamental Rights
3583:European elections
3524:
3101:
2635:
2176:
1680:European Ombudsman
1157:July–December 2024
983:Schengen Agreement
895:Berlin Declaration
865:Solemn Declaration
835:Europe Declaration
178:at three stages.
164:
7588:
7587:
7540:
7539:
7486:Portuguese escudo
7262:
7261:
7071:
7070:
6914:
6913:
6843:Identifying marks
6698:Economy of Europe
6655:Fiscal provisions
6148:978-0-521-81204-7
5841:National Job Plan
5397:
5396:
5374:National Job Plan
5274:debt-to-GDP ratio
5257:deposit insurance
5211:European Semester
5118:François Hollande
4854:Gustav Stresemann
4850:League of Nations
4829:
4828:
4197:Foreign relations
2130:Associated states
1745:Anti-Fraud Office
1464:Anti-Fraud Office
1399:Advocates General
1245:Secretary-General
1129:Council of the EU
1097:Secretary-General
877:Maastricht Treaty
119:
118:
111:
93:
7613:
7577:
7565:
7553:
7491:Sammarinese lira
7481:Monégasque franc
7471:Luxembourg franc
7466:Lithuanian litas
7335:Delors Committee
7324:
7318:
7313:
7307:
7302:
7296:
7273:
7272:
7239:Hungarian forint
7206:
7200:
7199:
7091:Saint Barthélemy
6923:
6922:
6781:
6780:
6758:Reserve currency
6546:
6539:
6532:
6523:
6522:
6488:
6487:
6479:
6473:
6472:
6465:
6459:
6458:
6456:
6448:
6442:
6441:
6434:
6425:
6424:
6417:
6408:
6407:
6400:
6394:
6393:
6386:
6375:
6374:
6364:
6340:
6334:
6333:
6323:
6299:
6293:
6280:
6274:
6268:
6262:
6256:
6250:
6249:
6247:
6245:
6234:
6228:
6216:
6210:
6205:
6199:
6196:
6190:
6185:
6179:
6178:
6170:
6164:
6159:
6153:
6152:
6132:
6126:
6125:
6120:
6118:
6103:
6097:
6096:
6089:
6083:
6082:
6074:
6059:
6028:
5997:
5985:
5973:
5892:Political Union:
5872:Financial union:
5848:
5820:
5763:
5749:
5719:
5715:
5707:
5615:
5584:
5569:
5556:
5517:
5506:
5494:
5458:
5392:
5383:
5358:
5342:
5341:(2015 and later)
5332:
5296:
5271:
5255:which regulates
5253:
5246:
5204:
5174:
5156:
5155:
5006:European Council
4929:Delors Committee
4923:Delors Committee
4821:
4814:
4807:
4784:
4783:
4782:
4559:
4558:
4547:
4546:
4535:
4534:
4523:
4522:
4511:
4510:
4499:
4498:
4487:
4486:
4475:
4474:
4463:
4462:
4451:
4450:
4439:
4438:
4427:
4426:
4415:
4414:
4403:
4402:
4391:
4390:
4379:
4378:
4367:
4366:
4355:
4354:
4343:
4342:
4331:
4330:
4319:
4318:
4307:
4306:
4295:
4294:
4283:
4282:
4271:
4270:
4259:
4258:
4247:
4246:
4165:Supranationalism
4072:Area of FS&J
3968:
3967:
3956:
3955:
3944:
3943:
3932:
3931:
3920:
3919:
3908:
3907:
3896:
3895:
3884:
3883:
3872:
3871:
3860:
3859:
3848:
3847:
3836:
3835:
3824:
3823:
3812:
3811:
3800:
3799:
3788:
3787:
3776:
3775:
3764:
3763:
3752:
3751:
3740:
3739:
3728:
3727:
3716:
3715:
3704:
3703:
3692:
3691:
3680:
3679:
3668:
3667:
3656:
3655:
3546:European parties
3487:
3486:
3485:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3441:
3440:
3429:
3428:
3417:
3416:
3405:
3404:
3393:
3392:
3381:
3380:
3369:
3368:
3357:
3356:
3345:
3344:
3333:
3332:
3321:
3320:
3309:
3308:
3297:
3296:
3285:
3284:
3273:
3272:
3261:
3260:
3249:
3248:
3237:
3236:
3225:
3224:
3213:
3212:
3201:
3200:
3189:
3188:
3177:
3176:
3164:
3163:
3152:
3151:
3140:
3139:
3128:
3127:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2562:
2561:
2550:
2549:
2538:
2537:
2528:Hungarian forint
2526:
2525:
2514:
2513:
2502:
2501:
2490:
2489:
2463:
2462:
2433:
2432:
2421:
2420:
2409:
2408:
2397:
2396:
2385:
2384:
2373:
2372:
2361:
2360:
2349:
2348:
2337:
2336:
2325:
2324:
2313:
2312:
2301:
2300:
2289:
2288:
2277:
2276:
2265:
2264:
2253:
2252:
2241:
2240:
2229:
2228:
2217:
2216:
2205:
2204:
2193:Eurozone members
2154:
2153:
2152:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1624:Euratom agencies
1249:Thérèse Blanchet
1147:
1146:
1050:List of meetings
1028:European Council
901:Treaty of Lisbon
767:
766:
745:
744:
723:
722:
711:
710:
699:
698:
687:
686:
675:
674:
663:
662:
651:
650:
639:
638:
615:
614:
613:
602:
601:
600:
589:
588:
587:
576:
575:
574:
563:
562:
561:
550:
549:
548:
537:
536:
535:
524:
523:
522:
511:
510:
509:
498:
497:
496:
485:
484:
483:
472:
471:
470:
459:
458:
457:
446:
445:
444:
433:
432:
431:
420:
419:
418:
407:
406:
405:
394:
393:
392:
381:
380:
379:
368:
367:
366:
355:
354:
353:
342:
341:
340:
329:
328:
327:
316:
315:
314:
303:
302:
301:
290:
289:
288:
277:
276:
275:
251:
226:
225:
160:
154:
148:
142:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
7621:
7620:
7616:
7615:
7614:
7612:
7611:
7610:
7591:
7590:
7589:
7584:
7536:
7515:
7501:Slovenian tolar
7384:
7373:
7371:
7364:
7350:Black Wednesday
7320:
7316:
7309:
7305:
7298:
7294:
7258:
7222:
7204:
7196:
7187:
7171:
7168:
7160:
7119:
7118:other countries
7117:
7110:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7067:
7034:
6910:
6862:
6772:
6739:
6713:Euro calculator
6686:
6650:
6604:
6556:
6550:
6497:
6492:
6491:
6480:
6476:
6467:
6466:
6462:
6454:
6450:
6449:
6445:
6436:
6435:
6428:
6419:
6418:
6411:
6402:
6401:
6397:
6388:
6387:
6378:
6341:
6337:
6300:
6296:
6291:Wayback Machine
6281:
6277:
6269:
6265:
6257:
6253:
6243:
6241:
6236:
6235:
6231:
6217:
6213:
6206:
6202:
6197:
6193:
6186:
6182:
6171:
6167:
6160:
6156:
6149:
6133:
6129:
6116:
6114:
6104:
6100:
6091:
6090:
6086:
6075:
6071:
6066:
5994:
5983:
5970:
5950:
5948:Further reading
5942:Internal Market
5913:
5901:
5899:Primary sources
5874:Completing the
5866:Economic union:
5838:
5814:
5757:
5747:
5717:
5713:
5704:
5597:
5596:
5578:
5577:
5561:
5560:
5550:
5549:
5524:by creating an
5515:
5513:
5511:
5510:
5499:
5498:
5481:
5467:
5466:
5452:
5451:
5402:
5390:
5389:
5388:Status unknown.
5377:
5356:
5355:
5354:Status unknown.
5340:
5339:
5330:
5329:
5328:Status unknown.
5294:
5293:
5269:
5251:
5244:
5198:
5172:
5171:
5142:
5114:
5105:monetary policy
5101:
5091:
5075:
5029:
4987:
4959:
4925:
4919:
4859:In 1957 at the
4836:The idea of an
4834:
4825:
4796:
4792:Other countries
4780:
4778:
4773:
4772:
4735:
4727:
4726:
4713:
4685:
4565:
4553:
4541:
4529:
4517:
4505:
4493:
4481:
4469:
4457:
4445:
4433:
4421:
4409:
4397:
4385:
4373:
4361:
4349:
4337:
4325:
4313:
4301:
4289:
4277:
4265:
4253:
4241:
4238:
4233:
4215:
4207:
4199:
4189:
4188:
4119:Pro-Europeanism
4045:
4037:
4036:
3985:
3975:
3974:
3962:
3950:
3938:
3926:
3914:
3902:
3890:
3878:
3866:
3854:
3842:
3830:
3818:
3806:
3794:
3782:
3770:
3758:
3746:
3734:
3722:
3710:
3698:
3686:
3674:
3662:
3650:
3647:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3585:
3580:
3561:Spitzenkandidat
3536:
3526:
3525:
3499:
3494:
3483:
3481:
3470:
3468:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3447:
3435:
3423:
3411:
3399:
3387:
3375:
3363:
3351:
3339:
3327:
3315:
3303:
3291:
3279:
3267:
3255:
3243:
3231:
3219:
3207:
3195:
3183:
3171:
3158:
3146:
3134:
3122:
3119:
3113:
3103:
3102:
3082:
3080:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3059:
3040:Prüm Convention
3036:
3025:
3023:
3012:
3010:
2999:
2997:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2976:
2965:
2963:
2952:
2950:
2939:
2937:
2926:
2924:
2913:
2911:
2900:
2898:
2887:
2885:
2874:
2872:
2861:
2859:
2848:
2846:
2835:
2833:
2822:
2820:
2809:
2807:
2796:
2794:
2783:
2781:
2770:
2768:
2757:
2755:
2744:
2742:
2731:
2729:
2718:
2716:
2705:
2703:
2692:
2690:
2679:
2677:
2666:
2664:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2637:
2636:
2627:
2626:
2586:
2581:
2568:
2556:
2544:
2532:
2520:
2508:
2496:
2484:
2481:
2474:
2472:
2465:Paschal Donohoe
2457:
2449:
2442:
2440:
2427:
2415:
2403:
2391:
2379:
2367:
2355:
2343:
2331:
2319:
2307:
2295:
2283:
2271:
2259:
2247:
2235:
2223:
2211:
2199:
2196:
2188:
2178:
2177:
2161:
2150:
2148:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2127:
2126:
2115:
2113:
2102:
2100:
2089:
2087:
2076:
2074:
2063:
2061:
2050:
2048:
2037:
2035:
2024:
2022:
2011:
2009:
1998:
1996:
1985:
1983:
1972:
1970:
1959:
1957:
1946:
1944:
1933:
1931:
1920:
1918:
1907:
1905:
1894:
1892:
1881:
1879:
1868:
1866:
1855:
1853:
1842:
1840:
1829:
1827:
1816:
1814:
1803:
1801:
1790:
1788:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1769:Euratom members
1765:
1755:
1754:
1726:
1721:
1691:
1688:Advisory bodies
1684:
1671:
1666:
1595:
1588:
1580:
1575:
1567:
1562:
1554:
1549:
1542:Investment Fund
1537:Investment Bank
1533:
1527:
1519:
1518:
1484:
1474:
1473:
1445:
1440:
1432:
1424:
1416:
1415:
1385:
1377:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1360:
1344:Vice Presidents
1288:
1282:
1275:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1141:
1139:
1132:
1125:
1116:
1106:
1105:
1082:Vice Presidents
1063:
1056:
1031:
1023:
1015:
1014:
999:
994:
979:
974:
973:
964:
959:
958:
929:
924:
923:
918:
829:Treaty of Paris
818:
808:
807:
806:
773:
761:
758:
751:
739:
736:
729:
717:
705:
701:North Macedonia
693:
681:
669:
657:
645:
633:
630:
623:
622:
611:
609:
598:
596:
585:
583:
572:
570:
559:
557:
546:
544:
533:
531:
520:
518:
507:
505:
494:
492:
481:
479:
468:
466:
455:
453:
442:
440:
429:
427:
416:
414:
403:
401:
390:
388:
377:
375:
364:
362:
351:
349:
338:
336:
325:
323:
312:
310:
299:
297:
286:
284:
273:
271:
266:
242:
224:
162:
158:
156:
152:
150:
146:
144:
140:
132:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7619:
7609:
7608:
7603:
7586:
7585:
7583:
7582:
7570:
7558:
7545:
7542:
7541:
7538:
7537:
7535:
7534:
7529:
7523:
7521:
7517:
7516:
7514:
7513:
7508:
7506:Spanish peseta
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7431:Finnish markka
7428:
7426:Estonian kroon
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7392:
7390:
7386:
7385:
7383:
7382:
7380:United Kingdom
7376:
7374:
7369:
7366:
7365:
7363:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7326:
7325:
7314:
7303:
7287:
7279:
7277:
7270:
7264:
7263:
7260:
7259:
7257:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7230:
7228:
7224:
7223:
7221:
7220:
7215:
7209:
7207:
7197:
7192:
7189:
7188:
7186:
7185:
7180:
7174:
7172:
7165:
7162:
7161:
7159:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7131:Czech Republic
7128:
7122:
7120:
7115:
7112:
7111:
7109:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7087:
7085:
7076:
7073:
7072:
7069:
7068:
7066:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7044:
7042:
7036:
7035:
7033:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6931:
6929:
6920:
6916:
6915:
6912:
6911:
6909:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6872:
6870:
6864:
6863:
6861:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6789:
6787:
6778:
6774:
6773:
6771:
6770:
6768:World currency
6765:
6760:
6755:
6749:
6747:
6741:
6740:
6738:
6737:
6732:
6731:
6730:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6694:
6692:
6688:
6687:
6685:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6672:Euro Plus Pact
6669:
6664:
6658:
6656:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6612:
6610:
6609:Administration
6606:
6605:
6603:
6602:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6564:
6562:
6558:
6557:
6549:
6548:
6541:
6534:
6526:
6520:
6519:
6514:
6508:
6503:
6496:
6495:External links
6493:
6490:
6489:
6474:
6460:
6443:
6426:
6409:
6395:
6376:
6335:
6294:
6275:
6263:
6251:
6229:
6211:
6200:
6191:
6180:
6165:
6154:
6147:
6127:
6098:
6084:
6068:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6061:
6060:
6029:
5998:
5992:
5974:
5968:
5949:
5946:
5945:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5912:
5909:
5900:
5897:
5896:
5895:
5889:
5883:
5869:
5859:
5858:
5851:
5850:
5834:
5811:
5804:
5795:
5794:
5782:
5781:
5774:Euro Plus Pact
5766:
5765:
5764:
5752:
5751:
5750:
5738:
5735:
5734:
5733:
5730:
5727:
5721:
5710:
5709:
5708:
5695:
5690:Reinforce the
5688:
5687:
5686:
5667:
5666:
5665:
5658:
5651:
5643:
5618:
5617:
5616:
5585:
5570:
5557:
5535:
5534:
5533:
5518:
5507:
5495:
5459:
5444:
5443:
5401:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5385:
5361:
5360:
5351:
5343:
5335:
5334:
5325:
5316:
5315:
5312:
5297:
5289:
5288:
5281:systemic banks
5277:
5261:
5260:
5239:
5235:
5234:
5231:
5215:
5214:
5206:
5194:
5193:
5190:
5183:Fiscal Compact
5175:
5167:
5166:
5163:
5160:
5141:
5138:
5113:
5110:
5090:
5087:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5066:
5063:
5060:
5057:
5054:
5051:
5048:
5045:
5042:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5016:
5013:
5002:
4995:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4981:
4978:
4967:
4958:
4955:
4937:Jacques Delors
4921:Main article:
4918:
4915:
4874:Bank of France
4833:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4823:
4816:
4809:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4788:
4775:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4736:
4734:Defunct bodies
4733:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4719:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4684:
4683:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4564:
4563:
4551:
4539:
4527:
4515:
4503:
4491:
4479:
4467:
4455:
4443:
4431:
4419:
4407:
4395:
4383:
4371:
4359:
4347:
4335:
4323:
4311:
4309:Czech Republic
4299:
4287:
4275:
4263:
4251:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4229:Defence Policy
4226:
4224:Foreign Policy
4221:
4214:
4213:
4201:
4200:
4195:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4172:
4167:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4124:Euroscepticism
4121:
4116:
4111:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4052:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4027:Recommendation
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3986:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3960:
3948:
3936:
3924:
3912:
3900:
3888:
3876:
3864:
3852:
3840:
3828:
3816:
3804:
3792:
3780:
3768:
3756:
3744:
3732:
3720:
3718:Czech Republic
3708:
3696:
3684:
3672:
3660:
3643:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3566:Constituencies
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3537:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3479:
3466:
3450:Non-EU members
3448:
3446:
3445:
3433:
3421:
3409:
3397:
3385:
3373:
3361:
3349:
3337:
3325:
3313:
3301:
3289:
3277:
3265:
3253:
3241:
3229:
3217:
3205:
3193:
3191:Czech Republic
3181:
3169:
3156:
3144:
3132:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3093:
3092:
3078:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3035:
3034:
3021:
3008:
2995:
2979:Non-EU members
2977:
2975:
2974:
2961:
2948:
2935:
2922:
2909:
2896:
2883:
2870:
2857:
2844:
2831:
2818:
2805:
2792:
2779:
2766:
2753:
2740:
2727:
2714:
2712:Czech Republic
2701:
2688:
2675:
2662:
2648:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2567:
2566:
2554:
2542:
2530:
2518:
2506:
2494:
2475:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2443:
2438:
2437:
2425:
2413:
2401:
2389:
2377:
2365:
2353:
2341:
2329:
2317:
2305:
2293:
2281:
2269:
2257:
2245:
2233:
2221:
2209:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2168:
2167:
2160:
2159:
2157:United Kingdom
2146:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2111:
2098:
2085:
2072:
2059:
2046:
2033:
2020:
2007:
1994:
1981:
1968:
1955:
1942:
1929:
1916:
1903:
1890:
1877:
1864:
1851:
1849:Czech Republic
1838:
1825:
1812:
1799:
1786:
1772:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1702:
1697:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1661:of the Euratom
1659:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1539:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1507:Euro banknotes
1504:
1499:
1485:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1313:
1301:Largest groups
1298:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1237:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1180:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1165:Configurations
1163:
1154:
1140:
1133:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1117:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1069:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1006:
995:
993:
992:
986:
977:Other treaties
975:
965:
960:
930:
925:
919:
917:
916:
915:
914:
909:
898:
892:
889:Treaty of Nice
886:
880:
874:
868:
862:
856:
853:Euratom Treaty
850:
847:Treaty of Rome
844:
838:
832:
826:
819:
814:
813:
810:
809:
805:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
772:
771:
752:
750:
749:
730:
728:
727:
715:
703:
691:
679:
667:
655:
643:
624:
621:
620:
607:
594:
581:
568:
555:
542:
529:
516:
503:
490:
477:
464:
451:
438:
425:
412:
399:
386:
373:
360:
347:
345:Czech Republic
334:
321:
308:
295:
282:
268:
267:
261:
260:
257:
256:
253:
252:
244:
243:
238:
235:
234:
223:
220:
199:European Union
172:European Union
157:
151:
145:
139:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7618:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7598:
7596:
7581:
7580:
7576:
7571:
7569:
7568:
7564:
7559:
7557:
7556:
7552:
7547:
7546:
7543:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7524:
7522:
7518:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7496:Slovak koruna
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7446:Greek drachma
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7421:Dutch guilder
7419:
7417:
7416:Cypriot pound
7414:
7412:
7411:Croatian kuna
7409:
7407:
7406:Belgian franc
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7393:
7391:
7387:
7381:
7378:
7377:
7375:
7367:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7323:
7315:
7312:
7304:
7301:
7293:
7292:
7291:
7288:
7285:
7281:
7280:
7278:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7265:
7255:
7254:Swedish krona
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7231:
7229:
7225:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7213:Bulgarian lev
7211:
7210:
7208:
7201:
7198:
7195:
7190:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7163:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7123:
7121:
7113:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7074:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7045:
7043:
7041:
7037:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6932:
6930:
6928:
6924:
6921:
6917:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6873:
6871:
6869:
6865:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6790:
6788:
6786:
6782:
6779:
6777:Denominations
6775:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6746:
6742:
6736:
6733:
6729:
6726:
6725:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6695:
6693:
6689:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6659:
6657:
6653:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6621:ECB president
6619:
6617:
6614:
6613:
6611:
6607:
6601:
6600:
6599:Euro-Skulptur
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6565:
6563:
6559:
6554:
6547:
6542:
6540:
6535:
6533:
6528:
6527:
6524:
6518:
6515:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6498:
6485:
6478:
6470:
6464:
6453:
6447:
6439:
6433:
6431:
6422:
6416:
6414:
6405:
6399:
6391:
6385:
6383:
6381:
6372:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6339:
6331:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6298:
6292:
6288:
6285:
6279:
6273:
6267:
6261:
6255:
6239:
6233:
6227:, 1 May 2008)
6226:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6209:
6208:Delors Report
6204:
6195:
6189:
6184:
6176:
6169:
6163:
6158:
6150:
6144:
6140:
6139:
6131:
6124:
6113:
6109:
6102:
6094:
6088:
6080:
6073:
6069:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6036:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6011:(1): 89–109.
6010:
6006:
6005:
5999:
5995:
5993:9783864987465
5989:
5982:
5981:
5975:
5971:
5969:9780333792933
5965:
5961:
5957:
5952:
5951:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5908:
5906:
5893:
5890:
5887:
5886:Fiscal union:
5884:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5870:
5867:
5864:
5863:
5862:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5846:
5842:
5835:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5818:
5812:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5796:
5791:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5761:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5739:
5736:
5731:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5711:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5696:
5693:
5689:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5663:
5659:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5644:
5641:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5625:
5623:
5620:Launch a new
5619:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5575:
5571:
5566:
5558:
5554:
5547:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5536:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5522:Single Market
5519:
5508:
5504:
5496:
5492:
5491:
5485:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5445:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5412:
5407:
5393:
5386:
5381:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5362:
5359:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5336:
5333:
5326:
5323:
5318:
5317:
5313:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5299:Complete the
5298:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5275:
5267:
5263:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5247:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5232:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5216:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5196:
5195:
5191:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5168:
5157:
5154:
5151:
5147:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5109:
5106:
5100:
5096:
5086:
5082:
5080:
5067:
5064:
5061:
5058:
5055:
5052:
5049:
5046:
5043:
5040:
5036:
5031:
5030:
5021:
5017:
5014:
5011:
5007:
5003:
5000:
4996:
4993:
4989:
4988:
4979:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4965:
4961:
4960:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4944:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4924:
4917:Delors Report
4914:
4912:
4911:
4906:
4902:
4901:Pierre Werner
4897:
4895:
4890:
4886:
4881:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4866:
4862:
4857:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4822:
4817:
4815:
4810:
4808:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4799:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4777:
4776:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4731:
4730:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4694:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4682:
4679:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4211:Josep Borrell
4209:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4198:
4193:
4192:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4158:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4129:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4102:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4065:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4055:Customs Union
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4041:
4040:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3999:ECJ Case 6/64
3996:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3984:
3979:
3978:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3571:Apportionment
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3535:
3530:
3529:
3520:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3491:
3480:
3478:
3477:Liechtenstein
3467:
3465:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3112:
3107:
3106:
3097:
3090:
3079:
3077:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3022:
3020:
3009:
3007:
3006:Liechtenstein
2996:
2994:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2973:
2962:
2960:
2949:
2947:
2936:
2934:
2923:
2921:
2910:
2908:
2897:
2895:
2884:
2882:
2871:
2869:
2858:
2856:
2845:
2843:
2832:
2830:
2819:
2817:
2806:
2804:
2793:
2791:
2780:
2778:
2767:
2765:
2754:
2752:
2741:
2739:
2728:
2726:
2715:
2713:
2702:
2700:
2689:
2687:
2676:
2674:
2663:
2661:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2645:Schengen Area
2641:
2640:
2631:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2564:Swedish krona
2560:
2555:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2493:
2492:Bulgarian lev
2488:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2473:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2187:
2182:
2181:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2147:
2145:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2123:
2112:
2110:
2099:
2097:
2086:
2084:
2073:
2071:
2060:
2058:
2047:
2045:
2034:
2032:
2021:
2019:
2008:
2006:
1995:
1993:
1982:
1980:
1969:
1967:
1956:
1954:
1943:
1941:
1930:
1928:
1917:
1915:
1904:
1902:
1891:
1889:
1878:
1876:
1865:
1863:
1852:
1850:
1839:
1837:
1826:
1824:
1813:
1811:
1800:
1798:
1787:
1785:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1607:AFSC agencies
1606:
1604:CFSP agencies
1603:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1546:EIB Institute
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1523:
1522:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1477:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1420:
1419:
1412:
1411:General Court
1409:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1373:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1320:Iratxe García
1317:
1314:
1311:
1310:Manfred Weber
1307:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1145:
1138:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1092:Civil Service
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1076:Von der Leyen
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1019:
1018:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
1000:
998:
990:
987:
984:
981:
980:
978:
972:
968:
963:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
928:
922:
913:
910:
908:
905:
904:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
859:Merger Treaty
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
820:
817:
812:
811:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
774:
770:
765:
760:
759:
757:
756:
748:
743:
738:
737:
735:
734:
726:
721:
716:
714:
709:
704:
702:
697:
692:
690:
685:
680:
678:
673:
668:
666:
661:
656:
654:
649:
644:
642:
637:
632:
631:
629:
628:
619:
608:
606:
595:
593:
582:
580:
569:
567:
556:
554:
543:
541:
530:
528:
517:
515:
504:
502:
491:
489:
478:
476:
465:
463:
452:
450:
439:
437:
426:
424:
413:
411:
400:
398:
387:
385:
374:
372:
361:
359:
348:
346:
335:
333:
322:
320:
309:
307:
296:
294:
283:
281:
270:
269:
264:
263:Member states
259:
258:
255:
254:
250:
246:
245:
241:
237:
236:
232:
228:
227:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
200:
195:
193:
188:
184:
179:
177:
173:
170:(EMU) of the
169:
136:
130:
126:
121:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
7572:
7560:
7555:Money portal
7548:
7511:Vatican lira
7476:Maltese lira
7461:Latvian lats
7456:Italian lira
7436:French franc
7321:
7249:Romanian leu
7244:Polish złoty
7234:Czech koruna
7218:Danish krone
7063:Vatican City
6848:Starter kits
6597:
6567:
6477:
6463:
6446:
6398:
6355:(1): 65–88.
6352:
6348:
6338:
6314:(1): 24–44.
6311:
6307:
6297:
6278:
6266:
6254:
6242:. Retrieved
6232:
6222:
6214:
6203:
6194:
6188:Barre Report
6183:
6174:
6168:
6157:
6137:
6130:
6122:
6115:. Retrieved
6111:
6101:
6087:
6072:
6042:(1): 47–68.
6039:
6033:
6008:
6002:
5979:
5959:
5902:
5891:
5885:
5871:
5865:
5860:
5854:
5844:
5840:
5826:
5822:
5807:
5785:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5661:
5654:
5646:
5639:
5611:
5607:
5599:
5588:
5580:
5564:
5552:
5526:Energy Union
5487:
5483:
5477:
5473:
5454:
5438:
5409:
5405:
5403:
5387:
5379:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5353:
5350:reinforcing.
5346:
5327:
5321:
5249:
5242:
5149:
5143:
5129:
5115:
5102:
5083:
5076:
4952:
4945:
4941:Spaak method
4926:
4908:
4898:
4882:
4858:
4835:
4742:(1958–1993)
4235:
4202:
4082:Agricultural
4005:Subsidiarity
3644:
3582:
3496:
3449:
3116:
3061:
2978:
2583:
2552:Romanian leu
2540:Polish złoty
2516:Danish krone
2504:Czech koruna
2476:
2471:
2452:
2444:
2439:
2191:
2185:
2129:
1768:
1723:
1686:
1668:
1590:
1577:
1564:
1551:
1530:
1526:Other bodies
1501:
1442:
1427:
1380:
1362:
1277:
1164:
1149:
1134:
1127:
1058:
1026:
996:
976:
961:
926:
841:Spaak Report
753:
731:
625:
196:
180:
165:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
7451:Irish pound
7441:German Mark
7345:Enlargement
7010:Netherlands
6646:Euro summit
6117:26 February
5803:governance.
5790:white paper
5629:green paper
5162:Action plan
4477:Netherlands
4160:Integration
4104:Citizenship
3886:Netherlands
3359:Netherlands
3117:EEA members
3032:Switzerland
2881:Netherlands
2387:Netherlands
2144:Switzerland
2031:Netherlands
1335:(2019–2024)
1333:9th session
1240:Secretariat
1011:(2015–2016)
527:Netherlands
216:EU Treaties
7595:Categories
7360:Withdrawal
7183:Montenegro
7058:San Marino
7000:Luxembourg
6906:500 €
6901:200 €
6896:100 €
6631:Eurosystem
6064:References
5218:Establish
5126:Maastricht
5035:euro notes
4913:, failed.
4453:Luxembourg
4012:Regulation
3862:Luxembourg
3335:Luxembourg
2855:Luxembourg
2363:Luxembourg
2005:Luxembourg
1616:SRM bodies
1512:Euro coins
1356:Conference
1136:Presidency
912:Article 50
689:Montenegro
501:Luxembourg
99:March 2007
69:newspapers
6995:Lithuania
6891:50 €
6886:20 €
6881:10 €
6868:Banknotes
6858:Euro mint
6763:Petroeuro
6641:Eurogroup
6583:Euro sign
6330:158507389
6056:153678875
6025:154539276
5793:comprise:
5742:Eurogroup
5428:Eurogroup
5295:(2013–14)
5173:(2012–13)
5073:Criticism
4894:The Hague
4441:Lithuania
4092:Fisheries
4078:Policies
4017:Directive
3850:Lithuania
3534:Elections
3323:Lithuania
3091:(Opt-out)
2842:Lithuania
2453:President
2446:Eurogroup
2351:Lithuania
1992:Lithuania
1658:of the EU
1489:President
1292:President
1188:Eurogroup
1101:Juhansone
1072:President
1035:President
907:Article 7
488:Lithuania
214:from the
7372:and euro
7126:Bulgaria
7025:Slovenia
7020:Slovakia
7015:Portugal
6927:Eurozone
6876:5 €
6828:2 €
6823:1 €
6677:Six pack
6593:Language
6588:Eurozone
6371:85459046
6287:Archived
6112:guardian
5911:See also
5786:Stage 2:
5568:horizon.
5187:Two-Pack
5179:Six-Pack
5122:Eurozone
4537:Slovenia
4525:Slovakia
4501:Portugal
4273:Bulgaria
4114:Identity
4097:Regional
4022:Decision
3946:Slovenia
3934:Slovakia
3910:Portugal
3682:Bulgaria
3419:Slovenia
3407:Slovakia
3383:Portugal
3154:Bulgaria
2946:Slovenia
2933:Slovakia
2907:Portugal
2686:Bulgaria
2592:Bulgaria
2423:Slovenia
2411:Slovakia
2399:Portugal
2096:Slovenia
2083:Slovakia
2057:Portugal
1810:Bulgaria
1349:Quaestor
1195:AGRIFISH
921:Opt-outs
592:Slovenia
579:Slovakia
553:Portugal
306:Bulgaria
231:a series
125:eurozone
7276:General
7268:History
7151:Romania
7141:Hungary
7136:Denmark
7048:Andorra
6980:Ireland
6970:Germany
6960:Finland
6955:Estonia
6945:Croatia
6940:Belgium
6935:Austria
6691:Economy
6561:General
5624:(CMU):
5591:in the
5576:(EDIS):
5442:points.
5416:Council
5368:and an
5159:Roadmap
4693:Ireland
4663:History
4513:Romania
4405:Ireland
4393:Hungary
4369:Germany
4345:Finland
4333:Estonia
4321:Denmark
4285:Croatia
4261:Belgium
4249:Austria
3995:Primacy
3922:Romania
3814:Ireland
3802:Hungary
3778:Germany
3754:Finland
3742:Estonia
3730:Denmark
3694:Croatia
3670:Belgium
3658:Austria
3464:Iceland
3395:Romania
3287:Ireland
3275:Hungary
3251:Germany
3227:Finland
3215:Estonia
3203:Denmark
3166:Croatia
3142:Belgium
3130:Austria
3089:Ireland
2993:Iceland
2920:Romania
2803:Hungary
2777:Germany
2751:Finland
2738:Estonia
2725:Denmark
2699:Croatia
2673:Belgium
2660:Austria
2622:Romania
2607:Hungary
2602:Denmark
2597:Czechia
2315:Ireland
2291:Germany
2267:Finland
2255:Estonia
2231:Croatia
2219:Belgium
2207:Austria
2070:Romania
1953:Ireland
1940:Hungary
1914:Germany
1888:Finland
1875:Estonia
1862:Denmark
1823:Croatia
1797:Belgium
1784:Austria
1763:Euratom
1492:Lagarde
1404:Rulings
1394:Members
1316:S&D
1296:Metsola
1285:Members
1264:COREPER
1150:Hungary
1045:Parties
1041:(ALDE)
903:(2007)
725:Ukraine
677:Moldova
665:Georgia
641:Albania
566:Romania
449:Ireland
436:Hungary
410:Germany
384:Finland
371:Estonia
358:Denmark
319:Croatia
293:Belgium
280:Austria
222:History
212:opt-out
208:Denmark
204:Croatia
83:scholar
7319:
7308:
7297:
7178:Kosovo
7156:Sweden
7146:Poland
7053:Monaco
6990:Latvia
6975:Greece
6965:France
6950:Cyprus
6636:Ecofin
6555:topics
6369:
6328:
6244:14 May
6145:
6054:
6023:
5990:
5966:
5548:(SRF):
5185:, and
4674:Brexit
4561:Sweden
4489:Poland
4429:Latvia
4381:Greece
4357:France
4297:Cyprus
4087:Energy
4050:Budget
3990:Acquis
3970:Sweden
3898:Poland
3838:Latvia
3790:Greece
3766:France
3706:Cyprus
3497:Topics
3490:Norway
3488:
3475:
3462:
3443:Sweden
3371:Poland
3311:Latvia
3263:Greece
3239:France
3179:Cyprus
3087:
3076:Cyprus
3074:
3030:
3019:Norway
3017:
3004:
2991:
2972:Sweden
2970:
2957:
2944:
2931:
2918:
2905:
2894:Poland
2892:
2879:
2866:
2853:
2840:
2829:Latvia
2827:
2814:
2801:
2790:Greece
2788:
2775:
2764:France
2762:
2749:
2736:
2723:
2710:
2697:
2684:
2671:
2658:
2617:Sweden
2612:Poland
2572:ERM II
2339:Latvia
2303:Greece
2279:France
2243:Cyprus
2155:
2142:
2122:Sweden
2120:
2107:
2094:
2081:
2068:
2055:
2044:Poland
2042:
2029:
2016:
2003:
1990:
1979:Latvia
1977:
1964:
1951:
1938:
1927:Greece
1925:
1912:
1901:France
1899:
1886:
1873:
1860:
1847:
1836:Cyprus
1834:
1821:
1808:
1795:
1782:
1339:Bureau
1235:Voting
1205:COMPET
1183:ECOFIN
1039:Michel
1005:(2004)
991:(1992)
985:(1985)
897:(2007)
891:(2001)
885:(1997)
879:(1992)
873:(1986)
867:(1983)
861:(1965)
855:(1957)
849:(1957)
843:(1956)
837:(1951)
831:(1951)
825:(1950)
769:Kosovo
747:Turkey
713:Serbia
618:Sweden
616:
603:
590:
577:
564:
551:
540:Poland
538:
525:
512:
499:
486:
475:Latvia
473:
460:
447:
434:
423:Greece
421:
408:
397:France
395:
382:
369:
356:
343:
332:Cyprus
330:
317:
304:
291:
278:
159:
153:
147:
141:
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
7227:Other
7030:Spain
7005:Malta
6985:Italy
6785:Coins
6708:Eonia
6455:(PDF)
6367:S2CID
6326:S2CID
6052:S2CID
6021:S2CID
5984:(PDF)
5650:them.
5039:coins
4549:Spain
4465:Malta
4417:Italy
3958:Spain
3874:Malta
3826:Italy
3431:Spain
3347:Malta
3299:Italy
2959:Spain
2868:Malta
2816:Italy
2435:Spain
2375:Malta
2327:Italy
2109:Spain
2018:Malta
1966:Italy
1610:ESFS
1200:EPSCO
1078:(EPP)
605:Spain
514:Malta
462:Italy
90:JSTOR
76:books
7203:ERM
6553:Euro
6246:2012
6162:Link
6143:ISBN
6119:2012
5988:ISBN
5964:ISBN
5660:(D)
5653:(C)
5645:(B)
5638:(A)
5610:and
5528:and
5430:and
5097:and
5037:and
4999:euro
4990:The
4969:The
4876:and
3631:2019
3626:2014
3621:2009
3616:2004
3611:1999
3606:1994
3601:1989
3596:1984
3591:1979
1497:ESCB
1215:ENVI
971:2020
967:1984
956:2011
952:2005
948:2003
944:1994
940:1985
936:1979
932:1972
797:EU 3
265:(27)
183:euro
166:The
129:euro
62:news
7322:EMU
7317:III
7311:ERM
7300:ECU
6818:50c
6813:20c
6808:10c
6357:doi
6316:doi
6044:doi
6013:doi
5760:IMF
5424:ECB
4722:G20
3983:Law
1502:EMU
1306:EPP
1225:EYC
1220:JHA
1210:TTE
1178:FAC
1173:GAC
45:by
7597::
7306:II
7205:II
6803:5c
6798:2c
6793:1c
6429:^
6412:^
6379:^
6365:.
6353:20
6351:.
6347:.
6324:.
6312:20
6310:.
6306:.
6121:.
6110:.
6050:.
6040:29
6038:.
6019:.
6009:27
6007:.
5744::
5701::
5426:,
5422:,
5418:,
5287:.
5181:,
5132:EU
5081:.
4943:.
4935:,
4880:.
4872:,
4863:,
4852:,
4717:G7
4665:)
1294::
1247::
1159:)
1099::
1074::
1037::
969:,
954:,
950:,
946:,
942:,
938:,
934:,
233:on
7295:I
7286:"
7282:"
6545:e
6538:t
6531:v
6373:.
6359::
6332:.
6318::
6248:.
6221:(
6151:.
6095:.
6081:.
6058:.
6046::
6027:.
6015::
5996:.
5972:.
5882:.
5849:.
5847:)
5819:)
5780:.
5595::
5532:.
5465::
5384:.
5382:)
5276:.
5205:.
5203:)
5189:.
4966:.
4820:e
4813:t
4806:v
4695:)
4691:(
4661:(
4001:)
3997:(
1322:)
1318:(
1312:)
1308:(
1287:)
1283:(
1155:(
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
