2461:
2068:
6407:
2477:
2523:
1346:
1809:
2433:
2559:
1620:
1227:
2547:
2449:
2617:
2225:
1927:
6921:
2589:
1632:
2605:
6579:
40:
7363:
1646:
2535:
275:
54:
46:
604:
1671:
550:
421:
385:
367:
637:
568:
532:
299:
2254:
2239:
812:
709:
655:
586:
514:
470:
403:
794:
776:
691:
673:
439:
2249:
268:
2259:
2244:
2264:
347:
6521:
6509:
3762:, 罽賓國), for the most part it is different. The dress is mostly made of fur, cotton, and similar things. From the king and chiefs down to the common people, all use fur as the outer garment. The land has many camels, mules, sheep and grapes. As far as food is concerned, the people are only fond of pastry. The land is cold. There is fog and snow during the winter. The king, the chiefs, and the common people respect the
2460:
2182:
Chinese sources mention a few years later yabghus who sent missions to the Tang court: Ku-tu-lu Tun Ta-tu (Qutluγ Ton Tardu) asked for help against the Arabs in 729 CE, Shih-li-mang-kia-lo (Sri
Mangala) asked for help against the Tibetans in 749 CE, and received this help from the Chinese, and in 758
1833:
in
Chinese sources) again visited the Tang court in 718 and gave an account of the military forces in the Tokharistan region. Puluo described the power of "the Kings of Tokharistan", explaining that "Two hundred and twelve kingdoms, governors and prefects" recognize the authority of the Yabghus, and
1707:) was the son of Tardu Shad, and took over as Tokharistan Yabgu. He was the first Tokharistan Yabghu to mint coins. In these coins, in Sasanian style, his effigy represents him bearing a crown decorated with the bull's head and two wings. In one of the issues, the legend is: šb’lk’ yyp MLK’ (
1730:
After 650 however, the power of the
Yabghus of Tokharistan fragmented, as they came, as least partially, under Tang suzerainty. A Türk yabghu of Tokharistan recorded under the name of "Wu-shih-po of the A-shih-na dynasty" was the first yabghu to be confirmed by the Chinese Emperor.
1834:
that it has been so since the time of his grandfather, that is, probably since the time of the establishment of the
Yabghus of Tokharistan. This account also shows that the Yabghu of Tokharistan ruled a vast area circa 718 CE, formed of the territories north and south of the
2476:
1475:, before being taken over as vassals by the Western Turks. The appearance of the "crown with a bull's head" on the coin portraits of the last rulers of Kapisa-Gandhara Narendra II, can be considered as a sign of recognition of Turk sovereignty, since the title
2522:
2644:"The account herewith quoted as 3.5. shows that this king of Tokhara had political power to control the principalities belonging to the Governors-General to the north and the south of the Hindukush, not to mention the Yuezhi Governor General." in
1248:
In 569–570, the Turks launched an offensive against the
Sasanian Empire, and conquered the Hephthalite principalities south of the Oxus belonging to the Sasanian Empire. At that time the Sasanian Empire was embroiled in a war in the west, with the
2413:
These was a relatively high level of artistic activity in the areas controlled by the
Yabghus of Tokharistan during 7th–8th centuries CE, either as a result of the Sasanian cultural heritage, or as a result of the continued development of
1273:, but the Turks apparently did not permanently occupy the territory south of the Oxus. The Hephthalites aspired to independence from the Turks, and in 581 or 582 CE, they revolted in alliance with the Sasanians against the Turk Kaghan
3012:"The definitive annexation of Tokharistan and Gandhara to the Western Türk Empire was to take place some years later, in c. 625, when Sasanian Iran became involved in the war against Byzantium that ultimately led to its eclipse." in
2432:
2558:
1372:
The Turks definitely intended to take control of the territories south of the Oxus, but were only ready sometime later, and took the opportunity when the
Sasanian Empire again entered into conflict with the Byzantine Empire.
3754:(蒲持山), which is one month's journey from the capital towards the east. It is also under the authority of the Arabs. The language is different from that of other countries. Though it is similar to the language of
3048:. Dani, Ahmad Hasan., Masson, V. M. (Vadim Mikhaĭlovich), 1929–, Harmatta, J. (János), 1917–2004., Puri, Baij Nath., Etemadi, G. F., Litvinskiĭ, B. A. (Boris Anatolʹevich). Paris: Unesco. 1992–2005. pp.
6274:
2067:
3717:又從此犯引國。北行二十日。至吐火羅國。王住城名為縛底那。見今大寔兵馬。在彼鎮押。其王被其王被逼。走向東一月程。在蒲持山。住見屬大寔所管。言音與諸國別。共罽賓國少有相似。多分不同。衣著皮毬㲲布等。上至國王。下及黎庶。皆以皮毬。為上服。土地足駝騾羊馬㲲布蒲桃。食唯愛餅。土地寒冷。冬天霜雪也。國王首領及百姓等。甚敬三寶。足寺足僧。行小乘法。食內及葱蕜等。不事外道。男人並剪鬚髮。女人在髮土地足山
1388:
and took control of all the intervening principalities, replacing
Hepthalite rulers by Turk ones. The Turks were victorious, partly because the Sasanian Empire was into a difficult war with the
4156:"The Countenance of the other (The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India) 2012–2013 exhibit: 16. The Hindu Shahis in Kabulistan and Gandhara and the Arab conquest"
6406:
2588:
3777:(小乘法) is practised. They eat meat, onions, and leeks. They do not profess any other religions. All men cut their beards and hair, but women keep their hair. The land is mountainous"
1757:
in 657 CE, and most of his territories became protectorates of the Tang Empire, and organized into regional commanderies. Kunduz became the site of the Yuezhi
Commandery (月氏都督府,
3878:
2111:
their Lord sent the Ta-shou-ling of T'u-huo-lo (...) to offer lions and ling-yang , two of each. A few months after, he further sent Ta-te-seng to our court with tribute."
2546:
2047:, the ruler of the Hephthalites of Badghis, led a new revolt in 709 with the support of other principalities as well as his nominal ruler, the Yabghu of Tokharistan. In 710,
3645:
Esin, E. (1977). "Tarkhan Nīzak or
Tarkhan Tirek? An Enquiry concerning the Prince of Badhghīs Who in A. H. 91/A. D. 709–710 Opposed the 'Omayyad Conquest of Central Asia".
1261:
area in 570. The principalities of the Hephthalites, formerly vassals of the Sasanian Empire, accepted Turk supremacy and became vassals of the Western Turk qaghan, and the
2448:
2331:
Nezak Tarkhan, the ruler of the Hephthalites of Badghis, led a revolt against the Arabs in 709 with the support of other principalities as well as his nominal ruler, the
2151:(縛底那). At this time the troops of the Arabs (大寔國) are there and they occupy it. Its King, Wives and Court was forced to flee one month's journey to the east and lives in
4248:
1046:
1032:
1007:
993:
2500:
is said to have enjoyed a revival under the Turks. Several monasteries of Tokharistan dated to the 7th–8th centuries display beautiful Buddhist works of art, such as
1945:
6281:
2616:
1325:. At that time, the Turkic Khagan sent an army to help the Hephthalites, and was able to bring a great defeat upon the Sasanians, advancing his troops as far as
2173:
2287:(665–850 CE), a probable political extension and vassals of the neighbouring Yabghus of Tokharistan, remained an obstacle to the eastward expansion of the
4064:"Tarkhan Nīzak or Tarkhan Tirek? An Enquiry concerning the Prince of Badhghīs Who in A. H. 91/A. D. 709–710 Opposed the 'Omayyad Conquest of Central Asia"
1345:
4798:
4155:
3968:"The Countenance of the other (The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India) 2012–2013 exhibit: 13. THE TURK SHAHIS IN KABULISTAN"
1956:
Puluo, writing in 718 CE, finally reaffirmed the loyalty of the Tokhara Yabghus towards the Tang dynasty, probably since the time of the fall of the
3750:縛底那). At present, the place is guarded and oppressed by Arab forces (大寔兵馬). The original king was compelled to leave the capital, and he resided at
6578:
1851:
On the Dingwei day of the eleventh month in the sixth year , Ashi Tegin Puluo writes to the emperor: the Kings of States, Commander-in-chiefs (都督
8087:
7599:
4835:
1603:
1808:
7592:
2604:
2534:
1711:, on the obverse) and pnˇcdh. h. wsp’ (" 15th Khusp", on the reverse). This would date the coin to 645 CE, with a location for the mint at
8237:
7913:
2324:
was killed in the action. A few years later however the Arabs defeated and killed the Kabul Shah and conquered Kabul under Umayyad general
6401:
5993:
4883:
4655:, p. 127:"He received this laudatory epithet because he, like the Byzantines, was successful at holding back the Muslim conquerors."
4616:, p. 127:"He received this laudatory epithet because he, like the Byzantines, was successful at holding back the Muslim conquerors."
1591:
39:
2103:, who in honour of the Byzantine Emperor even named one of their own rulers "Caesar of Rome" (which they rendered phonetically as King "
8247:
6920:
5928:
4517:"Yida is simply Yeda" "Taihan 太汗都督府 or Dahan 大汗" was the "former territory of the Hephthalites (Yeda 嚈噠), the city of Huolu 活路 (modern
4038:
Iran in the Early Islamic Period: Politics, Culture, Administration and Public Life between the Arab and the Seljuk Conquests, 633–1055
1203:
1199:
4265:
Buddhist Pilgrim-Monks as Agents of Cultural and Artistic Transmission: The International Buddhist Art Style in East Asia, ca. 645-770
1849:六年十一月丁未阿史特勒僕羅上書訴曰：僕羅克吐火羅葉護部下管諸國王都督刺史總二百一十二人謝芄王統領兵馬二十萬眾潯齬王統領兵馬二十萬眾骨吐國王石汗那國王解蘇國王石匿國王悒達國王護密國王護時健國王範延國王久越德建國王勃特山王各領五萬眾。僕羅祖父已來並是上件諸國之王蕃望尊重。
6146:
1572:
1393:
2418:. The works of art of this period in Afghanistan, with a sophistication and cosmopolitanism comparable to other works of art of the
8232:
8092:
7366:
4670:
1949:
8104:
1293:. The Turks invaded the Sasanian territories south of the Oxus, where they attacked and routed the Sasanian soldiers stationed in
8082:
7405:
6267:
5017:
1941:
1619:
728:
6248:
2401:
minister, possibly named Vakkadeva, in c. 850, signaling the end of the Buddhist Turk Shahi dynasty, and the beginning of the
2224:
8227:
4757:
4734:
4637:
4347:
4273:
4231:
3915:
3888:
3832:
3509:
3482:
3447:
3288:
3234:
3221:"The first Türk yabghu (king) of Tokharistan, confirmed by the Chinese emperor, was Wu-shih-po of the A-shih-na dynasty." in
3206:
3025:
2953:
2900:
2873:
2822:
2788:
2761:
1226:
1960:
to China (657), confirming at least nominal control of the Chinese administration over the region for the last sixty years:
1792:
In 705, P’an-tu-ni-li, the yabghu of Tokharistan, is recorded as having sent a mission to the Chinese court. He ruled from
1206:
being transformed into vassal kingdoms and principalities. After this time, a tense Turco-Persian border existed along the
8252:
6203:
4828:
2092:
1594:(麴文泰) to Tardu. Yabgu received him despite being in ill condition. It was Tardu to advise him to make a trip westward to
1940:, including the territory of the Tokhara Yabghus as the "Tokharistan Protectorate", following the campaigns against the
6198:
5199:
4669:
Alram, Michael; Filigenzi, Anna; Kinberger, Michaela; Nell, Daniel; Pfisterer, Matthias; Vondrovec, Klaus (2012–2013).
3863:
China and the Roman Orient: Researches into their Ancient and Mediaeval Relations as Represented in Old Chinese Records
3790:
3700:
3162:
3112:
3057:
2339:
was able to re-establish Muslim control over Tokharistan and captured Nizak Tarkhan, who was executed on the orders of
2304:. But the Turk Shahi were able to mount a counter-offensive and repulsed the Arabs, taking back the areas of Kabul and
2971:"Early Turks: Male Costume in the Chinese Art Second half of the 6th – first half of the 8th cc. (Images of 'Others')"
5609:
4778:
4710:
4046:
4004:
4671:"The Countenance of the other (The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India) 2012–2013 exhibit"
4021:
3994:
3941:"The Countenance of the other (The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India) 2012–2013 exhibit"
4036:
2024:
for a brief period, with Termez as they capital, described by the Arabs as "the headquarters of the Hephthalites" (
2528:
Buddhist mural from Kalai Kafirnigan, Museum of National Antiquities, Dushanbe, Tajikistan. 7th–early 8th century.
2370:
appears to have fought vigorously against the Arabs, and his victories may have forged the Tibetan epic legend of
1859:) under the Yabghu of Tokharistan, the elder brother of Puluo, number two hundred and twelve, in all. The king of
8022:
6208:
5478:
4858:
2565:
2505:
1743:
851:, the capital, and other important cities of the Yabghus of Tokharistan as of 718 CE, after the secession of the
2582:
display male devotees in double-lapel caftans, also attributable to the local sponsorship of the Western Turks.
7343:
6243:
6188:
5438:
4821:
2009:
1101:
4290:
267:
8097:
8050:
6349:
5732:
5194:
2366:
who had defeated their common enemy the Arabs in 717 CE, and sent an embassy through Central Asia in 719 CE.
1602:), to see the Buddhist sites and relics. Xuanzang also witnessed a palace scandal when Tardu's firstborn son
1093:
198:
4163:
3967:
1926:
6193:
3966:
Alram, Michael; Filigenzi, Anna; Kinberger, Michaela; Nell, Daniel; Pfisterer, Matthias; Vondrovec, Klaus.
2970:
7398:
3384:歐亞學刊 新3辑 (Eurasian Studies III): Records Relevant to the Hephthalites in Ancient Chinese Historical Works
2689:歐亞學刊 新3辑 (Eurasian Studies III): Records Relevant to the Hephthalites in Ancient Chinese Historical Works
2183:
CE Wu-na-to (Udita?) visited in person the Chinese court and participated in the fight against the rebel
1800:
and the central areas of his territory were occupied by the Arabs, including Shuburgan, Khusp and Herat.
1966:
The Yabghus of Tokharistan, for several generations until now, have been sincerely devoted to the great
8002:
7682:
6972:
6733:
5458:
3081:
2051:
was able to re-establish Muslim control over Tokharistan and captured Nizak Tarkan who was executed on
1012:
7831:
7329:
6811:
6745:
6727:
6600:
5694:
4988:
4534:"The state of Humi (Komedae) was located in present-day Sarik-Čaupan and the surrounding area in the
3940:
2108:
1716:
1712:
864:
831:
520:
318:
3783:
The Hye Ch'O Diary: Memoir of the Pilgrimage to the Five Regions of India (Religions of Asia Series)
3693:
The Hye Ch'O Diary: Memoir of the Pilgrimage to the Five Regions of India (Religions of Asia Series)
8196:
7617:
7521:
6817:
6814:
6808:
6802:
6772:
6715:
6388:
6141:
5714:
5428:
5418:
5413:
5008:
4998:
4963:
3049:
1750:
81:
70:
4337:
3907:
Persian Christians at the Chinese Court: The Xi'an Stele and the Early Medieval Church of the East
2890:
2358:, probable phonetic transcription of "Caesar of Rome" in honor of "Caesar", the title of the then
1812:
1679:: Sasanian-style fire altar with ribbons and attendants; star and crescent flanking flames. Dated
1631:
8060:
7745:
7352:
6832:
6799:
6775:
6769:
6754:
6597:
6291:
6238:
6126:
6003:
5908:
5752:
5634:
5043:
4993:
4844:
2509:
1472:
1322:
3332:
3128:
8077:
8065:
8055:
7422:
7391:
7189:
6790:
6781:
6724:
6659:
6644:
6218:
5978:
5003:
4938:
2332:
2155:. Now Balkh belongs to the Arabs' domain. (...) The King, the nobles and the people revere the
1290:
4745:
4627:
4221:
3474:
3470:
3464:
3278:
3224:
3196:
3015:
2943:
2917:
2863:
2812:
2778:
8072:
8045:
8012:
7997:
7078:
7069:
6763:
6739:
6594:
6053:
6028:
5938:
5569:
5403:
4700:
4263:
3822:
3499:
3437:
2751:
2343:, while the Yabghus, who had ruled parts of Tokharistan as well as Badakhshan, was exiled to
2036:
1361:
3861:
3041:
2267:). In this realistic portrait, he wears a triple-crescent crown and the Turkic double-lapel
7362:
7075:
5988:
5835:
5370:
5168:
2408:
2363:
2096:
2088:
1867:
is also in charge of two hundred thousand infantry and cavalry. The Kings of the States of
3280:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750
3226:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750
3198:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750
3017:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750
2865:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750
2814:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750
2780:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750
2470:(said to have been discovered in northwestern India), Sasanian period, 5th–7th century CE.
2320:. The Arabs again failed to capture Kabul and Zabulistan in 697–698 CE, and their general
1780:
was able to establish some level of control with the help of the yabghu of Tokharistan in
1321:
A war broke out between the Sassanians and the Hephthalites in 606–607 or 616–617 CE, the
8:
8242:
7987:
7977:
7785:
7084:
7081:
7032:
6736:
6591:
6228:
6162:
6018:
5443:
5433:
5163:
5088:
4792:
3042:
2340:
2107:"). The Chinese annals record that "In the first month of the seventh year of the period
2052:
1142:
until 758 CE. Their legacy extended to the southeast where it came into contact with the
255:
Maximum extent of the territory controlled by the Yabghus of Tokharistan circa 625–652 CE
136:
8007:
4674:
4309:
3855:
3399:
3254:
7647:
7564:
7275:
7072:
6617:
6611:
6383:
6178:
6131:
5998:
5913:
5898:
5855:
5810:
5674:
5463:
5249:
5138:
5098:
5023:
4868:
4387:
4292:
ANCIENT IRANIAN METALWORK IN THE ARTHUR M. SACKLER GALLERY AND THE FREER GALLERY OF ART
4091:
3670:
3075:
2729:
2667:
2579:
2439:
2371:
2336:
2325:
2048:
1215:
333:
1645:
8017:
7982:
7920:
7790:
7302:
7063:
6614:
6528:
6419:
6233:
5342:
5184:
5158:
5153:
5053:
5038:
4928:
4923:
4893:
4873:
4802:
4774:
4753:
4730:
4706:
4633:
4379:
4343:
4269:
4227:
4186:
4083:
4042:
4000:
3911:
3884:
3828:
3786:
3755:
3696:
3662:
3526:
3505:
3478:
3443:
3418:
3284:
3230:
3202:
3168:
3158:
3108:
3063:
3053:
3021:
2949:
2896:
2869:
2818:
2784:
2757:
2721:
2659:
2288:
2032:
2013:
1863:
is in charge of infantry and cavalry numbering two hundred thousand, and the king of
1762:
1735:
1365:
1178:. The Sasanians, on the other hand, took control of the area south of the Oxus, with
4518:
1884:
1803:
8109:
7770:
7657:
7652:
7578:
7299:
7117:
6879:
6313:
6223:
6151:
5772:
5659:
5468:
5453:
5302:
5148:
5108:
5063:
5048:
4625:
This is the first mention of the Arab as "Dashi" (大寔 or 大食) in a Chinese text. See
4075:
3847:
3654:
3565:
3344:
3100:
2501:
2359:
2084:
2021:
1690:
1554:
1532:
1491:
1432:
1389:
1250:
209:
156:
7775:
4365:"Kalai-Kafirnigan Problems in the Religion and Art of Early Mediaeval Tokharistan"
2377:
The Turk Shahis eventually weakened against the Arabs in the late 9th century CE.
2354:
was the king of the Turk Shahis. He then abdicated in 739 CE in favour of his son
7874:
7838:
7760:
7755:
7038:
6913:
6757:
6709:
6606:
6534:
6502:
6373:
6369:
6361:
6338:
6259:
6213:
6156:
6096:
6086:
6048:
5790:
5483:
5282:
5239:
5221:
5058:
4933:
4908:
4863:
4768:
4724:
4720:
3905:
2939:
2321:
2276:
2203:
2199:
1467:
had remained independent kingdoms under the easternmost "Hephthalites" (actually
1460:
1444:
1436:
1408:
1175:
998:
760:
167:
92:
4430:. "The state of Xieyang (Zābulistān) was located between Kabuland and Kandahar."
4364:
3738:(犯引國) I travelled further north and after twenty days arrived at the country of
7908:
7903:
7803:
7637:
7606:
7585:
7487:
7464:
7269:
7229:
7215:
6885:
6586:
6555:
6173:
6136:
5958:
5893:
5767:
5619:
5604:
5574:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5292:
5143:
5133:
5093:
4878:
3596:
3305:
3250:
2207:
2191:
1606:
fallen in love with his new step-mother (also aunt) and poisoned Tardu in 630.
936:
782:
679:
285:
240:
114:
4726:
The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In
1340:
1210:, which lasted several decades. The area south of the Oxus contained numerous
8221:
8130:
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7898:
7849:
7780:
7675:
7667:
7571:
7541:
7454:
7414:
7308:
7254:
7209:
7050:
7008:
6873:
6695:
6662:
6558:
6552:
6438:
6365:
6168:
6121:
6013:
5845:
5830:
5762:
5521:
5287:
5259:
5244:
5204:
5103:
4958:
4943:
4898:
4806:
4788:
4383:
4138:
4087:
3666:
3099:. Classiques des sciences sociales. Chicoutimi: J.-M. Tremblay. p. 196.
2725:
2663:
2233:
1985:
1957:
1310:
1230:
1119:
745:
487:
178:
4249:"Images of the Crowned Buddha along the Silk Road: Iconography and Ideology"
4187:"The Painting of the "Hunter-King" at Kakrak: Royal Figure or Divine Being?"
4112:, Seventh Series, Vol. III, 1968, pp. 189–224, see extracts in R. T. Mohan,
3348:
3067:
1516:, controlling all the new Turk realm south of the Oxus, from his capital at
53:
45:
8201:
7869:
7734:
7727:
7720:
7662:
7546:
7503:
7474:
7469:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7305:
7293:
7261:
7237:
7221:
7218:
7206:
7203:
7200:
7170:
7020:
6978:
6829:
6820:
6742:
6665:
6656:
6546:
6091:
6058:
6038:
5943:
5850:
5805:
5782:
5699:
5594:
5511:
5501:
5393:
5128:
5123:
5113:
5073:
5013:
4978:
4903:
4488:"The state of Jiesu was simply the state of Yuman (Shūmān) near presentday
4211:
3763:
3337:
Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
3172:
2415:
2367:
2355:
2195:
2156:
2104:
2044:
1976:
1967:
1931:
1917:
1825:
1754:
1528:
1487:
1400:
1349:
1286:
1234:
1211:
1171:
1025:
922:
145:
7713:
4813:
3721:
2232:
ruler named Sri Ranasrikari "The Lord who brings excellence through war" (
7935:
7884:
7879:
7854:
7765:
7700:
7695:
7632:
7551:
7531:
7433:
7317:
7314:
7266:
7196:
7139:
7035:
7026:
6981:
6966:
6957:
6951:
6826:
6793:
6751:
6721:
6718:
6685:
6653:
6537:
6183:
6116:
6068:
6033:
6008:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5953:
5948:
5903:
5883:
5875:
5704:
5689:
5639:
5629:
5584:
5541:
5317:
5312:
5277:
5078:
5033:
4973:
4673:. Vienna, Austria: Kunsthistorisches Museum, Coin Cabinet. Archived from
4215:
4207:
3739:
2497:
2483:
2467:
2423:
2402:
2394:
2219:
2100:
1997:
1970:, they have without interruption paid their respects and brought tribute.
1872:
1670:
1599:
1420:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1262:
1195:
1163:
1143:
1131:
1123:
1064:
1039:
852:
498:
4391:
3307:
Across the Hindukush of the First Millennium: a collection of the papers
2750:
Akasoy, Anna; Burnett, Charles; Yoeli-Tlalim, Ronit (14 December 2016).
2733:
2709:
2671:
2647:
2482:
Goddess, possibly Nana, seated on a lion, 5th–6th century, Afghanistan,
2409:
Local art at the time of the Yabghus of Tokharistan (7th–8th century CE)
2253:
2238:
1911:
has become king of the above-mentioned states: he is greatly respected."
1313:, who entered the area north of the Oxus and killed the Turkish Khagan.
8027:
7795:
7706:
7690:
7556:
7536:
7494:
7311:
7233:
7176:
7158:
7044:
7041:
7023:
7014:
7005:
7002:
6960:
6948:
6942:
6927:
6894:
6882:
6858:
6837:
6796:
6787:
6784:
6778:
6760:
6730:
6650:
6561:
6468:
6063:
5888:
5820:
5815:
5742:
5724:
5684:
5669:
5649:
5614:
5599:
5561:
5551:
5536:
5526:
5493:
5380:
5307:
5083:
4983:
4913:
4585:
4584:"The state of Jiuyuedejian (Quwādhiyān) was on the lower stream of the
2684:
Detailed list of vassal cities and regions in ancient Chinese sources:
2516:
Buddhism. The Turks were apparently quite tolerant of other religions.
2397:
took over. The last Shahi ruler of Kabul, Lagaturman, was deposed by a
2351:
2305:
2284:
2229:
2184:
2152:
2124:
1904:
1835:
1468:
1452:
1404:
1191:
1179:
1139:
1076:
1072:
800:
556:
5267:
4095:
3674:
3605:
Citing Tangshu XLIII, B, pp. 6–9 and Chavannes, Documents, p. 69, n. 2
2055:'s orders, despite promises of pardon, while the Yabghu was exiled to
1907:
each lead fifty thousand troops. Since the grandfather of Puluo, the
7817:
7810:
7123:
7107:
7053:
6999:
6969:
6963:
6954:
6939:
6933:
6823:
6766:
6748:
6549:
6447:
5983:
5933:
5865:
5800:
5747:
5737:
5709:
5644:
5589:
5579:
5516:
5506:
5352:
5229:
5189:
5118:
4968:
3751:
3104:
2419:
2313:
2263:
2248:
2136:
1842:
was also mentioned among the territories controlled by the Yabghus.
1793:
1777:
1724:
1448:
1357:
1353:
1326:
1135:
868:
427:
391:
373:
7480:
7225:
3382:
2687:
2258:
2243:
2159:(Buddhism). There are many monasteries and monks; they practice the
8145:
7972:
7952:
7824:
7155:
7145:
7127:
7017:
6975:
6936:
6930:
6891:
6888:
6855:
6805:
6688:
6543:
6540:
6456:
6453:
6333:
6318:
6043:
6023:
5624:
5448:
5362:
5297:
5068:
4589:
4489:
4079:
3774:
3771:
3767:
3658:
2513:
2390:
2378:
2344:
2317:
2280:
2168:
2160:
2128:
2076:
2056:
2005:
1900:
1880:
1876:
1773:
1580:
1464:
1424:
1412:
1270:
1258:
1187:
1167:
1068:
900:
890:
643:
574:
220:
6520:
6508:
1819:, and a vassal of the Yabghus of Tokharistan. Coinage date 688 CE.
8180:
8170:
7148:
7056:
7011:
6996:
6990:
6984:
6861:
6679:
6484:
6473:
6444:
6323:
5923:
5918:
5860:
5795:
5679:
5664:
5531:
5408:
5398:
5347:
4953:
4748:. In Akasoy, Anna; Burnett, Charles; Yoeli-Tlalim, Ronit (eds.).
4063:
3735:
2398:
2300:, the Arabs attacked Shahi territory from the west, and captured
2127:
around 723–729 CE, according to the testimony the Korean pilgrim
2001:
1896:
1868:
1804:
Suzerainty over the territories north and south of the Hindu-Kush
1781:
1513:
1456:
1416:
1330:
1302:
1298:
1280:
1147:
856:
621:
538:
305:
231:
4668:
3785:(English and Korean ed.). Asian Humanities Pr. p. 52.
3695:(English and Korean ed.). Asian Humanities Pr. p. 52.
1772:(656–661), the Arabs were expulsed from eastern Iran, as far as
1587:, he also brought a letter from his brother-in-law and ruler of
1316:
1221:
8206:
8165:
8140:
8125:
7962:
7642:
7510:
7272:
7241:
7151:
7120:
7114:
7091:
6993:
6987:
6945:
6849:
6671:
6631:
6496:
6450:
6328:
5825:
5757:
5388:
5322:
5234:
4948:
4535:
2595:
2309:
2268:
2040:
2017:
1892:
1888:
1839:
1816:
1698:
1665:
1637:
1584:
1562:
1550:
1540:
1517:
1509:
1499:
1440:
1428:
1334:
1127:
1109:
880:
848:
818:
715:
697:
661:
592:
354:
189:
103:
61:
4298:. Smithsonian Institution, Washin2;ton, D.C. pp. 148–152.
3854:), ch. 198 (written mid-10th century C.E.), for 618–906 C.E: "
2131:. Huei-chao also mentioned that in 726 CE, the Arabs occupied
2099:
in 719 CE which probably met with the Tokhara Yabghus and the
8175:
8155:
8150:
8135:
7967:
7957:
7627:
7459:
7212:
7047:
7029:
5654:
5546:
5473:
5423:
5272:
4918:
4556:
4472:
4443:
3759:
3747:
2386:
2382:
2301:
2148:
2132:
2072:
2020:
in 689, repelled the Arabs, and occupied the whole region of
2004:
and the Arab rebel Musa ibn Abd Allah ibn Khazim, son of the
1864:
1860:
1797:
1739:
1720:
1661:
1660:: Sasanian-style bust, wearing crown with two crescents, and
1595:
1588:
1576:
1480:
1306:
1294:
1274:
1266:
1254:
860:
610:
476:
409:
4746:"Greek and Islamic Medicines' Historical Contact with Tibet"
3333:"Nouveaux document bactriens du Guzgan (note d'information)"
2948:. British Library. Serindia Publications, Inc. p. 110.
1738:
conquered the whole of Tokharistan and captured the city of
7383:
6900:
6624:
6490:
6479:
6462:
6078:
5840:
4888:
4552:
2123:) kingdoms were in the territories of Gandhara, Kapisa and
1980:
3.5. Fanyan in Vol. 999 (Claims, Foreign Subjects), 718 CE.
1921:
3.5. Fanyan in Vol. 999 (Claims, Foreign Subjects), 718 CE.
1838:, including the areas of Kabul and Zabul. The territory of
1341:
Occupation of Tokharistan under Tong Yabghu Qaghan (625 CE)
1337:
Kaghan recalled his armies without pressing his advantage.
1207:
1183:
1159:
445:
3628:
3626:
3576:
3542:
3540:
2540:
Female devotee in Kalai Kafirnigan. 7th–early 8th century.
2438:
Buddha wearing a crown and cape. Painting in niche "I" at
1986:
Temporary conquest of Khorasan over the Arabs (689–710 CE)
1289:
entered into a direct conflict with the Sasanians, in the
1218:
destroyed by the alliance of the Turks and the Sasanians.
8160:
4752:. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 117–144.
2749:
2552:
Ajina-Tepe Buddhist mural, Tajikistan, 7th–8th century CE
2454:
Male mythological figure, Tokharistan, 7th–8th century CE
1769:
3613:
3611:
2710:"Chinese Records on Bamiyan: Translation and Commentary"
2648:"Chinese Records on Bamiyan: Translation and Commentary"
2598:, left wall of the niche of the 53 meter Buddha. Bamiyan
2512:, around which Turkic nobility and populations followed
1845:
Part of the Chinese entry for this account by Puluo is:
4551:"The state of Hushijian (Gūzgānān) was located between
3965:
3623:
3537:
2843:
2831:
2622:
Devotee in caftan, next to the Buddha. Bamiyan (detail)
4702:
ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity
2174:
Memoir of the pilgrimage to the five kingdoms of India
1158:
The Turks initially occupied the area of north of the
1138:, with some smaller remnants surviving in the area of
3608:
2062:
1309:. But the Turks were defeated by the Sasanians under
4108:
D. W. Macdowall, "The Shahis of Kabul and Gandhara"
3781:
Jan, Yun-Hua; Iida, Shotaro; Yang, Han-Sung (1984).
3691:
Jan, Yun-Hua; Iida, Shotaro; Yang, Han-Sung (1984).
3277:
Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Litvinsky, B. A. (January 1996).
3255:"The Western Territories 西域 (www.chinaknowledge.de)"
3223:
Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Litvinsky, B. A. (January 1996).
3195:
Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Litvinsky, B. A. (January 1996).
3014:
Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Litvinsky, B. A. (January 1996).
2811:
Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Litvinsky, B. A. (January 1996).
2777:
Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Litvinsky, B. A. (January 1996).
2753:
Islam and Tibet – Interactions along the Musk Routes
2573:
2426:, are attributable to the sponsorship of the Turks.
1664:-style head of a bull within wings. Tokhara Yabghus
1297:, and then proceeded to conquer the city along with
4750:
Islam and Tibet: Interactions Along the Musk Routes
4471:"The state of Shihanna (Čaghaniyān) was located in
3877:Kurian, George Thomas; III, James D. Smith (2010).
1609:
6289:
4210:were incapable of such work" (he conflates the in
3129:"Cefu Yuangui, vol 999 | 冊府元龜/卷0999 – 维基文库，自由的图书馆"
2206:that his grandfather was a missionary-priest from
1523:
1787:
1571:). He was married two times – both a daughter of
8219:
4178:
2918:"Maracanda/Samarkand, une métropole pré-mongole"
1829:, a young brother of Pantu Nili named Puluo (僕羅
1384:principalities to submit. He went as far as the
3152:
603:
4705:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 1–256.
4632:. Seoul Selection. 18 July 2016. p. 782.
3155:On Yuan Chwang's travels in India, 629–645 A.D
3097:Documents sur les Tou-Kiue (turcs) occidentaux
1281:Second offensive into Tokharistan (588–589 CE)
7399:
6275:
4829:
4729:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Da Capo Press.
3330:
3276:
3222:
3194:
3013:
2810:
2776:
1549:) was installed in Tokharistan, and ruled in
1479:(bull) had been in use from 599, when Khagan
1317:War against the Sassanian Empire (616–617 CE)
1222:First offensive into Tokharistan (569–570 CE)
3866:. Shanghai & Hong Kong: Kelly and Walsh.
3442:. Harvard University Press. pp. 46–47.
2568:. Dushanbe – National Museum of Antiquities.
2016:. The Hepthalites and their allies captured
6582:Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon
4843:
4342:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 203–204.
3780:
3770:三寶). There are many monasteries and monks.
3690:
3527:"冊府元龜 : 卷九百九十九 – Chinese Text Project"
3419:"冊府元龜 : 卷九百九十九 – Chinese Text Project"
2945:The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith
2745:
2743:
2640:
2638:
2636:
1823:According to the chronicles of the Chinese
1174:in 557–565 CE through an alliance with the
7406:
7392:
6282:
6268:
4836:
4822:
4362:
4339:History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set
4288:
3501:Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang
2892:History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set
1486:Tong Yabghu Qaghan then installed his son
6147:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho
4773:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4698:
4475:on the upper stream of the Surkhan River"
4184:
3876:
3504:. Columbia University Press. p. 33.
3376:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3157:. Chinese Materials Center. p. 107.
3094:
3008:
2938:
2868:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 369.
2849:
2837:
2610:The Buddha and devotee in caftan. Bamiyan
4689:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4219:
4202:
4200:
4068:Journal of the American Oriental Society
3930:Göbl 1967, 254 ; Vondrovec tyre 254
3880:The Encyclopedia of Christian Literature
3816:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3647:Journal of the American Oriental Society
3546:
3497:
3303:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3044:History of civilizations of Central Asia
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2968:
2740:
2707:
2645:
2633:
2223:
2097:an embassy to China through Central Asia
2066:
1925:
1807:
1344:
1225:
1153:
1130:", who ruled from 625 CE in the area of
7360:
6402:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
5994:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
4884:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
4719:
4145:of Maulana Minhaj-ud-din, Vol. I, p. 82
4019:
3992:
3582:
3380:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2685:
2147:). The home city of the king is called
2135:, and the Turks were forced to flee to
1674:) in crescents along the outer margins.
274:
8220:
7298:
7251:
7186:
7126:Kungas Brahmi Buddhatala Varhran (II)
6418:
6380:
6346:
6249:Siberian Collection of Peter the Great
4766:
4743:
4652:
4613:
4335:
4246:
4034:
3903:
3746:). The capital city is called Pactra (
3686:
3684:
3632:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3435:
3355:
3317:
2915:
2895:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 243.
2888:
1815:was an Iranian ruler of the region of
1768:During the rule of the Umayyad caliph
1364:. They are recognizable by their long
1352:officers during an audience with king
1214:principalities, remnants of the great
187:
134:
101:
16:625–758 CE dynasty of Turkic sub-kings
7387:
7349:
7326:
7284:
7167:
7136:
7104:
7088:
7060:
6910:
6898:
6870:
6706:
6676:
6669:
6629:
6622:
6518:
6488:
6477:
6460:
6428:
6400:
6398:
6263:
4817:
4320:
4197:
4148:
3959:
3910:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 10.
3859:
3856:開元七年正月，其主遣吐火羅大首領獻獅子、羚羊各二。不數月，又遣大德僧來朝貢
3799:
3265:
3179:
2985:
2564:Buddhist mural from the monastery at
2093:defeated their common enemy the Arabs
1170:) following their destruction of the
238:
229:
218:
207:
176:
143:
123:
112:
79:
59:
7296:Ishbara Yabgu Wu-shih-po Pantu Nili
4787:
4261:
4223:The Turks in the Early Islamic World
4061:
3644:
3617:
3563:
3524:Paragraph 69 然火罗叶护积代以来于大唐忠赤朝贡不绝。in:
3397:
3249:
2922:Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales
2861:
2797:
2703:
2701:
2699:
196:
154:
90:
68:
8238:Former countries in Chinese history
6204:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription
4336:Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018).
4289:Gunter, Ann C.; Jett, Paul (1992).
4220:Bosworth, C. Edmund (15 May 2017).
4035:Spuler, Bertold (6 November 2014).
3870:
3858:" quoted in English translation in
3820:
3681:
3588:
3552:
3462:
2889:Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018).
2271:. Late 7th to early 8th century CE.
2012:, allied against the forces of the
165:
13:
6919:
6577:
6519:
6350:Chronology of the Neolithic period
6199:Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription
5200:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
4794:The Arab Conquests in Central Asia
4262:Wong, Dorothy C. (28 April 2018).
3821:Kim, Hyun Jin (19 November 2015).
3594:
3088:
3034:
2932:
2213:
2114:
2063:Contacts with the Byzantine Empire
1625:Coinage of a Yabghu of Tokharistan
549:
50:
14:
8264:
8248:Ashina house of the Turkic Empire
6924:Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.
5610:Desert castles of ancient Khorezm
3974:. Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna
3947:. Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna
3463:Ven, Hans van de (26 July 2021).
3436:Morgan, Llewelyn (18 June 2012).
2696:
2574:Bamiyan murals and their devotees
2389:were lost to the Arabs, while in
1553:with title of Tokharistan Yabgu (
1394:Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
1253:. It seems the Turks reached the
420:
384:
366:
7361:
6507:
6405:
3883:. Scarecrow Press. p. 251.
3331:Sims-Williams, Nicholas (2002).
3313:. Kyoto University. p. 139.
2615:
2603:
2587:
2557:
2545:
2533:
2521:
2475:
2459:
2447:
2431:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
1669:
1644:
1630:
1618:
1610:Reign of Ishbara Yabgu (630–650)
1044:
1030:
1005:
991:
810:
792:
774:
707:
689:
671:
653:
636:
635:
602:
584:
567:
566:
548:
530:
512:
468:
437:
419:
401:
383:
365:
345:
297:
273:
266:
52:
44:
38:
8233:Central Asian Buddhist kingdoms
8023:Altyn Tamgan Tarhan inscription
7367:Rulers of the Ancient Near-East
6209:Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka
5479:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
4646:
4619:
4607:
4595:
4574:
4562:
4541:
4524:
4507:
4495:
4478:
4461:
4449:
4433:
4420:
4408:
4356:
4302:
4282:
4255:
4240:
4132:
4119:
4102:
4055:
4028:
4013:
3993:Marozzi, Justin (13 May 2021).
3986:
3933:
3924:
3897:
3841:
3709:
3638:
3518:
3491:
3456:
3429:
3410:
3391:
3297:
3243:
3215:
3146:
3121:
2962:
2909:
2882:
2143:I arrived in Tokharistan (吐火羅國
1744:Muslim conquests of Afghanistan
1734:In 652–653 CE, the Arabs under
1524:Reign of Tardush Shad (625–630)
531:
298:
7344:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
6244:Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)
6189:Aramaic Inscription of Laghman
4690:Beckwith, Christopher (2009).
3732:Translation from the original:
2855:
2770:
2678:
2335:. In 710, the Umayyad general
2010:Abd Allah ibn Khazim al-Sulami
1855:) and Regional Inspectors (刺史
1788:Reign of Pantu Nili (c.705 CE)
1761:) under administration of the
1703:
1567:
1545:
1504:
1114:
1105:
1097:
811:
708:
654:
585:
346:
1:
8046:Battle of Gol-Zarriun/Bukhara
5195:Silk Road transmission of art
4694:. Princeton University Press.
4206:Bosworth also says that the "
4020:Mujahid, Abdul Malik (1908).
3827:. Routledge. pp. 58–59.
2627:
2347:and kept there as a hostage.
2294:
2059:and kept there as a hostage.
1990:
1946:Western city-states (640–648)
1934:
1238:
913:
871:had mints for Yabghu coinage.
513:
469:
402:
8228:7th-century monarchs in Asia
7413:
6194:Kandahar Aramaic inscription
4699:Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017).
4310:"Metropolitan Museum of Art"
4116:... Appendix –B, pp. 164–68
3400:"The Western Territories 西域"
3201:. UNESCO. pp. 371–375.
3020:. UNESCO. pp. 370–375.
2969:Yatsenko, Sergey A. (2009).
2466:Shallow bowl, probably from
2312:), as well as the region of
1753:itself was destroyed by the
1683:, "Year 15". Probably 645 CE
1403:, these principalities were
1285:In 588–589, the Turks under
793:
775:
690:
672:
438:
7:
8093:Tang Western Turk campaigns
3498:Millward, James A. (2007).
3095:Chavannes, Edouard (2006).
2491:
1930:Major protectorates of the
1376:In 625, Tong Yabgu invaded
10:
8269:
8253:History of Kunduz Province
8083:Tang Eastern Turk campaign
8003:Turks in the Tang military
7683:Irbis Ishbara Yabgu Qaghan
7154:Lakhana Udayaditya Aduman
6411:
6360:(Eastern migration of the
6359:
4662:
4629:The Silk Road Encyclopedia
4363:Litvinskij, B. A. (1981).
4226:. Routledge. p. 145.
4185:Compareti, Matteo (2008).
3466:Warfare in Chinese History
2862:Dani, Ahmad Hasan (1999).
2708:Kuwayama, Shoshin (2005).
2646:Kuwayama, Shoshin (2005).
2217:
2071:Account of Tokharistan by
1150:until the 9th century CE.
1126:sub-kings with the title "
1013:Hephthalite principalities
8189:
8118:
8036:
7945:
7848:
7744:
7616:
7520:
7421:
7340:
7330:Muslim conquest of Persia
7281:
7248:
7183:
7164:
7133:
7101:
6907:
6867:
6846:
6843:
6836:
6641:
6570:
6515:
6435:
6382:
6356:
6344:
6332:
6327:
6298:
6109:
6077:
5874:
5781:
5723:
5695:Siypantosh Rock Paintings
5560:
5492:
5379:
5361:
5258:
5220:
5213:
5177:
4851:
4799:The Royal Asiatic Society
4268:. NUS Press. p. 78.
4191:Studio Editoriale Gordini
4129:, II, pp. 83 and 183-84.
2756:. Routledge. p. 55.
2194:, erected in 781 CE, the
1694:
1558:
1536:
1495:
1244:manuscript, Shiraz, Iran.
1233:fighting the Turk Yabghu
1060:
970:
966:
956:
946:
942:
932:
928:
910:
906:
896:
886:
876:
261:
33:
28:
21:
7618:Western Turkic Khaganate
7522:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
6142:Mogao Christian painting
5715:Zarautsoy Rock Paintings
5429:Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen
5419:Merke Turkic Sanctuaries
4692:Empires of the Silk Road
4446:depending on the source.
4401:
4125:Raizada Harichand Vaid,
3904:Godwin, R. Todd (2018).
3153:Watters, Thomas (1975).
2594:Devotee in double-lapel
2192:Nestorian Stele of Xi'an
2026:dār mamlakat al-Hayāṭela
1751:Western Turkic Khaganate
1719:. Other known mints are
1483:united the Turk Empire.
809:
791:
773:
706:
688:
670:
652:
634:
601:
583:
565:
547:
529:
511:
467:
436:
418:
400:
382:
364:
344:
296:
272:
7746:Second Turkic Khaganate
7353:Second Turkic Khaganate
6239:Saksanokhur gold buckle
6127:Hephthalite silver bowl
6004:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa
5044:Second Turkic Khaganate
4845:History of Central Asia
4770:The ʿAbbāsid Revolution
3381:Taishan, Y. U. (2012).
3349:10.3406/crai.2002.22500
3283:. UNESCO. p. 372.
3229:. UNESCO. p. 372.
2916:Grenet, Frantz (2004).
2817:. UNESCO. p. 368.
2783:. UNESCO. p. 367.
2686:Taishan, Y. U. (2012).
2578:The mural paintings of
1323:Second Perso-Turkic War
1134:north and south of the
612:Kabul
7423:First Turkic Khaganate
7190:First Turkic Khaganate
6925:
6645:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
6583:
6524:
6334:Trans-Jaxartes steppes
6219:Stamp seal (BM 119999)
5979:Alexandria Prophthasia
5004:First Turkic Khaganate
4939:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
4767:Shaban, M. A. (1970).
3439:The Buddhas of Bamiyan
3080:: CS1 maint: others (
2272:
2180:
2080:
1983:
1953:
1924:
1820:
1471:) under kings such as
1369:
1291:First Perso-Turkic War
1245:
1090:Yabghus of Tokharistan
958:• Disestablished
8013:Tonyukuk inscriptions
7998:Shoroon Bumbagar tomb
6923:
6581:
6523:
6029:Gawhar Shad Mausoleum
5404:Karsakpay inscription
4859:Mal'ta–Buret' culture
4114:AFGHANISTAN REVISITED
3601:Encyclopaedia Iranica
3570:Encyclopaedia Iranica
3404:www.chinaknowledge.de
3304:Kuwayama, S. (2002).
3259:www.chinaknowledge.de
2333:Yabghu of Tokharistan
2227:
2141:
2070:
2037:Yazid ibn al-Muhallab
2008:governor of Khurasan
1964:然火羅葉護積代已來，於大唐忠赤，朝貢不絕。
1962:
1929:
1847:
1811:
1348:
1265:continued to rule in
1229:
1154:Territorial expansion
8051:Göktürk–Persian wars
7891:Mengchi Protectorate
7862:Kunling Protectorate
6292:Ancient Central Asia
5836:Kutlug Timur Minaret
5371:Noin-Ula burial site
5169:Chinese Central Asia
4744:Martin, Dan (2011).
4247:Huntington, John C.
4160:Pro.geo.univie.ac.at
4110:Numismatic Chronicle
3972:Pro.geo.univie.ac.at
3945:Pro.geo.univie.ac.at
3722:"徃五天竺國傳 CBETA 漢文大藏經"
3387:. 中華書局. p. 250.
2692:. 中華書局. p. 250.
2364:Leo III the Isaurian
2089:Leo III the Isaurian
1118:) were a dynasty of
8197:Göktürk family tree
7988:Orkhon inscriptions
7978:Old Turkic language
7786:Kutluk Yabgu Khagan
7033:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
6229:Siberian Ice Maiden
6019:Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan
5434:Petrovka settlement
5164:Soviet Central Asia
5089:Great Seljuq Empire
4677:on 25 November 2020
4588:, near present-day
3726:tripitaka.cbeta.org
3585:, pp. 243–254.
2341:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
1950:Western Turks (657)
1942:Eastern Turks (629)
1102:traditional Chinese
948:• Established
7832:Qutluğ Säbäg Qatun
7648:Tong Yabghu Qaghan
7565:Ashina Jiesheshuai
7276:Tong Yabghu Qaghan
6926:
6584:
6573:Hellenistic Period
6525:
6384:Afanasievo culture
6179:Buddhas of Bamiyan
6132:Chilek silver bowl
5999:Buddhas of Bamiyan
5675:Obi-Rakhmat Grotto
5464:Talapty Settlement
5250:Filippovka kurgans
5139:Khanate of Bukhara
5099:Khwarazmian Empire
5024:Ikhshids of Sogdia
4869:Afanasievo culture
3996:The Arab Conquests
3860:Hirth, F. (1885).
3398:Theobald, Ulrich.
2405:dynasty of Kabul.
2337:Qutayba ibn Muslim
2326:Qutayba ibn Muslim
2273:
2081:
2049:Qutaiba ibn Muslim
1954:
1821:
1370:
1246:
1216:Hephthalite Empire
1094:simplified Chinese
8215:
8214:
8078:Göktürk civil war
8073:Goguryeo–Tang War
8018:Ongin inscription
7983:Old Turkic script
7921:Anxi Protectorate
7381:
7380:
7376:
7375:
7372:
7371:
7303:Irbis Bolun Cabgu
7064:Kushano-Sasanians
6529:Achaemenid Empire
6420:Andronovo Culture
6257:
6256:
6234:Ai-Khanoum plaque
6105:
6104:
5909:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi
5185:Central Asian art
5159:Russian Turkestan
5154:Chinese Turkestan
5054:Abbasid Caliphate
5018:Anxi Protectorate
4964:Kushano-Sasanians
4929:Macedonian Empire
4924:Achaemenid Empire
4894:Andronovo culture
4874:Sintashta culture
4759:978-0-7546-6956-2
4736:978-0-306-81740-3
4639:978-1-62412-076-3
4349:978-1-83860-868-2
4314:www.metmuseum.org
4275:978-981-4722-59-9
4233:978-1-351-88087-9
4166:on March 10, 2021
4062:Esin, E. (1977).
3917:978-1-78673-316-0
3890:978-0-8108-7283-7
3834:978-1-317-34090-4
3635:, pp. 66–67.
3620:, pp. 36–38.
3511:978-0-231-13924-3
3484:978-90-04-48294-4
3469:. BRILL. p.
3449:978-0-674-06538-3
3416:Paragraph 69 in:
3290:978-92-3-103211-0
3236:978-92-3-103211-0
3208:978-92-3-103211-0
3133:zh.wikisource.org
3027:978-92-3-103211-0
2955:978-1-932476-13-2
2902:978-1-83860-868-2
2875:978-81-208-1540-7
2824:978-92-3-103211-0
2790:978-92-3-103211-0
2763:978-1-351-92605-8
2658:(1/4): 153, 3–5.
2508:, Khisht Tepe or
2486:or Turkic period.
2442:, 7th century CE.
2422:such as those of
2372:King Phrom Ge-sar
2289:Abbasid Caliphate
2075:Buddhist pilgrim
2033:Umayyad Caliphate
2031:The Arabs of the
2014:Umayyad Caliphate
1796:, as the area of
1776:and the Sasanian
1763:Anxi Protectorate
1742:, as part of the
1736:Abdallah ibn Amir
1709:Išbara Jeb ˇ šah
1575:(麴伯雅) – ruler of
1082:
1081:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1018:
1017:
8260:
8110:Battle of Bolchu
8105:Li-Sun rebellion
7658:Sy Yabghu Khagan
7408:
7401:
7394:
7385:
7384:
7365:
7179:Kun-khi Ghadfar
7009:Bahram VI Chobin
6880:Kujula Kadphises
6511:
6409:
6305:
6304:
6301:
6300:
6284:
6277:
6270:
6261:
6260:
6224:Seal of Khingila
6152:Penjikent murals
5773:Kalai Kafirnigan
5660:Koi Krylgan Kala
5469:Turkistan (city)
5454:Steppe Geoglyphs
5218:
5217:
5149:Khanate of Khiva
5109:Chagatai Khanate
5064:Saffarid dynasty
5049:Uyghur Khaganate
4838:
4831:
4824:
4815:
4814:
4810:
4784:
4763:
4740:
4716:
4695:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4656:
4650:
4644:
4643:
4623:
4617:
4611:
4605:
4599:
4593:
4586:Kafirnihan River
4582:Jiuyuedejian-guo
4578:
4572:
4566:
4560:
4545:
4539:
4528:
4522:
4511:
4505:
4499:
4493:
4482:
4476:
4465:
4459:
4453:
4447:
4437:
4431:
4424:
4418:
4416:Yehu of Tuhuoluo
4412:
4396:
4395:
4369:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4333:
4318:
4317:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4286:
4280:
4279:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4204:
4195:
4194:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4162:. Archived from
4152:
4146:
4143:Tabaqat-i-Nasiri
4136:
4130:
4127:Gulshane Mohyali
4123:
4117:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4017:
4011:
4010:
3999:. Head of Zeus.
3990:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3937:
3931:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3848:Old Book of Tang
3845:
3839:
3838:
3818:
3797:
3796:
3729:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3688:
3679:
3678:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3621:
3615:
3606:
3604:
3592:
3586:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3561:
3550:
3544:
3535:
3534:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3378:
3353:
3352:
3328:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3274:
3263:
3262:
3251:Theobald, Ulrich
3247:
3241:
3240:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3192:
3177:
3176:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3105:10.1522/24885129
3092:
3086:
3085:
3079:
3071:
3047:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3010:
2983:
2982:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2940:Whitfield, Susan
2936:
2930:
2929:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2808:
2795:
2794:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2747:
2738:
2737:
2720:(1/4): 143–144.
2705:
2694:
2693:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2642:
2619:
2607:
2591:
2561:
2549:
2537:
2525:
2502:Kalai Kafirnigan
2479:
2463:
2451:
2435:
2299:
2296:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2210:in Tokharistan.
2178:
2095:in 717 CE, sent
1995:
1992:
1981:
1939:
1936:
1922:
1813:Zhulād of Gōzgān
1705:
1696:
1673:
1648:
1634:
1622:
1569:
1560:
1547:
1538:
1508:), as the first
1506:
1497:
1390:Byzantine Empire
1362:Afrasiyab murals
1251:Byzantine Empire
1243:
1240:
1116:
1107:
1099:
1048:
1047:
1034:
1033:
1022:
1021:
1009:
1008:
995:
994:
988:
987:
972:
971:
918:
915:
836:
821:
814:
813:
803:
796:
795:
785:
778:
777:
765:
748:
733:
718:
711:
710:
700:
693:
692:
682:
675:
674:
664:
657:
656:
646:
639:
638:
626:
613:
606:
605:
595:
588:
587:
577:
570:
569:
559:
552:
551:
541:
534:
533:
523:
516:
515:
503:
490:
479:
472:
471:
460:
448:
441:
440:
430:
423:
422:
412:
405:
404:
394:
387:
386:
376:
369:
368:
357:
349:
348:
336:
321:
308:
301:
300:
288:
277:
276:
270:
247:
245:
236:
234:
227:
225:
216:
214:
205:
203:
194:
192:
185:
183:
174:
172:
163:
161:
152:
150:
141:
139:
132:
130:
121:
119:
110:
108:
99:
97:
88:
86:
85:TURKIC KHAGANATE
77:
75:
74:TURKIC KHAGANATE
66:
64:
57:
56:
48:
42:
19:
18:
8268:
8267:
8263:
8262:
8261:
8259:
8258:
8257:
8218:
8217:
8216:
8211:
8185:
8114:
8038:
8032:
7946:Göktürk culture
7941:
7930:Tokhara Yabghus
7875:Ashina Yuanqing
7852:
7844:
7839:El Bilga Khatun
7761:Qapaghan Qaghan
7756:Ilterish Qaghan
7748:
7740:
7620:
7612:
7524:
7516:
7425:
7417:
7412:
7382:
7377:
7355:
7346:
7332:
7292:
7290:
7288:Tokhara Yabghus
7265:
7260:(vassal of the
7259:
7257:
7194:
7192:
7175:
7173:
7144:
7142:
7112:
7110:
7096:
7094:
7068:
7066:
7039:Farrukh Hormizd
6918:
6916:
6914:Sasanian Empire
6878:
6876:
6854:
6852:
6734:Mithridates III
6714:
6712:
6710:Parthian Empire
6698:
6692:
6691:
6684:
6682:
6649:
6647:
6607:Seleucid Empire
6603:
6576:
6574:
6533:
6531:
6506:
6503:Pazyryk Culture
6500:
6494:
6483:
6472:
6466:
6443:
6441:
6404:
6389:Proto-Tocharian
6386:
6372:,as far as the
6370:Eurasian Steppe
6362:Yamnaya culture
6339:Altai Mountains
6309:
6294:
6288:
6258:
6253:
6214:Afrasiab murals
6157:Sampul tapestry
6101:
6097:Shahr-e Sukhteh
6087:Bandian complex
6073:
6049:Musalla Complex
5929:Tapa-i Kafariha
5870:
5791:Cave of Dzhebel
5777:
5719:
5556:
5488:
5484:Araltobe kurgan
5375:
5357:
5283:Kizilgaha caves
5254:
5240:Pazyryk burials
5222:Southern Russia
5209:
5173:
5059:Tahirid dynasty
5029:Tokhara Yabghus
4934:Seleucid Empire
4909:Pazyryk culture
4864:Yamnaya culture
4847:
4842:
4781:
4760:
4737:
4713:
4680:
4678:
4665:
4660:
4659:
4651:
4647:
4640:
4626:
4624:
4620:
4612:
4608:
4600:
4596:
4579:
4575:
4567:
4563:
4546:
4542:
4529:
4525:
4521:, Afghanistan)"
4512:
4508:
4500:
4496:
4483:
4479:
4466:
4462:
4454:
4450:
4438:
4434:
4425:
4421:
4413:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4367:
4361:
4357:
4350:
4334:
4321:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4295:
4287:
4283:
4276:
4260:
4256:
4245:
4241:
4234:
4205:
4198:
4183:
4179:
4169:
4167:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4137:
4133:
4124:
4120:
4107:
4103:
4060:
4056:
4049:
4033:
4029:
4018:
4014:
4007:
3991:
3987:
3977:
3975:
3964:
3960:
3950:
3948:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3929:
3925:
3918:
3902:
3898:
3891:
3875:
3871:
3846:
3842:
3835:
3819:
3800:
3793:
3778:
3733:
3731:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3703:
3689:
3682:
3643:
3639:
3631:
3624:
3616:
3609:
3593:
3589:
3581:
3577:
3564:Bosworth, C.E.
3562:
3553:
3545:
3538:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3512:
3496:
3492:
3485:
3461:
3457:
3450:
3434:
3430:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3396:
3392:
3379:
3356:
3329:
3318:
3310:
3302:
3298:
3291:
3275:
3266:
3248:
3244:
3237:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3193:
3180:
3165:
3151:
3147:
3138:
3136:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3115:
3093:
3089:
3073:
3072:
3060:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3028:
3011:
2986:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2937:
2933:
2914:
2910:
2903:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2860:
2856:
2848:
2844:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2809:
2798:
2791:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2748:
2741:
2706:
2697:
2683:
2679:
2643:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2620:
2611:
2608:
2599:
2592:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2553:
2550:
2541:
2538:
2529:
2526:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2471:
2464:
2455:
2452:
2443:
2436:
2411:
2322:Yazid ibn Ziyad
2297:
2275:In the area of
2222:
2216:
2214:Kapisa-Gandhara
2179:
2167:
2117:
2115:Chinese sources
2065:
1993:
1988:
1982:
1974:
1965:
1937:
1923:
1915:
1850:
1806:
1790:
1704:Ashina Shaboluo
1689:Ishbara Yabgu (
1687:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1675:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1612:
1526:
1455:. The areas of
1380:and forced the
1343:
1319:
1283:
1241:
1237:in 588–589 CE.
1224:
1176:Sasanian Empire
1156:
1086:Tokhara Yabghus
1075:
1071:
1067:
1045:
1031:
1006:
999:Sasanian Empire
992:
959:
949:
919:
916:
872:
846:
845:
844:
843:
842:
841:
840:
834:
832:
825:
824:
823:
819:
815:
807:
806:
805:
801:
797:
789:
788:
787:
783:
779:
771:
770:
769:
763:
761:
754:
753:
752:
746:
739:
738:
737:
731:
729:
722:
721:
720:
716:
712:
704:
703:
702:
698:
694:
686:
685:
684:
680:
676:
668:
667:
666:
662:
658:
650:
649:
648:
644:
640:
632:
631:
630:
624:
617:
616:
615:
611:
607:
599:
598:
597:
593:
589:
581:
580:
579:
575:
571:
563:
562:
561:
557:
553:
545:
544:
543:
539:
535:
527:
526:
525:
521:
517:
509:
508:
507:
501:
494:
493:
492:
488:
483:
482:
481:
477:
473:
465:
464:
463:
459:TOKHARA YABGHUS
458:
452:
451:
450:
446:
442:
434:
433:
432:
428:
424:
416:
415:
414:
410:
406:
398:
397:
396:
392:
388:
380:
379:
378:
374:
370:
362:
361:
360:
355:
350:
342:
341:
340:
334:
327:
326:
325:
319:
312:
311:
310:
306:
302:
294:
293:
292:
286:
279:
278:
257:
256:
252:
251:
250:
249:
248:
243:
241:
239:
237:
232:
230:
228:
223:
221:
219:
217:
210:
208:
206:
201:Paleo-Siberians
199:
197:
195:
190:
188:
186:
179:
177:
175:
170:
168:
166:
164:
159:
157:
155:
153:
148:
146:
144:
142:
137:
135:
133:
128:
126:
124:
122:
115:
113:
111:
106:
104:
102:
100:
95:
93:
91:
89:
84:
82:
80:
78:
73:
71:
69:
67:
62:
60:
58:
51:
49:
24:
23:Tokhara Yabghus
17:
12:
11:
5:
8266:
8256:
8255:
8250:
8245:
8240:
8235:
8230:
8213:
8212:
8210:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8193:
8191:
8187:
8186:
8184:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8163:
8158:
8153:
8148:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8122:
8120:
8116:
8115:
8113:
8112:
8107:
8102:
8101:
8100:
8090:
8085:
8080:
8075:
8070:
8069:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8048:
8042:
8040:
8034:
8033:
8031:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7995:
7990:
7985:
7980:
7975:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7949:
7947:
7943:
7942:
7940:
7939:
7933:
7926:
7925:
7923:
7917:
7916:
7911:
7909:Ashina Huaidao
7906:
7904:Ashina Huseluo
7901:
7895:
7894:
7892:
7888:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7866:
7865:
7863:
7859:
7857:
7846:
7845:
7843:
7842:
7835:
7828:
7821:
7814:
7807:
7804:Ashina Duoxifu
7799:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7752:
7750:
7742:
7741:
7739:
7738:
7731:
7724:
7717:
7710:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7687:
7686:
7679:
7671:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7638:Heshana Qaghan
7635:
7630:
7624:
7622:
7614:
7613:
7611:
7610:
7607:Ashina Shibobi
7603:
7596:
7589:
7586:Ashina Nishufu
7582:
7575:
7568:
7560:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7528:
7526:
7518:
7517:
7515:
7514:
7507:
7499:
7498:
7491:
7488:Empress Ashina
7484:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7465:Ishbara Qaghan
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7429:
7427:
7419:
7418:
7411:
7410:
7403:
7396:
7388:
7379:
7378:
7374:
7373:
7370:
7369:
7358:
7357:
7351:
7348:
7342:
7339:
7335:
7334:
7328:
7325:
7321:
7320:
7297:
7286:
7283:
7282:625 CE–651 CE
7279:
7278:
7270:Heshana Khagan
7253:
7250:
7249:560 CE–625 CE
7246:
7245:
7230:Empress Ashina
7216:Ishbara Qaghan
7188:
7185:
7184:560 CE–651 CE
7181:
7180:
7169:
7166:
7165:440 CE–560 CE
7162:
7161:
7138:
7135:
7134:370 CE–540 CE
7131:
7130:
7106:
7103:
7102:320 CE–467 CE
7099:
7098:
7090:
7087:
7062:
7059:
6912:
6909:
6905:
6904:
6897:
6886:Vima Kadphises
6872:
6869:
6865:
6864:
6848:
6845:
6844:141 BCE–30 CE
6841:
6840:
6835:
6812:Parthamaspates
6746:Mithridates IV
6728:Mithridates II
6708:
6705:
6701:
6700:
6694:
6678:
6675:
6668:
6643:
6640:
6636:
6635:
6628:
6621:
6587:Argead dynasty
6572:
6569:
6565:
6564:
6556:Artaxerxes III
6527:
6517:
6513:
6512:
6497:Arzhan culture
6487:
6476:
6459:
6437:
6434:
6430:
6429:
6427:
6423:
6422:
6417:
6416:2000–1900 BCE
6413:
6412:
6410:
6399:
6397:
6396:2400–2000 BCE
6393:
6392:
6381:
6378:
6377:
6358:
6357:3500–2500 BCE
6354:
6353:
6345:
6342:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6299:
6296:
6295:
6287:
6286:
6279:
6272:
6264:
6255:
6254:
6252:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6174:Bimaran Casket
6171:
6166:
6163:Sogdian Daēnās
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6137:Gardez Ganesha
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6113:
6111:
6107:
6106:
6103:
6102:
6100:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6083:
6081:
6075:
6074:
6072:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5959:Takht-e Rostam
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5894:Dilberjin Tepe
5891:
5886:
5880:
5878:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5787:
5785:
5779:
5778:
5776:
5775:
5770:
5768:Takht-i Sangin
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5729:
5727:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5620:Guldursun-Kala
5617:
5612:
5607:
5605:Dalverzin Tepe
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5575:Akchakhan-Kala
5572:
5566:
5564:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5498:
5496:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5385:
5383:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5367:
5365:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5333:Dunhuang Caves
5330:
5328:Bezeklik Caves
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5293:Subashi Temple
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5264:
5262:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5226:
5224:
5215:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5144:Durrani Empire
5141:
5136:
5134:Timurid Empire
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4879:Vakhsh culture
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4855:
4853:
4849:
4848:
4841:
4840:
4833:
4826:
4818:
4812:
4811:
4789:Gibb, H. A. R.
4785:
4779:
4764:
4758:
4741:
4735:
4717:
4711:
4696:
4687:
4664:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4645:
4638:
4618:
4606:
4594:
4573:
4561:
4540:
4523:
4519:Mazār-e Sherif
4506:
4494:
4477:
4460:
4448:
4432:
4419:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4378:(1/4): 35–66.
4355:
4348:
4319:
4301:
4281:
4274:
4254:
4239:
4232:
4196:
4177:
4147:
4131:
4118:
4101:
4080:10.2307/600737
4054:
4047:
4027:
4022:"Golden Words"
4012:
4005:
3985:
3958:
3932:
3923:
3916:
3896:
3889:
3869:
3840:
3833:
3798:
3792:978-0895810243
3791:
3715:Original text:
3708:
3702:978-0895810243
3701:
3680:
3659:10.2307/600737
3637:
3622:
3607:
3587:
3575:
3551:
3549:, p. 132.
3536:
3517:
3510:
3490:
3483:
3455:
3448:
3428:
3409:
3390:
3354:
3316:
3296:
3289:
3264:
3242:
3235:
3214:
3207:
3178:
3164:978-1406713879
3163:
3145:
3120:
3114:978-9781412356
3113:
3087:
3059:978-9231027192
3058:
3033:
3026:
2984:
2961:
2954:
2931:
2908:
2901:
2881:
2874:
2854:
2852:, p. 178.
2850:Rezakhani 2017
2842:
2840:, p. 177.
2838:Rezakhani 2017
2830:
2823:
2796:
2789:
2769:
2762:
2739:
2695:
2677:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2602:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2520:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2446:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2410:
2407:
2218:Main article:
2215:
2212:
2165:
2116:
2113:
2064:
2061:
1987:
1984:
1972:
1913:
1805:
1802:
1789:
1786:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1643:
1642:
1636:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1525:
1522:
1512:(sub-king) of
1360:. 648–651 CE,
1342:
1339:
1318:
1315:
1282:
1279:
1223:
1220:
1155:
1152:
1080:
1079:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1028:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1002:
1001:
996:
984:
983:
978:
968:
967:
964:
963:
960:
957:
954:
953:
950:
947:
944:
943:
940:
939:
937:Early Medieval
934:
933:Historical era
930:
929:
926:
925:
920:
911:
908:
907:
904:
903:
898:
894:
893:
888:
884:
883:
878:
874:
873:
847:
828:
827:
826:
817:
816:
808:
799:
798:
790:
781:
780:
772:
757:
756:
755:
742:
741:
740:
725:
724:
723:
714:
713:
705:
696:
695:
687:
678:
677:
669:
660:
659:
651:
642:
641:
633:
620:
619:
618:
609:
608:
600:
591:
590:
582:
573:
572:
564:
555:
554:
546:
537:
536:
528:
519:
518:
510:
497:
496:
495:
486:
485:
484:
475:
474:
466:
455:
454:
453:
444:
443:
435:
426:
425:
417:
408:
407:
399:
390:
389:
381:
372:
371:
363:
352:
351:
343:
330:
329:
328:
315:
314:
313:
304:
303:
295:
282:
281:
280:
271:
265:
264:
263:
262:
259:
258:
254:
253:
43:
37:
36:
35:
34:
31:
30:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8265:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8225:
8223:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8194:
8192:
8188:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8154:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8123:
8121:
8117:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8099:
8096:
8095:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8053:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8043:
8041:
8035:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7993:Orkhon Valley
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7950:
7948:
7944:
7937:
7934:
7931:
7928:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7918:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7899:Ashina Buzhen
7897:
7896:
7893:
7890:
7889:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7867:
7864:
7861:
7860:
7858:
7856:
7851:
7850:Western Turks
7847:
7840:
7836:
7833:
7829:
7826:
7822:
7819:
7815:
7812:
7808:
7805:
7801:
7800:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7781:Tengri Qaghan
7779:
7777:
7776:Yollıg Khagan
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7753:
7751:
7747:
7743:
7736:
7732:
7729:
7725:
7722:
7718:
7715:
7711:
7708:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7688:
7684:
7680:
7677:
7676:El Kulug Shad
7673:
7672:
7669:
7668:Ishbara Tolis
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7625:
7623:
7619:
7615:
7608:
7604:
7601:
7600:Ashide Fengji
7597:
7594:
7590:
7587:
7583:
7580:
7579:Ashina She'er
7576:
7573:
7572:Ashina Funian
7569:
7566:
7562:
7561:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7552:Qilibi Qaghan
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7529:
7527:
7523:
7519:
7512:
7508:
7505:
7501:
7500:
7496:
7492:
7489:
7485:
7482:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7455:Taspar Qaghan
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7435:
7431:
7430:
7428:
7424:
7420:
7416:
7409:
7404:
7402:
7397:
7395:
7390:
7389:
7386:
7368:
7364:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7347:
7345:
7337:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7323:
7322:
7319:
7316:
7313:
7310:
7309:Ishbara Tolis
7307:
7304:
7301:
7295:
7291:
7289:
7280:
7277:
7274:
7271:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7256:
7255:Western Turks
7247:
7243:
7239:
7235:
7231:
7227:
7223:
7220:
7217:
7214:
7211:
7210:Taspar Qaghan
7208:
7205:
7202:
7198:
7193:
7191:
7182:
7178:
7174:
7172:
7163:
7160:
7157:
7153:
7150:
7147:
7143:
7141:
7132:
7129:
7125:
7122:
7119:
7116:
7111:
7109:
7100:
7095:
7093:
7086:
7083:
7080:
7077:
7074:
7071:
7067:
7065:
7058:
7055:
7052:
7051:Yazdegerd III
7049:
7046:
7043:
7040:
7037:
7034:
7031:
7028:
7025:
7022:
7019:
7016:
7013:
7010:
7007:
7004:
7001:
6998:
6995:
6992:
6989:
6986:
6983:
6980:
6977:
6974:
6971:
6968:
6965:
6962:
6959:
6956:
6953:
6950:
6947:
6944:
6941:
6938:
6935:
6932:
6929:
6922:
6917:
6915:
6906:
6903:
6902:
6896:
6893:
6890:
6887:
6884:
6881:
6877:
6875:
6874:Kushan Empire
6866:
6863:
6860:
6857:
6853:
6851:
6842:
6839:
6834:
6831:
6828:
6825:
6822:
6819:
6818:Mithridates V
6816:
6815:Sinatruces II
6813:
6810:
6809:Vologases III
6807:
6804:
6803:Artabanus III
6801:
6798:
6795:
6792:
6789:
6786:
6783:
6780:
6777:
6774:
6773:Tiridates III
6771:
6768:
6765:
6762:
6759:
6756:
6753:
6750:
6747:
6744:
6741:
6738:
6735:
6732:
6729:
6726:
6723:
6720:
6717:
6716:Mithridates I
6713:
6711:
6703:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6696:Hunnic tribes
6690:
6687:
6683:
6681:
6674:
6673:
6667:
6664:
6663:Euthydemus II
6661:
6658:
6655:
6652:
6648:
6646:
6638:
6637:
6634:
6633:
6627:
6626:
6620:
6619:
6616:
6613:
6609:
6608:
6602:
6599:
6596:
6593:
6589:
6588:
6580:
6575:
6567:
6566:
6563:
6560:
6559:Artaxerxes IV
6557:
6554:
6553:Artaxerxes II
6551:
6548:
6545:
6542:
6539:
6536:
6532:
6530:
6522:
6514:
6510:
6504:
6498:
6493:
6492:
6486:
6482:
6481:
6475:
6471:
6470:
6465:
6464:
6458:
6455:
6452:
6449:
6446:
6442:
6440:
6439:Median Empire
6432:
6431:
6426:2000–900 BCE
6425:
6424:
6421:
6415:
6414:
6408:
6403:
6395:
6394:
6390:
6385:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6366:Pontic steppe
6363:
6355:
6352:
6351:
6348:Preceded by:
6343:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6307:
6306:
6303:
6302:
6297:
6293:
6285:
6280:
6278:
6273:
6271:
6266:
6265:
6262:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6169:Oxus Treasure
6167:
6165:
6164:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6122:Orlat plaques
6120:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6112:
6108:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6080:
6076:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6014:Dasht-e Nawar
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5877:
5873:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5846:Monjukli Depe
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5831:Konye-Urgench
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5784:
5780:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5763:Takht-i Kuwad
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5726:
5722:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5563:
5559:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5522:Koshoy Korgon
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5495:
5491:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5382:
5378:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5364:
5360:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5288:Kumtura Caves
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5261:
5260:Western China
5257:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5245:Salbyk kurgan
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5235:Arzhan kurgan
5233:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5223:
5219:
5216:
5212:
5206:
5205:Serindian art
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5176:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5104:Mongol Empire
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5094:Ghurid Empire
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5019:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5009:Western Turks
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4959:Kushan Empire
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4944:Guiyi Circuit
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4919:Median Empire
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4899:Tagar culture
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4839:
4834:
4832:
4827:
4825:
4820:
4819:
4816:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4795:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4780:0-521-29534-3
4776:
4772:
4771:
4765:
4761:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4742:
4738:
4732:
4728:
4727:
4722:
4721:Kennedy, Hugh
4718:
4714:
4712:9781474400305
4708:
4704:
4703:
4697:
4693:
4688:
4676:
4672:
4667:
4666:
4654:
4649:
4641:
4635:
4631:
4630:
4622:
4615:
4610:
4604:
4598:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4577:
4571:
4565:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4549:Hushijian-guo
4544:
4537:
4536:Wakhan valley
4533:
4527:
4520:
4516:
4510:
4504:
4498:
4491:
4487:
4481:
4474:
4470:
4464:
4458:
4452:
4445:
4441:
4436:
4429:
4423:
4417:
4411:
4407:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4372:East and West
4366:
4359:
4351:
4345:
4341:
4340:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4315:
4311:
4305:
4294:
4293:
4285:
4277:
4271:
4267:
4266:
4258:
4250:
4243:
4235:
4229:
4225:
4224:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4203:
4201:
4192:
4188:
4181:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4151:
4144:
4140:
4139:H. G. Raverty
4135:
4128:
4122:
4115:
4111:
4105:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4058:
4050:
4048:9789004282094
4044:
4040:
4039:
4031:
4023:
4016:
4008:
4006:9781838933418
4002:
3998:
3997:
3989:
3973:
3969:
3962:
3946:
3942:
3936:
3927:
3919:
3913:
3909:
3908:
3900:
3892:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3873:
3865:
3864:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3844:
3836:
3830:
3826:
3825:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3794:
3788:
3784:
3779:Adapted from
3776:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3727:
3723:
3712:
3704:
3698:
3694:
3687:
3685:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3629:
3627:
3619:
3614:
3612:
3602:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3579:
3571:
3567:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3548:
3547:Beckwith 2009
3543:
3541:
3532:
3528:
3521:
3513:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3494:
3486:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3459:
3451:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3432:
3424:
3420:
3413:
3405:
3401:
3394:
3386:
3385:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3309:
3308:
3300:
3292:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3238:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3218:
3210:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3156:
3149:
3134:
3130:
3124:
3116:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3091:
3083:
3077:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3045:
3037:
3029:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2957:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2935:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2912:
2904:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2885:
2877:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2858:
2851:
2846:
2839:
2834:
2826:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2792:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2773:
2765:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2746:
2744:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2714:East and West
2711:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2691:
2690:
2681:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2652:East and West
2649:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2632:
2618:
2613:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2567:
2560:
2555:
2548:
2543:
2536:
2531:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2485:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2457:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2350:From 719 CE,
2348:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2298: 650 CE
2292:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2234:Brahmi script
2231:
2226:
2221:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2202:mentioned in
2201:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1994: 689 CE
1979:
1978:
1971:
1969:
1961:
1959:
1958:Western Turks
1951:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1928:
1920:
1919:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1759:Yuèzhī Dūdùfû
1756:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1692:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1647:
1639:
1633:
1621:
1607:
1605:
1604:Ishbara Tegin
1601:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1568:Tǔhuǒluó Yèhù
1564:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1399:According to
1397:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1314:
1312:
1311:Bahram Chobin
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1236:
1232:
1231:Bahram Chobin
1228:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1115:Tǔhuǒluó Yèhù
1111:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1061:Today part of
1059:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1011:
1004:
1003:
1000:
997:
990:
989:
986:
985:
982:
979:
977:
974:
973:
969:
965:
961:
955:
951:
945:
941:
938:
935:
931:
927:
924:
921:
917: 625 CE
909:
905:
902:
899:
895:
892:
889:
885:
882:
879:
875:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
839:
838:
837:
822:
804:
786:
768:
767:
766:
751:
750:
749:
747:PATOLA SHAHIS
736:
735:
734:
719:
701:
683:
665:
647:
629:
628:
627:
614:
596:
578:
560:
542:
524:
506:
505:
504:
491:
480:
462:
461:
449:
431:
413:
395:
377:
359:
358:
339:
338:
337:
324:
323:
322:
309:
291:
290:
289:
269:
260:
246:
235:
226:
215:
213:
204:
202:
193:
184:
182:
173:
162:
151:
140:
131:
120:
118:
109:
98:
87:
76:
65:
55:
47:
41:
32:
29:625 CE–758 CE
27:
20:
8202:Ashina tribe
8037:Göktürk wars
7929:
7870:Ashina Mishe
7791:Özmiş Khagan
7735:Ashina Tuizi
7728:Tardush Shad
7721:Ashina Duzhi
7663:Duolu Qaghan
7593:Ashide Wenfu
7557:Chebi Qaghan
7547:Illig Qaghan
7542:Chulo Qaghan
7537:Shibi Qaghan
7504:Yangsu Tegin
7475:Tulan Qaghan
7470:Bagha Qaghan
7460:Ashina Anluo
7450:Muqan Qaghan
7445:Issik Qaghan
7440:Bumin Qaghan
7350:
7341:
7338:673–751 CE
7327:
7324:651–673 CE
7306:Duolu Qaghan
7294:Tardush Shad
7287:
7285:
7262:Tang dynasty
7252:
7238:Yangsu Tegin
7222:Tulan Qaghan
7219:Bagha Qaghan
7213:Ashina Anluo
7207:Muqan Qaghan
7204:Issik Qaghan
7201:Bumin Qaghan
7187:
7171:Hephthalites
7168:
7137:
7105:
7089:
7061:
7021:Ardashir III
6979:Yazdegerd II
6911:
6899:
6871:
6847:
6833:Artabanus IV
6830:Vologases VI
6821:Vologases IV
6800:Vologases II
6776:Artabanus II
6770:Artabanus II
6755:Tiridates II
6743:Phraates III
6707:
6704:160–141 BCE
6693:
6677:
6670:
6666:Antimachus I
6657:Euthydemus I
6642:
6639:256–160 BCE
6630:
6623:
6618:Antiochus II
6605:
6604:
6598:Alexander II
6585:
6571:
6568:331–256 BCE
6547:Artaxerxes I
6526:
6516:539–331 BCE
6489:
6478:
6467:
6461:
6436:
6433:626–539 BCE
6368:through the
6347:
6308:Territories/
6161:
6092:Mount Khajeh
6059:Qala-i-Jangi
6039:Khair Khaneh
5944:Khair Khaneh
5851:Namazga-Tepe
5806:Anau culture
5783:Turkmenistan
5700:Tavka Kurgan
5595:Balalyk Tepe
5512:Burana Tower
5502:Aigyr-Zhal 2
5394:Issyk kurgan
5129:Kart dynasty
5124:Sufi dynasty
5114:Golden Horde
5039:Oghuz Yabgus
5028:
5014:Tang dynasty
4979:Hephthalites
4904:Uyuk culture
4793:
4769:
4749:
4725:
4701:
4691:
4679:. Retrieved
4675:the original
4648:
4628:
4621:
4609:
4602:
4597:
4581:
4576:
4569:
4564:
4548:
4543:
4531:
4526:
4514:
4509:
4502:
4497:
4485:
4480:
4469:Shihanna-guo
4468:
4463:
4456:
4451:
4439:
4435:
4427:
4422:
4415:
4410:
4375:
4371:
4358:
4338:
4313:
4304:
4291:
4284:
4264:
4257:
4242:
4222:
4212:Hephthalites
4190:
4180:
4168:. Retrieved
4164:the original
4159:
4150:
4142:
4134:
4126:
4121:
4113:
4109:
4104:
4071:
4067:
4057:
4037:
4030:
4015:
3995:
3988:
3976:. Retrieved
3971:
3961:
3949:. Retrieved
3944:
3935:
3926:
3906:
3899:
3879:
3872:
3862:
3851:
3843:
3823:
3782:
3764:Three Jewels
3744:Tuhuoluo-guo
3743:
3725:
3711:
3692:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3600:
3590:
3583:Kennedy 2007
3578:
3569:
3530:
3520:
3500:
3493:
3475:p.131, map 3
3465:
3458:
3438:
3431:
3422:
3412:
3403:
3393:
3383:
3340:
3336:
3306:
3299:
3279:
3258:
3245:
3225:
3217:
3197:
3154:
3148:
3137:. Retrieved
3135:(in Chinese)
3132:
3123:
3096:
3090:
3043:
3036:
3016:
2978:
2974:
2964:
2944:
2934:
2925:
2921:
2911:
2891:
2884:
2864:
2857:
2845:
2833:
2813:
2779:
2772:
2752:
2717:
2713:
2688:
2680:
2655:
2651:
2577:
2496:Buddhism in
2495:
2416:Buddhist art
2412:
2376:
2368:Fromo Kesaro
2356:Fromo Kesaro
2349:
2330:
2293:
2274:
2189:
2181:
2172:
2157:Three Jewels
2145:Tuhuoluo-guo
2144:
2142:
2120:
2118:
2105:Fromo Kesaro
2082:
2045:Nezak Tarkan
2039:re-captured
2030:
2025:
1989:
1977:Cefu Yuangui
1975:
1968:Tang dynasty
1963:
1955:
1932:Tang dynasty
1918:Cefu Yuangui
1916:
1909:Yehu Tuhuolo
1908:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1830:
1826:Cefu Yuangui
1824:
1822:
1791:
1767:
1758:
1755:Tang dynasty
1748:
1733:
1729:
1708:
1702:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1657:
1566:
1544:
1529:Tardush Shad
1527:
1503:
1488:Tardush Shad
1485:
1476:
1401:Cefu Yuangui
1398:
1375:
1371:
1350:Western Turk
1320:
1287:Bagha Qaghan
1284:
1247:
1235:Bagha Qaghan
1212:Hephthalites
1172:Hephthalites
1157:
1120:Western Turk
1113:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1026:Tang dynasty
981:Succeeded by
980:
975:
923:Tardush Shad
830:
829:
759:
758:
744:
743:
727:
726:
623:
622:
500:
499:
457:
456:
353:
332:
331:
317:
316:
284:
283:
211:
200:
180:
138:PUSHYABHUTIS
125:
116:
8039:and battles
8008:Ülüş system
7936:Turk Shahis
7885:Ashina Zhen
7880:Ashina Xian
7855:Jimi system
7771:Bilgä Qaǧan
7766:Inel Qaghan
7696:Irbis Seguy
7653:Külüg Sibir
7633:Niri Qaghan
7532:Yami Qaghan
7434:Ashina Tuwu
7318:Ashina Helu
7315:Irbis Seguy
7300:Külüg Sibir
7267:Niri Qaghan
7197:Ashina Tuwu
7140:Alchon Huns
7036:Azarmidokht
7027:Khosrow III
6982:Hormizd III
6967:Yazdegerd I
6958:Ardashir II
6952:Adur Narseh
6908:224–350 CE
6868:30 –224 CE
6827:Vologases V
6794:Vardanes II
6791:Vologases I
6782:Gotarzes II
6752:Phraates IV
6722:Hyspaosines
6686:Modu Chanyu
6660:Demetrius I
6654:Diodotus II
6615:Antiochus I
6592:Alexander I
6184:Kabul hoard
6117:Sokh snakes
6069:Surkh Kotal
6034:Haji Piyada
6009:Darra-e Kur
5974:Yemshi Tepe
5969:Tillya Tepe
5964:Tepe Fullol
5954:Tepe Narenj
5949:Tapa Sardar
5939:Fondukistan
5904:Tapa Shotor
5884:Tepe Fullol
5876:Afghanistan
5705:Toprak-Kala
5690:Shahrukhiya
5640:Kampir Tepe
5630:Itchan Kala
5585:Ancient Pap
5542:Shakh Fazil
5414:Krasnyi Yar
5318:Mogao Caves
5278:Kizil Caves
5214:Archaeology
5079:Farighunids
5034:Turk Shahis
4974:Alchon Huns
4653:Martin 2011
4614:Martin 2011
4442:, Kabul or
4216:Alchon Huns
4208:Ephthalites
3852:Jiu Tangshu
3740:Tokharistan
3633:Shaban 1970
3595:Grenet, F.
3343:(3): 1057.
2975:Transoxiana
2498:Tokharistan
2484:Hephthalite
2468:Afghanistan
2403:Hindu Shahi
2395:Hindu Shahi
2220:Turk Shahis
2121:"T’u-chüeh"
2101:Turk Shahis
1998:Hephthalite
1600:Afghanistan
1514:Tokharistan
1421:Chaghaniyan
1386:Indus river
1378:Tokharistan
1263:Alchon Huns
1242: 1560
1196:Tokharistan
1164:Transoxonia
1144:Turk Shahis
1132:Tokharistan
1065:Afghanistan
1040:Turk Shahis
976:Preceded by
853:Turk Shahis
502:TURK SHAHIS
8243:630 deaths
8222:Categories
8028:Qara bodun
7914:Ashina Xin
7796:Ashina Shi
7707:Bagha Shad
7691:Yukuk Shad
7495:Apa Qaghan
7312:Yukuk Shad
7234:Apa Qaghan
7177:Akhshunwar
7159:Mihirakula
7097:Wanunkhur
7079:Hormizd II
7070:Ardashir I
7045:Khosrow IV
7042:Hormizd VI
7024:Shahrbaraz
7015:Khosrow II
7006:Khosrow II
7003:Hormizd IV
6961:Shapur III
6949:Hormizd II
6943:Bahram III
6928:Ardashir I
6895:Vasudeva I
6889:Kanishka I
6883:Vima Takto
6859:Sapadbizes
6838:Eucratides
6797:Pacorus II
6788:Vonones II
6785:Meherdates
6779:Vardanes I
6764:Orodes III
6761:Phraates V
6740:Sinatruces
6651:Diodotus I
6612:Seleucus I
6562:Darius III
6469:Massagetae
6290:Rulers of
6064:Rag-i-Bibi
5889:Ai-Khanoum
5821:Gonur Depe
5816:Dev-Kesken
5753:Kafir-kala
5743:Ajina tepe
5725:Tajikistan
5685:Sarmishsay
5670:Kyzyl-Kala
5650:Khalchayan
5635:Kafir-kala
5615:Fayaz Tepe
5600:Burchmulla
5562:Uzbekistan
5552:Tash Rabat
5527:Manas Ordo
5494:Kyrgyzstan
5381:Kazakhstan
5084:Ghaznavids
4989:Ustrushana
4984:Tocharians
4914:Massagetae
4797:. London:
4681:1 November
4570:Fanyan-guo
4074:(3): 330.
3653:(3): 330.
3471:119, map 2
3139:2018-08-21
2628:References
2566:Ajina Tepe
2510:Kafyr Kala
2506:Ajina Tepe
2360:East Roman
2352:Tegin Shah
2316:as far as
2306:Zabulistan
2285:Turk Shahi
2230:Turk Shahi
2185:An Lu-shan
2163:teachings.
2153:Badakhshan
2125:Zabulistan
2079:in 726 CE.
1938: 660
1905:Badakhshan
1901:Quwādhiyān
1873:Chaghanian
1836:Hindu Kush
1469:Alchon Hun
1453:Badakhshan
1405:Zabulistan
1382:Hephtalite
1192:Zabulistan
1180:Chaganiyan
1140:Badakhshan
1136:Oxus River
1124:Hephtalite
1077:Tajikistan
1073:Uzbekistan
897:Government
558:Badakhshan
8088:Xueyantuo
7938:(665–870)
7932:(625-758)
7818:Kul Tigin
7811:Kulun Beg
7749:(682–744)
7714:Böri Shad
7621:(581–657)
7525:(581–630)
7426:(552–581)
7124:Grumbates
7108:Kidarites
7076:Hormizd I
7054:Peroz III
7000:Khosrow I
6970:Shapur IV
6964:Bahram IV
6955:Shapur II
6940:Bahram II
6934:Hormizd I
6824:Osroes II
6767:Vonones I
6749:Orodes II
6725:Artabanus
6601:Antigonus
6550:Darius II
6448:Phraortes
6364:from the
6110:Artifacts
5984:Aq Kupruk
5934:Mes Aynak
5866:Ulug Depe
5801:Altyndepe
5748:Cyropolis
5738:Penjikent
5710:Varakhsha
5645:Kara Tepe
5590:Ayaz-Kala
5580:Akhsikath
5570:Afrasiyab
5517:Issyk-Kul
5507:Balasagun
5353:Beshbalik
5230:Sintashta
5190:Silk Road
5119:Ilkhanate
5074:Ma'munids
4969:Kidarites
4807:499987512
4486:Jiesu-guo
4457:Gutuo-guo
4384:0012-8376
4088:0003-0279
4041:. BRILL.
3752:Badakshan
3667:0003-0279
3618:Gibb 1923
3531:ctext.org
3423:ctext.org
3076:cite book
2981:: Fig.25.
2928:: Fig. B.
2726:0012-8376
2664:0012-8376
2420:Silk Road
2314:Arachosia
2228:An early
2196:Nestorian
2177:, 726 CE.
2137:Badakshan
2085:Byzantine
2053:al-Hajjaj
2000:ruler of
1794:Badakshan
1778:Peroz III
1725:Shuburgan
1592:Qu Wentai
1546:Dátóu Shè
1505:Dátóu Shè
1449:Kobadiyan
1358:Samarkand
1354:Varkhuman
887:Religion
869:Shuburgan
429:Shuburgan
393:Chaganian
375:Samarkand
171:KHAGANATE
158:BYZANTINE
8098:Conquest
7973:Kurultai
7953:Tengrism
7825:Tonyukuk
7415:Göktürks
7264:657–742)
7156:Toramana
7146:Khingila
7128:Goboziko
7085:Varahran
7082:Peroz II
7018:Kavad II
6976:Bahram V
6937:Bahram I
6931:Shapur I
6892:Huvishka
6856:Arseiles
6806:Osroes I
6737:Orodes I
6731:Gotarzes
6719:Phraates
6689:Laoshang
6541:Darius I
6538:Cambyses
6457:Astyages
6454:Cyaxares
6376:region)
6319:Margiana
6314:Khorasan
6044:Mundigak
6024:Firozkoh
5914:Shotorak
5733:Bunjikat
5625:Hazorasp
5449:Shilikty
5439:Boralday
5363:Mongolia
5298:Dunhuang
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2308:(around
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1598:(modern
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1473:Narendra
1465:Gandhara
1413:Gandhara
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1259:Gandhara
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1200:Turistan
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1069:Pakistan
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