492:
483:(3 ft 11 in) The patterning is darker bands, strongly contrasting or indistinct, which are pale to very dark in colour. Colouration is olive, yellow, orange-brown, or jet-black, and the underside of the snake is light yellow or orange. Tiger snakes use venom to kill prey, and may also bite an aggressor; they are potentially fatal to humans. Tolerant of low temperatures, the snake may be active on warmer nights. When threatened, they flatten their bodies and raise their heads above the ground in a classic prestrike stance.
593:
96:
565:
On
Kangaroo Island, specimens are highly variable in colour, often exhibiting banding and uniform brown colours. The ventral surface is dark grey to black, with some specimens on Kangaroo Island even possessing red bellies. The ventral surface becomes much lighter prior to shedding. Juveniles nearly always have banding. Midbody scales are in 17, 18, 19 and rarely 21 rows, ventrals number 160 to 184, subcaudals 45 to 54 (single) and the anal scale is single.
71:
464:
519:
45:
515:
recorded at 2 m (6 ft 7 in). Highly variable in colour, its base colours are brown, grey olive, or green with lighter crossbands usually of creamy yellow. Occasionally, unbanded specimens are found. Scales appear like overlapping shields, especially around the neck. Ventral scales number 140 to 190, subcaudals 35 to 65, mid-body in 17 or 19 rows and the anal scale is single.
545:, it averages 1.9 m (over 6 ft) in length. Dorsally, its colour is olive-brown to almost black, sometimes with lighter crossbands. The ventral surface is usually lighter in colour. Juveniles are banded. Mid-body scales are in 17 rows; ventrals number 160 to 171, subcaudals 47 to 52 (single), and the anal scale is single. These snakes are quite docile.
557:
an unbanded grey or brown. The ventral surface is usually a lighter colour. Midbody scales are in 19, 17 or sometimes 15 rows, ventrals number 161 to 174, subcaudals 48 to 52 (single) and the anal scale is single. Tasmanian tiger snakes tend to be quiet snakes, probably due to the lower temperature ranges they inhabit.
663:
is used to inhibit the flow of venom through the lymphatic system. Broad, thick bandages are applied over the bite, then down and back along the limb to the armpit or groin. The affected limb is then immobilized with a splint. Identification of the venom is possible if traces are left near the wound.
604:
Tiger snakes are usually found in coastal regions, where they favour wetlands, creeks, dams, and other habitat around watercourses, or at shelter near permanent sources of water in pastoral areas. Habitat providing an abundance of prey can support large populations. The species' distribution extends
556:
each have a blunt head distinct from a robust body. Younger snakes may be slimmer and similar to other tiger snakes, eventually growing up to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) in length. Dorsally, they may be jet black, jet black with lighter crossbands, grey with black flecks forming faint bands, or
564:
has a blunt head distinct from a robust body; it averages 1.1 m (3 ft 7 in) in length. Roxby Island specimens are much smaller, averaging 0.86 m (2 ft 10 in) in length. Dorsally, it is generally jet black, sometimes with white or cream markings around the lips and chin.
533:
head is distinct from its robust body, and grows to 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in length. Dorsally, it is steel-blue to black in color with bright yellow bands; unbanded specimens occur. The ventral surface is yellow, tending black towards the tail. Midbody scales are in 17 or 19 rows, ventrals
482:
restricted to subtropical and temperate regions of
Australia. Tiger snakes are a large group of distinct populations, which may be isolated or overlapping, with extreme variance in size and colour. Individuals also show seasonal variation in colour. The total length is typically about 1.2 metres
514:
has a flat, blunt head, slightly distinct from a robust body. Its body is capable of being flattened along its entire length when the snake is agitated or basking. Its average length is 0.9 m (2 ft 11 in), with a maximum length of 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in), but has been
652:. Symptoms of a bite include localized pain in the foot and neck region, tingling, numbness, and sweating, followed by a fairly rapid onset of breathing difficulties and paralysis. In a study, the mortality rate from untreated bites is reported to be between 40% and 60%.
664:
Identifying the snake is not necessary if bitten in
Tasmania, because the same antivenom is used to treat all Tasmanian snakes' bites. The availability of antivenom has greatly reduced the incidence of fatal tiger snake bites. Among the
507:) show some conformity in their descriptions, but these characters may be shared by separate or adjacent groups. Tiger snakes are also identified by the region or island in which the forms occur, which is prefixed to a common name.
328:
genus. Various authorities accept some or all the systematics previously applied, but most agree a revision of the genus is needed. Names for these subdivisions include the western types, appended to both species names as
583:
Tiger snakes give birth to 20 to 30 live young; an exceptional record was made of 64 from an eastern female. They usually mate in spring when it is in the warmer seasons and will give birth to live young in summer.
575:
As with most snakes, the colours vary widely between individuals and are an unreliable means of identifying subspecies. Accurate identification is best performed with a venom test kit or scale count.
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Tiger snakes accounted for 17% of identified snakebite victims in
Australia between 2005 and 2015, with four deaths recorded from 119 confirmed envenomations.
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1057:
Johnston, Christopher I.; Ryan, Nicole M; Page, Colin B; Buckley, Nicholas A; Brown, Simon GA; O'Leary, Margaret A; Isbister, Geoffrey K (2017).
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Brent W. Burkhart; Phillips
Donovan (2005). "Critical Care Toxicology: Diagnosis and Management of the Critically Poisoned Patient".
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family, venomous snakes with fixed front fangs. The classification of this genus is given as a single and highly variable species,
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251:, although the species can be highly variable in colouration and patterning. All populations are classified within the genus
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672:. The venom yield is 35–65 milligrams (0.54–1.00 gr), while the lethal dose for humans is 3 milligrams (0.046 gr).
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316:(Krefft, 1866), which show further variety in their characteristics. Several authors have published revisions or described
261:). Their diverse characteristics have been classified either as distinct species or by subspecies and regional variation.
1847:
747:
1709:
1131:
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796:
467:
Mainland tiger snake, Banyule Flats
Reserve, Melbourne, Victoria, in threat pose with body flattened and head raised
320:
of these species. Others consider the names contained by this taxonomic arrangement to be unwarranted, and describe
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684:, as well as a jail sentence of 18 months in some states. It is also illegal to export a native Australian snake.
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While tiger snakes are usually ground-dwelling, they are able to swim as well as climb into trees and buildings.
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333:(Glauert 1948) The island groups have also been described as subspecies: Chappell Island tiger snake as
963:"Genetic assimilation and the postcolonisation erosion of phenotypic plasticity in island Tiger snakes"
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95:
962:
724:
680:
They are protected species in most
Australian states, and to kill or injure one incurs a fine up to
1842:
849:"A species-level phylogeny of extant snakes with description of a new colubrid subfamily and genus"
247:. These snakes are often observed and locally well known by their banding, black and yellow like a
27:
184:
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821:
243:) is a large and highly venomous snake of southern Australia, including its coastal islands and
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number 140 to 165, subcaudals 36 to 51 (single) and the anal scale is single (rarely divided).
504:
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larger heads to cope with large prey animals. Young populations have larger heads by
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A 2016 genetic analysis showed that the closest relative of the tiger snakes is the
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Figueroa, A.; McKelvy, A. D.; Grismer, L. L.; Bell, C. D.; Lailvaux, S. P. (2016).
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King Island tiger snake, with barely visible banding, near
Petrified Forest on
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has a blunt head distinct from a robust body. The giant of the tiger snakes
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337:(Warrell, 1963), King Island and Tasmanian tiger snakes subspecies as
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572:, found away from mainland Australia, is typically uniformly black.
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Highly venomous snake native to southern
Australia and Tasmania
1592:
1145:
Toxicological
Diagnosis and Management of Envenomated Patients
625:. Its common habitat includes the coastal areas of Australia.
475:
248:
157:
693:
366:
846:
290:, and by an arrangement of subspecies or regional morphs.
503:
The widely dispersed populations (sometimes referred as
1056:
454:* Not including the nominate subspecies (typical form).
1059:"The Australian Snakebite Project, 2005–2015 (ASP-20)"
934:
Reptiles and Frogs in the Bush: Southwestern Australia
932:
Browne-Cooper R, Bush B, Maryan B, Robinson D (2007).
1158:Chris Thompson; Struan Sutherland (November 2003).
1132:
University of Adelaide Clinical Toxinology Resource
668:, those from tiger snakes are exceeded only by the
341:, (Warrell, 1963) and the Peninsula tiger snake as
666:number of deaths caused by snakebite in Australia
1819:
700:Michael, D.; Clemann, N.; Robertson, P. (2018).
725:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T169687A83767147.en
1272:Mainland Tiger Snake - Australian Reptile Park
954:
804:, Victoria State Government, Australia, 2017
1267:Information on the genus from snakeshow.net
960:
927:
925:
923:
1283:Integrated Taxonomic Information System -
69:
43:
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989:
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655:Treatment is the same for all Australian
1262:Information on bites from survivaliq.com
1192:
920:
815:
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811:
591:
517:
490:
462:
819:
776:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
522:Western tiger snake near a farm dam in
1820:
1221:"National Parks and wildlife Act (SA)"
1020:
904:
902:
820:Beatson, Cecilie (November 19, 2020).
762:
760:
1294:
1293:
938:University of Western Australia Press
808:
798:Our Wildlife Fact Sheet - Tiger Snake
1828:IUCN Red List least concern species
1199:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
1023:Reptiles andAmphibians of Australia
899:
757:
711:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
13:
1046:Video of dark unbanded Tiger Snake
636:Tiger snake venoms possess potent
360:, whereas large heads have become
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524:Mount Barker, Western Australia
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304:The two extensively recognized
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739:
661:pressure immobilization method
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1:
1838:Reptiles of Western Australia
687:
474:is a genus of large venomous
1863:Reptiles of Victoria (state)
1853:Taxa named by Wilhelm Peters
1193:Mercurio (August 30, 2016).
1066:Medical Journal of Australia
874:10.1371/journal.pone.0161070
428:
394:
19:Not to be confused with the
7:
539:Chappell Island tiger snake
267:
26:For the African snake, see
10:
1879:
1848:Reptiles described in 1861
1244:: CS1 maint: url-status (
961:Aubret F, Shine R (2009).
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25:
18:
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1164:Envenomation in Australia
991:10.1016/j.cub.2009.09.061
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91:Scientific classification
89:
67:
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51:
42:
37:
1226:. Parliament of SA. 2009
1196:Understanding Toxicology
1160:"Australian Snake Bites"
628:
28:Telescopus semiannulatus
1277:March 24, 2016, at the
1021:Cogger, Harold (2014).
495:Tasmanian Tiger Snake (
362:genetically assimilated
1025:. CSIRO. p. 905.
718:: e.T169687A83767147.
601:
554:Tasmanian tiger snakes
526:
500:
468:
364:in older populations.
348:Island populations of
284:, or a second species
1692:Paleobiology Database
940:. pp. 254, 255.
595:
562:Peninsula tiger snake
521:
494:
466:
447:, Western Australia)
432:Mainland tiger snake
358:phenotypic plasticity
299:Tropidechis carinatus
1174:on February 15, 2008
1168:University of Sydney
916:The Reptile Database
753:The Reptile Database
1858:Snakes of Australia
1078:10.5694/mja17.00094
982:2009CBio...19.1932A
865:2016PLoSO..1161070F
828:. Australian Museum
531:western tiger snake
443:, South Australia,
312:(Peters, 1861) and
61:Conservation status
1113:on October 6, 2017
605:from the south of
602:
570:Notechis ater ater
527:
512:common tiger snake
501:
469:
398:Black tiger snake
339:N. ater humphreysi
308:of this genus are
295:rough-scaled snake
1813:
1812:
1679:Open Tree of Life
1483:Open Tree of Life
1348:Notechis_scutatus
1334:Notechis scutatus
1304:Notechis scutatus
1296:Taxon identifiers
1206:978-0-7637-7116-4
976:(22): 1932–1936.
947:978-1-920694-74-6
748:Notechis scutatus
704:Notechis scutatus
607:Western Australia
451:
450:
406:Western Australia
382:Geographic range
345:(Kinghorn 1921).
335:N. ater serventyi
310:Notechis scutatus
282:Notechis scutatus
240:Notechis scutatus
231:
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217:Notechis scutatus
188:
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53:Notechis scutatus
21:tiger rattlesnake
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1172:the original
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731:November 19,
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38:Tiger snake
32:
1627:iNaturalist
1547:Wikispecies
1405:iNaturalist
1328:Wikispecies
832:January 29,
670:brown snake
646:haemolysins
638:neurotoxins
609:through to
600:, Australia
598:King Island
550:King Island
459:Description
435:Australia (
422:N. scutatus
350:N. scutatus
235:tiger snake
1822:Categories
1117:October 6,
688:References
642:coagulants
505:polymorphs
441:Queensland
373:Authority
318:subspecies
276:is in the
272:The genus
154:Suborder:
1230:April 23,
826:Factsheet
781:March 23,
650:myotoxins
402:Australia
326:monotypic
193:Species:
185:Boulenger
158:Serpentes
114:Kingdom:
108:Eukaryota
1833:Elapidae
1777:11382563
1737:Q1496170
1731:Wikidata
1567:Notechis
1553:Notechis
1532:Wikidata
1523:Notechis
1501:scutatus
1423:10360274
1355:BioLib:
1319:Q1520949
1313:Wikidata
1285:Notechis
1275:Archived
1240:cite web
1178:March 3,
1147:. Mosby.
1104:19567016
1096:28764620
1000:19879141
911:Notechis
893:27603205
853:PLOS ONE
770:Notechis
745:Species
682:A$ 7,500
619:Victoria
615:Tasmania
480:Elapidae
472:Notechis
445:Victoria
414:Tasmania
376:Subsp.*
370:Species
322:Notechis
274:Notechis
268:Taxonomy
259:Elapidae
254:Notechis
245:Tasmania
179:Notechis
168:Elapidae
164:Family:
148:Squamata
138:Reptilia
128:Chordata
124:Phylum:
118:Animalia
104:Domain:
81:IUCN 3.1
1764:2449669
1645:1342892
1619:2449661
1538:Q169658
1511:4259943
1397:2449662
978:Bibcode
884:5014348
861:Bibcode
588:Habitat
543:species
388:N. ater
354:evolved
306:species
174:Genus:
144:Order:
134:Class:
79: (
1803:111176
1790:700643
1751:794054
1697:338825
1658:700234
1606:1NTCEG
1508:uBio:
1475:101686
1449:169687
1436:700644
1384:NTCESC
1203:
1102:
1094:
1029:
1008:205091
1006:
998:
944:
908:Genus
891:
881:
659:. The
648:, and
621:, and
487:Morphs
476:snakes
278:elapid
226:, 1861
224:Peters
187:, 1896
1772:IRMNG
1710:82287
1705:SPRAT
1640:IRMNG
1632:35177
1593:14863
1418:IRMNG
1410:35178
1371:74B7F
1358:58691
1224:(PDF)
1111:(PDF)
1100:S2CID
1062:(PDF)
1004:S2CID
966:(PDF)
802:(PDF)
629:Venom
352:have
324:as a
249:tiger
1798:NCBI
1785:ITIS
1759:GBIF
1684:6131
1671:8661
1666:NCBI
1653:ITIS
1614:GBIF
1601:EPPO
1580:64ZK
1488:6132
1462:8663
1457:NCBI
1444:IUCN
1431:ITIS
1392:GBIF
1379:EPPO
1246:link
1232:2009
1201:ISBN
1180:2008
1119:2017
1092:PMID
1027:ISBN
996:PMID
942:ISBN
889:PMID
834:2022
783:2008
733:2021
716:2018
560:The
552:and
548:The
537:The
529:The
510:The
233:The
1746:EoL
1588:EoL
1575:CoL
1562:AFD
1366:CoL
1343:AFD
1082:hdl
1074:doi
1070:207
986:doi
914:at
879:PMC
869:doi
751:at
720:doi
301:).
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
