343:
878:
585:
246:
799:
1073:
1100:
606:"This alpha-beta alloy is the workhorse alloy of the titanium industry. The alloy is fully heat treatable in section sizes up to 15 mm and is used up to approximately 400 °C (750 °F). Since it is the most commonly used alloy – over 70% of all alloy grades melted are a sub-grade of Ti6Al4V, its uses span many aerospace airframe and engine component uses and also major non-aerospace applications in the marine, offshore and power generation industries in particular."
1131:) the possibility to produce custom-designed biomedical implants (e.g. hip joints) has been realized. Tests show it's 50% stronger than the next strongest alloy of similar density used in aerospace applications. While it is not applied currently on a larger scale, freeform fabrication methods offers the ability to recycle waste powder (from the manufacturing process) and makes for selectivity tailoring desirable properties and thus the performance of the implant.
970:
31:
434:
488:
145:
601:, and the remainder titanium. It is significantly stronger than commercially pure titanium (grades 1-4) while having the same stiffness and thermal properties (excluding thermal conductivity, which is about 60% lower in Grade 5 Ti than in CP Ti). Among its many advantages, it is heat treatable. This grade is an excellent combination of strength, corrosion resistance, weld and fabricability.
342:
986:
alloys can not only be stress relieved or annealed, but also can be solution treated and aged. The alpha-beta alloys are two-phase alloys, comprising both alpha and beta phases at room temperature. Phase compositions, sizes, and distributions of phases in alpha-beta alloys can be manipulated within certain limits by heat treatment, thus permitting tailoring of properties.
475:
of boats that are exposed to seawater. Titanium and its alloys are used in airplanes, missiles, and rockets where strength, low weight, and resistance to high temperatures are important. Further, since titanium does not react within the human body, it and its alloys are used in artificial joints, screws, and plates for fractures, and for other biological implants. See:
1155:: Excellent, especially when direct contact with tissue or bone is required. Ti-6Al-4V's poor shear strength makes it undesirable for bone screws or plates. It also has poor surface wear properties and tends to seize when in sliding contact with itself and other metals. Surface treatments such as nitriding and oxidizing can improve the surface wear properties.
1139:(SLM) are two methods applicable for freeform fabrication of Ti-alloys. Manufacturing parameters greatly influence the microstructure of the product, where e.g. a fast cooling rate in combination with low degree of melting in SLM leads to the predominant formation of martensitic alpha-prime phase, giving a very hard product.
503:"Alloys may be supplied in the following conditions: Grades 5, 23, 24, 25, 29, 35, or 36 annealed or aged; Grades 9, 18, 28, or 38 cold-worked and stress-relieved or annealed; Grades 9, 18, 23, 28, or 29 transformed-beta condition; and Grades 19, 20, or 21 solution-treated or solution-treated and aged."
1469:
Ishida, Taku; Wakai, Eiichi; Makimura, Shunsuke; Casella, Andrew M.; Edwards, Danny J.; Senor, David J.; Ammigan, Kavin; Hurh, Patrick G.; Densham, Christopher J.; Fitton, Michael D.; Bennett, Joe M.; Kim, Dohyun; Simos, Nikolaos; Hagiwara, Masayuki; Kawamura, Naritoshi; Meigo, Shin-ichiro; Yohehara,
1119:
production. Each of these techniques comes with inherent advantages and disadvantages. Wrought products come with an extensive material loss during machining into the final shape of the product and for cast samples the acquirement of a product in its final shape somewhat limits further processing and
474:
Titanium alone is a strong, light metal. It is stronger than common, low-carbon steels, but 45% lighter. It is also twice as strong as weak aluminium alloys but only 60% heavier. Titanium has outstanding corrosion resistance to seawater, and thus is used in propeller shafts, rigging and other parts
932:
contain 0.4% nickel, 0.015% palladium, 0.025% ruthenium, and 0.15% chromium. Both grades are identical but for minor difference in oxygen and nitrogen content. These grades contain 6 to 25 times less palladium than Grade 7 and are thus less costly, but offer similar corrosion performance thanks to
993:
The micro-structure of alpha alloys cannot be strongly manipulated by heat treatment since alpha alloys undergo no significant phase change. As a result, high strength can not be acquired for the alpha alloys by heat treatment. Yet, alpha and near-alpha titanium alloys can be stress relieved and
985:
Alpha and near-alpha alloys cannot be dramatically changed by heat treatment. Stress relief and annealing are the processes that can be employed for this class of titanium alloys. The heat treatment cycles for beta alloys differ significantly from those for the alpha and alpha-beta alloys. Beta
322:
field and was adopted for orthodontics use in the 1980s. This type of alloy replaced stainless steel for certain uses, as stainless steel had dominated orthodontics since the 1960s. It has strength/modulus of elasticity ratios almost twice those of 18-8 austenitic stainless steel, larger elastic
1000:
By working as well as heat treatment of alpha-beta alloys below or above the alpha-beta transition temperature, large micro-structural changes can be achieved. This may give a substantial hardening of the material. Solution treatment plus aging is used to produce maximum strengths in alpha-beta
959:
contains 4% aluminium, 2.5% vanadium, and 1.5% iron. This grade was developed in the 1990s for use as an armor plating. The iron reduces the amount of
Vanadium needed as a beta stabilizer. Its mechanical properties are very similar to Grade 5, but has good cold workability similar to grade
2067:
Murr, L. E.; Quinones, S. A.; Gaytan, S. M.; Lopez, M. I.; Rodela, A.; Martinez, E. Y.; Hernandez, D. H.; Martinez, E.; Medina, F. (2009-01-01). "Microstructure and mechanical behavior of Ti–6Al–4V produced by rapid-layer manufacturing, for biomedical applications".
877:
466:
Many alloys also contain titanium as a minor additive, but since alloys are usually categorized according to which element forms the majority of the material, these are not usually considered to be "titanium alloys" as such. See the sub-article on
696:
contains 3.0% aluminium and 2.5% vanadium. This grade is a compromise between the ease of welding and manufacturing of the "pure" grades and the high strength of Grade 5. It is commonly used in aircraft tubing for hydraulics and in athletic
552:
Grades 1-4 are unalloyed and considered commercially pure or "CP". Generally the tensile and yield strength goes up with grade number for these "pure" grades. The difference in their physical properties is primarily due to the quantity of
981:
for a number of reasons, the main ones being to increase strength by solution treatment and aging as well as to optimize special properties, such as fracture toughness, fatigue strength and high temperature creep strength.
1433:"Transformation de la phase omega dans les alliages de titane comme exemple de reactions controlees par deplacementDie omega-phasenumwandlung in titanlegierungen als beispiel einer verschiebungskontrollierten reaktion"
1165:
This alloy was developed as a biomedical replacement for Ti-6Al-4V, because Ti-6Al-4V contains vanadium, an element that has demonstrated cytotoxic outcomes when isolated. Ti-6Al-7Nb contains 6% aluminium and 7%
2189:
by Mali
Palanuwech; Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Zahnheilkunde der Medizinschen Fakultät der Eberhard-Karls-Universität zu Tübingenvorgelegt; Munich (2003). Retrieved 8 September
1331:
Najdahmadi, A.; Zarei-Hanzaki, A.; Farghadani, E. (1 February 2014). "Mechanical properties enhancement in Ti–29Nb–13Ta–4.6Zr alloy via heat treatment with no detrimental effect on its biocompatibility".
529:
is the most ductile and softest titanium alloy. It is a good solution for cold forming and corrosive environments. ASTM/ASME SB-265 provides the standards for commercially pure titanium sheet and plate.
463:, and so may be considered a Ti–O alloy. Oxide precipitates offer some strength (as discussed above), but are not very responsive to heat treatment and can substantially decrease the alloy's toughness.
755:
contains 3% aluminium, 2.5% vanadium and 0.04 to 0.08% palladium. This grade is identical to Grade 9 in terms of mechanical characteristics. The added palladium gives it increased corrosion resistance.
459:
dissolves in the metal at high temperatures, and its formation is very energetic. These two factors mean that all titanium except the most carefully purified has a significant amount of dissolved
670:
contains 5% aluminium and 2.5% tin. It is also known as Ti-5Al-2.5Sn. This alloy is used in airframes and jet engines due to its good weldability, stability and strength at elevated temperatures.
1107:
Titanium alloys have been extensively used for the manufacturing of metal orthopedic joint replacements and bone plate surgeries. They are normally produced from wrought or cast bar stock by
1169:
Ti6Al7Nb is a dedicated high strength titanium alloy with excellent biocompatibility for surgical implants. Used for replacement hip joints, it has been in clinical use since early 1986.
1149:
This alloy has good biocompatibility, and is neither cytotoxic nor genotoxic. Ti-6Al-4V suffers from poor shear strength and poor surface wear properties in certain loading conditions:
1592:
350:
The crystal structure of titanium at ambient temperature and pressure is close-packed hexagonal α phase with a c/a ratio of 1.587. At about 890 °C, the titanium undergoes an
1889:
Dallago, M.; Fontanari, V. (2018). "Fatigue and biological properties of Ti-6Al-4V ELI cellular structures with variously arranged cubic cells made by selective laser melting".
1124:), yet casting is more material effective. Traditional powder metallurgy methods are also more material efficient, yet acquiring fully dense products can be a common issue.
517:"The H grades were added in response to a user association request based on its study of over 5200 commercial Grade 2, 7, 16, and 26 test reports, where over 99% met the 58
512:, and may always be certified as meeting the requirements of its corresponding numeric grade. Grades 2H, 7H, 16H, and 26H are intended primarily for pressure vessel use."
185:
Alpha and beta alloys, which are metastable and generally include some combination of both alpha and beta stabilisers, and which can be heat treated. Examples include:
1470:
Katsuya (2020). "Tensile behavior of dual-phase titanium alloys under high-intensity proton beam exposure: Radiation-induced omega phase transformation in Ti-6Al-4V".
136:
process is carried out after the alloy has been worked into its final shape but before it is put to use, allowing much easier fabrication of a high-strength product.
593:
not to be confused with Ti-6Al-4V-ELI (Grade 23), is the most commonly used alloy. It has a chemical composition of 6% aluminum, 4% vanadium, 0.25% (maximum)
632:
of 1000 MPa. By comparison, annealed type 316 stainless steel has a density of 8000 kg/m, modulus of 193 GPa, and tensile strength of 570 MPa. Tempered
1233:
In a titanium or titanium alloy, alpha-to-beta transition temperature is the temperature above which the beta phase becomes thermodynamically favorable.
1208:
extend the lifespan of automotive parts. However, the high cost and manufacturing complexity of titanium limit its use mostly to high-performance and
680:. This grade is similar to Grade 2. The small quantity of palladium added gives it enhanced crevice corrosion resistance at low temperatures and high
2037:
Zhao, Qinyan; Sun, Qiaoyan (2022). "High-strength titanium alloys for aerospace engineering applications: A review on melting-forging process".
508:"Note 1—H grade material is identical to the corresponding numeric grade (that is, Grade 2H = Grade 2) except for the higher guaranteed minimum
1180:
Titanium alloys are used in the automobile industry due to their outstanding characteristics. Key applications include engine components like
2148:
Velasco-Ortega, E (Sep 2010). "In vitro evaluation of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of a commercial titanium alloy for dental implantology".
1691:
1797:
1367:
200:
and which contain sufficient beta stabilisers (such as molybdenum, silicon and vanadium) to allow them to maintain the beta phase when
2187:
The fatigue resistance of commercially pure titanium(grade II), titanium alloy (Ti6Al7Nb) and conventional cobalt-chromium cast clasps
1001:
alloys. Also, other heat treatments, including stress-relief heat treatments, are practiced for this group of titanium alloys as well.
584:
1968:
441:
Generally, beta-phase titanium is the more ductile phase and alpha-phase is stronger yet less ductile, due to the larger number of
2347:
1724:
268:(called beta). Elements used in this alloy are one or more of the following other than titanium in varying amounts. These are
2246:
1538:
1829:
2293:"Impact of additive manufacturing on titanium supply chain: Case of titanium alloys in automotive and aerospace industries"
1552:"Impact of additive manufacturing on titanium supply chain: Case of titanium alloys in automotive and aerospace industries"
1132:
245:
1713:
499:
standard on titanium and titanium alloy seamless pipe references the following alloys, requiring the following treatment:
2212:
1926:
1388:
Goldberg, Jon; Burstone, Charles J. (1979). "An
Evaluation of Beta Titanium Alloys for Use in Orthodontic Appliances".
174:
beta-phase. Besides alpha-phase stabilisers, near-alpha alloys are alloyed with 1–2% of beta phase stabilizers such as
1653:
1282:
323:
deflections in springs, and reduced force per unit displacement 2.2 times below those of stainless steel appliances.
2185:
817:
improve ductility and fracture toughness with some reduction in strength. TAV-ELI is the most commonly used medical
1783:
557:. They are used for corrosion resistance applications where cost, ease of fabrication, and welding are important.
1550:
Nyamekye, Patricia; Rahimpour
Golroudbary, Saeed; Piili, Heidi; Luukka, Pasi; Kraslawski, Andrzej (2023-05-01).
821:-grade titanium alloy. Due to its excellent biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance, and low
2012:
615:: Blades, discs, rings, airframes, fasteners, components. Vessels, cases, hubs, forgings. Biomedical implants."
450:
17:
1368:"INVESTIGATION OF THE BEHAVIOR OF MAGNESIUM IN ARC MELTING OF TITANIUM INGOTS AT PRESSURES OF UP TO 140 ATM"
825:, which closely matches human bone, TAV-ELI is the most commonly used medical implant-grade titanium alloy.
806:
contains 6% aluminium, 4% vanadium, 0.13% (maximum) Oxygen. ELI stands for Extra Low
Interstitial. Reduced
767:
contains 3% aluminium, 8% vanadium, 6% chromium, 4% zirconium, 4% molybdenum and 0.04% to 0.08% palladium.
1432:
129:
1765:
509:
1643:
ASTM B861 – 10 Standard
Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Seamless Pipe (Grades 1 to 38)
2361:
1672:
442:
331:
2103:
Noronha, Jordan; Dash, Jason; Rogers, Jason; Leary, Martin; Brandt, Milan; Qian, Ma (2024-01-07).
1927:"Precision Engineering with Grade 23 Titanium: Ti-6Al-4V-ELI's Role in High-Performance Machinery"
1735:
636:
has a density of 2700 kg/m, modulus of 69 GPa, and tensile strength of 310 MPa, respectively.
1136:
1121:
108:
Although "commercially pure" titanium has acceptable mechanical properties and has been used for
354:
transformation to a body-centred cubic β phase which remains stable to the melting temperature.
1801:
798:
358:
2342:
2263:
2366:
1798:"Titanium Grade 7 (Titanium Palladium alloy, Ti-IIPd)-Metals, Alloys, and Sputtering Targets"
1112:
1025:
and heat, and its high strength-to-weight ratio. Titanium alloys are generally stronger than
807:
554:
1072:
1489:
633:
453:
alpha-phase. Alpha-beta-phase titanium has a mechanical property which is in between both.
446:
102:
66:
8:
1986:
258:
204:, and which can also be solution treated and aged to improve strength. Examples include:
1493:
1300:"Analysis of residual stresses in electron beam welding with filler wire of Ti62A alloy"
858:
contains 6% aluminium, 4% vanadium and 0.3% to 0.8% nickel and 0.04% to 0.08% palladium.
1505:
1479:
1413:
818:
625:
496:
476:
179:
167:) only. These are not heat treatable. Examples include: Ti-5Al-2Sn-ELI, Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V.
2327:
2242:
2165:
2130:
2122:
2085:
1573:
1534:
1509:
1448:
1405:
1349:
1278:
1116:
1108:
1081:
1854:
1614:
1417:
1060:
conditions in space. It is used in aerospace components such as aircraft frames and
2304:
2161:
2157:
2112:
2077:
2046:
1906:
1898:
1563:
1527:
1497:
1444:
1397:
1341:
1311:
1026:
941:
contains 4.5% aluminium, 2% molybdenum, 1.6% vanadium, 0.5% iron, and 0.3% silicon.
629:
456:
334:
omega-titanium at cryogenic temperatures or under influence of ionizing radiation.
125:
98:
58:
54:
2332:
2201:
Titanium Alloys – Ti6Al7Nb
Properties and Applications. Retrieved 8 September 2012
2200:
1501:
1833:
1747:
1702:
1401:
1345:
1272:
1253:
1209:
1197:
1189:
1185:
1038:
1007:
In commercial beta alloys, stress-relieving and aging treatments can be combined.
822:
761:
contains 3% aluminium, 8% vanadium, 6% chromium, 4% zirconium, and 4% molybdenum.
620:
Generally, Ti-6Al-4V is used in applications up to 400 degrees
Celsius. It has a
113:
2081:
1902:
1052:, was designed for low-temperature environments, maintaining high toughness and
468:
2309:
2292:
2050:
1568:
1551:
1316:
1299:
1034:
749:
contains 0.04 to 0.08% palladium. This grade has enhanced corrosion resistance.
737:
contains 0.04 to 0.08% palladium. This grade has enhanced corrosion resistance.
709:
contains 0.3% molybdenum and 0.8% nickel. This alloy has excellent weldability.
703:
contains 0.12 to 0.25% palladium. This grade has enhanced corrosion resistance.
361:, while others (beta stabilizers) lower the transition temperature. Aluminium,
205:
133:
90:
2337:
1871:
918:
contains 5% aluminium, 1% tin, 1% zirconium, 1% vanadium, and 0.8% molybdenum.
70:
2355:
2126:
1577:
1353:
1099:
978:
197:
148:
69:
and the ability to withstand extreme temperatures. However, the high cost of
65:(even at extreme temperatures). They are light in weight, have extraordinary
1952:
2343:
Phase
Stability and Stress-Induced Transformations in Beta Titanium Alloys
2169:
2134:
2117:
2104:
2089:
1692:
Compare
Materials: Commercially Pure Titanium and 6Al-4V (Grade 5) Titanium
1061:
1954:
Comparative corrosion behavior of two palladium-containing titanium alloys
1951:
T. Lian; T. Yashiki; T. Nakayama; T. Nakanishi; R. B. Rebak (2006-07-23).
1531:
357:
Some alloying elements, called alpha stabilizers, raise the alpha-to-beta
208:, Ti–29Nb–13Ta–4.6Zr, Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al, Ti-8Mo-8V-2Fe-3Al, Beta C, Ti-15-3.
1642:
1409:
1128:
1077:
319:
315:
The titanium alloys have excellent formability and can be easily welded.
234:
109:
1950:
1911:
1549:
969:
249:
Rail cross-section was used to advertise Titanium alloy as early as 1913
1615:"Titanium (Ti) - Chemical properties, Health and Environmental effects"
1201:
1160:
518:
382:
269:
261:
190:
175:
94:
82:
30:
1205:
1193:
1143:
1057:
1053:
1022:
728:
677:
572:
433:
398:
366:
351:
289:
285:
222:
218:
201:
186:
117:
62:
487:
155:
Titanium alloys are generally classified into four main categories:
1484:
1049:
1045:
406:
390:
386:
378:
297:
281:
273:
265:
217:
Although uncommercialized in the west, binary titanium alloys with
144:
128:
which varies dramatically with temperature, allowing it to undergo
121:
78:
74:
50:
1969:"Grade 38 Titanium: A High-Strength and Corrosion-Resistant Alloy"
124:, typically 6% and 4% respectively, by weight. This mixture has a
116:, for most applications titanium is alloyed with small amounts of
2105:"Titanium Multi-Topology Metamaterials with Exceptional Strength"
1330:
892:
contains 3% aluminium, 2.5% vanadium and 0.08 to 0.14% ruthenium.
774:
621:
422:
394:
362:
277:
230:
226:
171:
86:
1431:
De Fontaine§§, D.; Paton, N.E.; Williams, J.C. (November 1971).
852:
contains 6% aluminium, 4% vanadium and 0.04% to 0.08% palladium.
2264:"Applications and Features of titanium for automobile industry"
1196:. These alloys help reduce vehicle weight, leading to improved
1181:
1085:
898:
contains 6% aluminium, 4% vanadium and 0.08 to 0.14% ruthenium.
810:
598:
460:
418:
414:
410:
374:
370:
309:
305:
301:
164:
89:, medical devices, jewelry, highly stressed components such as
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
881:
A hexagon formed from thermal stir welding of a Titanium alloy
159:
Alpha alloys which contain neutral alloying elements (such as
1524:
Titanium Alloys: An Atlas of Structures and Fracture Features
1254:
Characteristics of Alpha, Alpha Beta and Beta Titanium Alloys
1091:
Titanium alloys have been used occasionally in architecture.
1030:
1021:
Titanium is used regularly in aviation for its resistance to
327:
254:
46:
35:
743:
is identical to Grade 16 (Grade 16 with 58 ksi minimum UTS).
2213:"Applications Of Titanium Alloy In The Automobile Industry"
1258:
814:
594:
437:
Titanium alloys make lightweight products like pocketknives
402:
293:
27:
Metal alloys made by combining titanium with other elements
2070:
Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials
1891:
Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials
1468:
1430:
690:
is identical to Grade 7 (Grade 7 with 58 ksi minimum UTS).
1957:. ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. Vancouver.
1714:
Material Properties Data: 6Al-4V (Grade 5) Titanium Alloy
160:
2066:
681:
2102:
1725:
Material Properties Data: Marine Grade Stainless Steel
646:
AMS: 4911, 4928, 4965, 4967, 6930, 6931, T-9046, T9047
2239:
Light Alloys: From Traditional Alloys to Nanocrystals
541:
Unalloyed titanium (Grade 2 with 58 ksi minimum UTS).
2297:
Advances in Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
1556:
Advances in Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
1298:
Wang, B.; Zhou, L.; Du, J.; Cao, Y. (January 2023).
2290:
2181:
2179:
2328:http://www.tifab.com/subpages/tech_spec_grades.htm
1987:"Preparations for the First Manned Apollo Mission"
1127:With the emergence of solid freeform fabrication (
318:Beta titanium is nowadays largely utilized in the
163:) and/ or alpha stabilisers (such as aluminium or
2261:
449:structure of the beta-phase in comparison to the
346:Microstructure of a part made from Titanium alloy
2353:
2176:
1888:
1784:"Titanium Ti-5Al-2.5Sn (Grade 6) - Material Web"
1387:
2291:Nyamekye, Patricia; Golroudbary, S. R. (2023).
829:Ti-6Al-4V-ELI standard specifications include:
2147:
1297:
2262:Yamashita, Yoshito; Takayama, Isamu (2002).
2194:
1304:Journal of Materials Research and Technology
1044:The Ti-3Al-2.5V alloy, which consists of 3%
773:contains 15% molybdenum, 3% aluminium, 2.7%
2236:
1696:
1638:
1636:
1634:
802:3-D Printed Spinal Disc from Titanium alloy
641:Ti-6Al-4V standard specifications include:
1866:
1864:
1736:Material Properties Data: 6061-T6 Aluminum
1200:and performance. Additionally, titanium's
973:Titanium alloy used in frame of sunglasses
237:pressure vessel at up to 140 atmospheres.
170:Near-alpha alloys contain small amount of
2308:
2116:
2013:"Titanium Used in the Aerospace Industry"
1910:
1590:
1567:
1483:
1360:
1315:
337:
178:, silicon or vanadium. Examples include:
1855:"Active Atom Materials - Titanium Group"
1631:
1098:
1071:
968:
912:contain 0.3% cobalt and 0.05% palladium.
876:
797:
583:
486:
432:
341:
244:
143:
29:
2036:
1861:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1016:
182:, Ti-5Al-5Sn-2Zr-2Mo, IMI 685, Ti 1100.
14:
2354:
2010:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1790:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1175:
2062:
2060:
1067:
196:Beta and near beta alloys, which are
1840:
1375:BEHAVIOR OF MAGNESIUM IN ARC MELTING
886:all contain 0.08 to 0.14% ruthenium.
535:Unalloyed titanium, standard oxygen.
1815:
1770:Service Steel Aerospace Corporation
1658:
1591:Gerdemann, Steven J. (2001-07-01).
1033:. It has been used in the earliest
834:AMS: 4907, 4930, 6932, T9046, T9047
24:
2057:
1597:Advanced Materials & Processes
727:all contain 0.5% nickel and 0.05%
547:Unalloyed titanium, medium oxygen.
482:
25:
2378:
2321:
2039:Materials Science and Engineering
1703:Titanium Alloys – Ti6Al4V Grade 5
964:
1593:"TITANIUM: Process Technologies"
588:Turbine blade made from Ti alloy
330:can convert to hard and brittle
240:
212:
189:, Ti-6Al-4V-ELI, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn,
2284:
2255:
2230:
2205:
2141:
2096:
2030:
2004:
1979:
1961:
1944:
1919:
1882:
1776:
1758:
1740:
1729:
1718:
1707:
1685:
1647:
1607:
1584:
1543:
1516:
1011:
2162:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.06.013
1462:
1424:
1381:
1324:
1291:
1247:
1227:
13:
1:
2011:Trento, Chin (Apr 12, 2024).
1502:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2020.152413
1215:
1094:
428:
139:
57:. Such alloys have very high
1766:"Ti-6Al-4V Titanium Grade 5"
1654:Titanium Grades, Application
1472:Journal of Nuclear Materials
1449:10.1016/0001-6160(71)90047-2
1402:10.1177/00220345790580020901
1346:10.1016/j.matdes.2013.09.007
1274:Titanium – A Technical Guide
491:File:Titanium alloy products
477:Titanium orthopedic implants
7:
2333:Datasheet for Beta Titanium
2082:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2008.05.004
2017:Stanford Advanced Materials
1973:Stanford Advanced Materials
1903:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.11.044
1277:. ASM International. 2000.
1029:, while being lighter than
990:Alpha and near-alpha alloys
624:of roughly 4420 kg/m,
130:precipitation strengthening
10:
2383:
2310:10.1016/j.aime.2023.100112
2217:Advanced Refractory Metals
2051:10.1016/j.msea.2022.143260
1876:Performance Titanium Group
1752:Performance Titanium Group
1569:10.1016/j.aime.2023.100112
1390:Journal of Dental Research
1317:10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.01.081
1192:, suspension springs, and
326:Some of the beta titanium
49:that contain a mixture of
2241:. Elsevier. p. 361.
1830:"Titanium Grade Overview"
233:have been produced in an
1103:Titanium plate for wrist
953:contains 1.5% aluminium.
1137:Selective Laser Melting
1122:precipitation hardening
676:contains 0.12 to 0.25%
649:ASTM: B265, B348, F1472
381:are alpha stabilizers.
2118:10.1002/adma.202308715
1334:Materials & Design
1171:
1157:
1115:-driven machining, or
1104:
1088:
974:
882:
837:ASTM: B265, B348, F136
803:
617:
608:
589:
523:
514:
505:
492:
438:
425:are beta stabilizers.
359:transition temperature
347:
338:Transition temperature
250:
152:
39:
1872:"6Al-4V-ELI Titanium"
1532:10.1201/9781420006063
1167:
1150:
1133:Electron Beam Melting
1102:
1076:Titanium cladding of
1075:
972:
947:contains 45% niobium.
880:
823:modulus of elasticity
808:interstitial elements
801:
655:DMS: 1592, 1570, 1583
609:
604:
587:
555:interstitial elements
515:
506:
501:
490:
469:titanium applications
436:
345:
248:
147:
33:
2237:Ian Polmear (2005).
1017:Aerospace structures
977:Titanium alloys are
933:the added ruthenium.
777:, and 0.25% silicon.
634:6061 aluminium alloy
151:of various Ti alloys
103:consumer electronics
67:corrosion resistance
1526:. CRC Press, 2006.
1522:Vydehi Arun Joshi.
1494:2020JNuM..54152413I
1176:Automobile industry
2338:Titanium Alloy Bar
2109:Advanced Materials
1204:and resistance to
1105:
1089:
1068:Architectural uses
975:
883:
804:
590:
497:ASTM International
493:
439:
348:
251:
180:Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo
153:
40:
34:Titanium alloy in
2248:978-0-7506-6371-7
1772:. 6 October 2020.
1748:"6Al-4V Titanium"
1539:978-0-429-12327-6
1443:(11): 1153–1162.
1437:Acta Metallurgica
1153:Bio compatibility
1117:powder metallurgy
1082:Guggenheim Museum
997:Alpha-beta alloys
658:Boeing: BMS 7-269
597:, 0.2% (maximum)
97:and some premium
71:processing limits
55:chemical elements
16:(Redirected from
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1120:treatment (e.g.
1027:aluminium alloys
929:
909:
873:
840:MIL: T9046 T9047
792:
724:
652:MIL: T9046 T9047
630:tensile strength
628:of 120 GPa, and
580:
457:Titanium dioxide
126:solid solubility
99:sports equipment
59:tensile strength
21:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2362:Titanium alloys
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1232:
1228:
1218:
1210:luxury vehicles
1198:fuel efficiency
1190:exhaust systems
1186:connecting rods
1178:
1146:/ Ti-6Al-4V-ELI
1097:
1070:
1039:Project Mercury
1019:
1014:
967:
921:
901:
861:
780:
712:
626:Young's modulus
562:
485:
483:Titanium grades
431:
340:
243:
215:
142:
114:dental implants
91:connecting rods
43:Titanium alloys
28:
23:
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15:
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5:
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2322:External links
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1881:
1878:. 15 May 2015.
1860:
1839:
1836:on 2023-03-26.
1814:
1789:
1775:
1757:
1754:. 15 May 2015.
1739:
1728:
1717:
1706:
1695:
1684:
1673:"Titanium-6-4"
1657:
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1630:
1606:
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1396:(2): 593–599.
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253:Beta titanium
242:
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206:Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al
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134:heat treatment
77:applications,
26:
18:Titanium alloy
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787:
786:Ti-6Al-4V-ELI
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772:
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521:minimum UTS."
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241:Beta-titanium
238:
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228:
224:
220:
213:Uncategorized
207:
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199:
195:
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188:
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149:Frost diagram
146:
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119:
115:
111:
106:
104:
100:
96:
93:on expensive
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
73:their use to
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
32:
19:
2367:Orthodontics
2300:
2296:
2286:
2274:. Retrieved
2271:Nippon Steel
2270:
2257:
2238:
2232:
2220:. Retrieved
2216:
2207:
2196:
2186:
2156:(1): 17–23.
2153:
2149:
2143:
2111:: e2308715.
2108:
2098:
2076:(1): 20–32.
2073:
2069:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2020:. Retrieved
2016:
2006:
1994:. Retrieved
1990:
1981:
1972:
1963:
1953:
1946:
1934:. Retrieved
1930:
1921:
1912:11572/190389
1894:
1890:
1884:
1875:
1834:the original
1806:. Retrieved
1802:the original
1792:
1778:
1769:
1760:
1751:
1742:
1731:
1720:
1709:
1698:
1687:
1676:. Retrieved
1649:
1622:. Retrieved
1618:
1609:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1523:
1518:
1475:
1471:
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1452:. Retrieved
1440:
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1374:
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1307:
1303:
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1168:
1152:
1151:
1126:
1106:
1090:
1062:landing gear
1043:
1020:
1012:Applications
984:
979:heat treated
976:
926:
922:
906:
902:
870:
866:
862:
805:
789:
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781:
721:
717:
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613:Applications
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567:
563:
516:
507:
502:
494:
473:
465:
455:
440:
356:
349:
325:
317:
314:
257:exhibit the
252:
216:
154:
107:
42:
41:
1897:: 381–394.
1340:: 786–791.
1310:: 985–997.
1129:3D printing
1078:Frank Gehry
1056:even under
1004:Beta alloys
443:slip planes
320:orthodontic
235:arc melting
193:, and Ti62A
95:sports cars
2356:Categories
2150:Mutat. Res
1808:2011-12-19
1678:2009-02-19
1624:2023-05-11
1562:: 100112.
1485:2004.11562
1478:: 152413.
1216:References
1202:durability
1161:Ti-6Al-7Nb
1135:(EBM) and
1095:Biomedical
697:equipment.
429:Properties
383:Molybdenum
352:allotropic
270:molybdenum
262:allotropic
198:metastable
191:Ti-6Al-7Nb
176:molybdenum
140:Categories
110:orthopedic
83:spacecraft
53:and other
2127:0935-9648
1578:2666-9129
1510:216144772
1354:0261-3069
1206:corrosion
1194:fasteners
1144:Ti-6Al-4V
1058:cryogenic
1054:ductility
1048:and 2.5%
1023:corrosion
994:annealed.
923:Grades 33
903:Grades 30
863:Grades 26
740:Grade 16H
729:ruthenium
714:Grades 13
678:palladium
573:Ti-6Al-4V
399:manganese
367:germanium
332:hexagonal
290:manganese
286:zirconium
223:potassium
219:magnesium
187:Ti-6Al-4V
118:aluminium
63:toughness
2170:20615479
2135:38160263
2090:19627804
2022:June 26,
1996:June 26,
1603:(7): 41.
1454:27 April
1418:29064479
1166:niobium.
1050:vanadium
1046:aluminum
956:Grade 38
950:Grade 37
944:Grade 36
938:Grade 35
915:Grade 32
895:Grade 29
889:Grade 28
855:Grade 25
849:Grade 24
782:Grade 23
770:Grade 21
764:Grade 20
758:Grade 19
752:Grade 18
746:Grade 17
734:Grade 16
706:Grade 12
700:Grade 11
687:Grade 7H
538:Grade 2H
407:chromium
391:tantalum
387:vanadium
379:nitrogen
298:chromium
282:tantalum
274:vanadium
266:titanium
264:form of
202:quenched
122:vanadium
87:bicycles
79:aircraft
75:military
51:titanium
2276:July 6,
2222:July 6,
1936:Aug 25,
1490:Bibcode
1377:. 1980.
1241:Sources
819:implant
790:TAV-ELI
775:niobium
693:Grade 9
673:Grade 7
667:Grade 6
622:density
568:Ti6Al4V
564:Grade 5
544:Grade 3
532:Grade 2
526:Grade 1
445:in the
423:silicon
395:niobium
363:gallium
278:niobium
231:lithium
227:calcium
172:ductile
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1086:Bilbao
869:, and
811:oxygen
720:, and
599:oxygen
578:Ti 6-4
461:oxygen
419:copper
415:nickel
411:cobalt
375:oxygen
371:carbon
328:alloys
310:copper
308:, and
306:nickel
302:cobalt
255:alloys
165:oxygen
47:alloys
2267:(PDF)
1506:S2CID
1480:arXiv
1414:S2CID
1371:(PDF)
1221:Notes
1031:steel
36:ingot
2278:2024
2243:ISBN
2224:2024
2190:2012
2166:PMID
2131:PMID
2123:ISSN
2086:PMID
2024:2024
1998:2024
1991:NASA
1938:2024
1574:ISSN
1535:ISBN
1456:2020
1406:PMID
1350:ISSN
1279:ISBN
1184:and
1037:and
925:and
905:and
815:iron
813:and
595:iron
495:The
421:and
403:iron
377:and
294:iron
120:and
112:and
101:and
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38:form
2305:doi
2158:doi
2154:702
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2047:doi
2043:845
1907:hdl
1899:doi
1601:159
1564:doi
1528:doi
1498:doi
1476:541
1445:doi
1398:doi
1342:doi
1312:doi
1113:CAD
1109:CNC
1084:in
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