Stamford Raffles - Knowledge

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post voluntarily, causing a moment of tension between him and Travers. Raffles's request for Travers to deliver dispatches to India nullified the issue late in the year, and Farquhar remained in charge of Singapore, with its survival still in doubt for many in both India and London, who believed that it would either be handed over to the Dutch, or taken violently by force when Castlereagh's negotiations had ended. Still William Farquhar stirred up more trouble, especially with local English merchants over trivial matters of self-importance, and overreaction over small infractions of white traders, for some of which he was reprimanded by Calcutta officially.

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raised Java to happiness and prosperity unknown under former rulers. After the surrender of that island to the Dutch, and during his government in Sumatra he founded an emporium at Singapore, where in establishing freedom of person as the right of the soil, and freedom of trade as the right of the port, he secured to the British flag the maritime superiority of the eastern seas. Ardently attached to science, he laboured successfully to add to the knowledge and enrich the museums of his native land, in promoting the welfare of the people committed to his charge, he sought the good of his country, and the glory of God.

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Brayley, E. W. (1827). "Some account of the life and writings and contributions to science, of the late Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, Knt., F.R.S., S.A. & L.S., &c; successively Lieutenant-Governor of Java and its dependencies, and of Fort Marlborough, Singapore, and the British Possessions in

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Nonetheless, amidst uncertainty and intrigue, Raffles landed in Achin on 14 March 1819, with begrudging help of Penang. Once again, it seems that multiple people were in power, but none wanted to formally deal with the British. The hostile atmosphere created allowed Raffles to cancel the only meeting

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in the slave trade. A brass tablet was finally placed in 1887, but the actual whereabouts of his body was not known until 1914, when it was found in a vault. When the church was extended in the 1920s, his tomb was incorporated into the body of the building, and a square floor tablet with inscription

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at the end of November 1824, just in time to have a war of words with Farquhar, who had also arrived in the city, in front of the Court of Directors of the East India Company regarding Singapore. Despite raising several severe charges against Raffles, Farquhar was ultimately unable to discredit him;

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Luckily, the Singapore issue had its supporters in the House, so as negotiations continued in Europe, Raffles remained largely idle in Bencoolen. The only major issue, outside the politics of the local sultans, involved the replacement of Farquhar, who decided that he had no intention of leaving his

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as well. The currency was regulated and, as he had an excess of out-of-work civil servants, they formed committees to advise him on the daily running of the colony. However, Bencoolen was not as self-sufficient as Singapore. The area was poor and disease-ridden: the first reports from the committees

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in line with wider British policy across its Asian territories, although slavery remained widespread and Raffles himself was served by a large retinue of slaves at his official residences in Java. Raffles also attempted a replacement of the Dutch system of forced agricultural deliveries-in-kind with

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Raffles returned to Singapore in October 1822. Raffles was pleased with the fact that Singapore had grown exponentially in such a short period of time. The colony was a bustling hub of trade and economic activity. Even so, Farquhar's administration was deemed unsatisfactory, for example, he allowed

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by the end of the year, but it would be his youngest son, Stamford Marsden (b. 1820), who would perish first with the disease, on 3 January 1822, with Charlotte to follow ten days later. For the good part of four months, the couple remained devastated. The year would be eventful with the suicide of

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and Calcutta continued throughout this time. The legitimacy of the British treaties was also questioned once again, but finally, as Singapore grew at an exponential rate, the Dutch gave up their claim on the island, allowing the colony to continue as a British possession. However, the pressures put

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By the time Raffles had returned to Singapore, on 31 May, much of the immediate crisis that the colony had caused in Penang and Calcutta had passed. By then, the initial five-hundred villagers had grown to become five-thousand merchants, soldiers, and administrators, packed onto the island. Raffles

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To the memory of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, L.L.D. F.R.S. Lieut. Governor of Java and first President of the Zoological Society of London. Born 1781 Died 1826. Selected at an early age to conduct the government of the British conquests in the Indian ocean, by wisdom, vigour, and philanthropy, he

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Ella died in 1840, aged nineteen. Sophia remained at Highwood House until her death in 1858, at the age of 72. Her tomb and memorial may be seen in St Paul's Church graveyard, Mill Hill, close to the rear door of the church. All his other children remained buried overseas. Thirty-three years after

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In the final few weeks of his stay in Singapore, in 1823, Raffles drafted a series of administrative regulations for Singapore that aimed to govern Singapore in a fair manner, but also reflected his stance on various moral and social issues. A registration system was first instituted for all land,

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to get married, his father died, and his younger brother was made sultan, supported by some of the court officials and the Dutch. To circumvent the situation of having to negotiate with a sultan influenced by the Dutch, Raffles decided to recognise, on behalf of the British Crown, Hussein Shah as

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as an ambassador to the Dutch, to possibly negotiate an expansion of British economic interests. When this failed, and when Raffles's own expeditions into his new dominion found only treacherous terrain and few exportable goods, his desire to establish a better British presence was cemented.

1414:. The contacts were friendly, and Raffles, knowledgeable about the muddled political situation, took advantage to provide a rudimentary treaty between the nominal chiefs of the area that called for the exclusivity of trade, and the British protection of the area. Members of Raffles's party 2136: 2936:

Memoir of the life and public services of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, F.R.S. &c.; particularly in the government of Java, 1811–1816; and of Bencoolen and its dependencies, 1817–1824; with details of the commerce and resources of the Eastern archipelago; and selections from his

1370:' less-than-stellar opinion of Raffles before (which had necessitated his trip to England to clear his name at the end of his tenure as Lieutenant-Governor of Java), the now well-connected and successful Raffles was able to secure permission to set up a settlement. At this point in 1903:. Raffles dismissed Farquhar in April 1823, and took direct control. He had written to Calcutta declaring Farquhar to be incompetent in January 1823, and repeated efforts were made to persuade Calcutta to send a replacement for Farquhar; but they remained unanswered. Raffles made 1476:, and Raffles was named as 'Agent to the Most Noble the Governor-General with the States of Rhio (Riau), Lingin (Lingga) and Johor'. Although ownership of the post was to be exclusively British, explicit orders were given to Farquhar to maintain free passage of ships through the 1812:, concerned themselves only with profit-taking. Even as Raffles lived like a country gentleman, and ran his colony like an estate, his expenditure on nature preservation was seriously frowned upon. In both Calcutta and London, they discussed his removal from office, while 1512:

Official Dutch complaints came before the end of the month, and Raffles attempted to appease the situation by instructing Farquhar to not interfere with the politics of surrounding islands. Despite numerous threats and serious considerations by the Dutch governor-general

2198:, north London, on his 45th birthday, 5 July 1826. The most likely underlying cause of death is that of a dural arteriovenous fistula. His estate amounted to around ten thousand pounds sterling, which was paid to the company to cover his outstanding debt. Because of his 924:

by British troops. Raffles seized much of the contents of the court archive. The event was unprecedented in Javanese history. It was the first time an indigenous court had been taken by storm by a European army, and the humiliation of the local aristocracy was profound.

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to visit his old home, and adversary, van der Capellen. A final stop in Bencoolen followed. Tragedy befell Raffles once more when his youngest daughter, Flora Nightingall, born on 19 September, died a little over one month later on 28 November while still in Bencoolen.

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to the British, but the political situation in the area remained a befuddled mess, with the old sultan dying, and many new ones attempting to gain either the crown or regency. As Farquhar was involving himself poorly in local politics, Raffles appointed Travers as the

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Farquhar's attempt to establish a more favourable treaty in Rhio (Riau) was met with greater challenge, as the Dutch were present, and made for a rather awkward position. The Dutch were alarmed, and sent a small contingent to the island. Despite a covert offer of

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for England. She caught fire 50 miles (80 kilometres) from Bencoolen the evening after she sailed. All aboard were able to take to her boats and were saved, although the ship herself was totally destroyed. The fire claimed most of his drawings and papers.

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the island, and proceeded to request the presence of the sultan, or whoever at the time had supreme nominal power, to sign a formal treaty, while Major Farquhar was ordered to do the same in Rhio (Riau). A few days later, the formal treaty was signed by

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were both free of Dutch interference. Raffles finally returned to England on 22 August 1824, over a year after he left Singapore. His longest tenure in Singapore was only eight months, but he was considered the founder of Singapore nevertheless.

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laws in the Malay sultanates were not clear cut, treaties signed between native rulers and the European powers always seemed to be on the verge of invalidation; especially if a sultan should be deposed by one of his siblings or other pretenders.

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of London of 1824. As well as the treaty, instructions were sent out to Raffles to undertake far less intrusive actions; however, the long distance between the Far East and Europe meant that the orders had no chance of reaching Raffles in time.

1080:, was particularly close to him. At the publication of the book, he also stopped using the name 'Thomas', preferring to use his middle name, 'Stamford', possibly to avoid confusion amongst his associates with Sir Thomas Sevestre, or his cousin, 1796:

As in Java, Raffles collected samples of local species of plant and animal, as well as describing them in his journals. He located other tribes, and recorded their customs, especially their religions and laws. Bringing the island of

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was clearly closer in distance to Singapore, Raffles, in his capacity as Lieutenant-Governor of Bencoolen, was nominally still in control. This undoubtedly irked the authorities in Penang, to the point where they refused to send any

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for losses incurred during his administration. Raffles replied by clarifying his actions: and he decided to move to his country estate, Highwood, North London, but before the issue was resolved, he was already much too ill.

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Raffles convened a meeting on 1 April 1823, with the intention of opening a Malay college in Singapore, based on his observations on his years in southeast Asia, and his belief of the importance of both the local and the

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on account of the poor financial performance of the colony during his administration, and allegations of financial impropriety on his own part. He sailed to England in early 1816 to clear his name and, en route, visited

889:, mounted a brave but ultimately futile defence at the fortress. The British, led by Colonel Gillespie, stormed the fort and captured it within three hours. Governor Janssens attempted to escape inland but was captured. 1570:

was determined to destroy the Dutch mercantile monopoly in the area, to replace it with a gateway for trade with China and Japan. The latter he had attempted but failed to reach an agreement with while governing Java.

1840:, replacing Hastings. As Raffles grew restless and depressed, he decided to visit Singapore before retiring and heading home to England. Accompanying him would be his wife Sophia and their only surviving child, Ella. 3125:

The history and antiquities of the parish of Hammersmith: Interspersed with biographical notices of illustrious and eminent persons, who have been born, or who have resided in the parish during the three preceding

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as it covered land previously owned by the Sultan as well. This is followed by laws regarding the port and freedom of trade. In May 1823, he outlawed gambling, imposed heavy taxation on what he considered

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When his wife, Olivia, died on 26 November 1814, Raffles was devastated. In 1815, he left again for England shortly before the island of Java was returned to control of the Netherlands following the

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was applied. The city was in a strategically advantageous position; however, he was ordered not to provoke the Dutch, and his subsequent actions were officially disavowed by the British government.

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when he returned. Raffles started more reforms that were, by now, almost trademarks of his rule over the colonies. Forced labour was abolished when he first arrived, and he declared Bencoolen a

1438:, and was in no position to argue against the terms. Raffles reassured him that the Dutch posed no threat in the area. Hussein Shah had been the crown Prince of Johor, but while he was away in 1302:. The Convention of 1814 only returned Dutch territory that was held before 1803, which did not include Padang. Raffles asserted the British claim personally, leading a small expedition to the 642:

from 1819 to 1823. Raffles soon returned to England in 1824, where he died on his birthday in 1826 at the age of 45. His legacy while complex remains significant in Singapore, most notably the

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Personal tragedies also started for Raffles. His eldest son, Leopold Stamford (b. 1818), died during an epidemic on 4 July 1821. The oldest daughter, Charlotte (b. 1818), was also sick with

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upon Calcutta ensured that no single governor of all British possessions in the Strait or on Sumatra was appointed, and Raffles, whose health was slowly ailing, returned to Bencoolen.

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Yet the production of food remained a problem. In Bencoolen, Raffles paid special attention to the agricultural methods of the Chinese, including an introduction to the only issue of

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Colonel Bannerman's death in Penang in October 1819 brought new opportunities for Raffles to expand his power to also include the other minor British factories and outposts; from

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in the immediate aftermath of the British assault, the events may have fuelled the deep-seated instability and hostility to European involvement that ultimately gave rise to the

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One Hundred Years of Singapore: being some account of the capital of the straits from its foundation by Sir Stamford Raffles on the 6th February 1819 to the 6th February 1919

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in Java, they did not take any military action. The confused political situation in Johore and Rhio also created a certain uneasiness and instability for the two nations.

1206: 1290:, Raffles also emphasised the need to establish a certain amount of influence with the native chiefs, which had greatly waned since the return of the Dutch. Raffles sent 1899:

It was also during the re-planning and reconstruction of the port town that Farquhar dramatically argued with Raffles, who now considered him unfit for the position of

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Under Raffles's aegis, a large number of ancient monuments in Java were systematically catalogued for the first time. The first detailed English-language account of

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While in Sumatra Raffles commissioned artists to make drawings of his collections of animals and plants. The surviving drawings are held by the British Library.

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Raffles returned to Bencoolen in ill-health, but as his health improved, he continued on his quest to learn about the island he now called home. He studied the

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Unlike many other European adventurers, Raffles did not impose upon the colonised the alien language or culture of the coloniser. In addition to preserving the

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debated whether to reinforce the port city. Evacuation plans were made, but the Dutch never acted, and ultimately Lord Hastings prompted Colonel Bannerman, the

1547: 1500:, the Dutch acted at once, commanding that no Malays could go to Singapore. Raffles's bold claim of Singapore created a curious geographic situation: although 1458:. With much pomp and ceremony, the official treaty was read aloud in languages representing all nations present, as well as the Malay and Chinese inhabitants. 698:, modern historians have refuted such claims. When Benjamin ended his involvement in the West India trade in 1800, it caused his family considerable hardship. 4499: 2872: 2405: 1559: 6285: 3931: 2428: 1209:, gained it any attention back home in Britain. Raffles found the place wrecked, and set about reforms immediately, mostly similar to what he had done on 3419:"Ch. XIV Asia. The protest of Sir S. Raffles against the Proceedings of the Dutch in the Malayan Archipelago Treaties formed with the Princes of Sumatra" 1968:. However, Raffles tolerated the practice of regulated debt-slavery, which gave the appearance of free labour while remaining a cheap option for labour. 820: 261: 6255: 3586: 3081: 3844:"Descriptive Catalogue of a Zoological Collection, made on account of the Honourable East India Company, in the Island of Sumatra and its Vicinity..." 6295: 4825: 4116: 1367: 1451:

against the Dutch offered by the Raja of Rhio (Riau), Farquhar returned, and an official protest was sent by the Raja to Java regarding the matter.

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regardless of ownership, and the repossession of the land by the government if land remained unregistered. This act asserted the power of the

1347:, especially before Raffles's arrival. Farquhar was compelled to sign the treaty not with the official head of the sultanate, but rather, the 717:, a widow ten years his senior, who was formerly married to Jacob Cassivelaun Fancourt, an assistant surgeon in Madras, who had died in 1800. 4762: 4168: 968: 634:

While Raffles was largely credited for the founding of contemporary Singapore, the early running of day-to-day operations was mostly done by

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Finally, on 9 June 1823, feeling that his work in establishing Singapore was finished, he boarded a ship for home, but not before a stop in

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Raffles declared the foundation of what was to become modern Singapore on 6 February, securing the transfer of control of the island to the

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During the relatively brief British rule in Java, Raffles negotiated peace, and mounted some significant military expeditions against local

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Pearson, H. F. (July 1953). "Singapore from the Sea, June 1823. Notes on a recently discovered sketch attributed to Lt. Phillip Jackson".

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of different races and cultures, numbering over six thousand. He also found that Singapore's trade was slowly overtaking that of Java.

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Raffles granted upon Singapore, he delayed European-inspired reforms, emphasising only the cultivation of whatever land was available.

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attempted to quell Dutch fears, and continuing efforts were made to reach an agreement between the nations that eventually became the

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until September 1824, after which he entertained distinguished guests in both London and his home. He also made plans to stand for

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Borschberg, Peter (2019). "Dutch objections to British Singapore, 1819–1824: law, politics, commerce and a diplomatic misstep".

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or Bencoolen, made it impossible for the British to abandon the unprofitable colonies in such proximity to the Dutch in Java.

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However, the Anglo-Dutch Convention of 1814 was not completely clear, especially on the issue of certain possessions such as

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established their respective spheres of influence, the Dutch relinquishing their claims to Singapore while the British ceded

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Native authorities were given power in their respective districts, and were answerable only to the lieutenant-governor. The

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to set up a permanent British presence in the area, in the case of the return of Java to Dutch rule after the end of the

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Raffles was survived by his second wife Sophia Hull and daughter Ella, and predeceased by his other four children in

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a year, while Temenggong Abdul Rahman received 3,000 a year, both massive sums at the time, roughly equivalent to

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Although Hussein Shah had had no previous contact with the British, he had certainly heard of the strength of the

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on 21 June 1812. Yogyakarta was one of the two most powerful indigenous polities in Java. During the attack, the

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gave $ 4,000, with the contributions from various subscribers totalling $ 17,495. This would be the founding of

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Confident that Farquhar would follow his instructions well, Raffles sailed for Bencoolen once again on 28 June.

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He was advised by a holdover from the previous Dutch regime on Java, the president of the High Court of Java,

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and local businesses to flourish. Certain colonial aspects remained: a European town was quickly built to

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It was at this point that he realised the importance of a British presence that both challenged the Dutch

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his death, Raffles' substantial collection of Indonesian antiquities and ethnography was donated to the

1876:. In response, Raffles instituted new policies, and set up a committee headed by the colony's engineer, 6149: 6074: 5582: 5562: 5476: 5409: 5332: 5235: 5182: 4979: 4916: 4752: 4727: 4129: 4017: 3728:

Raffles' ark redrawn : natural history drawings from the collection of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles

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The Dutch claim on the Sultanate of Johore and hence, Rhio, and the diplomatic exchanges between Baron

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The British invasion of Java took a total of forty-five days, during which Raffles was appointed the

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on 5 February 1825. Raffles was a founder (in 1825) and first president (elected April 1826) of the

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Raffles' Ark Redrawn: Natural History Drawings from the Collections of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles

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In Singapore, and in other parts of the world, his name lives on in numerous entities, including:

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The little money the family had went into sending the young Raffles to the Mansion House Academy,

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Meanwhile, he was not only not granted a pension, but was called to pay over twenty-two thousand

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While in Singapore, Raffles established schools and churches in the native languages. He allowed

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he was denied a chance to be restored to Singapore, but was given a military promotion instead.

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by France during Napoleon's war, Raffles had no choice but to leave the country. He mounted

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Negotiating Abolition: The Antislavery Project in the British Strait Settlements, 1786-1843

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merchants to encroach on government areas, permitted vices such as gambling, and tolerated

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Blagden, C.O. (1921). "Historical: Singapore prior to 1819". In Makepeace, Walter (ed.).

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shortly before Raffles's departure in 1823. Found amongst documents belonging to Raffles

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on 22 March 1818. Despite the prestige connected with the title of Lieutenant-Governor,

1189:

Raffles arrived in Bencoolen on Sumatra on 19 March 1818, where he was appointed as the

912:

princes to subjugate them to British rule. Most significant of these was the assault on

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The Power of Prophecy: Prince Dipanagara and the End of an Old Order in Java, 1785–1855

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system of land management, probably influenced by the earlier anti-feudal critiques of

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was brought in, instead of the old slavery system that Raffles had abolished in Java,

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Upon arrival in England in poor health, Sir Stamford and Lady Raffles convalesced in

1801:

under British rule, he noted its civilised state and high production yields of rice.

1766: 1707: 1695: 1563: 1340: 1194: 1092: 847: 686:) and Anne Raffles (née Lyde) (1755 – 8 February 1824, London). Benjamin served as a 620: 551: 3587:"William Farquhar's pragmatism: another perspective on Raffles vision for Singapore" 6199: 6175: 6163: 6136: 5750: 5667: 5399: 4872: 4530: 4503: 4485: 4155: 4147: 3960: 3282: 3010:"William Farquhar, not Raffles, is true founder of S'pore: UK magazine book review" 2693: 2666: 2584: 2489: 2470: 2251: 2219: 1995: 1900: 1790: 1677: 1423:

who claimed to be the "lawful sovereign of the whole of territories extending from

1358:

in late 1818, to personally secure a British presence in the Riau area, especially

1344: 1336: 1332: 1272: 1202: 1039: 874: 706: 635: 4230: 4219: 2596:

Most natural history specimens collected by Raffles were lost with the sinking of

1816:

continued negotiations with the Dutch regarding the ongoing diplomatic conflicts.

1406:. It was established that there was no Dutch presence on the island of Singapore. 987:

During his lieutenant-governorship, Raffles placed some restrictions on the local

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of parasitic flowering plants, known for having the largest flowers in the world

2159:

With the Singapore matter settled, Raffles turned to his other great interests:

1448: 6187: 5295: 5117: 3361: 3310: 3209: 3161: 2306: 2227: 2152: 1462: 1424: 1363: 1325: 1320: 1081: 816: 725: 628: 592: 584: 391: 138: 4434: 3964: 3287: 3270: 1789:, replacing Farquhar. Upon his arrival, Travers found the colony a delightful 1539: 885:, who coincidentally had surrendered to the British five years earlier at the 6209: 4399: 4245: 4157:

The Mission to Siam, and Hué the Capital of Cochin China, in the Years 1821-2

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where Muntinghe had an emissary of Raffles, one captain Salmond, deported to

2782: 2681: 2671: 2399: 2366: 1992: 1912: 1893: 1774: 1466: 1268: 1260: 1232:. However, the strategic importance of poorly maintained but well-positioned 949: 732:, the new governor of Penang. At this time, he also made the acquaintance of 729: 721: 694:. Although some biographers have suggested that Benjamin was involved in the 3731:. British Library, Edinburgh Royal Botanic Garden. London: British Library. 896:

by Baron Minto before hostilities formally ceased. He took his residence at

6041: 4449: 4438: 3843: 2949: 2646: 2625: 2605: 2388: 2247: 1965: 1884:

or Raffles Town Plan, based on instructions by Raffles. The plan was still

1881: 1864: 1821: 1719: 1711: 1684: 1579: 1228:

in the area, and could remain consistently profitable, unlike Bencoolen or

1214: 1198: 929: 612: 604: 366: 296: 3726: 2151:, but this ambition was never realised. They moved to a London address at 1911:, raising a protest from Van der Capellen. Eventually, Calcutta appointed 862:, who led a well-organised army against an opposing army of mostly French 5354: 2926: 2755: 2565: 2508: 2009: 1957: 1953: 1735: 1518: 1410:

also no longer had any control of the area, so contact was made with the

1088: 993: 886: 702: 691: 687: 682:, Jamaica, to Captain Benjamin Raffles (1739, London – 23 November 1811, 679: 651: 647: 441: 333: 3669: 3296: 2964: 624: 5109: 4342: 3249: 2377: 2176: 2144: 2063: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1590:

constructed for the soldiers. Otherwise, no other duties were imposed.

1587: 1435: 1402:, on 29 January 1819, he established a post at the southern tip of the 1048: 897: 878: 271: 202: 4207:

Jardine, Sir William (1844). "with a memoir on Sir Stamford Raffles".

1324:

Statue of Sir Stamford Raffles in Singapore, based on the original by

1243:

The competition in the area, between Raffles and the aggressive Dutch

690:

for various ships engaged in the direct trade between England and the

576:

in 1817, describing the history of the island from ancient times. The

5899: 5451: 5420: 4573: 4542: 4164: 3561: 3053:"Glory and disgrace: The complex legacy of Singapore founder Raffles" 2416: 2345: 2195: 1828: 1672: 1586:

the population, separated by a river; carriage roads were built, and

1522: 1415: 1073: 1020: 1008: 980: 937: 863: 596: 588: 577: 351: 206: 2038: 1606: 1112: 754: 37: 2191: 2012:. The British gained dominance in the north, while the entirety of 1924: 1739: 1676:

reflected very poorly upon the condition of the colony. Unlike the

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Founding of modern Singapore and early colonial period (1819–1826)

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By early 1820, Tengku Long had firmly established himself as the

1731: 1497: 1493: 1355: 1280: 1218: 941: 921: 828: 2202:

position, he was refused burial inside the local parish church (

1351:. He noted it as a success, and reported it as such to Raffles. 4321: 3803: 2624:

NML-VZ D512g collected in Sumatra by Stamford Raffles, held at

2160: 2135: 1743: 1715: 1688: 1501: 1483: 1439: 1299: 1271:

overlooked the island before settling upon Penang in 1786, the

1264: 1237: 1217:

and such games. To replace the slaves, he used a contingent of

380: 2645:

NML-VZ D843b collected in Sumatra by Stamford Raffles held in

1566:, as well as guaranteeing the exclusivity of bilateral trade. 2795:

Two statues in Singapore, one made of white marble along the

2600:

A few sent earlier, and some collected later, survive at the

2421: 2207: 1915:, who had followed Raffles for over twenty years, as the new 1904: 1763: 1703: 1699: 1506: 1489: 1428: 1407: 976: 599:

from local rulers in 1819 to secure British access along the

3271:"Muntinghe's advice to Raffles on the land question in Java" 3997:

Sumatra: Founder and President of the Zoological Society".

3981:

Sumatra: Founder and President of the Zoological Society".

3818: 3327: 1991:

On 2 February 1824, Raffles and his family embarked on the

1798: 1210: 1023:

was surveyed and cleared of vegetation by H. C. Cornelius.

843: 555: 3657:

Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society

3643:. Vol. 1. Singapore: Fraser & Neave. p. 122. 1935:. Raffles personally gave $ 2,000 towards the effort, the 2410: 1757: 1362:, which was favoured by him both through the readings of 1099:

in Indonesia) to take up his new post with his new wife.

819:, as well as his wit and ability, gained him favour with 3076: 3074: 2740:

Stamford Primary School, formerly Stamford Girls' School

3035:"Head Count: The History of Census-taking in Singapore" 2210:, Theodor Williams, whose family had made its money in 1259:. Raffles looked into alternatives in the area; namely 583:

Raffles also played a role in further establishing the

3636: 3619: 3380: 3378: 3342:, reprinted in the Cambridge Library Collection, 2010. 6147: 3071: 1725: 1197:

was a colonial backwater, whose only real export was

736:, who would accompany him for the next twenty years. 3346: 3154:"Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles (biographical details)" 1488:

Raffles also planned to start a British presence in

1267:

was also under consideration. Despite the fact that

936:

of the 1820s. Raffles also ordered an expedition to

603:

and the nearby seas in the region, particularly the

595:. He secured control over the strategically located 239:

British Lieutenant-Governor of the Dutch East Indies

4235:. Vol. II (2nd ed.). London: John Murray. 3375: 2301:is used to indicate this person as the author when 1366:histories, and by Farquhar's explorations. Despite 62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4224:. Vol. I (2nd ed.). London: John Murray. 4085: 2736:Raffles Institution (Secondary and Junior College) 2230:by his nephew, Rev William Charles Raffles Flint. 1975:A view of Singapore from the sea, sketched by Lt. 1275:was an attractive choice just to the south of the 1038:ahead of the handover, and officially replaced by 4011: 2871: 967:, Raffles's first wife, erected by him along the 6207: 4146: 4012:Chandler, David P.; Steinberg, David J. (1988). 3527:"American Antiquarian Society Members Directory" 1034:. Raffles had been removed from his post by the 6291:Freemasons of the United Grand Lodge of England 3902:The Golden Sword: Stamford Raffles and the East 3709:. No. 5929. London, England. 30 July 1824. 3546: 3544: 2921: 2919: 2799:, while another made of bronze in front of the 2234:Memorial sculpture in Westminster Abbey, London 1309: 546:between 1818 and 1824. Raffles was involved in 6276:Presidents of the Zoological Society of London 3640:An anecdotal history of old times in Singapore 3623:An anecdotal history of old times in Singapore 3268: 2925: 2285:Category:Taxa named by Thomas Stamford Raffles 2028: 627:was subsequently established in Singapore for 5436: 4558: 4169:Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation 3500: 2891:Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd 1808:. To remedy the shortages, his employer, the 1550:of Penang sat offshore, awaiting a response, 1339:of Malacca, had been attempting to negotiate 1251:, and later Raffles' former advisor on Java, 1051:, but found him unpleasant and unimpressive. 873:, had built a well-defended fortification at 4476:Lieutenant-Governor of the Dutch East Indies 4189:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3541: 3354:"Lady Sophia Raffles (biographical details)" 3275:Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 3086:"Family of Sir Stamford Raffles | Infopedia" 2916: 1484:Achin, and the early conflict with the Dutch 1087:On 22 February, he married his second wife, 894:lieutenant-governor of the Dutch East Indies 666:Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles was born on 6286:Members of the American Antiquarian Society 5497:British Military Administration (1945–1946) 4080: 3214:A History of Modern Indonesia Since C. 1200 3080: 2906: 1635:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1141:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 971:in the National Botanical Gardens (now the 850:. The war was swiftly conducted by Admiral 783:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 744: 5443: 5429: 4565: 4551: 4354: 3948: 3804:Roger Nicholson; Robert Nicholson (1966). 3147: 3145: 3143: 3128:. London: Nichols & Son. p. 261. 1573: 1349:Raja Muda (Regent or Crown Prince) of Riau 6256:British East India Company civil servants 4034: 3286: 2123:Learn how and when to remove this message 1655:Learn how and when to remove this message 1161:Learn how and when to remove this message 803:Learn how and when to remove this message 122:Learn how and when to remove this message 6296:Fellows of the Linnean Society of London 5507:Self-governance of Singapore (1955–1962) 4414: 3557:A History of Modern Singapore, 1819–2005 3550: 3411: 3208: 3185:Raffles and the British Invasion of Java 3181: 3122: 2875:; Weizenegger, Julie (15 January 2016). 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2749: 2336: 2325:He also gave the scientific name of the 2254:depicts Raffles in a seated position in 2237: 2134: 1970: 1854: 1850: 1710:, which was especially important as the 1596: 1562:, the ruler of Achin, which installed a 1319: 1180: 1172: 958: 454: 428: 4396:Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research 4239: 4228: 4217: 4206: 4110: 4057: 3995: 3979: 3841: 3837: 3835: 3653: 3496: 3494: 3443: 3140: 2962: 2677:Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research 2655: 1806:Proceedings of the Agricultural Society 1538:, a powerful divisional chief, fearing 1509:to Singapore to complete the garrison. 1102: 1054: 14: 6208: 5746:China–Singapore Suzhou Industrial Park 5450: 4572: 4361: 4123: 3922: 3896: 3724: 3683:"From Lloyd's Marine List – July 20". 3315:Borobudur: Golden Tales of the Buddhas 3309: 3262: 2744:Stamford American International School 1758:Administration of Bencoolen, 1820–1822 654:onto the population of Singapore that 5424: 4546: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3505:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 87. 3230: 2858: 1084:, who both bore the same first name. 1059:In 1817, Raffles wrote and published 834:In 1811, after the annexation of the 424: 27:British colonial official (1781–1826) 4445:"Raffles and the Golden Opportunity" 4152:Raffles, Sir Thomas Stamford, F.R.S. 3928:In the Footsteps of Stamford Raffles 3832: 3491: 3328:Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles (1817). 3248: 3151: 2787:Raffles Class – The former name for 2314:Raffles gave the scientific name to 2061:adding citations to reliable sources 2032: 1880:to draw up a plan, now known as the 1843:Raffles was elected a member of the 1832:Castlereagh, and the appointment of 1718:. Christian schools were started by 1633:adding citations to reliable sources 1600: 1201:, and only the murder of a previous 1139:adding citations to reliable sources 1106: 781:adding citations to reliable sources 748: 316:Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles 60:adding citations to reliable sources 31: 4240:Woodman, Dorothy (September 1954). 3848:Transactions of the Linnean Society 3780:"What Killed Sir Stamford Raffles?" 2242:Raffles statue in Westminster Abbey 1546:, Raffles, and fellow commissioner 1461:Sultan Hussein Shah was paid 5,000 1443:being the rightful ruler of Johor. 920:was badly damaged, and extensively 515:Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles 24: 4624:French and British era (1806–1816) 4199: 4088:Raffles and the Golden Opportunity 3952:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 3713: 2878:The family of Sir Stamford Raffles 2278: 1863:, also known more commonly as the 1726:Consolidation of the Eastern Isles 1472:Farquhar was officially named the 1221:, already sent to him from India. 1213:; abolishing slavery and limiting 503:Founding years of modern Singapore 25: 6307: 4430:. Vol. 47. pp. 161–165. 4352:National Portrait Gallery, London 4254: 4210:The natural history of game birds 3182:Hannigan, Tim (1 November 2012). 3104:from the original on 22 June 2017 2963:Raffles, Thomas Stamford (2015). 2801:Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall 2731:Raffles Girls' School (Secondary) 2167:. He was elected a member of the 2008:finally settled the score in the 1892:to create Commercial Square (now 1706:of his colonies, he also allowed 540:governor of the Dutch East Indies 6193: 6181: 6169: 6157: 5512:Merger with Malaysia (1962–1965) 4515:Lieutenant-Governor of Bencoolen 4427:Dictionary of National Biography 4421:"Raffles, Thomas Stamford" 4332: 4320: 4308: 3584: 2720:National University of Singapore 2634: 2613: 2577: 2558: 2539: 2520: 2501: 2482: 2463: 2444: 2037: 1669:lieutenant-governor of Bencoolen 1605: 1393: 1191:lieutenant-governor of Bencoolen 1111: 842:against the Dutch and French in 753: 544:lieutenant-governor of Bencoolen 182:Lieutenant-Governor of Bencoolen 157: 36: 6226:19th-century English historians 5492:Japanese occupation (1942–1945) 5487:Straits Settlements (1826–1942) 4644:Liberal democracy era (1950–59) 4362:Firaci, Biagio (10 June 2014). 3855: 3820:International Plant Names Index 3812: 3797: 3772: 3753: 3693: 3689:. No. 16060. 24 July 1824. 3676: 3647: 3637:Charles Burton Buckley (1902). 3630: 3620:Charles Burton Buckley (1902). 3613: 3578: 3519: 3470:"Currency converter: 1270–2017" 3462: 3437: 3321: 3303: 3242: 3224: 3202: 3175: 2830: 2048:needs additional citations for 1068:In 1817, Raffles was created a 866:with little proper leadership. 450: 420: 350:Highwood House, Highwood Hill, 47:needs additional citations for 18:Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles 5502:Post-war Singapore (1946–1955) 4912:People's Consultative Assembly 4035:Wurtzburg, Charles E. (1986). 3595:National Archives of Singapore 3116: 3045: 3027: 3002: 2973: 2956: 2907:Family of Sir Stamford Raffles 2602:Natural History Museum, London 1542:. As the influential merchant 1525:to the throne, and, since the 739: 674:5 July 1781 on board the ship 13: 1: 4654:Transitional period (1965–66) 4639:National Revolution (1945–49) 4634:Japanese occupation (1942–45) 4629:Dutch East Indies (1800–1942) 4348:Portraits of Stamford Raffles 4111:Murdoch, Adrian, ed. (2013). 2851: 2726:Raffles Girls' Primary School 1861:Plan of the Town of Singapore 1777:in certain parts of Sumatra. 1534:he was able to arrange, with 1343:with the local chiefs of the 1177:Territory of Bencoolen (pink) 869:The previous Dutch governor, 661: 494:Mansion House Boarding School 168: 6266:Fellows of the Royal Society 5517:Republic of Singapore (1965– 4299:Resources in other libraries 4280:Resources in other libraries 4037:Raffles of the Eastern Isles 3535:American Antiquarian Society 2761: 2709: 2173:Zoological Society of London 1845:American Antiquarian Society 1398:After a brief survey of the 1316:Founding of modern Singapore 1310:Founding of modern Singapore 1286:In his correspondences with 944:to unseat the local sultan, 856:Frederick Augustus Wetherall 580:flower was named after him. 566:. It was returned under the 530:July 1781 – 5 7: 5940:Water supply and sanitation 5020:Water supply and sanitation 4014:In Search of Southeast Asia 3806:'The Abbey Scientists' Hall 3039:National Library, Singapore 2966:The History of Java, v. 1–2 2836:This led to an incident in 2806: 2687: 2409:Taylor, 1990, a species of 2029:Return to Britain and death 928:Although peace returned to 881:). His successor, Governor 10: 6312: 5885:National Courtesy Campaign 4649:Guided Democracy (1959–65) 4614:Portuguese era (1512–1605) 4242:Raffles of Java, 1781–1826 4229:Raffles, Stamford (1830). 4218:Raffles, Stamford (1830). 4130:British Library Publishing 4018:University of Hawaii Press 3889: 3808:. London: A.R. p. 49. 3100:. InfopediaRafflesFamily. 2282: 2006:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 1469:287,000 and £172,000 now. 1313: 1257:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 1032:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 954:War of the Sixth Coalition 948:, and to seize the nearby 709:in London for the British 638:, who served as the first 617:Anglo–Dutch Treaty of 1824 568:Anglo–Dutch Treaty of 1814 542:between 1811 and 1816 and 6246:British rule in Singapore 6241:British rule in Indonesia 6102: 6050: 5948: 5820: 5811: 5721: 5712: 5614: 5605: 5538: 5529: 5462: 5372: 5286: 5221: 5079: 5041: 5032: 4960: 4951: 4816: 4807: 4763:Provincial highest points 4684: 4675: 4584: 4521: 4512: 4492: 4482: 4473: 4465: 4460: 4294:Resources in your library 4275:Resources in your library 4060:De Waaier van het Fortuin 3965:10.1017/S0022463420000053 3863:"Stamford Primary School" 3768:(3): 14–18. October 1996. 3725:Noltie, Henry J. (2009). 3386:"Sophia Hull | Infopedia" 3288:10.1163/22134379-90002430 3123:Faulkner, Thomas (1839). 2778:Raffles Place MRT station 2432:Simon, 1899, spider from 2270: 2169:Linnean Society of London 1838:governor-general of India 1492:, on the northern tip of 1030:, under the terms of the 825:governor-general of India 631:between Europe and Asia. 534:July 1826) was a British 508: 498: 490: 480:Benjamin Raffles (father) 473: 465: 397: 387: 372: 358: 340: 311: 306: 302: 290: 277: 267: 255: 244: 236: 224: 212: 198: 187: 180: 176: 156: 136: 5619:Administrative divisions 5477:Early history (pre–1819) 5472:Archaeology in Singapore 4821:Administrative divisions 3842:Raffles, Sir TS (1821). 3336:Black, Parbury and Allen 2931:Raffles, Thomas Stamford 2823: 2768:Raffles Institution Lane 2204:St Mary's Church, Hendon 2139:Arms of Stamford Raffles 1921:William Gordon MacKenzie 1722:in all of his colonies. 1249:Cornelis Theodorus Elout 1091:, and later set sail to 745:British invasion of Java 720:In 1805, he was sent to 715:Olivia Mariamne Devenish 409:Olivia Mariamne Devenish 359:Cause of death 5784:Singapore Standard (SS) 4435:Thomas Stamford Raffles 4339:Thomas Stamford Raffles 4041:Oxford University Press 3869:. Roots. Archived from 3531:AmericanAntiquarian.org 3474:NationalArchives.Gov.uk 3398:Government of Singapore 3269:Wright, H.R.C. (1952). 3098:Government of Singapore 2989:Government of Singapore 2887:Government of Singapore 2704:Yantai Raffles Shipyard 1751:Godert van der Capellen 1574:First year of Singapore 1412:Temenggong Abdul Rahman 1279:, for its proximity to 1002:Herman Warner Muntinghe 973:Bogor Botanical Gardens 965:Olivia Mariamne Raffles 903: 6236:British ornithologists 5880:Long hair in Singapore 4995:Science and technology 4836:Regencies & Cities 4469:Robert Rollo Gillespie 4313:Quotations related to 4124:Noltie, H. J. (2009). 4058:de Jong, Joop (2000). 4000:The Zoological Journal 3984:The Zoological Journal 3501:Shawna Herzog (2021). 3394:National Library Board 3094:National Library Board 2883:National Library Board 2818:Raffles's Landing Site 2349: 2268: 2261:The inscription reads: 2246:A life-size figure in 2243: 2140: 1980: 1868: 1667:Raffles was still the 1328: 1186: 1178: 1047:, who was in exile at 984: 871:Herman Willem Daendels 860:Robert Rollo Gillespie 722:Prince of Wales Island 644:Raffles's Landing Site 6261:English abolitionists 5769:Proposed developments 4604:Hinduism-Buddhism era 4113:Raffles – Three Lives 4082:Glendinning, Victoria 3478:The National Archives 3390:eResources.NLB.Gov.sg 3090:eResources.NLB.Gov.sg 2750:Sports and recreation 2699:Raffles Medical Group 2643:Lesser Whistling Duck 2622:Ferruginous Partridge 2395:Nepenthes rafflesiana 2356:are named after him: 2340: 2263: 2241: 2194:at Highwood House in 2138: 1974: 1917:Resident of Singapore 1858: 1851:Singapore (1822–1823) 1787:Resident of Singapore 1597:Bencoolen, once again 1474:Resident of Singapore 1323: 1304:Kingdom of Pagaruyung 1184: 1176: 1072:by the Prince Regent 962: 840:a military expedition 827:, and he was sent to 815:His knowledge of the 640:Resident of Singapore 483:Anne Raffles (mother) 165:George Francis Joseph 5548:Environmental issues 4738:Environmental issues 4329:at Wikimedia Commons 3906:British Museum Press 3255:Raffles of Singapore 2927:Raffles, Lady Sophia 2873:Bastin, John Sturgus 2813:History of Singapore 2656:Places and landmarks 2532:Tanygnathus everetti 2318:, also known as the 2057:improve this article 1909:British protectorate 1867:or Raffles Town Plan 1629:improve this section 1548:John Monckton Coombs 1521:was claimed to be a 1245:commissioner-general 1135:improve this section 1103:Bencoolen and Malaya 1055:Interlude in England 946:Mahmud Badaruddin II 777:improve this section 656:predated his arrival 427:; died 56:improve this article 5905:Population planning 5890:National Day Parade 5726:Economic statistics 4659:New Order (1966–98) 4619:VOC era (1603–1800) 4500:George John Siddons 4461:Government offices 4388:"Raffles biography" 4288:By Stamford Raffles 4248:. pp. 581–590. 4128:. London, England: 3904:. London, England: 3423:The Annual Register 3360:. London, England: 3331:The History of Java 3160:. London, England: 2940:. London, England: 2911:Singapore Infopedia 2551:Lansium parasiticum 2513:Syzygium malaccense 2406:Protanilla rafflesi 2362:Chaetodon rafflesii 2320:crab-eating macaque 2316:Macaca fascicularis 2292:author abbreviation 2022:Indian subcontinent 1941:Raffles Institution 1886:racially segregated 1685:slave-debtor system 1560:Jauhar al-Alam Shah 1478:Strait of Singapore 1372:Singaporean history 1341:commercial treaties 1234:British possessions 1062:The History of Java 883:Jan Willem Janssens 734:Thomas Otho Travers 678:, off the coast of 601:Strait of Singapore 573:The History of Java 332:, off the coast of 6231:People born at sea 5895:No U-turn syndrome 5789:Telecommunications 5779:Singapore Exchange 5741:Monetary Authority 5005:Telecommunications 4716:Biosphere reserves 4453:. 5 December 2012. 4402:on 9 February 2014 4374:on 28 October 2019 4337:Works by or about 4154:(27 April 2014) . 3932:Monsoon Publishing 3873:on 9 November 2019 3686:Caledonian Mercury 3664:(1 (161)): 43–55. 3601:on 23 October 2019 3340:East India Company 3218:Palgrave Macmillan 3084:(24 August 2016). 3059:. 26 February 2019 3041:. 21 January 2020. 2789:Singapore Airlines 2773:Raffles Lighthouse 2570:Cynogale bennettii 2528:Blue-backed parrot 2456:Myristica fragrans 2429:Theridion rafflesi 2384:Megalaima rafflesi 2373:Dinopium rafflesii 2350: 2342:Rafflesia arnoldii 2244: 2141: 2072:"Stamford Raffles" 2016:became Dutch. The 1981: 1949:British government 1937:East India Company 1933:European languages 1869: 1810:East India Company 1556:governor of Penang 1456:East India Company 1387:Anglo-Dutch Treaty 1354:Raffles sailed to 1329: 1187: 1179: 1078:Princess Charlotte 1076:, whose daughter, 1036:East India Company 998:Dirk van Hogendorp 985: 836:Kingdom of Holland 711:East India Company 538:who served as the 219:Office established 71:"Stamford Raffles" 6145: 6144: 6098: 6097: 5993:Singapore English 5807: 5806: 5708: 5707: 5695:Political parties 5641:Foreign relations 5601: 5600: 5418: 5417: 5368: 5367: 5056:Human trafficking 5028: 5027: 4947: 4946: 4938:Wawasan Nusantara 4922:Political parties 4863:Foreign relations 4803: 4802: 4541: 4540: 4522:Succeeded by 4483:Succeeded by 4325:Media related to 4261:Library resources 4244:. Vol. 4#9. 4148:Finlayson, George 4139:978-0-7123-5084-6 4027:978-0-8248-1110-5 3941:978-981-08-3534-7 3738:978-0-7123-5084-6 3701:"The Marine List" 3358:BritishMuseum.org 3195:978-981-4358-86-6 3188:. Monsoon Books. 3158:BritishMuseum.org 3082:Cornelius, Vernon 2900:978-981-09-7236-3 2327:lesser mouse-deer 2256:Westminster Abbey 2215:marked the spot. 2133: 2132: 2125: 2107: 1708:religious freedom 1665: 1664: 1657: 1171: 1170: 1163: 918:Yogyakarta kraton 848:Dutch East Indies 813: 812: 805: 536:colonial official 512: 511: 328:Onboard the ship 132: 131: 124: 106: 16:(Redirected from 6303: 6271:Knights Bachelor 6198: 6197: 6196: 6186: 6185: 6184: 6174: 6173: 6172: 6162: 6161: 6160: 6153: 6125: 6118: 6111: 5825:Communitarianism 5818: 5817: 5754: 5719: 5718: 5612: 5611: 5536: 5535: 5520: 5445: 5438: 5431: 5422: 5421: 5388: 5381: 5039: 5038: 4958: 4957: 4900:National capital 4814: 4813: 4682: 4681: 4567: 4560: 4553: 4544: 4543: 4493:Preceded by 4486:John Fendall Jr. 4466:Preceded by 4458: 4457: 4454: 4431: 4423: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4398:. Archived from 4383: 4381: 4379: 4370:. Archived from 4358: 4336: 4327:Stamford Raffles 4324: 4315:Stamford Raffles 4312: 4266:Stamford Raffles 4249: 4236: 4225: 4214: 4194: 4188: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4162: 4143: 4120: 4107: 4091: 4077: 4054: 4031: 4008: 3992: 3976: 3945: 3919: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3839: 3830: 3829: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3760:"Picture Quiz". 3757: 3751: 3750: 3722: 3711: 3710: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3597:. Archived from 3582: 3576: 3575: 3548: 3539: 3538: 3523: 3517: 3516: 3498: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3382: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3350: 3344: 3343: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3290: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3246: 3240: 3239: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3216:(4th ed.). 3206: 3200: 3199: 3179: 3173: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3149: 3138: 3137: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3078: 3069: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3006: 3000: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2923: 2914: 2904: 2869: 2845: 2834: 2694:Raffles Holdings 2667:Raffles Hospital 2638: 2617: 2585:Crested fireback 2581: 2562: 2543: 2524: 2505: 2490:Oriental bay owl 2486: 2475:Durio zibethinus 2467: 2448: 2331:Tragulus kanchil 2310: 2300: 2299: 2298: 2252:Francis Chantrey 2128: 2121: 2117: 2114: 2108: 2106: 2065: 2041: 2033: 1919:, while Captain 1678:salutary neglect 1660: 1653: 1649: 1646: 1640: 1609: 1601: 1564:British Resident 1515:Van der Capellen 1431:to Mount Muar". 1383:Lord Castlereagh 1345:Riau Archipelago 1337:British Resident 1333:William Farquhar 1273:Riau Archipelago 1185:Stamford Raffles 1166: 1159: 1155: 1152: 1146: 1115: 1107: 1040:John Fendall Jr. 1011:was prepared by 963:The memorial to 875:Meester Cornelis 808: 801: 797: 794: 788: 757: 749: 673: 671: 636:William Farquhar 570:. He also wrote 533: 529: 525: 458: 456: 452: 432: 430: 426: 422: 377:St Mary's Church 365:(stroke) due to 347: 325: 323: 307:Personal details 293: 280: 258: 249: 231:Office abolished 227: 215: 192: 170: 161: 151: 144:Stamford Raffles 134: 133: 127: 120: 116: 113: 107: 105: 64: 40: 32: 21: 6311: 6310: 6306: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6301: 6300: 6206: 6205: 6204: 6194: 6192: 6182: 6180: 6170: 6168: 6158: 6156: 6148: 6146: 6141: 6128: 6121: 6114: 6107: 6094: 6046: 5944: 5925:Sex trafficking 5920:Public holidays 5865:Eat Frozen Pork 5803: 5752: 5704: 5597: 5525: 5518: 5458: 5449: 5419: 5414: 5391: 5384: 5377: 5364: 5355:Personification 5282: 5217: 5198:Public holidays 5183:National heroes 5075: 5024: 4943: 4799: 4768:Natural history 4671: 4609:Spread of Islam 4580: 4571: 4537: 4529: 4527: 4518: 4510: 4502: 4498: 4488: 4479: 4471: 4443: 4405: 4403: 4392:RMBR.NUS.edu.sg 4386: 4377: 4375: 4305: 4304: 4303: 4285: 4284: 4269: 4268: 4264: 4257: 4252: 4232:History of Java 4221:History of Java 4202: 4200:Further reading 4197: 4182: 4181: 4174: 4172: 4160: 4140: 4117:Rott Publishing 4104: 4074: 4051: 4028: 3942: 3916: 3892: 3887: 3886: 3876: 3874: 3861: 3860: 3856: 3840: 3833: 3817: 3813: 3802: 3798: 3788: 3786: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3759: 3758: 3754: 3739: 3723: 3714: 3699: 3698: 3694: 3682: 3681: 3677: 3652: 3648: 3635: 3631: 3618: 3614: 3604: 3602: 3583: 3579: 3572: 3549: 3542: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3513: 3499: 3492: 3482: 3480: 3468: 3467: 3463: 3442: 3438: 3428: 3426: 3425:: 216–232. 1820 3417: 3416: 3412: 3402: 3400: 3384: 3383: 3376: 3366: 3364: 3352: 3351: 3347: 3326: 3322: 3308: 3304: 3267: 3263: 3247: 3243: 3229: 3225: 3210:Ricklefs, M. C. 3207: 3203: 3196: 3180: 3176: 3166: 3164: 3150: 3141: 3121: 3117: 3107: 3105: 3079: 3072: 3062: 3060: 3051: 3050: 3046: 3033: 3032: 3028: 3018: 3016: 3008: 3007: 3003: 2993: 2991: 2979: 2978: 2974: 2961: 2957: 2946:John Murray III 2924: 2917: 2901: 2870: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2848: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2809: 2797:Singapore River 2764: 2752: 2716:Raffles College 2712: 2690: 2658: 2651: 2650: 2639: 2630: 2629: 2618: 2592: 2582: 2573: 2563: 2554: 2544: 2535: 2525: 2516: 2506: 2497: 2494:Phodilus badius 2487: 2478: 2468: 2459: 2452:Fragrant nutmeg 2449: 2398:, a species of 2376:, olive-backed 2311: 2296: 2295: 2294: 2289: 2287: 2281: 2279:Natural history 2273: 2236: 2184:pounds sterling 2129: 2118: 2112: 2109: 2066: 2064: 2054: 2042: 2031: 2018:Malay Peninsula 1890:Singapore River 1853: 1847:(AAS) in 1822. 1782:Sultan of Johor 1760: 1738:. He sailed to 1728: 1661: 1650: 1644: 1641: 1626: 1610: 1599: 1576: 1486: 1463:Spanish dollars 1404:Malay Peninsula 1400:Karimun Islands 1396: 1318: 1312: 1277:Malay Peninsula 1167: 1156: 1150: 1147: 1132: 1116: 1105: 1070:Knight Bachelor 1057: 1028:Napoleonic Wars 1017:Buddhist temple 1013:Colin Mackenzie 906: 852:Robert Stopford 809: 798: 792: 789: 774: 758: 747: 742: 669: 667: 664: 609:South China Sea 564:Napoleonic Wars 531: 527: 517: 486: 461: 460: 448: 444: 434: 418: 414: 411: 349: 345: 327: 321: 319: 318: 317: 291: 284:Rollo Gillespie 278: 256: 250: 245: 225: 213: 205: 193: 188: 172: 152: 147: 145: 142: 128: 117: 111: 108: 65: 63: 53: 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6309: 6299: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6281:Indonesianists 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6203: 6202: 6190: 6178: 6166: 6143: 6142: 6140: 6139: 6134: 6127: 6126: 6119: 6112: 6104: 6103: 6100: 6099: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6056: 6054: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6013: 6012: 6007: 5997: 5996: 5995: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5954: 5952: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5915:Public housing 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5821: 5815: 5809: 5808: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5722: 5716: 5710: 5709: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5681: 5680: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5659: 5658: 5656:Prime Minister 5653: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5627: 5626: 5615: 5609: 5603: 5602: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5578:Urban planning 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5539: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5523: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5468: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5448: 5447: 5440: 5433: 5425: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5390: 5389: 5382: 5374: 5373: 5370: 5369: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5340:Floral emblems 5337: 5336: 5335: 5325: 5323:Faunal emblems 5320: 5319: 5318: 5313: 5303: 5298: 5292: 5290: 5284: 5283: 5281: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5249: 5248: 5238: 5233: 5227: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5114: 5113: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5085: 5083: 5077: 5076: 5074: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5042: 5036: 5030: 5029: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 5000:Stock Exchange 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4961: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4941: 4934: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4902: 4897: 4887: 4886: 4885: 4880: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4844: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4817: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4801: 4800: 4798: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4781: 4780: 4775: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4721:National parks 4718: 4708: 4707: 4706: 4704:Climate change 4696: 4691: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4669: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4590: 4588: 4582: 4581: 4570: 4569: 4562: 4555: 4547: 4539: 4538: 4523: 4520: 4511: 4494: 4490: 4489: 4484: 4481: 4472: 4467: 4463: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4441: 4432: 4416:Hamilton, John 4412: 4384: 4359: 4345: 4330: 4318: 4302: 4301: 4296: 4290: 4286: 4283: 4282: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4255:External links 4253: 4251: 4250: 4237: 4226: 4215: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4195: 4171:. EBook #45505 4144: 4138: 4121: 4108: 4103:978-1846686030 4102: 4078: 4072: 4064:SDU publishers 4055: 4049: 4032: 4026: 4009: 4007:(11): 382–400. 3993: 3977: 3959:(4): 540–561. 3946: 3940: 3920: 3914: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3884: 3854: 3831: 3811: 3796: 3784:www.sma.org.sg 3771: 3752: 3737: 3712: 3692: 3675: 3646: 3629: 3612: 3577: 3571:978-9971694302 3570: 3552:Turnbull, C.M. 3540: 3518: 3511: 3490: 3461: 3436: 3410: 3374: 3362:British Museum 3345: 3320: 3302: 3281:(3): 220–247. 3261: 3241: 3223: 3201: 3194: 3174: 3162:British Museum 3139: 3115: 3070: 3044: 3026: 3001: 2972: 2955: 2948:) – via 2937:correspondence 2915: 2899: 2856: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2846: 2828: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2821: 2820: 2815: 2808: 2805: 2793: 2792: 2791:Business Class 2785: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2763: 2760: 2759: 2758: 2751: 2748: 2747: 2746: 2741: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2711: 2708: 2707: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2689: 2686: 2685: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2657: 2654: 2653: 2652: 2641: 2640: 2633: 2631: 2620: 2619: 2612: 2594: 2593: 2589:Lophura ignita 2583: 2576: 2574: 2564: 2557: 2555: 2545: 2538: 2536: 2526: 2519: 2517: 2507: 2500: 2498: 2488: 2481: 2479: 2469: 2462: 2460: 2450: 2443: 2437: 2436: 2425: 2413: 2402: 2391: 2387:, red-crowned 2380: 2369: 2335: 2334: 2323: 2307:botanical name 2288: 2280: 2277: 2272: 2269: 2235: 2232: 2228:British Museum 2175:(ZSL) and the 2153:Berners Street 2131: 2130: 2045: 2043: 2036: 2030: 2027: 1977:Philip Jackson 1878:Philip Jackson 1852: 1849: 1759: 1756: 1727: 1724: 1663: 1662: 1613: 1611: 1604: 1598: 1595: 1575: 1572: 1536:Panglima Polim 1485: 1482: 1395: 1392: 1331:Major-General 1326:Thomas Woolner 1314:Main article: 1311: 1308: 1292:Thomas Travers 1169: 1168: 1119: 1117: 1110: 1104: 1101: 1082:Thomas Raffles 1056: 1053: 905: 902: 858:, and Colonel 817:Malay language 811: 810: 761: 759: 752: 746: 743: 741: 738: 663: 660: 650:who projected 629:maritime trade 593:Southeast Asia 585:British Empire 510: 509: 506: 505: 500: 496: 495: 492: 488: 487: 485: 484: 481: 477: 475: 471: 470: 467: 463: 462: 446: 440: 439: 438: 437: 416: 412: 407: 406: 405: 404: 401: 399: 395: 394: 389: 385: 384: 374: 370: 369: 360: 356: 355: 348:(aged 45) 342: 338: 337: 315: 313: 309: 308: 304: 303: 300: 299: 294: 288: 287: 281: 275: 274: 269: 265: 264: 259: 253: 252: 242: 241: 234: 233: 228: 222: 221: 216: 210: 209: 200: 196: 195: 185: 184: 178: 177: 174: 173: 162: 154: 153: 146: 143: 139:The Honourable 137: 130: 129: 112:September 2023 44: 42: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6308: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6251:City founders 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6201: 6191: 6189: 6179: 6177: 6167: 6165: 6155: 6154: 6151: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6129: 6124: 6120: 6117: 6113: 6110: 6106: 6105: 6101: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6053: 6049: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6002: 6001: 5998: 5994: 5991: 5990: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5947: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5711: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5648: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5625: 5624:Town Councils 5622: 5621: 5620: 5617: 5616: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5604: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5583:Urban renewal 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5540: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5528: 5522: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5446: 5441: 5439: 5434: 5432: 5427: 5426: 5423: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5392: 5387: 5383: 5380: 5376: 5375: 5371: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5334: 5331: 5330: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5308: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5285: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5247: 5244: 5243: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5236:Ethnic groups 5234: 5232: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5220: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5112: 5111: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5091: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5078: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5043: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5031: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4950: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4932: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4907: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4895: 4891: 4888: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4875: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4823: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4806: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4770: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4728:Deforestation 4726: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4713: 4712: 4709: 4705: 4702: 4701: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4674: 4668: 4666: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4568: 4563: 4561: 4556: 4554: 4549: 4548: 4545: 4536: 4532: 4526: 4517: 4516: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4496:newly created 4491: 4487: 4478: 4477: 4470: 4464: 4459: 4452: 4451: 4446: 4442: 4440: 4436: 4433: 4429: 4428: 4422: 4417: 4413: 4401: 4397: 4394:. Singapore: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4360: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4331: 4328: 4323: 4319: 4316: 4311: 4307: 4306: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4247: 4246:History Today 4243: 4238: 4234: 4233: 4227: 4223: 4222: 4216: 4212: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4192: 4186: 4170: 4166: 4159: 4158: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4109: 4105: 4099: 4095: 4094:Profile Books 4090: 4089: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4073:90-12-08974-3 4069: 4065: 4061: 4056: 4052: 4050:0-19-582605-1 4046: 4042: 4038: 4033: 4029: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4010: 4006: 4002: 4001: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3985: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3953: 3947: 3943: 3937: 3933: 3930:. Singapore: 3929: 3925: 3924:Barley, Nigel 3921: 3917: 3915:0-7141-2542-3 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3898:Barley, Nigel 3895: 3894: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3858: 3850: 3849: 3845: 3838: 3836: 3827: 3826: 3825: Raffles 3821: 3815: 3807: 3800: 3785: 3781: 3775: 3767: 3763: 3756: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3734: 3730: 3729: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3708: 3707: 3702: 3696: 3688: 3687: 3679: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3658: 3650: 3642: 3641: 3633: 3625: 3624: 3616: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3585:Khoo, Kevin. 3581: 3573: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3558: 3553: 3547: 3545: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3522: 3514: 3512:9781350073203 3508: 3504: 3497: 3495: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3465: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3448: 3440: 3424: 3420: 3414: 3399: 3395: 3392:. Singapore: 3391: 3387: 3381: 3379: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3349: 3341: 3338:for the Hon. 3337: 3333: 3332: 3324: 3316: 3312: 3306: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3265: 3257: 3256: 3251: 3245: 3237: 3233: 3227: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3205: 3197: 3191: 3187: 3186: 3178: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3152:Anon (n.d.). 3148: 3146: 3144: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3119: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3077: 3075: 3058: 3054: 3048: 3040: 3036: 3030: 3015: 3014:mothership.sg 3011: 3005: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2976: 2968: 2967: 2959: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2938: 2932: 2928: 2922: 2920: 2912: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2881:. Singapore: 2880: 2879: 2874: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2857: 2843: 2839: 2833: 2829: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2810: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2790: 2786: 2784: 2783:Stamford Road 2781: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2765: 2757: 2754: 2753: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2717: 2714: 2713: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2691: 2683: 2682:Raffles Place 2680: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2672:Raffles Hotel 2670: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2659: 2648: 2644: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2623: 2616: 2611: 2610: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2590: 2586: 2580: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2561: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2542: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2523: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2485: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2466: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2447: 2442: 2441: 2440: 2435: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2423: 2419: 2418: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2407: 2403: 2401: 2400:pitcher plant 2397: 2396: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2385: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2374: 2370: 2368: 2367:butterflyfish 2364: 2363: 2359: 2358: 2357: 2355: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2293: 2290:The standard 2286: 2276: 2267: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2240: 2231: 2229: 2223: 2221: 2216: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2185: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2137: 2127: 2124: 2116: 2105: 2102: 2098: 2095: 2091: 2088: 2084: 2081: 2077: 2074: – 2073: 2069: 2068:Find sources: 2062: 2058: 2052: 2051: 2046:This section 2044: 2040: 2035: 2034: 2026: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1994: 1993:East Indiaman 1989: 1986: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1962:opium-smoking 1959: 1955: 1950: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1913:John Crawfurd 1910: 1906: 1902: 1897: 1895: 1894:Raffles Place 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1848: 1846: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1823: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1800: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1776: 1775:Sikh religion 1772: 1768: 1765: 1755: 1752: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1714:were largely 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1681: 1679: 1674: 1670: 1659: 1656: 1648: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1624: 1623: 1619: 1614:This section 1612: 1608: 1603: 1602: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1571: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1531: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1510: 1508: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1457: 1452: 1450: 1444: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1394:Establishment 1391: 1388: 1384: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1368:Lord Hastings 1365: 1361: 1357: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1269:Francis Light 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1183: 1175: 1165: 1162: 1154: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1130: 1129: 1125: 1120:This section 1118: 1114: 1109: 1108: 1100: 1098: 1095:(present-day 1094: 1090: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1064: 1063: 1052: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 992:a cash-based 990: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 961: 957: 955: 951: 950:Bangka Island 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 926: 923: 919: 915: 911: 901: 899: 895: 890: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 867: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 832: 830: 826: 822: 818: 807: 804: 796: 786: 782: 778: 772: 771: 767: 762:This section 760: 756: 751: 750: 737: 735: 731: 730:Philip Dundas 727: 723: 718: 716: 712: 708: 704: 699: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 659: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 632: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 581: 579: 575: 574: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 524: 520: 516: 507: 504: 501: 497: 493: 489: 482: 479: 478: 476: 472: 468: 464: 443: 436: 435: 410: 403: 402: 400: 396: 393: 390: 386: 382: 378: 375: 373:Resting place 371: 368: 364: 361: 357: 353: 343: 339: 335: 331: 314: 310: 305: 301: 298: 295: 289: 285: 282: 276: 273: 270: 266: 263: 262:Earl of Minto 260: 254: 248: 243: 240: 235: 232: 229: 223: 220: 217: 211: 208: 204: 201: 197: 191: 186: 183: 179: 175: 166: 160: 155: 150: 140: 135: 126: 123: 115: 104: 101: 97: 94: 90: 87: 83: 80: 76: 73: – 72: 68: 67:Find sources: 61: 57: 51: 50: 45:This article 43: 39: 34: 33: 30: 19: 6123:Bibliography 6065:Coat of arms 6042:Singaporeans 5963:Architecture 5910:Prostitution 5860:Demographics 5678:Conscription 5663:Human rights 5631:Constitution 5253:Homelessness 5223:Demographics 5163:Martial arts 5108: 5089:Architecture 5066:Prostitution 4936: 4904: 4868:Human rights 4853:Constitution 4711:Conservation 4667:(since 1998) 4664: 4524: 4513: 4495: 4474: 4450:The Guardian 4448: 4439:Find a Grave 4425: 4404:. Retrieved 4400:the original 4391: 4376:. Retrieved 4372:the original 4367: 4317:at Wikiquote 4287: 4265: 4241: 4231: 4220: 4209: 4173:. Retrieved 4156: 4151: 4125: 4112: 4087: 4059: 4036: 4013: 4004: 3998: 3988: 3982: 3956: 3950: 3927: 3901: 3875:. Retrieved 3871:the original 3866: 3857: 3846: 3824: 3814: 3805: 3799: 3787:. Retrieved 3783: 3774: 3765: 3761: 3755: 3727: 3706:Lloyd's List 3704: 3695: 3684: 3678: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3639: 3632: 3622: 3615: 3603:. Retrieved 3599:the original 3590: 3580: 3556: 3530: 3521: 3502: 3481:. Retrieved 3473: 3464: 3446: 3439: 3427:. Retrieved 3422: 3413: 3401:. Retrieved 3389: 3365:. Retrieved 3357: 3348: 3329: 3323: 3314: 3311:Miksic, John 3305: 3278: 3274: 3264: 3254: 3244: 3235: 3232:Carey, Peter 3226: 3213: 3204: 3184: 3177: 3165:. Retrieved 3157: 3124: 3118: 3106:. Retrieved 3089: 3061:. Retrieved 3056: 3047: 3038: 3029: 3017:. Retrieved 3013: 3004: 2994:30 September 2992:. Retrieved 2984: 2975: 2965: 2958: 2950:Google Books 2935: 2877: 2832: 2794: 2718:– currently 2662:Raffles City 2647:World Museum 2626:World Museum 2606:World Museum 2597: 2595: 2588: 2569: 2550: 2531: 2512: 2493: 2474: 2455: 2438: 2427: 2415: 2404: 2393: 2382: 2371: 2360: 2352:A number of 2351: 2330: 2315: 2274: 2264: 2260: 2248:white marble 2245: 2224: 2217: 2200:anti-slavery 2189: 2181: 2158: 2142: 2119: 2113:January 2023 2110: 2100: 2093: 2086: 2079: 2067: 2055:Please help 2050:verification 2047: 2003: 1996: 1990: 1982: 1966:criminal act 1954:social evils 1945: 1929: 1898: 1882:Jackson Plan 1870: 1865:Jackson Plan 1860: 1842: 1834:Lord Amherst 1826: 1822:Public works 1818: 1805: 1803: 1795: 1779: 1761: 1748: 1736:Cochin China 1729: 1720:missionaries 1712:Malay states 1693: 1682: 1666: 1651: 1645:January 2023 1642: 1627:Please help 1615: 1592: 1580:missionaries 1577: 1568: 1532: 1511: 1487: 1471: 1460: 1453: 1445: 1433: 1421:Hussein Shah 1397: 1380: 1375: 1359: 1353: 1330: 1297: 1285: 1242: 1223: 1215:cockfighting 1188: 1157: 1151:January 2023 1148: 1133:Please help 1121: 1086: 1067: 1060: 1058: 1025: 1015:, while the 1006: 986: 930:Central Java 927: 907: 891: 868: 833: 814: 799: 790: 775:Please help 763: 719: 700: 675: 665: 633: 623:to them. An 605:Indian Ocean 587:'s reach in 582: 571: 514: 513: 367:brain tumour 346:(1826-07-05) 329: 297:John Fendall 292:Succeeded by 257:Appointed by 246: 230: 226:Succeeded by 218: 189: 163:Portrait by 118: 109: 99: 92: 85: 78: 66: 54:Please help 49:verification 46: 29: 6221:1826 deaths 6216:1781 births 5935:Social fund 5731:Agriculture 5333:Subdivision 5316:Subdivision 5278:LGBT rights 5213:Video games 4965:Agriculture 4883:Enforcement 4733:Earthquakes 4599:Prehistoric 4528:John Prince 4368:Singlish.it 3762:The Linnean 3454:. pp. 3452:John Murray 3403:22 February 3367:22 February 3250:Hahn, Emily 2981:"Rafflesia" 2942:John Murray 2756:Raffles Cup 2566:Otter civet 2509:Malay apple 2365:, latticed 2190:He died of 2010:East Indies 1958:drunkenness 1874:slave trade 1814:Castlereagh 1791:smörgåsbord 1744:East Indies 1588:cantonments 1544:John Palmer 1519:Tengku Long 1381:In London, 1374:, the name 1207:Thomas Parr 1089:Sophia Hull 994:land tenure 989:slave trade 969:Kanarielaan 956:in Europe. 887:Cape Colony 740:Java Island 703:Hammersmith 696:slave trade 692:West Indies 688:ship master 680:Port Morant 652:colonialism 648:imperialist 562:during the 548:the capture 442:Sophia Hull 388:Nationality 344:5 July 1826 334:Port Morant 326:5 July 1781 279:Preceded by 214:Preceded by 6210:Categories 6022:Mass media 6017:Literature 5845:Disability 5753:(currency) 5685:Parliament 5646:Government 5568:Reservoirs 5311:Historical 5246:Healthcare 5193:Properties 5158:Literature 5110:Rumah adat 4970:Automotive 4878:Censorship 4826:Historical 4519:1818–1824 4480:1811–1816 4343:Wikisource 4016:. 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