156:
372:
Research has indicated isolated tonal languages with complex tones are more likely to occur in regions of higher humidity and higher mean average temperature because it is believed the vocal folds can produce less consistent tones in colder, drier air. Ticuna was one of the languages of focus in this
333:
Besides its use at the Ticuna schools, the language has a dozen books published every year, both in Brazil and Peru. Those books employ a specially devised phonetic writing system using conventions similar to those found in
Portuguese (except for K instead of C and the letter Ñ instead of NH) instead
1167:
The counting words in Ticuna imply a base five system of counting as the word for five is the combination of "one five". Six through nine all contain the same beginning "naixmixwa rü" and then append the values for one through four respectively (such that six is "naixmixwa rü" and "wüxi" meaning
357:. Ticuna is an unusually tonal language for South America, with over 10 mostly contour tones. Tones are only indicated orthographically, with diacritics, when confusion is likely. The six vowels may be nasal or laryngealized; consonants may also be glottalized. Glottal stop is spelled
285:. Textbooks in Ticuna are used by native teachers trained in both Portuguese and Ticuna to teach the language to the children. A large-scale project has been recording traditional narrations and writing them down to provide the literate Ticunas with some literature to practice with.
324:
A number of
Christian ministries have reached the Ticuna people. These ministries have translated the bible into the native Ticuna language and even have a weekday radio show that is broadcast in Ticuna, Portuguese, and Spanish by the Latin American Ministries (LAM).
307:
Ticunas in Peru have had native language education at least since the 1960s. They use a writing system that was, apparently, the base for the development of the
Brazilian one. However, much of the literature available to Peruvian Ticunas comprise standard textbooks.
1008:, with person, number, noun class, and clause type indexed on the verb via proclitics. Transitive and unergative verbs tend to favor an Subject-(Object)-Verb word order, while unaccusative verbs show a preference for Verb-Subject word order.
1689:
Title in
English: An Archaeo-Ecolinguistic Study of the South American Tropics. The Downloadable Version (1.2) is the 2nd Update of My Original PhD Dissertation (Original Version: February 2016; 2nd Update Publication Date: October
1564:
276:
Despite being home to more than 50% of the
Ticunas, Brazil has only recently started to invest in native language education. Brazilian Ticunas now have a written literature and an education provided by the Brazilian
288:
Ticuna education is not a privilege, but part of a wider project carried on by the
Brazilian government to provide all significant minorities with education in their own language.
3662:
353:
language morphologically, meaning that most words consist of just one morpheme. However, Ticuna words usually have more than one syllable, unlike isolating languages such as
316:
Colombian
Ticunas are taught in Spanish, when they have access to school at all. Since the establishment of Ticuna schools in Brazil some have ventured to attend them .
1456:"Evidence for the Identification of Carabayo, the Language of an Uncontacted People of the Colombian Amazon, as Belonging to the Tikuna-Yurí Linguistic Family"
341:
In school Ticuna is taught formally. Children in schools typically in areas of
Catholic Missionaries are also taught either Portuguese or Spanish as well.
3963:
335:
389:
stocks, although these classifications are highly speculative given the lack of evidence. A more recent hypothesis has linked Yuri-Ticuna with the
2726:
3993:
1853:
1440:
3254:
929:
257:, and therefore the meaning of words with the same phonemes can vary greatly simply by changing the tone used to pronounce them.
169:
3195:
2719:
1005:
947:
3958:
278:
1846:
1958:
3628:
3247:
3221:
609:
3973:
2712:
750:
Ticuna has one of the largest tone inventories in the world with 8–12 phonemic tones depending on the dialect.
282:
867:
520:
3988:
3978:
1839:
1827:
Ticuna (tca) language documentation: A guide to materials in the
California Language Archive (Skilton 2021)
627:
142:
3289:
3069:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
506:
366:
422:. Vowels may be nasalized and/or show creaky voice, under which tones are lowered. There are diphthongs
3968:
3687:
3240:
1973:
1177:
969:
Natively, Ticuna has no lateral or uvular consonants, although /l/ is found in some
Spanish loanwords.
956:
816:
809:
696:
3491:
3468:
2849:
2571:
90:
2561:
3983:
3930:
3837:
3743:
3697:
3014:
2968:
2597:
2109:
1771:
534:
382:
2220:
3216:
2592:
2326:
1902:
1881:
860:
853:
832:
2205:
3925:
3486:
3368:
2877:
824:
296:
292:
242:
1526:"Ticuna (tca) language documentation: A guide to materials in the California Language Archive"
3406:
2735:
2447:
1816:
1785:
1618:"Climate, vocal folds, and tonal languages: Connecting the physiological and geographic dots"
1288:
895:
888:
246:
3857:
3343:
3338:
2172:
1948:
3506:
3431:
3391:
3358:
2602:
2576:
2391:
2124:
1876:
1629:
1467:
902:
874:
3412:
2996:
2506:
2455:
2361:
2235:
1525:
8:
3937:
3705:
3514:
2978:
2806:
2460:
2366:
2200:
2094:
1862:
354:
291:
In 2012, the Brazilian government launched an educational campaign for the prevention of
3386:
3084:
2556:
2501:
2381:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2056:
2051:
1988:
1633:
1588:
1565:"Brazilian government uses indigenous language for the first time in anti-AIDS campaign"
1471:
3808:
3762:
3641:
3590:
3529:
3426:
3321:
3294:
3145:
3044:
3039:
3006:
2991:
2892:
2824:
2819:
2768:
2628:
2414:
2346:
2336:
2255:
2152:
2008:
1940:
1790:
1665:
1652:
1617:
1498:
1455:
909:
766:
3770:
3595:
2526:
2481:
2465:
2321:
2250:
2240:
2215:
2114:
2079:
2003:
134:
3887:
3851:
3847:
3636:
3619:
3609:
3580:
3542:
3537:
3445:
3353:
3348:
3263:
3115:
3054:
3019:
2829:
2781:
2749:
2663:
2618:
2511:
2280:
2265:
2260:
2210:
2162:
2066:
2013:
1983:
1978:
1963:
1657:
1545:
1503:
1485:
786:
776:
390:
350:
250:
3125:
2491:
2404:
2341:
2303:
2245:
2018:
3897:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3866:
3816:
3785:
3733:
3725:
3672:
3666:
3604:
3585:
3575:
3567:
3555:
3279:
3271:
3089:
3064:
2986:
2963:
2910:
2900:
2872:
2857:
2814:
2786:
2688:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2496:
2486:
2399:
2313:
2270:
2230:
2157:
2147:
2139:
2119:
2104:
2084:
2028:
1998:
1953:
1914:
1897:
1739:
1669:
1647:
1637:
1537:
1493:
1475:
1416:
919:
771:
402:
238:
3155:
2905:
2041:
1968:
3862:
3821:
3798:
3793:
3775:
3715:
3599:
3519:
3496:
3458:
3453:
3330:
3200:
3185:
3140:
3120:
3094:
3079:
3074:
3049:
3034:
2940:
2882:
2839:
2796:
2776:
2693:
2683:
2658:
2638:
2623:
2536:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2376:
2356:
2331:
2225:
2195:
2129:
2099:
2074:
2046:
1993:
1480:
941:
882:
781:
381:
Some have tentatively associated the Ticuna language within the proposals of the
82:
2288:
1821:
147:
3902:
3842:
3657:
3550:
3481:
3378:
3363:
3284:
3165:
3150:
3135:
3099:
3059:
3029:
3024:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2867:
2834:
2791:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2566:
2521:
2516:
2422:
2298:
2089:
1919:
1810:
1757:
398:
386:
254:
1826:
299:, the first such campaign in Brazil ever conducted in an indigenous language.
249:) and there has been some research indicating similarities between Ticuna and
237:
and is considered "stable" by ethnologue. Ticuna is generally classified as a
3952:
3738:
3710:
3677:
3476:
3396:
2930:
2920:
2915:
2862:
2371:
2036:
1549:
1489:
451:
394:
234:
184:
171:
63:
1642:
3748:
3682:
2925:
2293:
1661:
1507:
839:
725:
666:
655:
648:
590:
583:
576:
569:
562:
555:
218:
118:
3130:
732:
703:
673:
634:
616:
541:
527:
513:
495:
446:
2704:
3190:
1541:
681:
456:
1831:
1441:"Linking Isolated Languages: Linguistic Relationships of the Carabayo"
2351:
798:
598:
401:. However, the linguistic consensus is that Ticuna may actually be a
127:
111:
3232:
1684:
334:
of the more complex scientific notation found, for instance, at the
1685:"Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas."
992:
vowel sound may also be pronounced as a back sound. Other sounds,
230:
41:
1813:– Ticuna course and grammar at the Summer Institute of Linguistics
1602:
1909:
793:
260:
Tïcuna is also known as Magta, Maguta, Tucuna/Tukuna, and Tukna.
273:
Ticuna is the Indigenous language most widely spoken in Brazil.
3302:
2633:
222:
37:
758:
The consonants of Ticuna consist of the following phonemes:
430:
that carry a single tone, contrasting with vowel sequences
369:(SVO), though unusually this can vary within the language.
226:
217:
is a language spoken by approximately 50,000 people in the
45:
155:
1740:"Vocabularin in Native American Languages: Ticuna Words"
1454:
Seifart, Frank; Echeverri, Juan Alvaro (2014-04-16).
405:
in its present-day situation, since Yuri is extinct.
373:
study due to its prevalence—and complexity—of tones.
1291:(1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.
1789:
1269:Where are you coming from? (spoken to one person)
1229:general greeting spoken to a young woman ("miss")
1792:Classification of South American Indian languages
1723:Lengua ticuna: resultados de fonología y sintaxis
3950:
1720:
1616:Everett, Caleb; et al. (February 3, 2015).
1603:"Ticuna Indigenous Trive in Brazil and Colombia"
1562:
1453:
1822:OLAC resources in and about the Ticuna language
1622:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1277:Where are you coming from? (spoken to a group)
160:Distribution of speakers of the Ticuna language
1171:
3248:
2720:
1847:
1283:
1205:general greeting spoken to a woman ("madam")
55:West Amazonas. Also spoken in Colombia, Peru.
1589:"Latin American Ministries – Project Ticuna"
1253:Where are you going? (spoken to one person)
1221:general greeting spoken to a woman ("girl")
1213:general greeting spoken to a man ("fellow")
263:
16:Ticuna–Yuri language spoken in Amazon Basin
3255:
3241:
2727:
2713:
1854:
1840:
1796:. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
154:
2734:
1651:
1641:
1530:Language Documentation & Conservation
1497:
1479:
1261:Where are you going? (spoken to a group)
1197:general greeting spoken to a man ("sir")
1176:An example of spoken Ticuna can be found
3964:Indigenous languages of Western Amazonia
1784:
1778:
1682:
1861:
1772:"Greetings in more than 3000 languages"
1721:Montes Rodríguez, María Emilia (2004).
1711:, Summer Institute of Linguistics, 1962
1615:
1523:
344:
319:
3951:
1245:general greeting spoken to a stranger
365:. Typologically, Ticuna word order is
3262:
3236:
2708:
1835:
1758:"Global Recordings – Ticuna Language"
1734:
1732:
1703:
1701:
1699:
443:
1519:
1517:
1237:general greeting spoken to a friend
241:, but may be related to the extinct
976:(spelled "y") may be pronounced as
233:. It is the native language of the
13:
1729:
1696:
1692:, Brasilia: UnB. PhD Dissertation.
279:National Foundation for the Indian
14:
4005:
1804:
1595:
1514:
955:
946:
928:
908:
901:
894:
887:
873:
866:
859:
852:
838:
831:
823:
815:
808:
731:
724:
702:
695:
672:
665:
654:
647:
633:
626:
615:
608:
589:
582:
575:
568:
561:
554:
540:
533:
526:
519:
512:
505:
376:
1817:Ticuna publications for download
3222:Providence Island Sign Language
1764:
1750:
1714:
1563:Associated Press (2012-10-11).
1011:
1006:nominative/accusative alignment
1676:
1609:
1581:
1556:
1447:
1433:
1409:
1:
3994:Subject–verb–object languages
1417:"Size and vitality of Ticuna"
1402:
221:, including the countries of
1481:10.1371/journal.pone.0094814
996:are found in Spanish loans.
984:, but only before the vowel
408:
7:
1172:Examples of spoken language
328:
311:
10:
4010:
1683:Jolkesky, Marcelo (2016),
1284:Vocabulary (Loukotka 1968)
3922:Peruvian–Inmaculada Sign
3915:
3830:
3807:
3784:
3761:
3724:
3696:
3650:
3627:
3618:
3566:
3528:
3505:
3467:
3444:
3419:
3405:
3377:
3329:
3320:
3311:
3270:
3209:
3178:
3108:
3005:
2977:
2939:
2891:
2848:
2805:
2767:
2758:
2742:
2611:
2585:
2572:Paulista General Language
2549:
2474:
2446:
2413:
2390:
2312:
2279:
2171:
2138:
2065:
2027:
1939:
1930:
1890:
1869:
999:
940:
918:
881:
837:
792:
763:
680:
597:
494:
455:
450:
445:
268:
264:Sociolinguistic situation
165:
153:
141:
125:
109:
104:
79:
69:
59:
51:
33:
26:
21:
3931:Inmaculada Sign Language
1524:Skilton, Amalia (2021).
3217:Colombian Sign Language
1882:Brazilian Sign Language
1811:"Conversational Tikuna"
1643:10.1073/pnas.1417413112
1094:Naixmixwa rü tomaxixpü
302:
3926:Peruvian Sign Language
3196:San Andrés–Providencia
438:that carry two tones.
361:, and the sixth vowel
297:violence against women
3974:Languages of Colombia
3959:Ticuna–Yuri languages
2736:Languages of Colombia
2577:Portunhol fronteiriço
1709:Conversational Ticuna
1102:Naixmixwa rü ãgümücü
418:Vowels qualities are
283:Ministry of Education
1234:Nuxmaxē pa chomücüx
345:Linguistic structure
320:Christian Ministries
3989:Isolating languages
3979:Languages of Brazil
3938:Sivia Sign Language
1863:Languages of Brazil
1634:2015PNAS..112.1322E
1569:The Washington Post
1472:2014PLoSO...994814S
1218:Nuxmaxē pa woxrecü
1202:Nuxmaxē pa chiurax
1086:Naixmixwa rü taxre
367:subject–verb–object
349:Ticuna is a fairly
181: /
3831:Isolates and other
2743:Official languages
2327:Gavião of Jiparaná
1891:Regional languages
1078:Naixmixwa rü wüxi
75:63,000 (2021)
3969:Languages of Peru
3946:
3945:
3911:
3910:
3757:
3756:
3629:Cajamarca–Cañaris
3440:
3439:
3299:
3272:Spanish varieties
3264:Languages of Peru
3230:
3229:
3174:
3173:
2702:
2701:
2545:
2544:
2231:Laklãnõ (Xokléng)
1870:Official language
1786:Loukotka, Čestmír
1707:Anderson, Doris,
1400:
1399:
1281:
1280:
1226:Nuxmaxē pa pacüx
1210:Nuxmaxē pa yimax
1194:Nuxmaxē pa corix
1165:
1164:
967:
966:
743:
742:
397:languages in the
200:
199:
4001:
3625:
3624:
3327:
3326:
3318:
3317:
3297:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3234:
3233:
3070:Tanimuca-Retuarã
2765:
2764:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2706:
2705:
1937:
1936:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1833:
1832:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1744:Native Languages
1736:
1727:
1726:
1718:
1712:
1705:
1694:
1693:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1655:
1645:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1521:
1512:
1511:
1501:
1483:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1443:. 28 April 2014.
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1413:
1294:
1293:
1274:Ngexta ne pexī?
1266:Ngexta ne cuxū?
1183:
1182:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1004:Ticuna displays
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
959:
950:
932:
912:
905:
898:
891:
877:
870:
863:
856:
849:
842:
835:
827:
819:
812:
805:
761:
760:
735:
728:
717:
706:
699:
688:
676:
669:
658:
651:
644:
637:
630:
619:
612:
605:
593:
586:
579:
572:
565:
558:
551:
544:
537:
530:
523:
516:
509:
502:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
441:
440:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
403:language isolate
281:(FUNAI) and the
239:language isolate
196:
195:
193:
192:
191:
186:
185:3.250°S 68.583°W
182:
179:
178:
177:
174:
158:
137:
121:
114:
85:
19:
18:
4009:
4008:
4004:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3984:Tonal languages
3949:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3907:
3838:Candoshi-Shapra
3826:
3803:
3780:
3753:
3720:
3692:
3646:
3614:
3562:
3547:Achuar–Shiwiar
3524:
3501:
3463:
3436:
3415:
3401:
3373:
3313:
3307:
3266:
3261:
3231:
3226:
3205:
3170:
3104:
3015:Barasana-Eduria
3001:
2973:
2969:Northern Embera
2935:
2887:
2844:
2801:
2760:
2754:
2738:
2733:
2703:
2698:
2607:
2581:
2541:
2470:
2442:
2409:
2386:
2308:
2275:
2167:
2134:
2061:
2023:
1932:
1926:
1886:
1865:
1860:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1783:
1779:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1738:
1737:
1730:
1719:
1715:
1706:
1697:
1681:
1677:
1614:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1573:
1571:
1561:
1557:
1522:
1515:
1452:
1448:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1425:
1423:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1286:
1174:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1002:
847:
803:
797:
715:
686:
642:
603:
549:
500:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
411:
383:macro-arawakano
379:
347:
336:Language Museum
331:
322:
314:
305:
271:
266:
190:-3.250; -68.583
189:
187:
183:
180:
175:
172:
170:
168:
167:
161:
133:
117:
110:
100:
86:
83:Language family
81:
72:
71:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
4007:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3919:
3917:
3916:Sign languages
3913:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3860:
3855:
3845:
3840:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3813:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3790:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3767:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3730:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3702:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3688:Yauyos–Chincha
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3660:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3633:
3631:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3572:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3545:
3540:
3534:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3511:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3492:Nüpode Huitoto
3489:
3484:
3482:Minica Huitoto
3479:
3473:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3450:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3383:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3335:
3333:
3324:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3276:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3260:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3237:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3213:
3211:
3210:Sign languages
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3011:
3009:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2983:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2945:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2897:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2868:Minica Huitoto
2865:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2732:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2709:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2649:Haitian Creole
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2593:Brazilian Sign
2589:
2587:
2586:Sign languages
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2553:
2551:
2550:Interlanguages
2547:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2419:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2318:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2285:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2177:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2071:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2033:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1945:
1943:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1859:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1806:
1805:External links
1803:
1800:
1799:
1777:
1763:
1749:
1728:
1713:
1695:
1675:
1608:
1594:
1580:
1555:
1513:
1446:
1432:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1173:
1170:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1013:
1010:
1001:
998:
972:The affricate
965:
964:
962:
960:
953:
951:
944:
938:
937:
935:
933:
926:
924:
922:
916:
915:
913:
906:
899:
892:
885:
879:
878:
871:
864:
857:
850:
844:
843:
836:
829:
820:
813:
806:
801:
790:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
756:
755:
748:
747:
741:
740:
738:
736:
729:
722:
720:
718:
712:
711:
709:
707:
700:
693:
691:
689:
684:
678:
677:
670:
663:
661:
659:
652:
645:
639:
638:
631:
624:
622:
620:
613:
606:
601:
595:
594:
587:
580:
573:
566:
559:
552:
546:
545:
538:
531:
524:
517:
510:
503:
498:
492:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
460:
459:
454:
449:
444:
416:
415:
410:
407:
378:
377:Classification
375:
346:
343:
330:
327:
321:
318:
313:
310:
304:
301:
270:
267:
265:
262:
255:tonal language
198:
197:
163:
162:
159:
151:
150:
145:
139:
138:
131:
123:
122:
115:
107:
106:
105:Language codes
102:
101:
99:
98:
89:
87:
80:
77:
76:
73:
70:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
35:
34:Native to
31:
30:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4006:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3939:
3936:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3487:Murui Huitoto
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3369:Nomatsiguenga
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3301:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3258:
3253:
3251:
3246:
3244:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3179:Creoles/Other
3177:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2878:Murui Huitoto
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2730:
2725:
2723:
2718:
2716:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1929:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1852:
1850:
1845:
1843:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1794:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1773:
1767:
1759:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1733:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1691:
1686:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1628:(5): 1322–7.
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1258:Ngexta pexī?
1257:
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1250:Ngexta cuxū?
1249:
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1070:Wüxi mixepüx
1069:
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286:
284:
280:
274:
261:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
243:Yuri language
240:
236:
235:Ticuna people
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
194:
166:Coordinates:
164:
157:
152:
149:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
130:
129:
124:
120:
116:
113:
108:
103:
97:
94:
93:
92:
88:
84:
78:
74:
68:
65:
64:Ticuna people
62:
58:
54:
50:
47:
43:
39:
36:
32:
29:
25:
20:
3892:
3744:Cusco–Collao
3407:Upper Amazon
3160:
2612:Non-official
2598:Ka'apor Sign
2531:
2181:Akwẽ-Xerénte
1974:Enawenê-Nawê
1791:
1780:
1766:
1752:
1743:
1722:
1716:
1708:
1688:
1678:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1597:
1583:
1572:. Retrieved
1568:
1558:
1533:
1529:
1463:
1459:
1449:
1435:
1424:. Retrieved
1420:
1411:
1287:
1175:
1166:
1030:Ticuna Word
1012:Common words
1003:
988:. A central
971:
968:
757:
749:
417:
387:macro-tukano
380:
371:
362:
358:
348:
340:
332:
323:
315:
306:
290:
287:
275:
272:
259:
219:Amazon Basin
214:
210:
206:
202:
201:
126:
95:
27:
3706:Chachapoyas
3469:Bora–Witoto
3392:Mashco Piro
3359:Machiguenga
3131:Inga Kichwa
2850:Bora–Witoto
2624:Vlax Romani
2603:Terena Sign
2567:Macarrônico
2448:Nambikwaran
2206:Djeoromitxí
1542:10125/24972
1536:: 153–189.
1110:Guxmixepüx
980:, and also
253:. It is a
247:Tïcuna-Yuri
188: /
91:Tïcuna–Yuri
3953:Categories
3642:Lambayeque
3515:Chayahuita
3507:Cahuapanan
3312:Indigenous
3295:Equatorial
3191:Palenquero
2759:Indigenous
2562:Lanc-Patuá
2461:Nambikwara
2392:Chapacuran
2367:Tenetehara
2241:Mẽbêngôkre
2201:Chiquitano
2110:Pará Arára
2095:Hixkaryana
1931:Indigenous
1903:Pomeranian
1877:Portuguese
1574:2012-10-21
1426:2022-11-28
1421:Ethnologue
1403:References
1054:Tomaxixpü
754:Consonants
399:Duho stock
355:Vietnamese
3858:Harákmbut
3637:Cajamarca
3591:Kashinawa
3427:Chamicuro
3344:Ashéninga
3339:Asháninka
3314:languages
3146:Nheengatu
3045:Macaguaje
3040:Koreguaje
2992:Guayabero
2979:Guajiboan
2807:Barbacoan
2761:languages
2629:Hungarian
2352:Nheengatu
2347:Munduruku
2337:Kagwahiva
2256:Rikbaktsa
2153:Kashinawa
2009:Wapishana
1949:Asháninka
1933:languages
1550:1934-5275
1490:1932-6203
1348:ná-puita
1150:Tawēmake
804:voiceless
799:Affricate
409:Phonology
351:isolating
128:Glottolog
112:ISO 639-3
60:Ethnicity
3888:Taushiro
3848:Ese Ejja
3809:Zaparoan
3763:Tucanoan
3734:Ayacucho
3726:Southern
3673:Pacaraos
3667:Huallaga
3620:Quechuan
3610:Yaminawa
3581:Iskonawa
3543:Huambisa
3538:Aguaruna
3530:Jivaroan
3432:Yanesha'
3413:Resígaro
3354:Caquinte
3349:Axininca
3322:Arawakan
3298:(Tumbes)
3280:Amazonic
3116:Carijona
3055:Pisamira
3020:Carapana
3007:Tucanoan
2997:Macaguán
2893:Chibchan
2830:Mwelyama
2820:Kokonuco
2782:Cabiyari
2769:Arawakan
2664:Romanian
2619:Japanese
2512:Katawixi
2507:Kanamarí
2456:Mamaindê
2415:Tukanoan
2362:Tapirapé
2261:Tapayúna
2236:Maxakalí
2211:Kaingang
2173:Macro-Jê
2163:Yaminawa
2125:Ye'kuana
2042:Jamamadí
2014:Warekena
1984:Mehinaku
1979:Mapidian
1964:Barawana
1941:Arawakan
1788:(1968).
1662:25605876
1508:24739948
1460:PLOS ONE
1340:na-chin
1324:tamaípo
1289:Loukotka
1189:Meaning
1062:Ãgümücü
1033:Meaning
767:Bilabial
420:/aeiɨuo/
385:or with
329:Literacy
312:Colombia
251:Carabayo
231:Colombia
135:ticu1245
42:Colombia
3898:Urarina
3883:Puquina
3878:Munichi
3873:Mochica
3869:family)
3854:family)
3852:Tacanan
3817:Arabela
3698:Lowland
3663:Huánuco
3651:Central
3605:Shipibo
3586:Kashibo
3576:Amawaka
3556:Shiwiar
3446:Aymaran
3420:Western
3387:Iñapari
3290:Coastal
3186:Llanero
3090:Wajiara
3085:Waimajã
3065:Siriano
2987:Guahibo
2964:Eperara
2941:Chocoan
2911:Chimila
2901:Arhuaco
2873:Muinane
2858:Andoque
2815:Awa Pit
2787:Piapoco
2750:Spanish
2689:Chinese
2679:Turkish
2674:Tagalog
2669:Russian
2557:Cafundó
2502:Kadiwéu
2497:Irantxe
2487:Arutani
2400:Oro Win
2281:Nadahup
2271:Xavante
2266:Timbira
2221:Kĩsêdjê
2191:Arikapú
2186:Apinajé
2158:Shipibo
2148:Amawaka
2120:Sikiana
2105:Macushi
2085:Bakairi
2067:Cariban
2057:Zuruahá
2052:Paumarí
1999:Tariana
1989:Palikúr
1954:Atorada
1915:Italian
1910:Hunsrik
1670:1678719
1653:4321236
1630:Bibcode
1499:3989239
1468:Bibcode
1388:cháwue
1332:na-eró
1300:Tucuna
1242:Nuxmax
1186:Phrase
1126:Ngexüi
794:Plosive
787:Glottal
777:Palatal
452:Central
391:Saliban
176:68°35′W
28:Duüxügu
3893:Ticuna
3867:Arauan
3863:Kulina
3822:Iquito
3799:Omagua
3794:Cocama
3786:Tupian
3776:Secoya
3771:Orejón
3716:Kichwa
3658:Ancash
3600:Pisabo
3596:Matsés
3568:Panoan
3551:Achuar
3520:Jebero
3497:Ocaina
3459:Jaqaru
3454:Aymara
3303:Loncco
3285:Andean
3201:Romani
3161:Ticuna
3141:Kichwa
3121:Cocama
3095:Wanano
3080:Tuyuca
3075:Tatuyo
3050:Macuna
3035:Desano
2883:Ocaina
2840:Totoró
2797:Yucuna
2777:Achawa
2694:Slovak
2684:Korean
2659:Polish
2639:French
2634:Arabic
2537:Xukuru
2532:Ticuna
2527:Pirahã
2482:Aikanã
2475:Others
2466:Sabanê
2438:Wanano
2433:Tuyuca
2428:Tukano
2377:Xipaya
2357:Omagua
2332:Juruna
2322:Akwáwa
2314:Tupian
2251:Panará
2226:Krenak
2216:Karajá
2196:Bororo
2140:Panoan
2130:Waiwai
2115:Salumá
2100:Ikpeng
2080:Apalaí
2075:Amonap
2047:Kulina
2029:Arawan
2004:Terêna
1994:Paresi
1959:Baniwa
1920:Talian
1898:German
1668:
1660:
1650:
1548:
1506:
1496:
1488:
1168:one).
1161:Water
1129:Woman
1118:Chatü
1097:Eight
1089:Seven
1057:Three
1046:Taxre
1016:": -->
1000:Syntax
994:/fsxl/
920:Liquid
848:voiced
772:Dental
716:creaky
643:creaky
550:creaky
414:Vowels
269:Brazil
229:, and
223:Brazil
215:Tukuna
211:Tucuna
207:Tikuna
203:Ticuna
173:3°15′S
148:Tikuna
96:Tïcuna
52:Region
38:Brazil
22:Tïcuna
3903:Yagua
3843:Culle
3739:Cusco
3711:Lamas
3678:Wanka
3364:Nanti
3331:Campa
3166:Yukpa
3151:Nukak
3136:Kakwa
3126:Cofán
3109:Other
3100:Yauna
3060:Siona
3030:Cuiba
3025:Cubeo
2959:Chami
2954:Catio
2949:Baudo
2835:Pasto
2825:Misak
2792:Wayuu
2654:Greek
2644:Dutch
2522:Ninam
2517:Kwaza
2492:Guató
2423:Cubeo
2405:Wariʼ
2342:Kaiwá
2304:Nadëb
2299:Kakwa
2246:Ofayé
2090:Carib
2019:Waurá
1690:2017)
1666:S2CID
1396:náke
1393:tapir
1385:maize
1380:náni
1377:earth
1372:öake
1356:yáte
1345:tooth
1321:three
1316:tádi
1297:gloss
1158:Dexá
1153:Moon
1142:Iake
1134:Airu
1105:Nine
1073:Five
1065:Four
1038:Wüxi
942:Glide
883:Nasal
782:Velar
746:Tones
687:plain
604:plain
501:plain
496:Close
489:nasal
479:nasal
469:nasal
447:Front
428:/au̯/
424:/ai̯/
245:(see
3749:Puno
3683:Yaru
3477:Bora
3397:Yine
3379:Piro
3156:Páez
2931:Wiwa
2921:Kuna
2916:Kogi
2906:Barí
2863:Bora
2382:Zo'é
2372:Xeta
2037:Deni
1969:Baré
1658:PMID
1546:ISSN
1504:PMID
1486:ISSN
1361:fire
1329:head
1308:wöi
1178:here
1145:Sun
1137:Dog
1121:Man
1113:Ten
1081:Six
1049:Two
1041:One
1018:edit
974:/dʒ/
682:Open
484:oral
474:oral
464:oral
457:Back
436:/au/
434:and
432:/ai/
426:and
395:Hoti
393:and
303:Peru
295:and
293:AIDS
227:Peru
46:Peru
2926:Uwa
2294:Hup
2289:Dâw
1648:PMC
1638:doi
1626:112
1538:hdl
1494:PMC
1476:doi
1369:sun
1364:öo
1353:man
1337:ear
1313:two
1305:one
990:/ɨ/
986:/a/
982:/j/
978:/ɟ/
599:Mid
577:ɨ̰̃
213:or
143:ELP
119:tca
3955::
1742:.
1731:^
1698:^
1687:,
1664:.
1656:.
1646:.
1636:.
1624:.
1620:.
1567:.
1544:.
1534:15
1532:.
1528:.
1516:^
1502:.
1492:.
1484:.
1474:.
1462:.
1458:.
1419:.
1180:.
868:dʒ
828:)
733:ã̰
726:a̰
674:õ̰
667:o̰
656:ḛ̃
591:ṵ̃
570:ɨ̰
563:ḭ̃
528:ɨ̃
338:.
225:,
209:,
205:,
44:,
40:,
3865:(
3850:(
3669:)
3665:(
3598:/
3256:e
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3242:v
2728:e
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1855:e
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1841:v
1774:.
1760:.
1746:.
1725:.
1672:.
1640::
1632::
1605:.
1591:.
1577:.
1552:.
1540::
1510:.
1478::
1470::
1464:9
1429:.
1022:]
957:j
948:w
930:ɾ
910:ŋ
903:ɲ
896:n
889:m
875:g
861:d
854:b
840:ʔ
833:k
825:ɟ
822:(
817:t
810:p
796:/
704:ã
697:a
649:ḛ
635:õ
628:o
617:ẽ
610:e
584:ṵ
556:ḭ
542:ũ
535:u
521:ɨ
514:ĩ
507:i
363:ü
359:x
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