Satanic Verses controversy

484:, especially of men who are unbelievers or enemies of the Jews; that the book contained criticisms of the prophet Abraham, yet the Islamic, Christian and Jewish traditions themselves see Abraham as not without fault and deserving of criticism; that Rushdie referred to Mohammed as "Mahound", a conjurer, a magician and a false prophet, yet these remarks are made by a drunken apostate, a character with whom neither reader nor author has any sympathy; that the book insults the wives of the Prophet by having whores use their names, yet the wives are explicitly said to be chaste and the adoption of their names by whores is to symbolise the corruption of the city then being described (perhaps symbolising Mecca in its pre-Islamic state); that the book vilified the companions of the Prophet, calling them "bums from Persia" and "clowns", yet the character saying this is a 1208: 1111:, Henry Reese, onstage at the time, about to begin interviewing Rushdie. During the assault, Reese sustained a shallow knife wound and deep bruising in the vicinity of his right eye. A doctor, who was present for the lecture, immediately tended to Rushdie. Rushdie suffered four wounds to the stomach area of his abdomen, three wounds to the right side of the front part of his neck, one wound to his right eye, one wound to his chest and one wound to his right thigh. A 24-year-old suspect, Hadi Matar, was arrested at the scene, and was charged the following day with assault and attempted murder. Rushdie was gravely wounded and hospitalized. 1199:

tactic on earlier military plots that no longer worked. It also saw itself as the victor of the controversy, with the European Community countries capitulating under Iranian pressure. "When Europeans saw that their economic interests in Muslim countries could be damaged, they began to correct their position on the issue of the insulting book. Every official started to condemn the book in one way or another. When they realised that Iran's reaction, its breaking of diplomatic relations with London, could also include them, they quickly sent back their ambassadors to Tehran to prevent further Iranian reaction".

1340:, for example, explained the alleged historical roots of the Rushdie book in a broadcast on Radio Tehran: "Whoever is familiar with the history of colonialism and the Islamic world knows that whenever they wanted to get a foothold in a place, the first thing they did in order to clear their paths – whether overtly or covertly – was to undermine the people's genuine Islamic morals" and claimed an unnamed British foreign secretary once told the British parliament, "So long as the Qur'an is revered by Muslims, we will not be able to consolidate a foothold among the Muslims". 64: 84: 7006: 7883: 7440: 6926: 7619: 6996: 6947: 6936: 929:, and given the opportunity to defend himself." Lewis added that " judge will then give a verdict and if he finds the accused guilty, pronounce sentence", and that "ven the most rigorous and extreme of the classical jurists only require a Muslim to kill anyone who insults the Prophet in his hearing and in his presence. They say nothing about a hired killing for a reported insult in a distant country." 1236:, selling more than 750,000 copies of the book by May 1989. B. Dalton, a bookstore chain that decided not to stock the book for security reasons, changed its mind when it found the book "was selling so fast that even as we tried to stop it, it was flying off the shelves". Rushdie earned about $ 2 million within the first year of the book's publication, and the book is Viking's all-time best seller. 710:, a text written, edited, and published against Islam, the Prophet of Islam, and the Qur'an, along with all the editors and publishers aware of its contents, are condemned to death. I call on all valiant Muslims wherever they may be in the world to kill them without delay, so that no one will dare insult the sacred beliefs of Muslims henceforth. And whoever is killed in this cause will be a martyr, 981:(a truce Iraq would have eagerly given him six years and hundreds of thousands of lives earlier), and strengthen the revolutionary ardour and morale of Iranians worn down by the bloodshed and privation of that war. According to journalist Robin Wright, "as the international furore grew, Khomeini declared that the book had been a 'godsend' that had helped Iran out of a 'naïve foreign policy'". 1019:. This withdrawal, seen by many as a great victory of Islamic faith over an atheist superpower, was made possible by billions of dollars in aid to the Afghan mujahideen by those two countries. Khomeini issued the fatwa on 14 February 1989. The next day came the official announcement of the completion of the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, lost in the news cycle of the fatwa. 373:"These traditions are undoubtedly a fabrication of the heretics and foreign hands, and have not been found in any of the authentic books". According to Daniel Pipes, when attention was drawn to a book with this title, "Muslims found incredibly sacrilegious", and took it to imply that the book's author claimed that verses of the Qur'an were "the work of the Devil". 1427:

held that Rushdie must have been aware of the response his book would evoke: "The author, a well-versed analyst of Moslem beliefs, must have anticipated a horrified reaction throughout the Islamic world". He saw a need to be "sensitive to the concern and anger" of Muslims and thought severing diplomatic relations with Iran would be an "overreaction".

3042: 1252:, reported that in the first few months following the fatwa the couple moved 56 times, once every three days. In late July, Rushdie separated from Wiggins, "the tension of being at the centre of an international controversy, and the irritations of spending all hours of the day together in seclusion", being too much for their "shaky" relationship. 2089:"that entitles holders to travel to the country of their origin without other documentation". Rushdie ultimately decided not to attend the festival, citing reports of possible assassination attempts. Rushdie investigated police reports of paid assassins and suggested that the police might have lied. Meanwhile, police were seeking 630:, was all but destroyed by firebombs following the publication of an editorial defending the right to read the novel and criticising the bookstores that pulled it from their shelves. But the United Kingdom was the country where violence against bookstores occurred most often and persisted the longest. Two large bookstores in 2548:"The book's author is in England but the real supporter is the United States" – Interior Minister Mohtashemi (IRNA 17 February 1989) "An Iranian government statement called Rushdie "an inferior CIA agent" and referred to the book as a "provocative American deed". (IRNA 14 February 1989) (Pipes, 1990, p. 129) 441:, on the grounds that this suggested either that she exists or that the prophet thought she did; the angel Gibreel's vision of the Supreme Being in another dream as "not abstract in the least. He saw, sitting on the bed, a man of about the same age as himself", balding, wearing glasses and "seeming to suffer from 1426:

against Rushdie, stated, "we have tended to promote him and his book with little acknowledgment that it is a direct insult to those millions of Moslems whose sacred beliefs have been violated and are suffering in restrained silence the added embarrassment of the Ayatollah's irresponsibility". He also

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death threat, and after his unsuccessful apology to the Iranian government, Rushdie described succumbing to "a curious lethargy, the soporific torpor that overcomes ... while under attack"; then, a couple of weeks after that, wrote a poem vowing "not to shut up" but "to sing on, in spite of attacks".

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After the book was first published in the United Kingdom (in September 1988), there were protests by Muslims that predominantly took place in India and the UK. When the book was published in February 1989 in the United States, it received renewed attention, and worldwide protests began to take a more

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poet hired to write propaganda against the Prophet and does not reflect the author's beliefs; that the book criticised Islam for having too many rules and seeking to control every aspect of life, yet while characters in the book do make such remarks these cannot constitute blasphemy since they do not

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Today we are concerned for our pain and sometimes, for other people's. Blasphemy has become an offence against the faithful – in much the same way as pornography is an offence against the innocent and the virtuous. Given this meaning, blasphemy is an ecumenical crime and so it is not surprising

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thought the death sentence to be outrageous, but he also criticised Rushdie's action: "I don't think it is given to any of us to be impertinent to great religions with impunity", although he later expressed regret over his dispute with Rushdie. Rushdie, however, was supported by major bodies in the

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Belief that fictional elements of the novel were not flights of imagination but lies. Complaints included that it was "neither a critical appraisal nor a piece of historical research", that the novel failed to rely on "scientific and logical arguments", its "lack of scientific, accurate or objective

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Despite claims by Iranian officials that "Rushdie's book did not insult Iran or Iranian leaders" and so they had no selfish personal motivation to attack the book, the book does include an eleven-page sketch of Khomeini's stay in Paris that could well be considered an insult to him. It describes him

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Despite supporting the fatwa, some other leaders claimed that British Muslims were not allowed to carry out the fatwa themselves in order to avoid violating the law of a land in which they are a minority, and that only outside Muslims had an obligation to carry out the fatwa. Proponents of this view

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In Britain, the Union of Islamic Students' Associations in Europe, which is the largest collective of Islamic Students in Europe, issued a statement offering to commit murder for Khomeini. Despite incitement to murder being illegal in the United Kingdom, one London property developer told reporters,

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14 February 2000: Ayatollah Hassan Saneii, the head of the 15th of Khordad Foundation, reiterates that the death sentence remains valid and the foundation's $ 2.8 million reward will be paid with interest to Rushdie's assassins. Persians take this news with some scepticism as the foundation is

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The author of the book himself was not immediately killed or injured as many militants wished, but visibly frustrated by a life locked in 24-hour armed guard – alternately defiant against his would-be killers and attempting overtures of reconciliation against the death threat. A week after the

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To divide Muslims from the West by "starkly highlight the conflicting political and intellectual traditions" of the two civilisations. Khomeini had often warned Muslims of the dangers of the West – "the agents of imperialism are busy in every corner of the Islamic world drawing our youth away from

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1998: Iranian government publicly declares that it will "neither support nor hinder assassination operations on Rushdie". This is announced as part of a wider agreement to normalise relations between Iran and the United Kingdom. Rushdie subsequently declares that he will stop living in hiding, and

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calls on its 46 member governments to prohibit the novel. The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar sets the punishment for possession of the book as three years in prison and a fine of $ 2,500; in Malaysia, three years in prison and a fine of $ 7,400; in Indonesia, a month in prison or a fine. The

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Rejection of the concept of free speech. The belief among many Muslims in or from the Middle East is that every country "has ... laws that prohibits any publications or utterances that tend to ridicule or defame Islam". It followed that permission to publish a book that ridiculed or defamed Islam

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against Islam. It broke diplomatic relations with UK on 7 March 1989 giving the explanation that "in the past two centuries Britain has been in the frontline of plots and treachery against Islam and Muslims". It accused the British of sponsoring Rushdie's book to use it as a political and cultural

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I recognize that Muslims in many parts of the world are genuinely distressed by the publication of my novel. I profoundly regret the distress the publication has occasioned to the sincere followers of Islam. Living as we do in a world of many faiths, this experience has served to remind us that we

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verses; the phrase "Satanic verses" was unknown to Muslims, and was coined by Orientalist Western academics specialising in the study of cultures considered eastern. The story itself is not found in the six Sahih of the Sunni or the Shiite sources, so much so that Muraghi, in his commentary, says:

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The idea widely accepted among writers that provocation in literature is not a right but is a duty, an important calling: "it is perhaps in the nature of modern art to be offensive ... in this century if we are not willing to risk giving offence, we have no claim to the title of artists". Rushdie

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has noted that the section of the book depicting the Khomeini-like character was selected to be read publicly by Rushdie in the promotional events leading up to and following the book's release. In Crowley's opinion, the fatwa was most likely declared because of this section of the novel and its

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The view of many Muslims was that "Rushdie has portrayed the prophet of Islam as a brothel keeper". "Rushdie accuses the prophet, particularly Muhammad of being like prostitutes": "all who pray are sons of whores". "The Prophet's wives are portrayed as women of the street, his homes as a public

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identified other more general issues in the book likely to have angered pious Muslims: A complaint in the book by one of the character's companions: "rules about every damn thing, if a man farts, let him turn his face to the wind, a rule about which hand to use for the purpose of cleaning one's

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Rushdie lamented that the controversy fed the Western stereotype of "the backward, cruel, rigid Muslim, burning books and threatening to kill the blasphemer", while another British writer compared the Ayatollah Khomeini "with a familiar ghost from the past – one of those villainous Muslim

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The fact that the death sentence has been passed as punishment for a work of literature also implies a serious violation of free speech. The principle of the independence of literature from political control is of fundamental importance for civilisation and must be defended against attacks by

728:, verse 61: "Some of them hurt the prophet by saying, 'He is all ears!' Say, 'It is better for you that he listens to you. He believes in God, and trusts the believers. He is a mercy for those among you who believe.' Those who hurt God's messenger have incurred a painful retribution". However 1022:

To gain the upper hand from Saudi Arabia in the struggle for international leadership of the Muslim world. Each led rival blocs of international institutions and media networks, and "the Saudi government, it should be remembered, had led the anti-Rushdie campaign for months". Unlike the more

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The utterance and withdrawal of the so-called Satanic Verses forms an important sub-plot in the novel, which recounts several episodes in the life of Muhammad. The phrase Arab historians and later Muslims used to describe the incident of the withdrawn verses was not "Satanic verses", but the

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Early 2005: Khomeini's fatwa against Rushdie is reaffirmed by Iran's spiritual leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, in a message to Muslim pilgrims making the annual pilgrimage to Mecca. Iran has rejected requests to withdraw the fatwa on the basis that only the person who issued it may withdraw

1764:, that if Rushdie shows up at his door, he "might ring somebody who might do more damage to him than he would like... I'd try to phone the Ayatollah Khomeini and tell him exactly where this man is". Yusuf Islam later denied giving support to the fatwa. For more on this topic see 1382:

Westerners are less likely to be shocked by ridicule of religious figures. "Taboo and sacrilege are virtually dead in the West. Blasphemy is an old story and can no longer shock". Examples of movies and books that aroused little or no protest in the west despite their blasphemy:

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or other languages for which the majority of mother tongue speakers are Muslims; it was never published or even sold in the countries where most Muslims lived, and was a work of fiction – a demanding, densely written novel unlikely to appeal to the average reader.

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only nation with a predominantly Muslim population where the novel remains legal is Turkey. Several nations with large Muslim minorities, including Papua New Guinea, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Tanzania, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, also impose penalties for possessing the novel.

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as having "grown monstrous, lying in the palace forecourt with his mouth yawning open at the gates; as the people march through the gates he swallows them whole". In the words of one observer, "If this is not an insult, Khomeini was far more tolerant than one might suppose".

992:, rather than Shia like Khomeini. The Iran–Iraq War had also alienated Sunni, who not only were offended by its bloodshed, but tended to favour Iran's Sunni-led opponent, Iraq. At least one observer speculated that Khomeini's choice of the issue of disrespect for the Prophet 1666:

16 February 1989: Armed Islamist groups, such as Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corp and Hezbollah of Lebanon, express their enthusiasm to "carry out the Imam's decree". Rushdie enters the protection programme of the British government. The bounty on his head is raised to $ 6

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Based on the book's title, and out of a general ignorance about what it references, a misunderstanding in the part of people in Muslim majority countries, where the book was not available, that led to the mistaken belief that the book was a "Satanist" critique of Islam and

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This is primarily because most Western governments explicitly or implicitly allow for freedom of expression, which includes forbidding censorship in the vast majority of cases. Western attitudes regarding freedom of expression differ from those in the Arab world because:

2744:"Salman Rushdie (Author), Fiction (Books genre), Publishing (Books), Books, Culture, Blake Morrison, Hari Kunzru (author), Ian McEwan (Author), Peter Carey (Author), Hanif Kureishi (Author), Fay Weldon (Author), Religion (Books genre), Religion (News), Michael Holroyd" 3385:

Most notably, Georges Sabbagh, director of the Near East Studies Center at UCLA, told an interviewer that Khomeini was "completely within his rights" to call for Rushdie's death. Asked if Muslims should feel they have a right to kill Rushdie, he answered, "Why

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14 February 1999: on the tenth anniversary of the ruling against Rushdie, more than half of the deputies in (Iranian) Parliament sign a statement declaring, "The verdict on Rushdie, the blasphemer, is death, both today and tomorrow, and to burn in hell for all

178: – that no one "should be killed, or face a serious threat of being killed, for what they say or write" – against the view of some Muslims that non-Muslims should not be free to disparage the "honour of the Prophet" or indirectly 937:, argued "Blood must not be shed except after a trial given a chance to defend himself and repent". Abdallah al-Mushidd, head of Azhar's Fatwā Council stated "We must try the author in a legal fashion as Islam does not accept killing as a legal instrument". 5526: 501:, the publisher received "warnings from the publisher's editorial consultant" that the book might be controversial. Later, Rushdie would reflect upon the time that the book was about to be published. Speaking to an interviewer, he said, "I expected a few 789:

will be retracted if he repents. Imam Khomeini has said: This is denied 100%. Even if Salman Rushdie repents and become the most pious man of all time, it is incumbent on every Muslim to employ everything he has got, his life and wealth, to send him to

944:, head of the Shi'i community in Europe and a cousin of Khomeini, criticised Khomeini for 'respect neither international law nor that of Islam.' There was also criticism of the fatwa issued against Rushdie's publishers. According to Daniel Pipes, the 1050:, gave a public commitment that it would "neither support nor hinder assassination operations on Rushdie". In early 2005, Khomeini's fatwa was reaffirmed by Iran's Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, in a message to Muslim pilgrims making the 445:". A complaint by one of the characters about communal violence in India: "Fact is, religious faith, which encodes the highest aspirations of human race, is now, in our country, the servant of lowest instincts, and God is the creature of evil". 162:

said the regime no longer supported it. However, a fatwa cannot be revoked in Shia Islamic tradition. In 2017, a statement was published on the official website of the current supreme leader Ayatollah Khamenei, stating that "the decree is as

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for novel of the year, worth £20,000. According to one observer, "almost all the British book reviewers" were unaware of the book's connection to Islam because Rushdie has used the name Mahound instead of Muhammad for his chapter on Islam.

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that he is not, in fact, religious. According to some of Iran's leading clerics, despite the death of Khomeini and the Iranian government's official declaration, the fatwa remains in force. Iran's foreign minister Kamal Kharazi stated,

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Other Islamic scholars outside Iran took issue with the fact that the sentence was not passed by an Islamic court, or that it did not limit its "jurisdiction only countries under Islamic law". Muhammad Hussam al Din, a theologian at

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In February, when the US edition was published, a new round of reviews and criticism began. March 1989 saw it banned in Kenya, Thailand, Tanzania, Indonesia, and Singapore. The last nation to ban the book was Venezuela, in June 1989.

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Positions Rushdie took as a committed leftist prior to the publication of his book were the source of some controversy. He defended many of those who would later attack him during the controversy. Rushdie forcefully denounced the

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at the end of January. The Indian government replied that there were no plans to bar Rushdie from entering the country, and that Rushdie, who had visited India several times in the past, did not need a visa because he held a

6962: 1077:'s card" from Iran each year on 14 February letting him know the country has not forgotten the vow to kill him. He was also quoted saying, "It's reached the point where it's a piece of rhetoric rather than a real threat". 1227:

sold "a mere hundred copies" within a week of the book's release in mid-January 1989, it "flew off the shelves" following the fatwa. In America, it sold an "unprecedented" five times more copies than the number two book,

952:)." In addition, the publishers were not Muslim and so could not be "sentenced under the Islamic laws of apostasy". If there was another legal justification for sentencing them to death, "Khomeini failed to provide" it. 1062:

have declared that the death sentence on him is still valid. Iran has rejected requests to withdraw the fatwa on the basis that only the person who issued it may withdraw it, with Ruhollah Khomeini having died in 1989.

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Iran's response to calls for a trial was to denounce its Islamic proponents as "deceitful". President Khomeini accused them of attempting to use religious law as "a flag under which they can crush revolutionary Islam".

756:(who would later that year succeed Khomeini as Supreme Leader) suggested that if Rushdie "apologises and disowns the book, people may forgive him". Following this, Rushdie issued "a carefully worded statement", saying: 5514: 1267:... project of tyranny and unreason which wishes to freeze a certain view of Islamic culture in time and silence the progressive voices in the Muslim world calling for a free and prosperous future. ... along comes 1878:

1990: Rushdie publishes an essay on Khomeini's death, "In Good Faith", to appease his critics and issues an apology in which he seems to reaffirm his respect for Islam; however, Iranian clerics do not retract the

2134:"The death sentence and the reward money are flagrant breaches of international law and rules of civilised interaction within the world community and therefore can in no way be compatible with normalisation. 2600: 964:

Some speculate that the fatwa (or at least the reaffirmation of the death threat four days later) was issued with motives other than a sense of duty to protect Islam by punishing blasphemy/apostasy. Namely:

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October 1988: Death threats against Rushdie compel him to cancel trips and sometimes take a bodyguard. Letter writing campaign to Viking Press in America brings "tens of thousands of menacing letters".

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on 26 September 1988 in the UK, and on 22 February 1989 in the US. Upon its publication the book garnered considerable critical acclaim in the United Kingdom. On 8 November 1988, the work received the

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in the desert; and a character named Salman the Persian who serves as one of the Prophet's scribes, an apparent reference to the story, controversial among Muslims, of a Meccan convert by the name of

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Many religious figures in the United States and United Kingdom shared the aversion to blasphemy of pious Muslims (if not as intensely) and did not defend Rushdie like their secular compatriots. The

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and what might on the surface appear to be the product of the imagination of an individual iconoclast author was actually a conspiracy on a national or transnational scale. Then Iranian president

6382: 540:. By October 1988, letters and phone calls arrived at Viking Penguin from Muslims, angry with the book and demanding that it be withdrawn. Before the end of the month, the import of the book was 3724: 239:"took an aim on Pakistan, its political characters, its culture and its religion... a central episode in Pakistan's internal life, which portrays as a family squabble between Iskander Harappa ( 6992: 1733:, is destroyed by firebombs. A caller to 911 says the bombing was in retaliation for an editorial defending the right to read the novel and criticising the chain stores that stopped selling it. 735:

Over the next few days, Iranian officials offered a bounty of $ 6 million for killing Rushdie, who was thus forced to live under police protection for the next nine years. On 7 March 1989, the

1399:, a book that was not only offensive and untrue but arguably very dangerous, having inspired the killing of Jews in Russia and contributed to Nazi ideology, was "freely available in the west". 8126: 2161:. Commenting on the extent of his injuries, Rushdie's agent said that he had likely lost an eye, in addition to sustaining liver damage and severed nerves in one arm. Rushdie was placed on a 3979: 798:

If a non-Muslim becomes aware of Rushdie's whereabouts and has the ability to execute him quicker than Muslims, it is incumbent on Muslims to pay a reward or a fee in return for this action.

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On 12 February 1989, a 10,000-strong protest against Rushdie and the book took place in Islamabad, Pakistan. Six protesters were killed in an attack on the American Cultural Center, and an

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behind ...", which was said to mix up "Islamic law with its opposite and with the author's whimsy"; the prophet of Rushdie's novel, as he lies dying, being visited in a dream by the Goddess

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The last point also explains why one of the few groups to speak out in Muslim countries against Khomeini and for Rushdie's right to publish his book were other writers. Nobel prize winners

5483: 8199: 7313: 6402: 4839:"Statement by Indian intellectuals on Syed Shahabuddin's attempt to make the authorities impose a ban on the book Hindu View of Christianity and Islam by Ram Swarup, Delhi, 18 November." 3901: 1949:, donned as stage character/devil Mr. MacPhisto, placed a call to Rushdie only to find himself face to face with Rushdie on stage. Rushdie told Bono that "real devils don't wear horns". 2109:, which is banned in India. A proposed video link session between Rushdie and the Jaipur Literature Festival ran into difficulty after the government pressured the festival to stop it. 1843:

3 August 1989: A man using the alias Mustafa Mahmoud Mazeh accidentally blew himself up along with two floors of a central London hotel while preparing a bomb intended to kill Rushdie.

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run Zakariyya Jame Masjid to the town centre and then burned the book. The organisers claimed "It was a peaceful protest, and we burned the book to try and attract public attention".

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Late the next year, Rushdie declared, "I want to reclaim my life", and in December signed a declaration "affirming his Islamic faith and calling for Viking-Penguin, the publisher of

1477:, a polemic against religion. The affair however led to greater caution and some degree of self-censorship when dealing with Islamic issues in the literary and other creative arts. 1139:, who used to be portrayed, larger than life, in popular histories of the British Empire". Media expressions of this included a banner headline in the popular British newspaper the 2796: 5595: 8134: 3948: 4664: 2446: 2309: 2939: 2141:

The Swedish Academy decries the retention of the death sentence for Salman Rushdie and that state-controlled media are permitted to encourage violence directed at a writer."

714:. Meanwhile, if someone has access to the author of the book but is incapable of carrying out the execution, he should inform the people so that is punished for his actions. 364:. The verses also appear in other accounts of the prophet's life. Verse 23 in Surah An-Najm implies that the Satanic Verses were fabricated by the forefathers of idolaters. 6660: 6392: 6387: 3844: 1322:

methods of research", "unfounded lies", not being "serious or scientific", "a total distortion of historical facts", being "not at all an objective or scientific opinion".

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with the message that it "would take revenge against" all institutions and organisations that insulted in one way or another "members of the Prophet Mohammed's family".

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verses of the Quran), and came to include a larger debate about censorship and religious violence. It included numerous killings, attempted killings (including against

8311: 1107:, United States. The assailant stabbed him ten times, straining to continue the attack even as several people held him back. One of these people was the co-founder of 40: 5257: 4705: 835:(who later said he believed he may have been "partially responsible" for getting Khomeini to issue the fatwa). After Siddiqui's death in 1996, however, his successor 4334: 3642: 2997: 2751: 1500:

Michael Walzer wrote that the response revealed an evolution of the meaning of blasphemy; it moved away from a crime against God and toward something more temporal.

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Among second generation Muslim immigrants in UK and elsewhere, a decline in interest in universalist "white Left" anti-racist/anti-imperialist politics, and rise in

1259:, neither to issue the book in paperback nor to allow it to be translated". This also failed to move supporters of the fatwa and by mid-2005 Rushdie was condemning 3149:"A 'Satanic' Fury: Iran's Ayatollah Khomeini orders the murder of a novelist in Britain as the 'blasphemy' in a controversial new book convulses the Islamic world" 1326:

showed an anti-Islamic bias in those countries that permit publication. Although not enforced, and abolished completely in 2008, the United Kingdom previously had

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himself said: "I had spent my entire life as a writer in opposition, and indeed conceived the writer's role as including the function of antagonist to the state".

6219: – Writers, broadcasters, friends and publishing insiders recall what it was like to be caught up in the most controversial story in recent literary history 5693: 3813: 3209: 2604: 2129:

24 March: In a press release, the Swedish Academy, who awards the Nobel Prize in Literature, condemns the death sentence for Rushdie for the first time, saying:

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14 February 1989: Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini of Iran issues a fatwa calling on all Muslims to execute all those involved in the publication of the novel; the

814:), ruled that an "apostate is also killed unless he repents... Whoever abuses the Messenger of God ... is to be executed, and his repentance is not accepted". 696:

Muslim leaders, issued a fatwa calling for the death of Rushdie and his publishers. This created a major international incident that persisted for many years.

214:, the books of Salman Rushdie had stoked controversy. Rushdie saw his role as a writer "as including the function of antagonist to the state". His second book 5731: 4277: 3782: 7157: 6377: 5426: 5449: 5093: 8083: 5999: 5001:

Article "Iranians in confusion after Rushdie apologizes; Rushdie controversy". The Sunday Times (London, England), 19 February 1989, accessed via Infotrac.

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of Egypt, both attacked Khomeini, and both received death threats as a result, with Mahfouz later getting stabbed in the neck by a Muslim fundamentalist.

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Article "Iran suggests an apology could save life of Rushdie; Rushdie controversy". The Times (London, England), 18 February 1989, accessed via Infotrac.

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In a 2007 article, journalist Anthony McRoy theorized that Khomeini refused the apology on the basis of an interpretation of the Islamic law posited by

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The Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran has no intention, nor is it going to take any action whatsoever, to threaten the life of the author of

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conservative Saudi Arabia, however, Iran was ideologically and militantly anti-western and could take a more militant stand outside international law.

7038: 2020:, "Ayatollah Hassan Saneii, head of the semi-official Khordad Foundation that has placed a $ 2.8 million bounty on Rushdie's head, was quoted by the 5296: 6565: 6244: 3971: 2022: 1584:

21 November 1988: Grand sheik of Egypt Al-Azhar calls on Islamic organisations in Britain to take legal action to prevent the novel's distribution.

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was notified of 78 threats to bookstores in early March 1989, thought to be a small proportion of the total number of threats. The bookstore chain

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On 24 September 1998, as a precondition to the restoration of diplomatic relations with Britain, the Iranian government, then headed by reformist

7048: 6977: 4254: 3668: 2325:"Imam Khomeini's verdict regarding Salman Rushdie is based on divine verses and just like divine verses, it is solid and irrevocable. 1990-06-05" 5404: 5047: 940:

The Islamic Jurisprudence Academy in Mecca urged that Rushdie be tried, and if found guilty, be given a chance to repent (p. 93), and Ayatollah

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In the United States, it was unavailable in about one-third of bookstores. In many others that carried the book, it was kept under the counter.

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14 August 2022: Two days after Rushdie's stabbing, the government-run newspaper of Iran called the attack an "implementation of divine decree".

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In addition to criticism of the death sentence on the basis of human rights, the sentence was also criticised on Islamic grounds. According to

17: 6180: 5313: 4427:

Sayed M. Syeed, secretary general of the Association of Muslim Social Scientists in the United States, Philadelphia Inquirer, 14 February 1989

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brothel and his companions as bandits". The book, in fact, portrays prostitutes who "had each assumed the identity of one of Mahound's wives".

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has announced, "The fatwā by Imam Khomeini in regard to the apostate Salman Rushdie will be in effect forever", and that one of Iran's state

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The leader of Britain's Muslim Parliament, who led a vociferous campaign against author Salman Rushdie, died yesterday of a heart attack...

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The passionate international rage of Muslims towards the book surprised many Western readers because the book was written in English, not

785:

The imperialist foreign media falsely alleged that the officials of the Islamic Republic have said the sentence of death on the author of

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in support for Rushdie. Gyllensten dies in 2006, while Ekman leaves in 2018 after the Academy changed its rules, permitting resignations.

174:

The issue was said to have divided "Muslims from Westerners along the fault line of culture," and to have pitted a core Western value of

5579: 5172: 8418: 7545: 7443: 7277: 6970: 5229: 2041: 948:"clearly establishes that disseminating false information is not the same as expressing it. 'Transmitting blasphemy is not blasphemy' ( 6212: 4656: 3940: 2438: 1191:; and a threat, moreover, infinitely more difficult to contain since it is virtually impossible to monitor, let alone stamp out ...". 403:, the wife of Muhammad, for a fanatical Indian girl who leads her village on a fatal pilgrimage. Moreover, the brothel of the city of 287:, "the bandit posing as sheriff". After the Ayatollah's fatwa however, he was accused by the Iranian government of being "an inferior 32:

This article is about the controversy surrounding the Salman Rushdie novel. For the controversy surrounding the religious verses, see

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15 June 2007: Rushdie receives knighthood for services to literature sparking an outcry from Islamic groups. Several groups invoking

881:

Khomeini's fatwa was condemned across the Western world by governments on the grounds that it violated the universal human rights of

291:

agent". A few years earlier, an official jury appointed by a ministry of the Iranian Islamic government had bestowed an award on the

889:, and that Khomeini had no right to condemn to death a citizen of another country living in that country. The twelve members of the 7917: 6929: 6407: 6328: 6175: 5556: 5040:"Firebombs Damage 2 Berkeley Book Shops : Another Hits N.Y. Newspaper; Bush Warns Against Violent Protests Over Rushdie Novel" 3874: 5070: 3079: 2868: 2324: 1930:, who had previously announced that he was going to get the book translated and published. The mob demanded he be handed over for 8281: 7535: 6939: 6606: 4789:

Postmodernist Perceptions of Islam: Observing the Observer. Akbar S. Ahmed. Asian Survey, Vol. 31, No. 3 (Mar. 1991), pp. 213–231

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Khomeini did not give a legal reasoning for his judgement. It is thought to be based on the ninth chapter of the Qur'an, called

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14 January 1989: A copy of the book is burned in Bradford. Extensive media coverage and debate. Some support from non-Muslims.

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would be offended, call me names, and then I could defend myself in public... I honestly never expected anything like this".

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19 February 1989: Ayatollah Khomeini issues edict saying no apology or contrition by Rushdie could lift his death sentence.

1688:(the official Iranian news agency) says Rushdie's statement "is generally seen as sufficient enough to warrant his pardon". 1638:

February 1989: The first copies of the United States edition appear in bookstores, along with book reviews in the US press.

1114:

The government of Iran denied having foreknowledge of the stabbing, although Iranian state-controlled media celebrated it.

3638: 2993: 2743: 1900:, the novel's Japanese translator, is stabbed to death; and Ettore Capriolo, its Italian translator, is seriously wounded. 925:. For Lewis, fiqh also "lays down procedures according to which a person accused of an offense is to be brought to trial, 453:

newspaper published on 14 September 2012 a series of recollections of various British people involved in the controversy.

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22 February 2016: A group of forty state-run media organisations in Iran raised $ 600,000 to add to the Fatwa on Rushdie.

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24 December 1990: Rushdie signs a declaration affirming his Islamic faith and calls for Viking-Penguin, the publisher of

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is rapidly growing into a much bigger threat of violence and intolerance than anything emanating from, say, the fascist

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Kalim Siddiqui, a prominent British Muslim who backed Iran's call for the assassination of the writer Salman Rushdie...

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Robin Lustig, Martin Bailey, Simon de Bruxelles and Ian Mather The Guardian newspapers story of events around the Book

1663:, offers a reward of $ 1 million USD or 200 million rials for the murder of Rushdie, $ 3 million if done by an Iranian. 1444: 1314:

Rushdie was living in the West and ought to be setting a good example for Islam and not siding "with the Orientalists".

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16 February 2003: Iran's Revolutionary Guards reiterate the call for the assassination of Rushdie. As reported by the

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14 February 2006: Iran's official state news agency reports on the anniversary of the decree that the government-run

1059: 736: 461:, observed "Intransigence is never so great as when it feels it has a god on its side." One of the lawyers involved, 5370: 4269: 4232: 4209: 3277: 1552:

5 October 1988: India bans the novel's importation, after Indian parliamentarian and editor of the monthly magazine

850:, George Sabbagh, told an interviewer that Khomeini was "completely within his rights" to call for Rushdie's death. 7145: 6558: 6477: 6189: 5754: 5715: 5212: 3766: 2603:. The Islamic Education Board of the World Federation of Khoja Shia Ithna-Asheri Muslim Communities. Archived from 2200: 843:

said his government would not pursue -- though also not withdraw -- the fatwa. and reiterated his support in 2000.

5617: 3192: 8408: 8398: 7692: 7599: 7468: 6470: 6230: 5085: 2704: 613: 6198: 4130: 2080:, an Islamic school in India, issued a demand that Rushdie be denied a visa for his scheduled appearance at the 1207: 8413: 8264: 7833: 7606: 7175: 7135: 6338: 6025: 1861:), stopped participating in the Academy's work in protest at the Academy's refusal to support an appeal to the 996:

was a particularly shrewd tactic, as Sunni were inclined to suspect Shia of being more interested in the Imams

973:

To distract the attention of his Iranian countrymen from his capitulation seven months earlier to a truce with

476:: it was said that God was described in the book as "the Destroyer of Man", yet he is described as such in the 7209: 7197: 4582: 3242: 2962: 430:, who left Islam after the Prophet failed to notice small changes he had made in the dictation of the Qur'an. 8172: 8153: 7226: 7180: 7140: 6718: 6708: 6653: 6592: 4489: 4470: 3746: 2361: 2086: 1618:

in UK. 7000 Muslims attend rally burning the book in Bolton, though the event is barely noticed by the media.

1577:

20 October 1988: Union of Muslim Organisations of the UK writes the British government pressing for a ban of

5779: 1739:

March 1989: Independent book stores including Cody's in Berkeley, California, United States and Powell's in

970:

us with their evil propaganda". He knew from news reports the book was already rousing the anger of Muslims.

8403: 8303: 7910: 7074: 6903: 6442: 6437: 4604: 2829:"UNDESIRABLE PUBLICATIONS (CHAPTER 25) ORDERS TO PROHIBIT IMPORTATION, SALE OR CIRCULATION OF PUBLICATIONS" 2205: 1641:

12 February 1989: Six people are killed and 100 injured when 10,000 attack the American Cultural Center in

1067: 585:

gained international attention in January 1989 when some of its members organized a public book-burning of

3110:, (2001), p. 284, (Issued 18 February, Obtained by Baqer Moin from the Archbishop of Canterbury's aides.)] 865:

and more specifically, for his refuge and protection in the United Kingdom". He joined several Westerners

532:

In Islamic communities, the novel became instantly controversial, because of what some Muslims considered

8383: 8295: 8005: 7981: 7555: 7540: 7498: 6333: 4720: 2698:

Michael M. J. Fischer; Mehdi Abedi (May 1990). "Bombay Talkies, the Word and the World: Salman Rushdie's

2105:

who fled Jaipur on the advice of officials at the Jaipur Literature Festival after reading excerpts from

1790: 890: 288: 8443: 8345: 8218: 7886: 7781: 7560: 7461: 7203: 6796: 6774: 6725: 6432: 6286: 5039: 4409:(Shaykh Ahmad Kaftaru, mufti of the Syrian Arab Republic, source: Syrian Arab News Agency, 1 March 1989 2562: 2151: 2081: 1758:) indicates his support for the fatwa and states during a British television documentary, according to 1344: 1096: 1086: 651: 136: 3676: 2416: 1471:, said that the fatwa persuaded him that Islamic fundamentalism was an urgent menace, and later wrote 1099:

as he was about to give a public lecture on the United States as safe haven for exiled writers at the

620:, for instance, received 30 threats in less than three hours. Bombings of book stores included two in 8180: 7811: 7364: 7348: 7343: 6544: 6351: 5400: 4976: 4418:

Religious affairs director of Turkish government, Mustafa Sait Yazicioglu, Radio Ankara 14 March 1989

4321: 1858: 1649: 2828: 2777: 1271:, and now many people say that, in hindsight, the fatwa was the prologue and this is the main event. 8021: 7775: 7094: 6688: 6516: 6494: 5317: 5116: 3027:

The Resilience of Conservative Religion: The Case of Popular, Conservative Protestant Congregations

1934:. The mob set the hotel alight when Nesin was not turned over. Nesin escaped the fire and survived. 1486: 1337: 1136: 384:; the use of the term Jahilia, denoting the "time of ignorance" before Islam, for the holy city of 3197:

Siddiqui's notoriety rests on his prompt support for the Iranian death sentence on Salman Rushdie.

823:"If I see him, I will kill him straight away. Take my name and address. One day I will kill him". 8448: 8319: 7973: 7903: 7665: 7384: 7323: 7099: 7033: 6810: 6732: 5900:

The Crisis: the President, the Prophet, and the Shah – 1979 and the Coming of Militant Islam

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12 August 2022: Rushdie was stabbed in the neck and abdomen when he was set to give a lecture in

1705:

24 February 1989: Twelve people die and 40 are wounded when a large anti-Rushdie riot in Bombay,

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17 February 1989: Iranian president Ali Khamenei says Rushdie could be pardoned if he apologises.

1505:... that Christians and Jews should join Muslims in calling Salman Rushdie's a blasphemous book. 1332:

A belief held by many Muslims that Britain, America and other Western countries are engaged in a

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the day of the attack, but within 48 hours, he was taken off of it and reportedly able to speak.

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24 November 1988: The novel is banned in South Africa and Pakistan; bans follow within weeks in

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newspaper as saying that his foundation would now pay $ 3 million to anyone who kills Rushdie".

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13 February 1989: One person is killed and over 100 injured in anti-Rushdie riots in Srinagar,

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Despite the passionate intensity of Muslim feeling on the issue, no Western government banned

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was scathing and called Rushdie's book sensationalist and Rushdie "a dangerous opportunist".

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newspaper worried that Muslim book burning demonstrations were "following the example of the

1122:

One of the immediate consequences of the fatwa was a worsening of Islamic-Western relations.

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immediately sparked vehement protest against Rushdie's book. The title refers to a legend of

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Salman Rushdie moderator Henry Reese reveals black eye and knife wound from attack on author

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The Gulf War : Its Origins, History and Consequences by John Bulloch and Harvey Morris

4555:"The Importance of Being Earnest About Salman Rushdie" by Sadeq al-'Azm, in M.D. Fletcher, 2598: 2328: 2158: 1778:

3 June 1989: Khomeini dies. Former president Khamenei takes over as the new Supreme Leader.

1713: 1468: 1268: 1175: 1170: 1104: 926: 836: 621: 191: 2684: 1310:

Some of the explanations for the unprecedented rage unleashed against the book were that:

399:, the well known Muslim military leader during the Crusades, for a devil, and the name of 8: 8075: 7677: 7404: 6853: 6824: 6674: 6523: 6487: 5548: 4777: 2077: 1188: 934: 886: 654:), in connection with the Penguin Bookshop inside the store, and at the Penguin store in 299:, which up until then was the only time a government had awarded Rushdie's work a prize. 244: 240: 5062: 2858: 1521:

of the United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth, opposed the book's publication.

861:

was abducted "in response to Iran's fatwa against Salman Rushdie for the publication of

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or anybody associated with his work, nor will it encourage or assist anybody to do so".

1862: 1760: 1074: 985: 922: 635: 481: 462: 311: 260: 195: 187: 179: 155: 123: 74: 5780:"Salman Rushdie off ventilator, condition improving after attack on stage, agent says" 4926: 1353:. In Britain, the group was represented by the UK Action Committee on Islamic Affairs. 869:

there. Two months earlier a photograph of three teachers held hostage was released by

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Postcolonial Intellectuals in Europe: Academics, Artists, Activists and their Publics

5997:

Mendes, AC. (2018). "Salman Rushdie: The Accidental Intellectual in the Mediascape”.

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to ban the book. In 1993, Syed Shahabuddin tried unsuccessfully to ban another book (

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According to McRoy (2007), other controversial elements included the use of the name

175: 143: 89: 5631: 5484:"Jaipur Literature Festival: Even a virtual Rushdie is unwelcome for Rajasthan govt" 8362: 8326: 8236: 8099: 7793: 7769: 7650: 7508: 7369: 7333: 7308: 6874: 6867: 6817: 6703: 5663: 5250: 2713: 1915: 1897: 1740: 1556: 1473: 1303: 1249: 1047: 1008: 839:

renewed support for the fatwa. His support for the fatwa continued, even after the

601: 582: 574:. After the Friday prayers, a certain section of the congregation marched from the 454: 415: 292: 202:

called the fatwa "one of the most significant events in postwar literary history".

159: 4391:

Mir Husayn Musavi, prime minister of Iran, quoted on Radio Tehran 21 February 1989

4222: 3147:

Watson, Russell; Foote, Donna; Wilkinson, Ray; Whitmore, Jane (27 February 1989).

2717: 2302:"Ayatollah Khamenei's fatwa on Salman Rushdie's apostasy from Islam [sic]" 1435: 7799: 7763: 7755: 7185: 6617: 6571: 6448: 6014:

Mendes, AC. (2016). "Cultural Warfare Redux: Salman Rushdie’s Knighthood”,

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1999: An Iranian foundation places a $ 2.8 million bounty on Rushdie's life.

1953: 1854: 1850: 1725: 1684:

18 February 1989: Rushdie apologizes as President Khamenei suggested; initially,

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Some Western politicians and writers did criticise Rushdie. Former US president

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because it seemed to suggest "that Mrs. Gandhi was responsible for the death of

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apologise, withdraw the novel, destroy any extant copies, and never reprint it.

1412: 1281:, was published on 18 September 2012. Joseph Anton was Rushdie's secret alias. 1233: 1108: 1001: 349: 248: 199: 128: 118: 69: 33: 5755:"Salman Rushdie taken off ventilator as 'road to recovery' begins, agent says" 5515:"Salman Rushdie shadow on Jaipur Literature Festival: 4 authors who read from 4856: 3941:"Police identify Salman Rushdie attack suspect as 24-year-old from New Jersey" 3148: 2237: 8377: 7670: 7394: 7303: 7221: 6910: 6646: 6625: 6501: 6418: 6203: 6184: 5727: 5591: 4339: 4224: 3778: 2102: 2016: 1846: 1782: 1632: 1490: 1464: 1384: 1194:

On the Muslim side, the Iranian government saw the book as part of a British

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Twitter account stated that Khomeini's verdict was "solid and irrevocable".

158:

has changed its support for the fatwa several times, including in 1998 when

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Sacrilege versus Civility: Muslim Perspectives on The Satanic Verses Affair

3767:"Live Updates: Salman Rushdie Is Stabbed During Speech in Western New York" 2625: 2090: 1819: 1813:

Following the broadcast of his film-poem, Harrison published a poem titled

1803: 1702:, under threat, remove the novel from one-third of the nation's bookstores. 1694:

22 February 1989: The novel is published in the US; major bookstore chains

1588: 1560: 1419: 1408: 1333: 1158: 1141: 1132: 1012: 753: 667: 643: 512: 449: 433: 380:, said to be a derogatory term for Muhammad used by the English during the 6016: 5512: 3259: 1886:, neither to issue the book in paperback nor to allow it to be translated. 1709:, India starts to cause considerable property damage and police open fire. 7848: 7655: 7374: 6222: 5378: 4812:

Shourie, Arun (1998). "How should we respond?". In Goel, Sita Ram (ed.).

4798:

Shahabuddin, Syed. "You did this with satanic forethought, Mr. Rushdie".

4201: 3441: 2776:'s speech in the US, November 2002, Farsi Text, it has been published in 2191:, 1990 Pakistani action film depicting Salman Rushdie as its main villain 2098: 2094: 1942: 1755: 1706: 1699: 1678: 1518: 1456: 1452: 1360:

with its focus on the "defence of values and beliefs" of Muslim identity.

1154: 989: 858: 485: 458: 39:"The Rushdie Affair" redirects here. For the 1990 Daniel Pipes book, see 4490:

From Fatwa to Jihad: The Rushdie Affair and Its Aftermath By Kenan Malik

4471:

From Fatwa to Jihad: The Rushdie Affair and Its Aftermath By Kenan Malik

2362:

From Fatwa to Jihad: The Rushdie Affair and Its Aftermath By Kenan Malik

2232:

Islam in transition: religion and identity among British Pakistani youth

2116:

would be published today because of a climate of "fear and nervousness".

1775:

in London burning Rushdie in effigy and calling for the novel's banning.

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Freedom of Expression – Secular Theocracy Versus Liberal Democracy

4814:

Freedom of Expression – Secular Theocracy Versus Liberal Democracy

4461:

broadcast Radio Tehran, 7 March 1989 quoted in Pipes, 1990, pp. 124–125

3972:"'Truth, courage, resilience': Biden hails Salman Rushdie after attack" 2162: 1927: 1807: 1596: 1564: 1431: 1165:", and that if Rushdie was killed, "it would be the first burning of a 846:

Meanwhile, in America, the director of the Near East Studies Center at

693: 663: 647: 548: 404: 2048:, or foundations, has offered a $ 2.8 million bounty on his life. 1795: 6303: 6293: 5200: 1914:. Thirty-seven Turkish intellectuals and locals participating in the 1786: 1730: 1642: 1038:

public exposure, rather than the overall parodic treatment of Islam.

711: 682: 659: 642:) were bombed on 9 April. In May, explosions went off in the town of 617: 556: 544:

in India, although possession of the book is not a criminal offence.

533: 469: 361: 357: 132: 7453: 5920:

The Shah and the Ayatollah: Iranian mythology and Islamic revolution

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League for the Spread of Unpopular Views. West German organization,

3030:. Cambridge, UK: The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. 7618: 6257: 3898:"Author Salman Rushdie was attacked on a lecture stage in New York" 3837:"State Police are investigating an attack on author Salman Rushdie" 3153: 1923: 1799: 1681:, and Coles Book Stores say that they will no longer sell the book. 1604: 1212: 1073:

In 2007, Salman Rushdie reported that he still receives a "sort of

993: 918: 725: 706:. I am informing all brave Muslims of the world that the author of 442: 381: 352:" are said to have been revealed between verses 20 and 21 in Surah 321: 4436:

Libyan ambassador to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights

4400:(Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah, Agence France Press, 27 February 1989) 4223:

Shikha Dalmia from the August/September 2005 issue (August 2005).

4000:

Marzorati, Gerald, "Salman Rushdie: Fiction's Embattled Infidel",

2249:"Iran Drops Rushdie Death Threat, And Britain Renews Teheran Ties" 1712:

28 February 1989: Bookstores, including Cody's and Waldenbooks in

650:. Other bombings included one at a large London department store ( 7895: 7416: 6612: 6469: 2336: 1592: 1224: 593:

recalled "images of medieval (not to mention Nazi) intolerance".

423: 396: 377: 353: 333: 5513:

Singh, Akhilesh Kumar; Chowdhury, Shreya Roy (23 January 2012).

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Tafsir Muraghi, vol. 17, pg. 130, under the abovementioned verse

1347:

in retaliation for Rushdie's satire of them in the earlier book

472:

had lodged a formal indictment against Rushdie for the crime of

7941: 6281: 5847: 5306: 3260:"Salman Rushdie: Did a 'chance' airport meeting lead to fatwa?" 1660: 1393:, which turned "Biblical stories into pornographic fare"; Even 1295: 1166: 1162: 945: 910: 854: 770: 567: 560: 502: 438: 411:, who are viewed by Muslims as "the Mothers of all Believers". 392: 344:

had sent them to deceive Muhammad into thinking they came from

329: 302: 183: 7710:

Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist (Velayat-e faqih)

5810:

Karolides, Nicholas J.; Bald, Margaret; Sova, Dawn B. (1999).

5196:"Tomb of the unknown assassin reveals mission to kill Rushdie" 4557:

Reading Rushdie: Perspectives on the Fiction of Salman Rushdie

3765:

Gelles, David; Root, Jay; Harris, Elizabeth (12 August 2022).

3667:

Webster, Philip; Hoyle, Ben; Navai, Ramita (20 January 2005).

3617:"Tomb of the unknown assassin reveals mission to kill Rushdie" 142:

The affair had a notable impact on geopolitics when, in 1989,

7109: 6661:

The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History

6308: 5686:"Author Salman Rushdie attacked on lecture stage in New York" 5659:"Author Salman Rushdie attacked on lecture stage in New York" 5477: 5475: 5265: 5037: 4457: 4455: 3806:"Author Salman Rushdie attacked on lecture stage in New York" 3142: 3140: 3138: 2599:

Ayatullah al-'Uzma al-Hajj ash-Shaykh Nasir Makarim Shirazi.

1608: 1600: 1510: 1423: 1055: 988:

among the 90% of the population of the Muslim world that was

566:

In Britain, on 2 December 1988, 7,000 Muslims in the town of

552: 419: 400: 385: 345: 341: 325: 268: 151: 97: 3146: 2558: 1736:

7 March 1989: Iran breaks diplomatic relations with Britain.

1015:

and the United States, who were basking in the glory of the

773:"via official channels" before being released to the press. 555:, and South Africa. By December 1988, it was also banned in 324:; a few verses were supposedly spoken by him as part of the 6995: 5329: 5327: 1946: 1685: 1299: 1051: 914: 655: 164: 8312:

The Rushdie Affair: The Novel, the Ayatollah, and the West

6058:

The Rushdie Affair: The Novel, the Ayatollah, and the West

5812:

100 Banned Books: Censorship Histories of World Literature

5580:"Salman Rushdie: Iranian media raise more money for fatwa" 5472: 4452: 3475:

Radio Tehran, 16 March 1989, quoted in Pipes, 1990, p. 135

3135: 1937:

11 August 1993: Rushdie makes a rare public appearance at

1328:

laws prohibiting blasphemy against the Christian religion.

1070:

reported that the fatwa will remain in place permanently.

781:

On 19 February 1990, Ayatollah Khomeini's office replied:

468:, rehearsed the arguments and replies made when 13 Muslim 42:

The Rushdie Affair: The Novel, the Ayatollah, and the West

5828: 5716:"Salman Rushdie Updates: Update from Elizabeth A. Harris" 5450:"Salman Rushdie not to attend Jaipur Literature Festival" 5213:

Salman Rushdie § Failed assassination attempt (1989)

4901:

From Fatwa to Jihad: The Rushdie Affair and Its Aftermath

3933: 3511:

The Gulf War : Its Origins, History and Consequences

3370:

The Rushdie Affair: The Novel, the Ayatollah and the West

2954: 1673:

17 February 1989: Book store chains including B. Dalton,

997: 5324: 5117:"Cat Stevens Gives Support To Call for Death of Rushdie" 5090:

Ask the Agent: Night Thoughts about Books and Publishing

4772:"Being God's Postman Is No Fun, Yaar": Salman Rushdie's 3639:"26 December 1990: Iranian leader upholds Rushdie fatwa" 559:. In March 1989, it was banned in Malaysia, followed by 275:

three years later. He wrote a book bitterly critical of

4699: 3410:"Iran: West to Blame Islam for Forthcoming Terrorism", 2896: 2601:"What is the Myth of Gharaniq or 'The Satanic Verses'?" 2439:"Looking back at Salman Rushdie's 'The Satanic Verses'" 1938: 893:

removed their ambassadors from Tehran for three weeks.

414:

Other issues many Muslims have found offensive include

117:, was a controversy sparked by the 1988 publication of 6017:

Salman Rushdie: An Anthology of 21st-century Criticism

4161:

Salman Rushdie, "Beginning of a Novelist's Thralldom"

4064:

Peregrine Worsthorne, "The Blooding of the Literati",

2891:

Bloody Foreigners: The Story of Immigration to Britain

1549:, apprehending the reaction it may evoke among people. 247:)... 'The Virgin Ironpants'... has been identified as 8092:

Step Across This Line: Collected Nonfiction 1992–2002

5632:"Author Salman Rushdie attacked on stage in New York" 5481: 5447: 5279:"Swedish Academy members granted leave after scandal" 5038:

Kevin Roderick & John J. Goldman (1 March 1989).

3669:"Ayatollah revives the death fatwa on Salman Rushdie" 3425:

The Crisis of Islam : Holy War and Unholy Terror

3023: 2681:"Why Muslims feel angry about the Rushdie knighthood" 1794:

in which Harrison defends Rushdie by likening him to

1284: 761:

must all be conscious of the sensibilities of others.

658:. Unexploded devices were found at Penguin stores in 340:. The verses were then withdrawn on the grounds that 139:), and bombings by perpetrators who supported Islam. 5980:

The Iranians: Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation

5063:"Two Rabbis Find They're Separated Only by Doctrine" 4780:.Diacritics, Vol. 19, No. 2 (Summer, 1989), pp. 3–20 4721:"Britain's blasphemy laws getting renewed attention" 4702:"For Hitchens, In Life And Death, An Unaware Cosmos" 2348: 2346: 1535:

26 September 1988: The novel is published in the UK.

959: 624:. In New York, the office of a community newspaper, 523: 8076:

Imaginary Homelands: Essays and Criticism 1981–1991

5419:"Despite controversy, govt says won't stop Rushdie" 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 2932:"Office of Weekly Paper in Riverdale Is Firebombed" 1918:Literary Festival die when the conference hotel in 1631:January 1989: Islamic Defense Council demands that 1027: 5917: 5060: 4925:. London: Article 19. October 1990. Archived from 4516: 4514: 3513:by John Bulloch and Harvey Morris, 1989, (p. xvi)] 3270: 3227: 2501: 2380: 1754:May 1989: Musician Yusuf Islam (formerly known as 737:United Kingdom and Iran broke diplomatic relations 407:was staffed by prostitutes with the same names as 5809: 4053:"Der Fall Rushdie und die Feigheit des Westerns," 3666: 3072: 3070: 3068: 2343: 776: 742: 732:how that chapter could support such a judgement. 263:, at least in its early stages. He condemned the 8375: 6566:Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources 6094: 4923:"Freedom of Information and Expression in India" 4635:"Salman Rushdie: Fighting words on a knighthood" 4576: 4574: 4270:"Salman Rushdie reveals details of fatwa memoir" 3764: 3093: 2636: 2112:17 September 2012: Rushdie expressed doubt that 1771:27 May 1989: 15,000 to 20,000 Muslims gather in 1011:of Khomeini's two least favourite enemy states, 984:To win back the interest in and support for the 876: 699:Broadcast on Iranian radio, the judgement read: 243:) and his successor and executioner Raza Hyder ( 167:Khomeini (ra) issued" and in February 2019, the 6162:Rushdie Affair in Oxford Islamic Studies Online 6113: 6075: 5297:Japanese Translator of Rushdie Book Found Slain 5010: 4511: 3727:. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 3176: 1952:October 1993: The novel's Norwegian publisher, 1343:A campaign by the international Islamist group 1117: 1041: 817: 127:. It centered on the novel's references to the 8014:Two Years Eight Months and Twenty-Eight Nights 5976: 5255:"Who Deserves Nobel Prize? Judges Don't Agree" 4974: 4632: 4580: 3969: 3662: 3660: 3435: 3433: 3065: 704:We are from Allah and to Allah we shall return 676: 7911: 7469: 6978: 6238: 6132: 5955: 5936: 5896: 5866: 5268:, 11 October 2005. Retrieved 13 October 2007. 4616:Jimmy Carter, "Rushdie's Book Is an Insult", 4571: 4049:Bund zur Verbreitung unerwunschter Einsichten 3546: 3544: 3423:Bernard Lewis commenting on Rushdie fatwa in 3360: 2678: 2641:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 1080: 871:Islamic Jihad for the Liberation of Palestine 8253:Knife: Meditations After an Attempted Murder 7288:2018 attack on the Iranian Embassy in London 7268:2004 Iranian seizure of Royal Navy personnel 6403:Protest outside the Danish embassy in London 5939:Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution 5154: 5148: 4700:Barbara Bradley Hagerty (16 December 2011). 4267: 4261: 4199: 4077:Islamic Revolution News Agency, 7 March 1989 4055:pamphlet, p. 3. quoted in Pipes 1990, p. 250 3834: 3614: 3445:, 1 March 1989, quoted in Pipes, 1990, p. 93 3061:on 20 January 2016 – via Google Books. 2007:January 2002: South Africa lifts its ban on 1716:, USA, are firebombed for selling the novel. 1480: 1145:referring to Khomeini as "that Mad Mullah". 570:staged the first ever demonstration against 536:references. Rushdie was accused of misusing 7273:2007 Iranian arrest of Royal Navy personnel 7215:Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry 6204:Salman Rushdie interviewed by Shikha Dalmia 6176:Notes on Salman Rushdie: The Satanic Verses 6031: 5752: 5371:"Revived fatwa puts $ 3m bounty on Rushdie" 4886: 4884: 4628: 4626: 4253:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4195: 4193: 3657: 3641:. BBC News: On This Day. 26 December 1990. 3430: 3040: 2322: 2270: 2268: 2266: 1497:to cover other religions, including Islam. 913:violates Islamic jurisprudence. In Islamic 7918: 7904: 7476: 7462: 7278:2011 attack on the British Embassy in Iran 6985: 6971: 6252: 6245: 6231: 5848:Appignanesi, Lisa; Maitland, Sara (1990). 5114: 4712: 3835:Staniszewski, Eugene J. (12 August 2022). 3580: 3578: 3541: 2729: 2727: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2497: 2197:, Iraqi Kurd sometimes compared to Rushdie 2138:avengers and the adherents of censorship. 1966:1997: The bounty is doubled, to $ 600,000. 1766:Cat Stevens' comments about Salman Rushdie 1743:, United States continue to sell the book. 1493:, demanded that the government expand the 977:(20 July 1988) ending the long and bloody 395:(Gabriel) for a film star, of the name of 356:of the Qur'an, and feature in accounts by 7049:Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Iran 7039:Ambassadors of Iran to the United Kingdom 6060:(2003 ed.). Transaction Publishers. 5746: 5482:Singh, Akhilesh Kumar (24 January 2012). 5448:Singh, Akhilesh Kumar (20 January 2012). 4718: 4679:"3d Anniversary of Edict Against Rushdie" 3797: 3210:"Kalim Siddiqui, 62; Led British Muslims" 3090:, 15 March 1989. Retrieved 29 July 2016. 2902: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2246: 7582:America can't do a damn thing against us 5618:"Press release from the Swedish Academy" 5425:. India. 10 January 2012. Archived from 5368: 5314:"Afterword: The Rushdie Affair's Legacy" 5218: 4881: 4623: 4369:unpublished manuscript, April 1989, p. 3 4367:The Rushdie Affair: A Conflict of Rights 4190: 3970:Antonio Vargas, Ramon (13 August 2022). 2905:"Muslims Storm U.S. Mission in Pakistan" 2683:. Religious Intelligence. Archived from 2674: 2672: 2630: 2592: 2263: 2247:Crossette, Barbara (25 September 1998). 2076:24 January 2012: The vice-chancellor of 1645:protesting against Rushdie and his book. 1275:A memoir of his years of hiding, titled 1206: 1091:On August 12, 2022 at around 10:47 a.m. 547:In November 1988, it was also banned in 8282:1989 firebombing of the Riverdale Press 7536:Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution 6136:In the Name of God: The Khomeini Decade 5656: 5401:"Was London Bomb Plot Heralded on Web?" 5244: 5193: 4981:Rises As 2 More Book Chains Halt Sales" 4811: 4131:"Rushdie: Haunted by his unholy ghosts" 3803: 3610: 3608: 3575: 3252: 3202: 3182: 2960: 2903:Crossette, Barbara (13 February 1989). 2724: 2655: 2577: 1941:'s concert in Wembley Stadium on their 1721:1989 firebombing of the Riverdale Press 1614:2 December 1988: First book burning of 729: 283:in particular, for example calling the 27:Reaction to Salman Rushdie's 1988 novel 14: 8376: 8237:The Jaguar Smile: A Nicaraguan Journey 8130:(with Tim Supple and David Tushingham) 7444:Category:Iran–United Kingdom relations 6408:Bombing of Danish embassy in Islamabad 5959:Jihad: on the Trail of Political Islam 5559:from the original on 17 September 2012 4747:Michael Walzer, "The Sins of Salman", 3760: 3758: 3756: 3302:from the original on 26 September 2014 3019: 3017: 3015: 2883: 2691: 2583: 2474: 2312:from the original on 15 February 2017. 2276:"Iran says Rushdie fatwa still stands" 2259:from the original on 24 February 2009. 2055:controversy renew calls for his death. 1926:. Participating in the conference was 1748:Organisation of the Islamic Conference 1467:. Another major supporter of Rushdie, 154:ordering Muslims to kill Rushdie. The 8439:Religious controversies in literature 8434:Obscenity controversies in literature 7899: 7483: 7457: 7412:Neda Agha-Soltan Graduate Scholarship 7059:Persian embassy to Europe (1609–1615) 7054:Persian embassy to Europe (1599–1602) 7044:Embassy of the United Kingdom, Tehran 6966: 6682:The Quest for the Historical Muhammad 6226: 6199:Rushdie: Haunted by his unholy ghosts 6052: 5620:. The Swedish Academy. 24 March 2016. 5598:from the original on 24 February 2016 5295:Weismann, Steven R. (13 July 1991). " 5096:from the original on 4 September 2012 5073:from the original on 8 November 2015. 5014:World Almanac and Book of Facts, 1990 4729:. Fredericksburg, Virginia. p. 5 4657:"Le Carré regrets Rushdie fatwa feud" 4280:from the original on 26 December 2013 4235:from the original on 3 September 2009 4013:Anthony Harly, "Saving Mr. Rushdie?" 3895: 3366: 3041:Appignanesi, Lisa (1 February 1990). 3000:from the original on 17 February 2008 2994:"Ayatollah sentences author to death" 2754:from the original on 21 January 2017. 2669: 2393:from the original on 19 December 2007 1659:, an Iranian religious foundation or 1524: 1368: 1125: 896: 418:being called a "bastard" for casting 328:which praised the pagan goddesses of 7576:Iranian Revolution conspiracy theory 6935: 6607:Captain Stormfield's Visit to Heaven 6552:Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet 6347:Trial of Ghazi Beji and Jabeur Mejri 5829:Ahsan, M. M.; Kidwai, A. R. (1991). 5577: 5529:from the original on 24 January 2012 5494:from the original on 24 January 2012 5460:from the original on 20 January 2012 5369:Hamilton, James (16 February 2003). 5232:from the original on 18 October 2006 5175:from the original on 20 January 2016 5083: 4836: 4708:from the original on 6 October 2014. 4667:from the original on 7 October 2014. 4593:from the original on 6 January 2017. 4583:"How one book ignited a culture war" 4143:from the original on 4 February 2012 3705:from the original on 6 February 2006 3605: 3427:, 2003 by Bernard Lewis, pp. 141–142 3183:Nielsen, Jorgen S. (19 April 1996). 2963:"How one book ignited a culture war" 2929: 2778:Aftab monthly magazine in April 2003 2504:Text and Trauma: An East-West Primer 1922:, is burnt down by a mob of radical 1875:1990: Rushdie apologises to Muslims. 1830:I shall not cease from mental strife 1569:Hindu View of Christianity and Islam 921:by a mentally sound adult male is a 806:, a 9th century jurist, who, in his 747: 7866:Imam Khomeini International Airport 6072:with a postscript by Koenraad Elst. 6003:. Rowman and Littlefield, 143–157. 5734:from the original on 12 August 2022 5696:from the original on 12 August 2022 5226:"Nobel Judge Steps Down in Protest" 5050:from the original on 28 March 2013. 4975:Edwin McDowell (18 February 1989). 4202:"Rushdie Fails to Move the Zealots" 3982:from the original on 14 August 2022 3951:from the original on 13 August 2022 3904:from the original on 12 August 2022 3877:from the original on 12 August 2022 3847:from the original on 12 August 2022 3816:from the original on 12 August 2022 3785:from the original on 12 August 2022 3753: 3584: 3367:Pipes, Daniel (29 September 2017). 3278:"New Muslim chief condemns Rushdie" 3012: 2961:Anthony, Andrew (10 January 2009). 2871:from the original on 8 October 2014 2449:from the original on 8 October 2014 2381:Timothy Garton Ash (22 June 2007). 1422:, while condemning the threats and 1396:The Protocols of the Elders of Zion 72:(in 2014), the author of the novel 24: 8200:The Vintage Book of Indian Writing 7925: 7871:Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order 7283:2011–2012 Strait of Hormuz dispute 7115:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action 6754:Islam: What the West Needs to Know 6213:"Looking back at Salman Rushdie's 5887:Elst, Koenraad: The Rushdie Rules 5802: 5753:Pietsch, Bryan; Jennifer, Hassan. 5657:Goodman, Joshua (12 August 2022). 5127:from the original on 10 March 2009 5061:Samuel G. Freedman (30 May 2009). 4991:from the original on 6 March 2016. 4689:from the original on 5 March 2016. 4645:from the original on 21 July 2017. 4581:Andrew Anthony (11 January 2009). 4212:from the original on 8 April 2007. 3867:"Salman Rushdie & Henry Reese" 3804:Goodman, Joshua (12 August 2022). 2506:. Richmond, UK: Routledge Curzon. 2282:from the original on 17 April 2009 1836:and books aren't burned or banned 1445:Association of American Publishers 1285:Explanation of different reactions 1181:Europe's growing Muslim population 1017:Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan 265:US bombing raid on Tripoli in 1986 25: 8460: 8138:(with Tim Supple and Simon Reade) 7731:Forty Hadith of Ruhullah Khomeini 7551:Council of the Islamic Revolution 6668:The Cartoons that Shook the World 6155: 5407:from the original on 1 July 2007. 5115:R. Whitney, Craig (23 May 1989). 4719:Longworth, R.C. (11 March 1989). 4200:Daniel Pipes (28 December 1990). 3922:Hurley, Bevan (18 August 2021). " 3699:"Iran adamant over Rushdie fatwa" 3645:from the original on 8 April 2008 2805:. 25 January 2012. Archived from 2565:from the original on 6 March 2016 2323:Khamenei.ir (14 February 2019). 1832:nor shall my pen sleep in my hand 1781:31 July 1989: The BBC broadcasts 960:Questions of political motivation 905:, a death warrant without trial, 752:On 18 February, Iran's President 719:Rouhollah al-Mousavi al-Khomeini. 524:Muslim response and book bannings 492: 251:, a Prime Minister of Pakistan". 7882: 7881: 7617: 7439: 7438: 7146:British military network in Iran 7004: 6994: 6945: 6934: 6925: 6924: 6559:Muhammad: A Prophet for Our Time 5772: 5708: 5678: 5650: 5624: 5610: 5571: 5541: 5506: 5441: 5411: 5393: 5362: 5340: 5289: 5271: 5194:Bremner, Charles (8 June 2005). 5187: 5139: 5108: 5086:"Remembering the Rushdie Affair" 5077: 5054: 5031: 5004: 4995: 4968: 4959: 4950: 4941: 4915: 4906: 4893: 4872: 4863: 4830: 4805: 4792: 4783: 4766: 4754: 4741: 4693: 4671: 4649: 4610: 4597: 4562: 4549: 4536: 4523: 4502: 4483: 4480:, chapter one, (no page numbers) 4464: 4439: 4430: 4421: 4412: 4403: 4394: 4385: 4372: 4359: 4352:a young French Muslim quoted in 4346: 4327: 4314: 4301: 4292: 3896:Jones, Dustin (12 August 2022). 3185:"OBITUARY : Kalim Siddiqui" 2942:from the original on 25 May 2015 2797:"Reading 'Satanic Verses' legal" 2639:Islam and Postcolonial Narrative 2413:"Pakistan blasts Rushdie honour" 2335:on 15 February 2019 – via 2278:. Iran Focus. 14 February 2006. 1956:, is shot and seriously injured. 1834:till Rushdie has a right to life 1447:, and prominent figures such as 1028:Questions of personal motivation 267:but found himself threatened by 259:'s government and supported the 82: 62: 6035:Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah 5578:Cain, Sian (22 February 2016). 5555:. BBC News. 17 September 2012. 5553:'would not be published today'" 5084:Ross, Andy (19 November 2009). 4216: 4181: 4168: 4155: 4123: 4114: 4105: 4092: 4080: 4071: 4058: 4041: 4029: 4020: 4007: 3994: 3963: 3916: 3889: 3859: 3828: 3717: 3691: 3631: 3566: 3553: 3528: 3516: 3504: 3491: 3478: 3469: 3460: 3448: 3417: 3404: 3391: 3338: 3314: 3298:. BBC News. 23 September 1998. 3288: 3241:. 18 April 1996. Archived from 3216:. 20 April 1996. Archived from 3126: 3113: 3034: 2986: 2977: 2930:Pitt, David E. (1 March 1989). 2923: 2850: 2821: 2789: 2767: 2758: 2736: 2619: 2551: 2542: 2529: 2520: 2471:; New York: Viking, 1987, p. 50 2461: 2431: 2371:, introduction, no page numbers 2060:Bombs planted in central London 210:Even before the publication of 7607:The Satanic Verses controversy 7176:Anglo-Persian capture of Ormuz 6768:Muhammad: The Messenger of God 4633:Rachel Donadio (4 July 2007). 4559:, Amsterdam, Rodopi B.V., 1994 4333:Dawud Assad, president of the 4268:Alison Flood (12 April 2012). 3841:New York State Police Newsroom 3701:. BBC News. 12 February 2005. 3024:Joseph Bernard Tamney (2002). 2893:. Abacus, London: 2013: p. 414 2405: 2374: 2355: 2316: 2294: 2224: 2004:"widely known" to be bankrupt. 1541:, while reviewing the book in 777:Rejection of Rushdie's apology 743:Rushdie's apology and reaction 739:over the Rushdie controversy. 692:and one of the most prominent 295:translation of Rushdie's book 18:The Satanic Verses controversy 13: 1: 8419:Iran–United Kingdom relations 8173:Haroun and the Sea of Stories 8127:Haroun and the Sea of Stories 7181:British occupation of Bushehr 7141:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 7001:Iran–United Kingdom relations 6719:Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet 6654:Seeing Islam as Others Saw It 6640:Muhammad: The "Banned" Images 6593:Latin biographies of Muhammad 5852:. Syracuse University Press. 5814:. New York: Checkmark Books. 5228:. BBC News. 11 October 2005. 4903:. Melville House (2010): p. 4 3589:. Livejournal. Archived from 3235:"Muslim leader Siddiqui dies" 3157:. Vol. 113, no. 9. 3047:. Syracuse University Press. 2750:. London. 14 September 2012. 2718:10.1525/can.1990.5.2.02a00010 2679:Anthony McRoy (1 July 2007). 2445:. London. 14 September 2012. 2217: 2182:Muhammad cartoons controversy 2087:Persons of Indian Origin Card 1559:petitioned the government of 1202: 1169:in Europe in two centuries". 877:Criticism of Khomeini's fatwa 388:; the use of the name of the 205: 198:and Muhammad. English writer 8304:A Brief History of Blasphemy 7693:Khomeini's 8-article command 7571:Engagement with Jimmy Carter 7075:Anglo-Persian Treaty of 1801 6304:Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari 5962:. Harvard University Press. 4837:Goel, Sita Ram, ed. (1998). 4605:International Herald Tribune 4520:Pipes, 1990 pp. 108, 118–119 4499:, introduction, part 5, n.p. 4382:, Random House, 1988, p. 393 4307:Syed Ali Ashraf, writing in 3615:Anthony Loyd (8 June 2005). 2415:. Al Jazeera. Archived from 2206:A Brief History of Blasphemy 2070: 2064:Knighthood of Salman Rushdie 2062:may have been linked to the 2030: 1997: 1960: 1904: 1223:Although British bookseller 1215:edition of Salman Rushdie's 1118:Social and political fallout 1042:Attempts to revoke the fatwa 818:Support for Khomeini's fatwa 589:, evoking as the journalist 7: 8429:Islam-related controversies 8424:Islam in the United Kingdom 8334:The Ground Beneath Her Feet 8006:The Enchantress of Florence 7982:The Ground Beneath Her Feet 7556:Islamic Revolutionary Court 7499:1963 demonstrations in Iran 6334:Everybody Draw Mohammed Day 6181:The Rusdhie's Affair Legacy 6080:. Oxford University Press. 5918:Hoveyda, Fereydoun (2003). 4002:The New York Times Magazine 3350:, 27 February 1989, p. 159" 2502:Ian Richard Netton (1996). 2172: 927:confronted with his accuser 909:and other legal aspects of 891:European Economic Community 767:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 677:Fatwa by Ayatollah Khomeini 489:vilify God or the Prophet. 228:through neglect". His 1983 186: – and that 10: 8465: 7782:Farideh Mostafavi Khomeini 7261:Satanic Verses controversy 7204:Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. case 6797:Muhammad: The Final Legacy 6726:Muhammad: The Last Prophet 5833:. The Islamic Foundation. 5403:. CBS News. 29 June 2007. 5210: 4174:6 March 1989 published in 3373:. Routledge. p. 159. 2859:"1989: The Satanic Verses" 2152:Stabbing of Salman Rushdie 2149: 2082:Jaipur Literature Festival 1239: 1087:Stabbing of Salman Rushdie 1084: 1081:2022 assassination attempt 612:In the United States, the 607: 497:Before the publication of 457:, ex-president of English 309: 303:Controversial elements of 261:Islamic Revolution of Iran 38: 31: 8355: 8263: 8228: 8210: 8191: 8181:Luka and the Fire of Life 8164: 8145: 8118: 8067: 8048: 7933: 7879: 7821: 7812:Seyyed Ahmad Musavi Hindi 7754: 7701: 7626: 7615: 7491: 7435: 7365:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 7357: 7349:Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe 7344:Roya Saberi Negad Nobakht 7296: 7168: 7123: 7067: 7026: 7014: 6920: 6888: 6834: 6791: 6784: 6702: 6601: 6462: 6416: 6364: 6324: 6317: 6264: 6095:Schirazi, Asghar (1997). 5941:. Yale University Press. 5161:. Routledge. p. 35. 4568:Pipes, 1990, pp. 148, 175 4322:Birmingham Central Mosque 3745:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3414:, 24 February 1989, p. 5A 2996:. BBC. 14 February 1989. 2637:John D. Erickson (1998). 1859:Nobel Prize in Literature 1481:Western religious figures 1289: 1068:Iranian state news agency 1066:On 14 February 2006, the 8296:The Blasphemers' Banquet 7776:Zahra Mostafavi Khomeini 7210:1953 Iranian coup d'état 7198:1921 Persian coup d'état 7158:British support for Iraq 7095:Anglo-Russian Convention 6689:The Truth About Muhammad 6114:Shirley, Edward (1997). 6097:The Constitution of Iran 6076:Ruthven, Malise (2000). 5204:. London. Archived from 5158:Racism, Culture, Markets 5011:Mark S. Hoffman (1990). 4111:Pipes, 1990, pp. 200–201 3675:. London. Archived from 3623:. London. Archived from 3296:"BBC, 23 September 1998" 3132:Pipes, 1990, pp. 182–183 2983:Pipes, 1990, pp. 169–171 1791:The Blasphemers' Banquet 1729:, a weekly newspaper in 1581:on grounds of blasphemy. 1487:Archbishop of Canterbury 1338:Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani 765:This was relayed to the 646:and again in London, on 285:United States government 8320:International Guerillas 7839:Death and state funeral 7385:Imperial Bank of Persia 7100:Anglo-Persian Agreement 7034:Embassy of Iran, London 6811:Islam: The Untold Story 6209:, August September 2005 6020:. Atlantic, 3–19. 5977:Mackey, Sandra (1996). 5337:2000, 2005 pp. 182–183) 5017:. World Almanac Books. 4531:The Wall Street Journal 4335:U.S. Council of Masajid 2559:"Surah An-Najm – 18–22" 2188:International Guerillas 2145: 2120: 1983: 1890: 1869: 1622: 1529: 1439:literary world such as 950:naql al-kufr laysa kufr 8409:Controversies in India 8399:British Indian history 8288:An Essay on Censorship 8245:Joseph Anton: A Memoir 7590:Supreme Leader of Iran 7390:Persian Gulf Residency 7080:Treaty of Paris (1857) 6740:Islam: Empire of Faith 6139:. Simon and Schuster. 6133:Wright, Robin (1989). 6038:. Thomas Dunne Books. 5956:Kepel, Gilles (2002). 5937:Keddie, Nikki (2003). 5897:Harris, David (2004). 5867:Bulloch, John (1989). 4956:Pipes, 1990, pp. 28–29 4098:Len Riggioi quoted in 3871:Chautauqua Institution 3525:, by CBS News, p. 220. 3439:"Ab'ad Harb al-Kitab" 3082:20 August 2016 at the 2143: 1981: 1839: 1507: 1273: 1261:Islamic fundamentalism 1220: 1185:Islamic fundamentalism 1101:Chautauqua Institution 1097:stabbed Salman Rushdie 800: 792: 763: 722: 690:Supreme Leader of Iran 604:office was ransacked. 148:Supreme Leader of Iran 94:Supreme Leader of Iran 8414:Controversies in Iran 7251:Iranian Embassy siege 7239:Guadeloupe Conference 6517:Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya 6495:Shama'il Muhammadiyah 5890:Middle East Quarterly 5352:at library's request" 5320:on 30 September 2007. 5211:Further information: 5155:John Gabriel (2012). 4859:on 30 September 2007. 4354:Le Nouvel Observateur 4324:in British newspapers 3523:People of the Century 3455:Le Nouvel Observateur 3412:Philadelphia Inquirer 3399:Hizb'allah in Lebanon 3077:The Month of Rushdies 2705:Cultural Anthropology 2132: 1973: 1827: 1723:: The offices of the 1657:15 Khordad Foundation 1502: 1265: 1210: 810:(Maliki Manual 37.19 796: 783: 758: 701: 681:On 14 February 1989, 310:Further information: 176:freedom of expression 8276:Cat Stevens comments 7974:The Moor's Last Sigh 7860:Homafaran Allegiance 7738:Islam and Revolution 7514:1978 Tabriz protests 6861:Cartoon Wars Part II 6804:The Life of Muhammad 6747:Innocence of Muslims 6545:Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum 6509:Al-Sira Al-Nabawiyya 6433:2020 stabbing attack 6398:Akkari-Laban dossier 6190:Swords to sell a god 6032:Moin, Baqer (2000). 4685:. 13 February 1992. 4663:. 12 November 2012. 4309:Impact International 4066:The Sunday Telegraph 3550:Pipes, 1990, 133–134 3486:Islam and Revolution 3356:on 15 November 2012. 3086:, Eliot Weinberger. 2867:. 19 February 1989. 2783:13 June 2013 at the 2687:on 15 February 2009. 2383:"No ifs and no buts" 2308:. 13 February 2017. 2159:Chautauqua, New York 1714:Berkeley, California 1545:, proposed a ban on 1469:Christopher Hitchens 1176:The Sunday Telegraph 1171:Peregrine Worsthorne 1105:Chautauqua, New York 1060:Revolutionary Guards 1058:. Additionally, the 1004:than in the Prophet. 837:Ghayasuddin Siddiqui 812:Crimes Against Islam 730:it was not explained 622:Berkeley, California 192:contemporary history 113:, also known as the 8404:Censorship in Islam 8154:Midnight's Children 8135:Midnight's Children 7950:Midnight's Children 7688:Letter to Gorbachev 7541:Cultural Revolution 7519:Neauphle-le-Château 7405:Tehran War Cemetery 6854:Cartoon Wars Part I 6675:The Jewel of Medina 6524:Al-Khasais-ul-Kubra 6329:Lars Vilks drawings 5145:Pipes, 1990, p. 181 4778:Srinivas Aravamudan 4726:The Free Lance–Star 4661:The Daily Telegraph 4187:Pipes, 1990, p. 203 4120:Pipes, 1990, p. 205 3572:Pipes, 1990, p. 207 3326:, 13 February 2000" 2526:Pipes, 1990, p. 236 2352:Pipes, 1990, p. 133 2078:Darul Uloom Deoband 1643:Islamabad, Pakistan 1515:Immanuel Jakobovits 1375:The Satanic Verses. 1163:National Socialists 935:Al-Azhar University 887:freedom of religion 627:The Riverdale Press 279:in general and its 241:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 217:Midnight's Children 8384:1988 controversies 8266:The Satanic Verses 8157:(with Deepa Mehta) 8108:Languages of Truth 8084:Homeless by Choice 7998:Shalimar the Clown 7966:The Satanic Verses 7844:Alef-Laam Khomeini 7829:Jamaran Hussainiya 7745:The Greatest Jihad 7646:Shiite clericalism 7561:Interim Government 7531:Iranian Revolution 7427:The New Great Game 7380:East India Company 7339:Fowzi Badavi Nejad 7234:Iranian Revolution 6847:Super Best Friends 6587:Muhammad at Medina 6340:The Satanic Verses 6277:Aniconism in Islam 6215:The Satanic Verses 6078:Islam in the World 5873:. Methuen London. 5722:. 12 August 2022. 5720:The New York Times 5692:. 12 August 2022. 5523:The Times of India 5517:The Satanic Verses 5488:The Times of India 5454:The Times of India 5429:on 13 January 2012 5358:. 15 January 2002. 5301:The New York Times 5260:5 May 2020 at the 5121:The New York Times 5067:The New York Times 4985:The New York Times 4947:Pipes, 1990, p. 26 4912:Pipes, 1990, p. 25 4890:Pipes, 1990, p. 23 4878:Pipes, 1990, p. 21 4869:Pipes, 1990, p. 22 4845:. Voice of India. 4816:. Voice of India. 4802:. 13 October 1988. 4800:The Times of India 4774:The Satanic Verses 4683:The New York Times 4639:The New York Times 4618:The New York Times 4508:Pipes, 1990 p. 108 4495:9 May 2016 at the 4476:9 May 2016 at the 4380:The Satanic Verses 4365:M. Rafiqul Islam, 4343:, 21 February 1989 4298:Pipes, 1990, p. 85 4165:, 26 February 1989 4068:, 19 February 1989 4017:, June 1989, p. 74 3947:. 12 August 2022. 3771:The New York Times 3679:on 16 October 2006 3593:on 20 January 2016 3536:In the Name of God 3466:Pipes, 1990, p. 91 3214:The New York Times 2936:The New York Times 2909:The New York Times 2802:The Times of India 2774:Abdolkarim Soroush 2764:Pipes, 1990, p. 42 2733:Pipes, 1990, p. 67 2666:Pipes, 1990, p. 65 2367:9 May 2016 at the 2253:The New York Times 2230:Jessica Jacobson. 2211:The Satanic Verses 2209:, which discusses 2114:The Satanic Verses 2107:The Satanic Verses 2053:The Satanic Verses 2042:Martyrs Foundation 2009:The Satanic Verses 1977:The Satanic Verses 1884:The Satanic Verses 1857:(which awards the 1823:in which he wrote: 1815:The Satanic Verses 1761:The New York Times 1719:28 February 1989: 1696:Barnes & Noble 1675:Barnes & Noble 1616:The Satanic Verses 1547:The Satanic Verses 1543:Illustrated Weekly 1525:Reception timeline 1369:Western mainstream 1257:The Satanic Verses 1221: 1126:Heightened tension 986:Islamic Revolution 897:On Islamic grounds 863:The Satanic Verses 857:, British citizen 787:The Satanic Verses 708:The Satanic Verses 587:The Satanic Verses 572:The Satanic Verses 563:in the same year. 509:The Satanic Verses 499:The Satanic Verses 482:Book of Revelation 463:Geoffrey Robertson 428:Abd Allah ibn Sa'd 318:The Satanic Verses 312:The Satanic Verses 305:The Satanic Verses 273:Muammar al-Gaddafi 212:The Satanic Verses 190:is appropriate in 188:religious violence 156:Iranian government 124:The Satanic Verses 75:The Satanic Verses 8444:Ruhollah Khomeini 8371: 8370: 8049:Story collections 7893: 7892: 7717:Tahrir al-Wasilah 7678:Islamic democracy 7485:Ruhollah Khomeini 7451: 7450: 7244:Conspiracy theory 7131:Anglo-Persian War 7105:Tehran Conference 7090:D'Arcy Concession 7085:Reuter concession 7021: 7020: 6960: 6959: 6884: 6883: 6698: 6697: 6580:Muhammad at Mecca 6488:Sirah Rasul Allah 6458: 6457: 6272:Muhammad in Islam 6009:978-1-78660-412-5 5903:. Little, Brown. 5786:. Thomson Reuters 5549:"Salman Rushdie: 5168:978-1-134-86775-2 5092:. wordpress.com. 5044:Los Angeles Times 4929:on 20 August 2002 4542:Rushdie, Salman, 4311:, 28 October 1988 4206:Los Angeles Times 4100:Publishers Weekly 4004:, 29 January 1989 3501:, (2001), p. 267, 3380:978-1-351-47479-5 3331:Independent.co.uk 3266:. 26 August 2022. 2467:Rushdie, Salman, 2331:). Archived from 2195:Mariwan Halabjaee 1932:summary execution 1910:2 July 1993: The 1853:, members of the 1773:Parliament Square 1650:Jammu and Kashmir 1607:, Indonesia, and 1579:The Satanic Verse 1358:identity politics 1334:war against Islam 1179:feared that with 1052:annual pilgrimage 1009:steal the thunder 841:President of Iran 829:Muslim Parliament 748:Rushdie's apology 686:Ruhollah Khomeini 538:freedom of speech 511:was published by 474:blasphemous libel 277:US foreign policy 144:Ruhollah Khomeini 90:Ruhollah Khomeini 16:(Redirected from 8456: 8363:PEN World Voices 8327:Hitoshi Igarashi 8165:Children's books 8100:The East Is Blue 8022:The Golden House 7920: 7913: 7906: 7897: 7896: 7885: 7884: 7794:Hussein Khomeini 7770:Mostafa Khomeini 7671:compulsory hijab 7651:Death to America 7621: 7509:1978 Qom protest 7478: 7471: 7464: 7455: 7454: 7442: 7441: 7370:Bahrain province 7334:Ghoncheh Ghavami 7309:Anoosheh Ashoori 7136:Persian Campaign 7027:Diplomatic posts 7017: 7016: 7009: 7008: 6999: 6998: 6987: 6980: 6973: 6964: 6963: 6952:Islam portal 6950: 6949: 6948: 6938: 6937: 6928: 6927: 6789: 6788: 6467: 6466: 6322: 6321: 6247: 6240: 6233: 6224: 6223: 6150: 6129: 6116:Know Thine Enemy 6110: 6091: 6071: 6049: 5994: 5973: 5952: 5933: 5914: 5884: 5863: 5850:The Rushdie File 5844: 5825: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5776: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5682: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5664:Associated Press 5654: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5638:. 12 August 2022 5628: 5622: 5621: 5614: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5575: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5545: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5510: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5479: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5445: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5415: 5409: 5408: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5377:. Archived from 5366: 5360: 5359: 5344: 5338: 5331: 5322: 5321: 5316:. Archived from 5310: 5304: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5283:The Local Sweden 5275: 5269: 5251:Associated Press 5248: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5222: 5216: 5209: 5191: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5152: 5146: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5112: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5081: 5075: 5074: 5058: 5052: 5051: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5008: 5002: 4999: 4993: 4992: 4972: 4966: 4963: 4957: 4954: 4948: 4945: 4939: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4919: 4913: 4910: 4904: 4897: 4891: 4888: 4879: 4876: 4870: 4867: 4861: 4860: 4855:. Archived from 4834: 4828: 4827: 4809: 4803: 4796: 4790: 4787: 4781: 4770: 4764: 4758: 4752: 4749:The New Republic 4745: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4716: 4710: 4709: 4697: 4691: 4690: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4653: 4647: 4646: 4630: 4621: 4614: 4608: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4578: 4569: 4566: 4560: 4553: 4547: 4540: 4534: 4533:, 10 August 1989 4527: 4521: 4518: 4509: 4506: 4500: 4487: 4481: 4468: 4462: 4459: 4450: 4447:The Jordan Times 4443: 4437: 4434: 4428: 4425: 4419: 4416: 4410: 4407: 4401: 4398: 4392: 4389: 4383: 4378:Salman Rushdie, 4376: 4370: 4363: 4357: 4350: 4344: 4331: 4325: 4318: 4312: 4305: 4299: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4252: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4225:"The Iconoclast" 4220: 4214: 4213: 4197: 4188: 4185: 4179: 4172: 4166: 4159: 4153: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4142: 4135: 4127: 4121: 4118: 4112: 4109: 4103: 4096: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4075: 4069: 4062: 4056: 4045: 4039: 4033: 4027: 4026:15 February 1989 4024: 4018: 4011: 4005: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3937: 3931: 3920: 3914: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3810:Associated Press 3801: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3762: 3751: 3750: 3744: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3725:"Rushdie's term" 3721: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3695: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3664: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3612: 3603: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3587:"Rushdie and Me" 3582: 3573: 3570: 3564: 3563:, (2001), p. 135 3557: 3551: 3548: 3539: 3538:, (1989), p. 201 3532: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3495: 3489: 3482: 3476: 3473: 3467: 3464: 3458: 3457:23 February 1989 3452: 3446: 3437: 3428: 3421: 3415: 3408: 3402: 3401:, (1997), p. 103 3395: 3389: 3388: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3352:. Archived from 3342: 3336: 3335: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3245:on 6 July 2022. 3231: 3225: 3224: 3220:on 26 May 2015. 3206: 3200: 3199: 3195:on 8 July 2022. 3191:. Archived from 3180: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3144: 3133: 3130: 3124: 3123:, (2001), p. 284 3117: 3111: 3104: 3091: 3074: 3063: 3062: 3057:. Archived from 3044:The Rushdie File 3038: 3032: 3031: 3021: 3010: 3009: 3007: 3005: 2990: 2984: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2911:. New York Times 2900: 2894: 2889:Winder, Robert. 2887: 2881: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2833: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2809:on 29 April 2013 2793: 2787: 2771: 2765: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2740: 2734: 2731: 2722: 2721: 2695: 2689: 2688: 2676: 2667: 2664: 2653: 2652: 2634: 2628: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2596: 2590: 2589: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2555: 2549: 2546: 2540: 2533: 2527: 2524: 2518: 2517: 2499: 2472: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2435: 2429: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2378: 2372: 2359: 2353: 2350: 2341: 2340: 2320: 2314: 2313: 2298: 2292: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2272: 2261: 2260: 2244: 2235: 2228: 1916:Pir Sultan Abdal 1898:Hitoshi Igarashi 1746:March 1989: The 1741:Portland, Oregon 1557:Syed Shahabuddin 1474:God Is Not Great 1250:Marianne Wiggins 1048:Muhammad Khatami 794:Khomeini added: 720: 602:American Express 583:City of Bradford 455:Lisa Appignanesi 409:Muhammad's wives 281:war in Nicaragua 160:Mohammad Khatami 92:(in 1981), then 86: 66: 21: 8464: 8463: 8459: 8458: 8457: 8455: 8454: 8453: 8374: 8373: 8372: 8367: 8351: 8259: 8224: 8206: 8187: 8160: 8141: 8114: 8063: 8044: 7929: 7924: 7894: 7889: 7875: 7817: 7808:(granddaughter) 7800:Hassan Khomeini 7764:Khadijeh Saqafi 7750: 7697: 7666:Sex segregation 7622: 7613: 7600:Israeli support 7566:1979 Referendum 7546:Supreme Council 7487: 7482: 7452: 7447: 7431: 7353: 7292: 7186:Tobacco Protest 7164: 7119: 7063: 7022: 7010: 7003: 6993: 6991: 6961: 6956: 6946: 6944: 6916: 6904:Muslim Massacre 6880: 6830: 6780: 6706: 6694: 6597: 6475: 6472: 6454: 6449:Je suis Charlie 6412: 6369: 6367:Jyllands-Posten 6360: 6313: 6260: 6251: 6158: 6153: 6147: 6126: 6107: 6088: 6068: 6046: 5991: 5970: 5949: 5930: 5911: 5881: 5860: 5841: 5822: 5805: 5803:Further reading 5800: 5799: 5789: 5787: 5778: 5777: 5773: 5763: 5761: 5759:Washington Post 5751: 5747: 5737: 5735: 5714: 5713: 5709: 5699: 5697: 5684: 5683: 5679: 5669: 5667: 5655: 5651: 5641: 5639: 5630: 5629: 5625: 5616: 5615: 5611: 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3636: 3632: 3627:on 1 June 2010. 3613: 3606: 3596: 3594: 3585:Crowley, John. 3583: 3576: 3571: 3567: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3542: 3533: 3529: 3521: 3517: 3509: 3505: 3496: 3492: 3483: 3479: 3474: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3453: 3449: 3438: 3431: 3422: 3418: 3409: 3405: 3396: 3392: 3381: 3365: 3361: 3344: 3343: 3339: 3324:The Independent 3320: 3319: 3315: 3305: 3303: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3282:The Independent 3276: 3275: 3271: 3258: 3257: 3253: 3239:The Independent 3233: 3232: 3228: 3208: 3207: 3203: 3189:The Independent 3181: 3177: 3167: 3165: 3145: 3136: 3131: 3127: 3118: 3114: 3105: 3094: 3084:Wayback Machine 3075: 3066: 3055: 3039: 3035: 3022: 3013: 3003: 3001: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2968: 2966: 2959: 2955: 2945: 2943: 2928: 2924: 2914: 2912: 2901: 2897: 2888: 2884: 2874: 2872: 2864:TheGuardian.com 2857: 2855: 2851: 2841: 2839: 2831: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2812: 2810: 2795: 2794: 2790: 2785:Wayback Machine 2772: 2768: 2763: 2759: 2742: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2725: 2696: 2692: 2677: 2670: 2665: 2656: 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526: 517:Whitbread Award 495: 314: 308: 208: 180:criticise Islam 137:Rushdie himself 104: 103: 102: 101: 100: 96:who issued the 87: 79: 78: 67: 58: 57: 46: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8462: 8452: 8451: 8449:Salman Rushdie 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8369: 8368: 8366: 8365: 8359: 8357: 8353: 8352: 8350: 8349: 8343: 8337: 8330: 8324: 8316: 8308: 8300: 8292: 8284: 8279: 8272: 8270: 8261: 8260: 8258: 8257: 8249: 8241: 8232: 8230: 8226: 8225: 8223: 8222: 8214: 8212: 8208: 8207: 8205: 8204: 8195: 8193: 8189: 8188: 8186: 8185: 8177: 8168: 8166: 8162: 8161: 8159: 8158: 8149: 8147: 8143: 8142: 8140: 8139: 8131: 8122: 8120: 8116: 8115: 8113: 8112: 8104: 8096: 8088: 8080: 8071: 8069: 8065: 8064: 8062: 8061: 8052: 8050: 8046: 8045: 8043: 8042: 8034: 8026: 8018: 8010: 8002: 7994: 7986: 7978: 7970: 7962: 7954: 7946: 7937: 7935: 7931: 7930: 7927:Salman Rushdie 7923: 7922: 7915: 7908: 7900: 7891: 7890: 7880: 7877: 7876: 7874: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7825: 7823: 7819: 7818: 7816: 7815: 7809: 7806:Zahra Eshraghi 7803: 7797: 7791: 7788:Ahmad Khomeini 7785: 7779: 7773: 7767: 7760: 7758: 7752: 7751: 7749: 7748: 7741: 7734: 7727: 7724:Kashf al-Asrar 7720: 7713: 7705: 7703: 7699: 7698: 7696: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7674: 7673: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7636:American Islam 7632: 7630: 7624: 7623: 7616: 7614: 7612: 7611: 7610: 7609: 7604: 7603: 7602: 7587: 7586: 7585: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7528: 7526:Return to Iran 7523: 7522: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7501: 7495: 7493: 7489: 7488: 7481: 7480: 7473: 7466: 7458: 7449: 7448: 7436: 7433: 7432: 7430: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7408: 7407: 7400:Gholhak Garden 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7361: 7359: 7355: 7354: 7352: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7329:Kamal Foroughi 7326: 7324:Arthur Edwards 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7300: 7298: 7294: 7293: 7291: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7264: 7263: 7256:Salman Rushdie 7253: 7248: 7247: 7246: 7241: 7231: 7230: 7229: 7219: 7218: 7217: 7207: 7200: 7195: 7194: 7193: 7183: 7178: 7172: 7170: 7166: 7165: 7163: 7162: 7161: 7160: 7150: 7149: 7148: 7138: 7133: 7127: 7125: 7121: 7120: 7118: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7071: 7069: 7065: 7064: 7062: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7030: 7028: 7024: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7012: 7011: 6990: 6989: 6982: 6975: 6967: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6954: 6942: 6932: 6921: 6918: 6917: 6915: 6914: 6907: 6900: 6892: 6890: 6886: 6885: 6882: 6881: 6879: 6878: 6871: 6864: 6857: 6850: 6842: 6840: 6832: 6831: 6829: 6828: 6821: 6814: 6807: 6800: 6792: 6786: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6778: 6771: 6764: 6757: 6750: 6743: 6736: 6729: 6722: 6714: 6712: 6700: 6699: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6692: 6685: 6678: 6671: 6664: 6657: 6650: 6643: 6636: 6629: 6622: 6615: 6610: 6602: 6599: 6598: 6596: 6595: 6590: 6583: 6576: 6569: 6562: 6555: 6548: 6541: 6534: 6527: 6520: 6513: 6505: 6498: 6491: 6483: 6481: 6464: 6460: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6452: 6445: 6443:Issue No. 1178 6440: 6438:Issue No. 1011 6435: 6430: 6424: 6422: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6374: 6372: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6358: 6349: 6344: 6336: 6331: 6325: 6319: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6290: 6289: 6279: 6274: 6268: 6266: 6262: 6261: 6250: 6249: 6242: 6235: 6227: 6221: 6220: 6210: 6201: 6196: 6187: 6178: 6173: 6164: 6157: 6156:External links 6154: 6152: 6151: 6145: 6130: 6124: 6111: 6105: 6092: 6086: 6073: 6066: 6050: 6044: 6029: 6012: 5995: 5989: 5974: 5968: 5953: 5947: 5934: 5928: 5915: 5909: 5894: 5885: 5879: 5864: 5858: 5845: 5839: 5826: 5820: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5798: 5797: 5771: 5745: 5707: 5677: 5649: 5623: 5609: 5570: 5551:Satanic Verses 5540: 5505: 5471: 5440: 5410: 5392: 5361: 5350:Satanic Verses 5339: 5323: 5305: 5288: 5270: 5243: 5217: 5186: 5167: 5147: 5138: 5107: 5076: 5053: 5030: 5023: 5003: 4994: 4979:Satanic Verses 4967: 4958: 4949: 4940: 4914: 4905: 4899:Malik, Kenan. 4892: 4880: 4871: 4862: 4851: 4829: 4822: 4804: 4791: 4782: 4765: 4763:, 4 March 1989 4753: 4740: 4711: 4692: 4670: 4648: 4622: 4620:, 5 March 1989 4609: 4607:", 4 July 2007 4596: 4570: 4561: 4548: 4535: 4522: 4510: 4501: 4482: 4463: 4451: 4438: 4429: 4420: 4411: 4402: 4393: 4384: 4371: 4358: 4345: 4326: 4313: 4300: 4291: 4260: 4215: 4189: 4180: 4167: 4154: 4122: 4113: 4104: 4091: 4079: 4070: 4057: 4040: 4028: 4019: 4006: 3993: 3962: 3932: 3915: 3888: 3858: 3827: 3796: 3752: 3716: 3690: 3656: 3630: 3604: 3574: 3565: 3552: 3540: 3534:Wright, Robin 3527: 3515: 3503: 3490: 3488:(1980), p. 127 3477: 3468: 3459: 3447: 3429: 3416: 3403: 3390: 3379: 3359: 3337: 3313: 3287: 3269: 3251: 3226: 3201: 3175: 3134: 3125: 3112: 3092: 3064: 3053: 3033: 3011: 2985: 2976: 2965:. The Guardian 2953: 2922: 2895: 2882: 2849: 2836:www.agc.gov.bn 2820: 2788: 2766: 2757: 2735: 2723: 2712:(2): 124–132. 2700:Satanic Verses 2690: 2668: 2654: 2647: 2629: 2618: 2607:on 1 July 2015 2591: 2576: 2550: 2541: 2539:, Viking, 1987 2528: 2519: 2512: 2473: 2460: 2430: 2404: 2373: 2354: 2342: 2315: 2293: 2262: 2236: 2222: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2215: 2214: 2198: 2192: 2184: 2174: 2171: 2170: 2169: 2166: 2150:Main article: 2147: 2144: 2131: 2130: 2127: 2122: 2119: 2118: 2117: 2110: 2072: 2069: 2068: 2067: 2058:29 June 2007: 2056: 2049: 2038: 2032: 2029: 2028: 2027: 2023:Jomhuri Islami 2012: 2005: 1999: 1996: 1995: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1982: 1972: 1971: 1967: 1962: 1959: 1958: 1957: 1950: 1935: 1912:Sivas massacre 1906: 1903: 1902: 1901: 1896:11 July 1991: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1887: 1880: 1876: 1871: 1868: 1867: 1866: 1844: 1828: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1811: 1779: 1776: 1769: 1752: 1744: 1737: 1734: 1717: 1710: 1703: 1692: 1689: 1682: 1671: 1668: 1664: 1653: 1646: 1639: 1636: 1629: 1624: 1621: 1620: 1619: 1612: 1585: 1582: 1575: 1572: 1550: 1536: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1482: 1479: 1413:Naguib Mahfouz 1405: 1404: 1400: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1365: 1361: 1354: 1341: 1330: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1241: 1238: 1234:Danielle Steel 1217:Satanic Verses 1204: 1201: 1189:National Front 1127: 1124: 1119: 1116: 1109:City of Asylum 1085:Main article: 1082: 1079: 1043: 1040: 1029: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1020: 1005: 1002:Husayn ibn Ali 982: 971: 961: 958: 898: 895: 878: 875: 833:Kalim Siddiqui 819: 816: 778: 775: 749: 746: 744: 741: 716: 678: 675: 609: 606: 529:violent form. 525: 522: 513:Viking Penguin 494: 493:Early reaction 491: 350:Satanic Verses 307: 301: 249:Benazir Bhutto 207: 204: 200:Hanif Kureishi 129:Satanic Verses 119:Salman Rushdie 115:Rushdie Affair 109:Satanic Verses 88: 81: 80: 70:Salman Rushdie 68: 61: 60: 59: 54:Satanic Verses 52: 51: 50: 49: 34:Satanic Verses 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8461: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8389:1988 in Islam 8387: 8385: 8382: 8381: 8379: 8364: 8361: 8360: 8358: 8354: 8347: 8344: 8341: 8338: 8335: 8331: 8328: 8325: 8322: 8321: 8317: 8314: 8313: 8309: 8306: 8305: 8301: 8298: 8297: 8293: 8290: 8289: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8277: 8274: 8273: 8271: 8269: 8267: 8262: 8255: 8254: 8250: 8247: 8246: 8242: 8239: 8238: 8234: 8233: 8231: 8227: 8220: 8216: 8215: 8213: 8211:Short stories 8209: 8202: 8201: 8197: 8196: 8194: 8190: 8183: 8182: 8178: 8175: 8174: 8170: 8169: 8167: 8163: 8156: 8155: 8151: 8150: 8148: 8144: 8137: 8136: 8132: 8129: 8128: 8124: 8123: 8121: 8117: 8110: 8109: 8105: 8102: 8101: 8097: 8094: 8093: 8089: 8086: 8085: 8081: 8078: 8077: 8073: 8072: 8070: 8066: 8059: 8058: 8054: 8053: 8051: 8047: 8040: 8039: 8035: 8032: 8031: 8027: 8024: 8023: 8019: 8016: 8015: 8011: 8008: 8007: 8003: 8000: 7999: 7995: 7992: 7991: 7987: 7984: 7983: 7979: 7976: 7975: 7971: 7968: 7967: 7963: 7960: 7959: 7955: 7952: 7951: 7947: 7944: 7943: 7939: 7938: 7936: 7932: 7928: 7921: 7916: 7914: 7909: 7907: 7902: 7901: 7898: 7888: 7878: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7861: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7826: 7824: 7820: 7814:(grandfather) 7813: 7810: 7807: 7804: 7801: 7798: 7795: 7792: 7789: 7786: 7783: 7780: 7777: 7774: 7771: 7768: 7765: 7762: 7761: 7759: 7757: 7753: 7747: 7746: 7742: 7740: 7739: 7735: 7733: 7732: 7728: 7726: 7725: 7721: 7719: 7718: 7714: 7712: 7711: 7707: 7706: 7704: 7700: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7672: 7669: 7668: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7633: 7631: 7629: 7625: 7620: 7608: 7605: 7601: 7598: 7597: 7596: 7595:Iran–Iraq War 7593: 7592: 7591: 7588: 7584: 7583: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7533: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7506: 7505: 7504:Life in exile 7502: 7500: 7497: 7496: 7494: 7490: 7486: 7479: 7474: 7472: 7467: 7465: 7460: 7459: 7456: 7446: 7445: 7434: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7406: 7403: 7402: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7395:Rhum gasfield 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7362: 7360: 7356: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7304:Kameel Ahmady 7302: 7301: 7299: 7295: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7262: 7259: 7258: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7236: 7235: 7232: 7228: 7225: 7224: 7223: 7222:Abadan Crisis 7220: 7216: 7213: 7212: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7205: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7192: 7189: 7188: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7167: 7159: 7156: 7155: 7154: 7153:Iran–Iraq War 7151: 7147: 7144: 7143: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7128: 7126: 7122: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7066: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7031: 7029: 7025: 7018: 7013: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6988: 6983: 6981: 6976: 6974: 6969: 6968: 6965: 6953: 6943: 6941: 6933: 6931: 6923: 6922: 6919: 6913: 6912: 6911:Faith Fighter 6908: 6906: 6905: 6901: 6899: 6898: 6894: 6893: 6891: 6887: 6876: 6872: 6869: 6865: 6862: 6858: 6855: 6851: 6848: 6844: 6843: 6841: 6839: 6838: 6833: 6827: 6826: 6822: 6820: 6819: 6815: 6813: 6812: 6808: 6806: 6805: 6801: 6799: 6798: 6794: 6793: 6790: 6787: 6783: 6777: 6776: 6772: 6770: 6769: 6765: 6763: 6762: 6758: 6756: 6755: 6751: 6749: 6748: 6744: 6742: 6741: 6737: 6735: 6734: 6730: 6728: 6727: 6723: 6721: 6720: 6716: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6705: 6701: 6691: 6690: 6686: 6684: 6683: 6679: 6677: 6676: 6672: 6670: 6669: 6665: 6663: 6662: 6658: 6656: 6655: 6651: 6649: 6648: 6647:Rangila Rasul 6644: 6642: 6641: 6637: 6635: 6634: 6630: 6628: 6627: 6626:Izhar ul-Haqq 6623: 6621: 6620: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6608: 6604: 6603: 6600: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6588: 6584: 6582: 6581: 6577: 6575: 6574: 6570: 6568: 6567: 6563: 6561: 6560: 6556: 6554: 6553: 6549: 6547: 6546: 6542: 6540: 6539: 6535: 6533: 6532: 6528: 6526: 6525: 6521: 6519: 6518: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6506: 6504: 6503: 6502:Sirat-un-Nabi 6499: 6497: 6496: 6492: 6490: 6489: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6474: 6468: 6465: 6461: 6451: 6450: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6428:2015 shooting 6426: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6420: 6419:Charlie Hebdo 6415: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6363: 6357: 6355: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6326: 6323: 6320: 6318:Controversies 6316: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6288: 6285: 6284: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6248: 6243: 6241: 6236: 6234: 6229: 6228: 6225: 6218: 6216: 6211: 6208: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6185:Koenraad Elst 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6171:0-312-27082-8 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6159: 6148: 6146:0-671-67235-5 6142: 6138: 6137: 6131: 6127: 6125:0-8133-3588-4 6121: 6117: 6112: 6108: 6106:1-86064-253-5 6102: 6098: 6093: 6089: 6087:0-7012-0928-3 6083: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6067:0-7658-0996-6 6063: 6059: 6055: 6054:Pipes, Daniel 6051: 6047: 6045:0-312-26490-9 6041: 6037: 6036: 6030: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6018: 6013: 6010: 6006: 6002: 6001: 5996: 5992: 5990:0-452-27563-6 5986: 5982: 5981: 5975: 5971: 5969:0-674-00877-4 5965: 5961: 5960: 5954: 5950: 5948:0-300-09856-1 5944: 5940: 5935: 5931: 5929:0-275-97858-3 5925: 5921: 5916: 5912: 5910:0-316-32394-2 5906: 5902: 5901: 5895: 5892: 5891: 5886: 5882: 5880:0-413-61370-4 5876: 5872: 5871: 5865: 5861: 5859:9780815602484 5855: 5851: 5846: 5842: 5840:0-86037-211-1 5836: 5832: 5827: 5823: 5821:0-8160-4059-1 5817: 5813: 5808: 5807: 5785: 5781: 5775: 5760: 5756: 5749: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5711: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5681: 5666: 5665: 5660: 5653: 5637: 5633: 5627: 5619: 5613: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5574: 5558: 5554: 5552: 5544: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5519:sent packing" 5518: 5509: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5478: 5476: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5444: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5414: 5406: 5402: 5396: 5380: 5376: 5375:Sunday Herald 5372: 5365: 5357: 5353: 5351: 5343: 5336: 5330: 5328: 5319: 5315: 5309: 5302: 5298: 5292: 5285:. 7 May 2018. 5284: 5280: 5274: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5256: 5252: 5247: 5231: 5227: 5221: 5214: 5207: 5203: 5202: 5197: 5190: 5174: 5170: 5164: 5160: 5159: 5151: 5142: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5111: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5080: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5057: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5034: 5026: 5024:0-88687-559-5 5020: 5016: 5015: 5007: 4998: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4980: 4971: 4962: 4953: 4944: 4928: 4924: 4918: 4909: 4902: 4896: 4887: 4885: 4875: 4866: 4858: 4854: 4852:81-85990-55-7 4848: 4844: 4840: 4833: 4825: 4823:81-85990-55-7 4819: 4815: 4808: 4801: 4795: 4786: 4779: 4775: 4769: 4762: 4757: 4750: 4744: 4728: 4727: 4722: 4715: 4707: 4703: 4696: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4674: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4652: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4629: 4627: 4619: 4613: 4606: 4600: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4577: 4575: 4565: 4558: 4552: 4545: 4539: 4532: 4529:John Updike, 4526: 4517: 4515: 4505: 4498: 4494: 4491: 4486: 4479: 4475: 4472: 4467: 4458: 4456: 4448: 4445:editorial in 4442: 4433: 4424: 4415: 4406: 4397: 4388: 4381: 4375: 4368: 4362: 4355: 4349: 4342: 4341: 4340:Trenton Times 4336: 4330: 4323: 4317: 4310: 4304: 4295: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4264: 4256: 4250: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4219: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4196: 4194: 4184: 4178:, Autumn 1989 4177: 4171: 4164: 4158: 4139: 4132: 4126: 4117: 4108: 4101: 4095: 4088: 4083: 4074: 4067: 4061: 4054: 4050: 4044: 4037: 4032: 4023: 4016: 4010: 4003: 3997: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3966: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3936: 3929: 3925: 3919: 3903: 3899: 3892: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3862: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3831: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3800: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3748: 3742: 3726: 3720: 3704: 3700: 3694: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3663: 3661: 3644: 3640: 3634: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3611: 3609: 3592: 3588: 3581: 3579: 3569: 3562: 3556: 3547: 3545: 3537: 3531: 3524: 3519: 3512: 3507: 3500: 3497:Moin, Baqer, 3494: 3487: 3481: 3472: 3463: 3456: 3451: 3444: 3443: 3436: 3434: 3426: 3420: 3413: 3407: 3400: 3394: 3387: 3382: 3376: 3372: 3371: 3363: 3355: 3351: 3349: 3341: 3333: 3332: 3327: 3325: 3317: 3301: 3297: 3291: 3284:. 6 May 1996. 3283: 3279: 3273: 3265: 3261: 3255: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3230: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3205: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3179: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3155: 3150: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3129: 3122: 3116: 3109: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3089: 3088:Boston Review 3085: 3081: 3078: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3060: 3056: 3054:9780815602484 3050: 3046: 3045: 3037: 3029: 3026: 3020: 3018: 3016: 2999: 2995: 2989: 2980: 2964: 2957: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2926: 2910: 2906: 2899: 2892: 2886: 2870: 2866: 2865: 2860: 2853: 2837: 2830: 2824: 2808: 2804: 2803: 2798: 2792: 2786: 2782: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2761: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2739: 2730: 2728: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2706: 2701: 2694: 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Farra. 5790:15 August 5764:15 August 5738:12 August 5728:0362-4331 5700:12 August 5670:12 August 5642:12 August 5592:0261-3077 5525:. India. 5490:. India. 5456:. India. 5201:The Times 5100:6 October 4761:The Times 4015:Encounter 3986:13 August 3955:12 August 3908:12 August 3881:13 August 3851:12 August 3820:12 August 3789:12 August 3779:0362-4331 3673:The Times 3621:The Times 3168:14 August 2535:Rushdie, 2071:2008–2012 2031:2005–2007 1998:2000–2004 1961:1997–1998 1924:islamists 1905:1993–1994 1787:film-poem 1731:the Bronx 1591:, Egypt, 1390:God Knows 1364:Muhammad. 1075:Valentine 683:Ayatollah 660:Guildford 652:Liberty's 618:B. Dalton 557:Sri Lanka 362:Ibn Ishaq 358:Al-Tabari 348:. 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