706:
preparations to take the city. One tactic of the attackers was to fill the space between the city wall and the mountain ridge at the Dragon's Neck with earth, sand, logs, rocks and grass, so the land surface was raised to the height of the city wall, thus paving the way to attack the city. Another was to dig tunnels just 200 feet away from the city wall so that they could be filled with explosives to blow up the wall. Operations within such close proximity of enemy fire were possible due to sufficient covering fire, thanks to the taking of Dibao Castle. The defenders' attempts to disrupt the preparations were continuously beaten back with heavy losses due to withering fire from the attackers. Two weeks later the preparation was complete.
229:
218:
207:
183:
25:
254:
99:
656:
and, coupled with other factors, eventually over 200,000 Taiping troops went out of
Nanjing and surrendered to the Imperial Chinese army during the course of the battle. Those who refused to surrender but were also upset by Hong's decisions chose to break out while they still could, when the siege was still incomplete. Hong, Li and others were unable to stop such acts. On February 28, 1864, Tianbao (
714:
wall breaking and flying 2–10 km far down, killing several hundred people and collapsing a large section of the city wall. The defenders put up a fierce fight, but were unable to drive back the attacking force of 60,000. The attackers divided into four fronts after entering
Nanjing as previously planned:
713:
ordered more than 1000 defenders to disguise themselves as attackers to sneak out of the city to destroy the tunnel, but the attackers were not fooled and beat back the thousand-man formation. The following afternoon at 1:00 the attackers detonated the explosives in the tunnel under
Taiping Gate, the
705:
On July 3, Dibao Castle (地保城, nicknamed Dragon's Neck 龙脖子) on the Purple
Mountain fell into the Qing army's hands. This strategic location enabled the Qing to build several dozen artillery positions to bombard the entire city, thus suppressing the defenders' firepower and providing cover for other
880:
broke down completely when
Nanjing fell. The militia soldiers were unpaid and barely fed, and with this total victory in their final objective—after years of bitter campaign away from their families and their homes, younger women were dragged off and the remaining able-bodied men were forced into
655:
to abandon the
Taiping capital the next day. However, this suggestion was not accepted by Hong, who took overall command of the operation. He declared that anyone who disobeyed him and God would be immediately executed. This doomed the Taiping army and Nanjing by creating widespread discontent
854:'s palace after the defeat at the Taiping Gate in the morning, and took Hong's son with him to escape via Hanxi gate. However, Li's force of several thousand were beaten back with heavy losses by imperial Gen. Chen Ti's troops and was forced to go to Qingliang Mountain (
868:
via the section of collapsed city wall because the Qing troops were busy looting and did not bother to stop them. After massive looting the city was set on fire, which lasted until July 26, 1864.
885:’s own aides who entered the city to investigate the looting were robbed and beaten by roving gangs of Hunan soldiers. First the soldiers set fire to the palaces; then they burned the homes."
630:
had surrendered to the Qing army. As a result, the
Taiping army was evicted from the region within 50 miles of Nanjing. On November 25, Zeng Guoquan and his subordinate, Gen. Xiao Qingyan (
1045:
682:
attempted his first attack on
Nanjing using ladders, but this was beaten back by the defenders. The imperial army then changed tactics, digging a total of ten tunnels at Chaoyang (
1122:
Translated and condensed from the author's publications in
Chinese; especially strong on the military campaigns, based on the author's wide travels in China in the 1920s and 1930s.
548:) region to the southwest. Zeng Guoquan continued his quest in the suburbs of Nanjing, and by early November had succeeded in taking regions including Shangfang Gate (
735:)'s force, which entered the gate via ladders; after the two teams had joined forces, they would attack westward toward Lion Mountain (Shizishan 狮子山) to take Yifeng (
321:
983:
single-shot rifle appeared in 1864, and although they were few in number, proved themselves over other firearms and certainly over ancient weapons such as
694:) Gates, and the defenders in turn countered by digging tunnels of their own and building a secondary wall behind the first. Five days after the death of
811:
702:
was finally put in charge of all military and political affairs, but it was already too late—the fate of the city and its defenders was sealed.
777:. The defenders were very stubborn and expected to inflict heavy casualties on the attackers and hoped to drive them back outside the city.
773:
The street fights were fierce and bloody and the resistance was much tougher than expected. The attackers' artillery cover had to stop for
760:
314:
979:
The success of the Qing Army was partially due to the advanced weaponry adopted, namely firearms. The first
Chinese indigenously built
1152:
954:
himself was captured alive near Square Mountain (Fangshan 方山). On July 28, the overall commander of the battle, Zeng Guofan, reached
1147:
1142:
370:
307:
1192:
826:) and then took the remaining fortresses still in the defenders' hands at the river banks, and helped imperial Gen. Chen Ti (
864:'s remaining force of 1000 went to Taiping Gate, disguised themselves as Qing soldiers and successfully escaped toward the
729:
The right front led by imperial Gen. 刘连捷 (Liu Lianjie) pushed toward Shence gate to link up with imperial Gen. Zhu Nangui (
522:. Imperial Gen. Bao Chao subsequently led his force across the river and camped on the southern bank outside the Shence (
616:) had fallen under the Qing army's control. At the same time the Imperial navy commanded by Imperial Adm. Peng Yulin (
68:
46:
39:
666:
fell under the Qing army's control. On March 2, Zeng Guoquan deployed his troops to Shence and Taiping Gates. The
881:
service as porters to carry away huge loads of loot from the city—gold, silver, silks, furs, jade. Even some of
1115:
1092:
626:
and Eastern Dam (Dong Ba 东坝) with the help of Bao Chao's forces. By late November the Taiping garrison at
1157:
999:. The Third Battle of Nanjing was a testing ground for the first modern Chinese firearms used in battle.
1172:
1167:
1137:
1070:'贪掠夺，颇乱伍。中军各勇留营者皆去搜括'，……'沿街死尸十之九皆老者。其幼孩未满二、三岁者亦被戳以为戏，匍匐道上。妇女四十岁以下者一人俱无（均被虏），老者负伤或十余刀，数十刀，哀号之声达于四方。'凡此均为
1025:'贪掠夺，颇乱伍。中军各勇留营者皆去搜括'，……'沿街死尸十之九皆老者。其幼孩未满二、三岁者亦被戳以为戏，匍匐道上。妇女四十岁以下者一人俱无（均被虏），老者负伤或十余刀，数十刀，哀号之声达于四方。'凡此均为
415:
1187:
1182:
962:
and ordered Li to write his confession; he was executed after its completion on August 7. Only Zun (
663:
585:
410:
395:
380:
350:
622:) and his deputy, Yang Yuebin (杨岳斌, also known as Yang Zaifu 杨载福), took important regions including
1177:
480:
commissioned by the Qing Empire, lost all their discipline and committed mass-scale random murder,
469:
360:
192:
33:
865:
780:
After the fall of Chaoyang Gate, the defenders' morale collapsed and imperial Gen. Luo Fengyuan (
242:
1162:
50:
1107:
667:
1047:
Autumn in the Heavenly Kingdom: China, the West, and the Epic Story of the Taiping Civil War
584:). The Taiping Army had therefore lost all of its positions in the southwestern part of the
400:
8:
425:
844:) gates. By the evening every gate of the city was firmly in the hands of Qing forces.
375:
365:
1111:
457:
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331:
162:
144:
90:
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440:
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succeeded in breaking out with his 3,000 cavalry to eventually join and lead the
435:
390:
973:
420:
1131:
774:
637:
253:
233:
1095:, 1966). 3 vols. Volumes two and three select and translate basic documents.
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893:
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847:
719:
710:
699:
644:
640:. The only links to the outside left were the Shence and Taiping Gates.
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497:
461:
248:
211:
518:) and the Taiping Army lost control of the entire northern shore of the
1067:
1022:
947:
877:
473:
267:
904:'s son. Most of the Taiping army's commanders failed to escape: Lie (
496:, seen as "rebels". 200,000–300,000 "rebels" were reported dead by
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sent out a cavalry force of 700 after him and Li lost contact with
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955:
623:
519:
493:
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477:
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152:
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Realizing the final attack was coming, on the night of July 18,
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804:) Gate, linking up with forces led by imperial Gen. Peng Yuju (
627:
996:
992:
988:
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976:, during which he continued to fight for another four years.
607:
489:
156:
126:
542:) region southeast of the city and the Jiangdong Bridge (
786:) was able to break his force into the city from Jubao (
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The central-left front led by imperial Gen. Peng Yuju (
287:
Zeng Guofan allege 100,000 Taiping soldier casualties
1129:
798:) was able to break into the city from Tongji (
820:) led the imperial navy in taking Zhongguan (
588:. By mid-November regions including Chunhua (
963:
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456:in 1864 was the last major engagement of the
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1089:The Taiping Rebellion: History and Documents
896:did not get far after his initial breakout.
769:) attacked toward Chaoyang and Hongwu gates.
500:, the commander-in-chief of the Hunan Army.
536:, attacked and took the Shangfang Bridge (
322:
308:
97:
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
792:) Gate, while imperial Gen. Li Jinzhou (
32:This article includes a list of general
1039:
1037:
916:) was captured on July 21, at Chunhua (
718:The central front led by imperial Gen.
1130:
1043:
329:
303:
1098:
1034:
810:). At the same time, imperial Adm.
759:The left front led by imperial Gen.
662:) Castle at the highest peak of the
472:, the rebellion came to an end. The
18:
16:Part of the Taiping Rebellion (1864)
1060:
1015:
294:200,000–300,000 civilians massacred
13:
1104:The Taiping Revolutionary Movement
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1204:
1153:Tianjing in the Taiping Rebellion
1148:Battles of the Taiping Rebellion
1065:. CUHK Press. pp. 159–160.
1020:. CUHK Press. pp. 159–160.
528:) Gate of Nanjing. In September
252:
227:
216:
205:
181:
23:
876:"The vaunted discipline of the
1143:Rebellions in the Qing dynasty
1093:University of Washington Press
1054:
1009:
950:on the same day. On July 22,
828:
822:
816:
782:
612:
562:
556:
550:
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1:
1002:
673:
1193:Massacres committed by China
888:
7:
934:) and Junior Western King (
871:
578:) Pass and Zhonghe Bridge (
476:, an unpaid and barely fed
10:
1209:
1044:Platt, Stephen R. (2012).
775:fear of injuring their own
750:) attacked toward Tongji (
670:of Nanjing was completed.
636:), deployed troops at the
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930:
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690:
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647:returned to Nanjing from
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618:
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568:
538:
532:'s younger brother, Gen.
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492:against the civilians of
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293:
276:
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198:
174:
105:
96:
88:
83:
850:immediately returned to
688:), Shence and Jinchuan (
470:Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
193:Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
866:Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum
508:In June 1863 Qing Gen.
454:Third Battle of Nanjing
282:10,000+ died of illness
113:14 March – 19 July 1864
84:Third Battle of Nanjing
53:more precise citations.
1074:幕友赵烈文目睹所记，总计死者约二、三十万人。
1029:幕友赵烈文目睹所记，总计死者约二、三十万人。
199:Commanders and leaders
1108:Yale University Press
922:) Town, while Zhang (
468:, the capital of the
277:Casualties and losses
560:), Shuangqiao Gate (
289:200,000+ surrendered
1050:. pp. 350–351.
832:) take two Shuixi (
512:took Jiufu Island (
464:. With the fall of
371:Northern Expedition
1158:Massacres in China
910:) King Li Wancai (
376:Eastern Expedition
366:Western Expedition
1173:April 1864 events
1168:March 1864 events
1138:Conflicts in 1864
928:) Lin Shaozhang (
698:on June 1, 1864,
554:), Gaoqiao Gate (
458:Taiping Rebellion
449:
448:
386:Tianjing incident
333:Taiping Rebellion
298:
297:
272:370,000 defenders
170:
169:
163:Taiping Rebellion
145:summary execution
91:Taiping Rebellion
79:
78:
71:
1200:
1188:July 1864 events
1183:June 1864 events
1121:
1085:Franz H. Michael
1077:
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946:) was killed at
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643:On December 20,
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40:inline citations
27:
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1178:May 1864 events
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664:Purple Mountain
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586:Purple Mountain
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974:Nien Rebellion
940:) Xiao Youhe (
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860:). At night
853:
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838:) and Hanxi (
813:
812:Huang Yisheng
778:
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758:
743:
728:
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678:On March 14,
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638:Ming Xiaoling
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284:9,000+ killed
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234:Zhu Hongzhang
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1103:
1100:Jian, Youwen
1088:
1066:
1062:
1061:郭廷以 (1979).
1056:
1046:
1021:
1017:
1016:郭廷以 (1979).
1011:
978:
970:Lai Wenguang
902:Hong Xiuquan
898:Zeng Guoquan
892:
883:Zeng Guoquan
875:
852:Hong Xiuquan
846:
779:
772:
724:Hong Xiuquan
708:
704:
696:Hong Xiuquan
680:Zeng Guoquan
677:
653:Hong Xiuquan
642:
534:Zeng Guoquan
507:
482:wartime rape
453:
451:
430:
396:2nd Jiangnan
381:1st Jiangnan
243:
239:Hong Xiuquan
223:Zeng Guoquan
188:Qing Dynasty
175:Belligerents
149:wartime rape
138:
89:Part of the
65:
56:
37:
1091:(Seattle,:
981:bolt-action
952:Li Xiucheng
894:Li Xiucheng
862:Li Xiucheng
848:Li Xiucheng
720:Li Chendian
711:Li Xiucheng
700:Li Xiucheng
645:Li Xiucheng
600:), Longdu (
572:), Muling (
530:Zeng Guofan
498:Zeng Guofan
462:Qing Empire
431:3rd Nanjing
361:1st Nanjing
249:Li Xiucheng
212:Zeng Guofan
161:End of the
143:Mass scale
59:August 2018
51:introducing
1132:Categories
1117:0300015429
1003:References
948:Hushu Town
878:Hunan Army
674:The battle
668:investment
651:and urged
594:), Jiexi (
474:Hunan Army
268:Xiang Army
34:references
889:Aftermath
761:Xiao Fusi
726:'s palace
426:Changzhou
416:Guanzhong
266:500,000+
1102:(1973).
872:Massacre
510:Bao Chao
411:Shanghai
351:Changsha
261:Strength
118:Location
968:) King
956:Nanjing
756:) Gate.
741:) Gate.
649:Danyang
624:Gaochun
520:Yangtze
504:Prelude
494:Nanjing
486:looting
478:militia
466:Nanjing
460:in the
356:Wuchang
346:Jintian
153:looting
123:Nanjing
47:improve
1114:
1063:近代中國史綱
1018:近代中國史綱
997:lances
993:spears
989:sabres
985:swords
960:Anqing
628:Lishui
441:Fujian
406:Anqing
401:Ningbo
251:
241:
135:Result
36:, but
1087:, ed.
958:from
608:Hushu
490:arson
436:Hubei
391:Sanhe
157:arson
129:China
1112:ISBN
995:and
488:and
452:The
421:Cixi
155:and
127:Qing
110:Date
1072:曾国荃
1027:曾国荃
943:萧友和
937:幼西王
931:林绍璋
913:李万材
857:清凉山
817:黄翼升
807:彭毓橘
795:李金洲
783:罗逢源
766:萧孚泗
747:彭毓橘
732:朱南桂
633:萧庆衍
619:彭玉麟
613:三岔镇
606:),
581:中和桥
569:七桥瓮
563:双桥门
557:高桥门
551:上方门
545:江东桥
539:上方桥
515:九洑洲
1134::
1110:.
1068:湘军
1036:^
1023:湘军
991:,
987:,
919:淳化
841:旱西
835:水西
829:陈湜
823:中关
801:通济
789:聚宝
753:通济
738:仪凤
691:金川
685:朝阳
659:天保
603:龙都
597:解溪
591:淳化
575:秣陵
525:神策
484:,
151:,
147:,
125:,
1120:.
965:遵
925:章
907:列
814:(
763:(
323:e
316:t
309:v
244:#
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
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