31:
1058:
intermediate entries or exits may have only one toll plaza at one end, with motorists travelling in either direction paying a flat fee either when they enter or when they exit the toll road. In a variant of the closed toll system, mainline barriers are present at the two endpoints of the toll road, and each interchange has a ramp toll that is paid upon exit or entry. In this case, a motorist pays a flat fee at the ramp toll and another flat fee at the end of the toll road; no ticket is necessary. In addition, with most systems, motorists may pay tolls only with cash or change; debit and credit cards are not accepted. However, some toll roads may have travel plazas with ATMs so motorists can stop and withdraw cash for the tolls.
1491:
1515:
793:
401:
163:
329:
1448:
1132:, Canada, has no toll booths, and instead reads a transponder mounted on the windshields of each vehicle using the road (the rear licence plates of vehicles lacking a transponder are photographed when they enter and exit the highway). This made the highway the first all-automated toll highway in the world. A bill is mailed monthly for usage of the 407. Lower charges are levied on frequent 407 users who carry electronic transponders in their vehicles. The approach has not been without controversy: In 2003 the 407 ETR settled a class action with a refund to users.
533:
1001:
1417:
1471:
175:
585:
502:
676:
981:
187:
779:
549:, many areas of the U.S. saw large road building projects in major urban areas. Electronic toll collection, first introduced in the 1980s, reduces operating costs by removing toll collectors from roads. Tolled express lanes, by which certain lanes of a freeway are designated "toll only", increases revenue by allowing a free-to-use highway to collect revenue by allowing drivers to bypass traffic jams by paying a toll.
880:
the detection lanes located at the entrances and exits from the motorways subject to toll payment must only proceed at a maximum speed of 30 kilometres per hour (20 mph) without the need to stop. The amount is directly proportional to the distance travelled by the vehicle, the coefficient of its class and a variable coefficient from motorway to motorway, called the kilometre rate.
907:
Motorway and other infrastructure tolling: The term tolling is used for charging a well-defined special and comparatively costly infrastructure, like a bridge, a tunnel, a mountain pass, a motorway concession, or the whole motorway network of a country. Classically a toll is due when a vehicle passes
879:
The closed motorway system is applied to most
Italian motorways. It requires the driver of the vehicle to collect a special ticket at the entrance to the motorway and pay the amount due upon exit. If equipped with an electronic toll system the two procedures are completely automatic and the driver on
851:
From a technical point of view, however, the mixed barrier/free-flow system is active where, at the entrance and exit from the motorways, there are lanes dedicated to the collection of a ticket (on entry) and the delivery of the ticket with simultaneous payment (on exit) and other lanes where, during
631:
The trusts were ultimately responsible for the maintenance and improvement of most of the main roads in
England and Wales, which were used to distribute agricultural and industrial goods economically. The tolls were a source of revenue for road building and maintenance, paid for by road users and not
540:
In the United States, as states looked for ways to construct new freeways without federal funding again, to raise revenue for continued road maintenance, and to control congestion, new toll road construction saw significant increases during the first two decades of the 21st century. Spurred on by two
898:
Road tolls were levied traditionally for a specific access (e.g. city) or for a specific infrastructure (e.g. roads, bridges). These concepts were widely used until the last century. However, the evolution in technology made it possible to implement road tolling policies based on different concepts.
121:
Criticisms of toll roads include the time taken to stop and pay the toll, and the cost of the toll booth operators—up to about one-third of revenue in some cases. Automated toll-paying systems help minimise both of these. Others object to paying "twice" for the same road, namely in fuel taxes and in
753:
is a multilane motorway running from the South to the North. The road connects the southwest of the city, including the Sea Port area, with the Ring Road, Vasilievsky Island, Kurortny district and the
Scandinavia motorway. The WHSD is divided into three sections: Southern, Central and Northern. The
1192:
is using a system that has no toll booths. Drivers without a TollTag have their license plate photographed automatically and the registered owner will receive a monthly bill, at a higher rate than those vehicles with TollTags. A similar variation of automatic collection is the Toll Roads in Orange
883:
Unlike the closed motorway system, in the open system, the road user does not pay based on the distance travelled. Motorway barriers are arranged along the route (however not at every junction), at which the user pays a fixed sum, depending only on the class of the vehicle. The user can therefore
757:
There are 16 toll plazas on the WHSD. Paying toll by transponder is mostly recommended for frequent drivers. The Flow+ toll collection system was implemented on the WHSD. The system was designed for automatic calculation of the driving distance of a vehicle equipped with a transponder. The system
1057:
when entering the highway. In some cases, the ticket displays the toll to be paid on exit. Upon exit, the driver must pay the amount listed for the given exit. Should the ticket be lost, a driver must typically pay the maximum amount possible for travel on that highway. Short toll roads with no
564:
in North
Carolina were the first toll roads built without toll booths, with drivers charged via ETC or by optical license plate recognition and are billed by mail. In addition, many older toll roads are also being upgraded to an all-electronic tolling system, abandoning the hybrid systems they
392:
It was followed by Greece, which made users pay for the network of motorways around and between its cities in 1927. Later in the 1950s and 1960s, France, Spain, and
Portugal started to build motorways largely with the aid of concessions, allowing rapid development of this infrastructure without
1045:
vehicles stop to pay a toll.) While this may save money from the lack of need to construct toll booths at every exit, it can cause traffic congestion while traffic queues at the mainline toll plazas (toll barriers). It is also possible for motorists to enter an 'open toll road' after one toll
460:
in 1958. Other toll roads were also established around this time. With the establishment of the
Interstate Highway System in the late 1950s, toll road construction in the U.S. slowed down considerably, as the federal government now provided the bulk of funding to construct new freeways, and
388:
and was inaugurated in 1924. Piero
Puricelli, a civil engineer and entrepreneur, received the first authorization to build a public-utility fast road in 1921, and completed the construction (one lane in each direction) between 1924 and 1926. Piero Puricelli decided to cover the expenses by
903:
Time-based charges and access fees: In a time-based charging regime, a road user has to pay for a given period of time in which they may use the associated infrastructure. For the practically identical access fees, the user pays for the access to a restricted zone for a period or several
1183:
mounted in or on a customer's vehicle to deduct toll fares from a pre-paid account as the vehicle passes through the toll barrier. This reduces manpower at toll booths and increases traffic flow and fuel efficiency by reducing the need for complete stops to pay tolls at these locations.
277:
Many modern
European roads were originally constructed as toll roads in order to recoup the costs of construction and maintenance, and to generate revenue from passing travelers. In 14th-century England, some of the most heavily used roads were repaired with money raised from tolls by
1216:(BOT) system. Private companies build the roads and are given a limited franchise. Ownership is transferred to the government when the franchise expires. This type of arrangement is prevalent in Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, Indonesia, India, South Korea, Japan, and the
875:
are exclusively free-flow. On these motorways, those who do not have the electronic toll device on board must proceed with the payment by subsequently communicating the data to the motorway manager (by telephone, online or by going to the offices dedicated to payment).
106:, toll stations, toll bars, toll barriers, or toll gates. Some toll collection points are automatic, and the user deposits money in a machine which opens the gate once the correct toll has been paid. To cut costs and minimise time delay, many tolls are collected with
2059:
Oehry, Bernhard (2004): Tolling with
Satellites – a System Concept for Everybody?" in: Jordi, Philipp (2008): "Institutional Aspects of Directive 2004/52/EC on the Interoperability of Electronic Road Toll Systems in the Community." Europainstitut der Universität
1319:
manage their toll roads in this manner. While most of the toll roads in
California, Delaware, Florida, Texas, and Virginia are operating under the BOT arrangement, a few of the older toll roads in these states are still operated by public authorities.
305:, toll booths were also established with the function of collecting yearly taxes based on the goods carried by the people of Dahomey and their occupation. In some cases, officials imposed fines for public nuisance before allowing people to pass.
2496:
The International Bridge, Tunnel and Turnpike Association (IBTTA) is the worldwide alliance of toll operators and associated industries that provides a forum for sharing knowledge and ideas to promote and enhance toll-financed transportation
1367:
If toll roads are owned or managed by private for profit entities, the citizens may lose money overall compared to conventional public funding because the private owners or operators of the toll system will naturally seek to profit from the
1193:
County, CA, US, wherein all entry or collection points are equipped with high-speed cameras which read license plates and users will have 7 calendar days to pay online using their plate number or else set up an account for automatic debits.
1514:
2309:
Low income users unable to pay to use toll facilities, however, will not gain most of the benefits accessible to those with the ability to pay. ... The study concludes that ... toll roads are a regressive form of funding road systems
1490:
137:
or enhancement of infrastructure, or are applied as a general fund by local governments, not being earmarked for transport facilities. This is sometimes limited or prohibited by central government legislation. Also,
847:
Given the multiplicity of operators, the toll is only requested when exiting the motorway and not when the motorway operator changes. This system was made possible following article 14 of law 531 of 12 August 1982.
1187:
By designing a toll gate specifically for electronic collection, it is possible to carry out open-road tolling, where the customer does not need to slow at all when passing through the toll gate. The U.S. state of
844:. The collection of motorway tolls, from a tariff point of view, is managed mainly in two ways: either through the "closed motorway system" (km travelled) or through the "open motorway system" (flat-rate toll).
1371:
The managing entities, whether public or private, may not correctly account for the overall social costs, particularly to the poor, when setting pricing and thus may hurt the neediest segments of society.
476:
As the Interstate Highway System approached completion during the 1980s, states began constructing toll roads again to provide new freeways which were not part of the original interstate system funding.
856:
present in the vehicles records the data and debits the toll, generally into the bank account previously communicated by the customer, to the manager of his device. In Italy, this occurs through the
1046:
barrier and exit before the next one, thus travelling on the toll road toll-free. Most open toll roads have ramp tolls or partial access junctions to prevent this practice, known in the U.S. as "
620:
were established in England and Wales from about 1706 in response to the need for better roads than the few and poorly-maintained tracks then available. Turnpike trusts were set up by individual
899:
The different charging concepts are designed to suit different requirements regarding purpose of the charge, charging policy, the network to the charge, tariff class differentiation, et cetera:
282:
grants. Widespread toll roads sometimes restricted traffic so much, by their high tolls, that they interfered with trade and cheap transportation needed to alleviate local famines or shortages.
758:
does not require constructing toll plazas at each entrance to or exit from the highway. Transponders mounted on vehicles are read by signal receivers installed at the entrance and exit ramps.
1038:(no toll booths, only electronic toll collection gantries at entrances and exits or at strategic locations on the median of the road). Some toll roads use a combination of the three systems.
1345:
Where the tolled roads are less congested than the parallel "free" roads, the traffic diversion resulting from the tolls increases congestion on the road system and reduces its usefulness.
632:
from general taxation. The turnpike trusts were gradually abolished from the 1870s. Most trusts improved existing roads, but some new roads, usually only short stretches, were also built.
1447:
1470:
1702:
726:
In the eastern United States of the 18th and 19th century, hundreds of private turnpikes were created to facilitate travel between towns and cities, typically outside built-up areas.
1780:
Jordi, Philipp (2008): "Institutional Aspects of Directive 2004/52/EC on the Interoperability of Electronic Road Toll Systems in the Community." Europainstitut der Universität Basel.
628:. At their peak, in the 1830s, over 1,000 trusts administered around 30,000 miles (48,000 km) of turnpike road in England and Wales, taking tolls at almost 8,000 toll-gates.
325:
In the 20th century, road tolls were introduced in Europe to finance the construction of motorway networks and specific transport infrastructure such as bridges and tunnels.
1904:
2269:
1114:). The Amtech RFID technology used on the Dallas North Tollway was originally developed at Sandia Labs for use in tagging and tracking livestock. In the same year, the
313:
Industrialisation in Europe needed major improvements to the transport infrastructure which included many new or substantially improved roads, financed from tolls. The
1416:
2121:
1200:) was partially opened to traffic in February 2011, and the final segment was completed in November 2014. The first section of another all-electronic toll road, the
2527:
473:
later removed their tolls when the initial bonds were paid off. Many states, however, have maintained the tolling of these roads as a consistent source of revenue.
2244:
2453:
Liu, Louie Nan; McDonald, John F. (1 November 1998). "Efficient Congestion Tolls in the Presence of Unpriced Congestion: A Peak and Off-Peak Simulation Model".
87:, with tolls levied on passing travelers on foot, wagon, or horseback; a practice that continued with the automobile, and many modern tollways charge fees for
2160:
1092:
was the first ever to use an automated toll collection machine. A plaque commemorating the event includes the first quarter collected at its toll booths.
721:
556:
system, compatible with many state systems, is the largest ETC system in the U.S., and is used for both fully tolled highways and tolled express lanes.
481:
of interconnected toll roads began in 1983, and many states followed over the last two decades of the 20th century adding new toll roads, including the
1926:
1734:
2353:
1520:
In 2018 Rhode Island became one of the first states to set up gantries to exclusively toll only tractor trailer trucks. Gantry shown on I-95 North.
1041:
On an open toll system, all vehicles stop at various locations along the highway to pay a toll. (This is different from "open road tolling", where
2070:
133:
are also used by public authorities to generate funds to repay the cost of building the structures. Some tolls are set aside to pay for future
1462:
1989:
911:
Distance or area charging: In a distance or area charging system concept, vehicles are charged per total distance driven in a defined area.
1015:
Traditionally, tolls were paid by hand at a toll gate. Although payments may still be made in cash, it is more common now to pay using an
1953:"Legge 12 agosto 1982, n. 531. - Piano decennale per la viabilitĂ di grande comunicazione e misure di riassetto del settore autostradale"
461:
regulations required that such Interstate highways be free from tolls. Many older toll roads were added to the Interstate System under a
1978:
1878:
1603:
1061:
The toll is calculated by the distance travelled on the toll road or the specific exit chosen. In the United States, for instance, the
2303:. Southwest Regional University Transportation Center, Center for Transportation Research, University of Texas at Austin. p. 30.
1821:
944:
2669:
1107:
621:
1900:
1666:
Bernstein, William J.; "The Birth of Plenty: How the Prosperity of the Modern World was Created"; p. 245-6; McGraw-Hill (2010);
2777:
2722:
996:. The toll barrier has both electronic toll collection and cash payment in the same barrier, before a new toll plaza was added.
2227:
2096:
1477:
2384:
2339:
2304:
2607:
2129:
1755:
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travel along sections of the motorway without paying any toll as the barriers may not be present on the section travelled.
482:
1843:
317:
in Britain was built to provide a robust transport link between Britain and Ireland and had a toll house every few miles.
2534:
1164:
693:
2207:
2333:
1671:
115:
30:
2378:
1364:; that is, compared to conventional taxes for funding roads, they benefit wealthier citizens more than poor citizens.
404:
The Pennsylvania Turnpike opened as the first long-distance, controlled-access toll road in the United States in 1940
38:
in the U.S. is the most heavily traveled toll road in the world, carrying hundreds of thousands of automobiles daily.
1323:
In France, some toll roads are operated by private or public companies, with specific taxes collected by the state.
3987:
1423:
624:, with powers to collect road tolls to repay loans for building, improving, and maintaining the principal roads in
470:
143:
2152:
3117:
3082:
2398:
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that allowed tolls to continue to be collected on toll roads that predated the system. Some of these such as the
3992:
3107:
3092:
2707:
1632:
Gilliet, Henri (1990). "Toll roads-the French experience." Transrouts International, Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines.
1607:
1342:
Collection costs can reduce revenue by up to a third, and revenue theft is considered to be comparatively easy.
3969:
3959:
3196:
3087:
2732:
2412:
Yin, Yafeng; Lawphongpanich, Siriphong (1 July 2006). "Internalizing emission externality on road networks".
936:
478:
4018:
3964:
3778:
3303:
3166:
3122:
1930:
1386:
207:
Toll roads have existed for at least the last 2,700 years, as tolls had to be paid by travellers using the
17:
2682:
3685:
3575:
2772:
1119:
750:
606:
2863:
1099:
1016:
975:
857:
853:
542:
518:
107:
2074:
3974:
3793:
2649:
792:
741:. The road was closed in 1938 when it was taken over by the state of New York in lieu of back taxes.
734:
413:
409:
55:
3621:
2270:"The Inefficiency of Toll Collection as a Means of Taxation: Evidence from the Garden State Parkway"
737:(which opened on October 10, 1908) was built by William Kissam Vanderbilt II, the great-grandson of
400:
3954:
3680:
3675:
3650:
2767:
2687:
2600:
2574:
1551:
960:
625:
546:
526:
162:
1271:
The more traditional means of managing toll roads in the United States is through semi-autonomous
1220:. The BOT system is a fairly new concept that is becoming more popular in the United States, with
908:
a tolling station, be it a manual barrier-controlled toll plaza or a free-flow multi-lane station.
4023:
1536:
1349:
1196:
The first all-electronic toll road in the northeastern United States, the InterCounty Connector (
709:
653:
652:. Built in the early 19th century, with many toll booths along its length, most of it is now the
490:
412:
and the large federal grants supplied to states to build it, many states constructed their first
314:
139:
3887:
3854:
3191:
3161:
3102:
3067:
2742:
1213:
1078:
985:
566:
506:
449:
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441:
252:
328:
229:
refer to tolls in Arabia and other parts of Asia. In India, before the fourth century BC, the
3849:
3570:
3186:
3077:
2677:
1952:
1870:
1082:
920:
916:
822:
797:
786:
570:
421:
381:
377:
167:
2016:
1611:
1382:
3892:
3590:
3313:
3211:
3097:
2697:
1401:
1103:
1089:
738:
466:
437:
360:
334:
246:
1817:
927:(these all charge tolls city-bound) in Australia, in the United States, crossings between
8:
4028:
4013:
3844:
3718:
3437:
3393:
3281:
3133:
3072:
2828:
2813:
2808:
2702:
2636:
2593:
2569:
2554:
2440:"Dynamic Pricing on the Road: How Managed Tolls Are Increasing Efficiency and Innovation"
1546:
1454:
1201:
1125:
1070:
1005:
924:
767:
589:
561:
433:
91:
exclusively. The amount of the toll usually varies by vehicle type, weight, or number of
84:
35:
2038:
532:
393:
massive state debts. Since then, road tolls have been introduced in the majority of the
3748:
3562:
3547:
3358:
3293:
3216:
3201:
3146:
3050:
2984:
2974:
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2752:
2717:
2520:
2347:
1531:
1197:
1168:
1000:
830:
557:
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paid for rights of usage in everyday life. Some major European "highways", such as the
251:
Most roads were not freely open to travel on in Europe during the Middle Ages, and the
151:
147:
2103:
1118:
active transponder RFID system was introduced across Italy. Several US states now use
664:
in Birmingham. A few notable bridges and tunnels continue as toll roads including the
3808:
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3542:
3492:
3231:
3112:
2950:
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2907:
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2564:
2439:
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2223:
1667:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1336:
1074:
665:
578:
457:
286:
73:
1352:
associated with both electronic tolls and some forms of "classical" toll collection.
569:, one of the oldest American toll roads, which went all-electronic in 2016, and the
3665:
3640:
3427:
3343:
3338:
3253:
3056:
3011:
2853:
2659:
2654:
2462:
2421:
1541:
1296:
1272:
940:
574:
573:, America's oldest toll freeway, which went all-electronic in 2020, along with the
510:
77:
1389:, that is costs automobile traffic imposes on society that are not borne by users.
3902:
3862:
3773:
3763:
3733:
3723:
3708:
3670:
3626:
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3442:
3373:
2989:
2692:
2488:
2368:
2323:
2298:
1707:
1577:
1556:
1481:
1431:
1393:
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420:
backed by toll revenues. The first major fully grade separated toll road was the
385:
226:
1759:
3872:
3834:
3803:
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3580:
3462:
3004:
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2737:
2727:
2619:
2000:
1847:
1361:
1300:
872:
868:
864:
841:
773:
705:
688:
Some cities in Canada had toll roads in the 19th century. Roads radiating from
669:
641:
633:
617:
612:
584:
501:
453:
425:
417:
394:
174:
2425:
2182:
1356:
A number of additional criticisms are also directed at toll roads in general:
840:
On Italian motorways, the toll applies to almost all motorways not managed by
4007:
3882:
3839:
3788:
3728:
3693:
3660:
3527:
3477:
3467:
3368:
3298:
3288:
3181:
3151:
3040:
2999:
2917:
2793:
2627:
2559:
1994:
1458:
1316:
1288:
1284:
1257:
1066:
1054:
373:
234:
88:
2297:
Robertson, Christopher Charles; Prozzi, Jolanda; Walton, C. Michael (2008).
529:
in 2003, effectively making all roads within the centre of the city tolled.
3907:
3897:
3798:
3753:
3713:
3703:
3698:
3655:
3537:
3532:
3457:
3383:
3353:
3245:
3226:
3156:
2994:
2902:
2644:
2466:
2153:"Final section of ICC to Laurel, new I-95 interchange to open this weekend"
1312:
1253:
928:
893:
701:
697:
675:
513:, United States. This shows the two common methods of collection of tolls:
298:
233:
notes the use of tolls. Germanic tribes charged tolls to travellers across
230:
216:
69:
2285:
Nakamura and Kockelman (2002) show that tolls are by nature regressive ...
980:
915:
Some toll roads charge a toll in only one direction. Examples include the
778:
733:
were usually operated as toll roads. One of the first US motor roads, the
3877:
3522:
3512:
3487:
3412:
3323:
3276:
3271:
3221:
3026:
2958:
2927:
1983:
1561:
1339:); manual toll collection wastes time and raises vehicle operating costs.
1241:
1217:
1180:
1020:
993:
661:
271:
267:
130:
126:
111:
99:
1735:"The "Milano-Laghi" by Piero Puricelli, the first motorway in the world"
1642:
3867:
3743:
3616:
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3517:
3497:
3378:
3348:
3318:
3258:
3206:
2858:
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1221:
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971:
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932:
809:
804:
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from London but was exceptional in creating a largely new route beyond
525:
London, in an effort to reduce traffic within the city, instituted the
186:
103:
64:
1331:
Toll roads have been criticised as being inefficient in various ways:
1268:
are also considering the BOT methodology for future highway projects.
679:
Toll plaza at the La Paz-El Alto expressway, dividing both city limits
142:
schemes have been implemented in a limited number of urban areas as a
3738:
3585:
3472:
3432:
3422:
3417:
3308:
3176:
3171:
2940:
2897:
2848:
2838:
2833:
2823:
1439:
1435:
1397:
1265:
967:
814:
514:
369:
263:
256:
222:
134:
3931:
3926:
3758:
3507:
3502:
3363:
3328:
3266:
2912:
2887:
2712:
1974:
1308:
1280:
1249:
1233:
1225:
1176:
1144:
1115:
989:
637:
355:
339:
190:
Entrance fees collection in a local community road checkpoint near
3829:
3813:
3482:
3333:
2843:
2818:
2655:
Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway
2585:
2509:, for background on toll roads during the turnpike era in England
2300:
Who Uses Toll Roads?: An Analysis of Central Texas Turnpike Users
1687:(Volume I ed.). Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.
1583:
1427:
1237:
1229:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1136:
1129:
1111:
1009:
826:
749:
The first toll road in St. Petersburg appeared in the 2000s. The
689:
657:
553:
302:
212:
195:
179:
2500:
2321:
1147:) is accepted on almost all toll roads. Similar systems include
817:). Major exceptions are the beltways around some larger cities (
3936:
3606:
3016:
2979:
1276:
1140:
424:
in 1940. This was followed up by other toll roads, such as the
279:
110:
equipment which automatically communicates with a toll payer's
2506:
2483:
1703:"The motorway that built Italy: Piero Puricelli's masterpiece"
577:, which both accelerated their transitions to such due to the
2512:
1927:"Come si calcola il pedaggio - Autostrade per l'Italia S.p.A"
1252:
already building and operating toll roads under this scheme.
1245:
1189:
1172:
486:
365:
364:("Lakes Motorway"), the first built in the world, connecting
347:
343:
191:
2073:. lostinjersey.wordpress.com. March 19, 2009. Archived from
95:, with freight trucks often charged higher rates than cars.
2616:
2366:
1304:
1096:
834:
754:
entire stretch of the WHSD was opened for traffic in 2016.
358:
reserved for fast traffic and for motor vehicles only. The
208:
92:
1404:. This makes more efficient use of existing road capacity.
3447:
2414:
Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment
821:) which are not part of a thoroughfare motorway, and the
565:
adopted during the late 20th century. These include the
259:
59:
27:
Roadway for which a fee (or toll) is assessed for passage
2493:
2268:
Peters, Jonathan R.; Kramer, Jonathan K. (Summer 2003).
1135:
Throughout most of the East Coast of the United States,
408:
In the United States, prior to the introduction of the
2370:
Modernizing Infrastructure in Transformation Economies
1212:
Some toll roads are managed under such systems as the
297:
After significant road construction undertaken by the
2494:
International Bridge, Tunnel and Turnpike Association
2296:
1806:(Limited ed.). Hutchinson & Co. p. 798.
1204:, opened at the beginning of 2012 in North Carolina.
1004:
Overhead cameras and reader attached to a gantry on
274:
to travelers in exchange for paying the royal toll.
1375:
1335:They require vehicles to stop or slow down (except
722:
Category:Pre-freeway turnpikes in the United States
600:
2011:
2009:
1676:
1500:lanes at the West 163rd Street toll plaza, on the
715:
354:Italy was the first country in the world to build
72:typically implemented to help recoup the costs of
2411:
166:A table of tolls in pre-decimal currency for the
4005:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1484:, Philippines, before the integration with NLEX.
656:. In the modern day, one major toll road is the
2367:von Hirschhausen, Christian (January 1, 2002).
2119:
2006:
1945:
1326:
54:, is a public or private road (almost always a
2328:. South-Western Cengage Learning. p. 17.
1122:to facilitate use of payment via smartphones.
1053:With a closed toll system, vehicles collect a
1019:system. In some places, payment is made using
959:"Tollbar" redirects here. For other uses, see
118:to charge drivers by debiting their accounts.
2601:
2528:
1919:
1722:
1696:
1694:
712:) but the toll gates disappeared after 1895.
2352:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2267:
2150:
2039:"PER VIAGGIARE IN ITALIA TELEPASS E VIACARD"
1871:"A 100-Year-Old Dream: A Road Just for Cars"
951:is large or the toll differences are small.
68:) is assessed for passage. It is a form of
2452:
2222:. Ashgate Publishing Company. p. 122.
1207:
83:Toll roads have existed in some form since
2608:
2594:
2535:
2521:
1795:
1700:
1691:
1682:
1400:can be moved to other times of the day or
833:which is operated by the government-owned
98:Tolls are often collected at toll plazas,
2322:Kurtz, David L.; Boone, Louis E. (2008).
2242:
2183:"Drivers roll on state's first toll road"
945:Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
219:, who reigned in the seventh century BC.
1685:Dahomey: An Ancient West African Kingdom
999:
979:
947:. This technique is practical where the
791:
777:
674:
583:
531:
500:
399:
327:
185:
173:
161:
29:
1907:from the original on September 22, 2009
1824:from the original on September 30, 2007
1102:system in the United States was on the
744:
683:
292:
14:
4006:
1868:
1801:
761:
660:, relieving traffic congestion on the
483:tollway system around Orlando, Florida
3704:Median / Central reservation
2589:
2516:
1881:from the original on December 9, 2008
1030:(with mainline barrier toll plazas);
1023:which are affixed to the windscreen.
954:
939:and crossings between New Jersey and
852:transit without the need to stop, an
547:high-occupancy and express lane tolls
2307:from the original on March 1, 2018.
2217:
2211:
2122:"First phase of ICC to open Feb. 22"
2120:Michael Dresser (February 7, 2011).
1701:Lenarduzzi, Thea (30 January 2016).
1569:, the practice of avoiding turnpikes
1085:currently implement closed systems.
2507:Turnpike Roads in England and Wales
2387:from the original on March 1, 2018.
2342:from the original on March 1, 2018.
2113:
1596:
1396:trips that do not have to occur at
1026:Three systems of toll roads exist:
887:
24:
3622:Risk compensation (road transport)
2615:
2163:from the original on June 26, 2015
751:Western High-Speed Diameter (WHSD)
116:automatic number-plate recognition
25:
4040:
2477:
2151:Kevin Rector (November 5, 2014).
1973:In Italy the devices allowed are
1869:Patton, Phil (October 12, 2008).
1095:The first major deployment of an
3988:Glossary of road transport terms
1683:Herskovits, Melville J. (1967).
1513:
1489:
1469:
1446:
1415:
1376:Arguments in favor of toll roads
1179:. The systems use a small radio
601:Toll roads in the United Kingdom
289:in the 14th and 15th centuries.
202:
144:transportation demand management
2446:
2432:
2405:
2391:
2360:
2315:
2290:
2261:
2236:
2201:
2175:
2144:
2089:
2063:
2053:
2031:
1967:
1893:
1862:
1836:
1810:
1783:
716:Toll roads in the United States
496:
320:
308:
2542:
2399:"Toll Roads and Externalities"
1999:and other devices pursuant to
1774:
1748:
1660:
1635:
1626:
1608:Federal Highway Administration
338:("Lakes Motorway"), the first
240:
13:
1:
3970:Pavement performance modeling
3960:International roughness index
2489:Toll Tickets Official Website
2373:. Edward Elgar. p. 155.
1589:
1478:Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway
1034:(with entry/exit tolls); and
984:Balintawak toll plaza of the
937:Delaware River Port Authority
595:
58:since the 1940s) for which a
3965:Present serviceability index
3759:Sidewalk / Pavement
3304:Diamond grinding of pavement
1929:(in Italian). Archived from
1387:externalities of automobiles
1327:Arguments against toll roads
1088:The Union Toll Plaza on the
471:Richmond–Petersburg Turnpike
215:highway under the regime of
7:
3937:Underpass / Tunnel
3932:Overpass / Flyover
3686:High-occupancy vehicle lane
3576:Driving under the influence
2650:Freeway / Motorway
2503:from contractor perspective
1525:
1463:Monroe Township, New Jersey
1461:) Toll Gate for Exit 8A in
607:Toll roads in Great Britain
588:19th-century toll booth in
125:In addition to toll roads,
10:
4045:
2864:Highway systems by country
2455:Journal of Urban Economics
1408:
1139:(operated under the brand
1100:electronic toll collection
1017:electronic toll collection
976:Electronic toll collection
965:
958:
891:
771:
765:
719:
610:
604:
545:system, and the advent of
543:electronic toll collection
519:electronic toll collection
244:
157:
108:electronic toll collection
3983:
3975:Granular base equivalency
3945:
3916:
3822:
3794:Traffic signal preemption
3639:
3599:
3561:
3403:
3392:
3244:
3202:Right-in/right-out (RIRO)
3131:
3108:Single-point urban (SPUI)
3048:
3039:
2967:
2872:
2786:
2668:
2635:
2626:
2550:
2426:10.1016/j.trd.2006.05.003
2220:Roads in a market economy
1360:Toll roads are a form of
1348:There are concerns about
735:Long Island Motor Parkway
692:required users to pay at
410:Interstate Highway System
3955:Pavement condition index
3681:High-occupancy toll lane
3676:Contraflow lane reversal
3651:Barrier transfer machine
2575:High-occupancy toll lane
2277:Transportation Quarterly
2243:Chronicle (2013-04-07).
1552:High-occupancy toll lane
1208:Financing and management
1120:mobile tolling platforms
961:Tollbar (disambiguation)
949:detour to avoid the toll
648:, and especially beyond
527:London congestion charge
2809:Express-collector setup
1804:Turnpikes and Toll Bars
1647:Encyclopædia Britannica
1537:Geography of toll roads
1350:government surveillance
858:Autostrade per l'Italia
796:Toll station along the
491:Georgia State Route 400
479:Houston's outer beltway
376:, and now parts of the
342:built in the world, in
285:Tolls were used in the
140:road congestion pricing
3993:Road types by features
3888:Raised pavement marker
3855:Constant-slope barrier
3779:Traffic directionality
3769:Street running railway
3192:Protected intersection
2467:10.1006/juec.1997.2073
2245:"Eliminate toll roads"
2218:Roth, Gabriel (1998).
2017:"Dove sono i pedaggi?"
1792:, 1840, Vol 280 xxvii.
1604:"Road Pricing Defined"
1214:Build-Operate-Transfer
1079:New York State Thruway
1012:
997:
986:North Luzon Expressway
854:electronic toll system
837:. Both are toll free.
800:
789:
680:
592:
567:Massachusetts Turnpike
537:
522:
450:Massachusetts Turnpike
446:New York State Thruway
442:West Virginia Turnpike
405:
351:
199:
183:
171:
170:, London SE21 tollgate
146:tool to try to reduce
39:
3850:Concrete step barrier
3187:Offset T-intersection
2325:Contemporary Business
1402:be avoided altogether
1003:
983:
921:Sydney Harbour Tunnel
917:Sydney Harbour Bridge
795:
781:
678:
611:Further information:
587:
571:Pennsylvania Turnpike
535:
504:
422:Pennsylvania Turnpike
403:
331:
189:
177:
168:College Road, Dulwich
165:
33:
3893:Road surface marking
3591:Single-vehicle crash
3314:Full depth recycling
3212:Seagull intersection
2132:on February 10, 2011
1790:Parliamentary Papers
1104:Dallas North Tollway
1090:Garden State Parkway
860:interchange system.
745:Toll roads in Russia
739:Cornelius Vanderbilt
684:Toll roads in Canada
505:Collecting tolls on
467:Connecticut Turnpike
438:Garden State Parkway
389:introducing a toll.
361:Autostrada dei Laghi
335:Autostrada dei Laghi
293:17th-century Dahomey
247:Road toll (historic)
4019:Road infrastructure
3719:Pedestrian crossing
3282:Reinforced concrete
3118:Three-level diamond
2829:Two-lane expressway
2814:Farm-to-market road
2555:Barrier toll system
2442:. 16 November 2015.
2109:on January 1, 2010.
2071:"Union Watersphere"
1802:Searle, M. (1930).
1580:– England and Wales
1547:Barrier toll system
1476:Tipo toll plaza in
1455:New Jersey Turnpike
1453:E-ZPass lanes at a
1362:regressive taxation
1202:Triangle Expressway
1128:in the province of
1071:New Jersey Turnpike
925:Eastern Distributor
768:Autostrade of Italy
762:Toll roads in Italy
562:Triangle Expressway
434:New Jersey Turnpike
36:New Jersey Turnpike
3749:Runaway truck ramp
3571:Driver's education
3359:Rubberized asphalt
3294:Crocodile cracking
3217:Split intersection
2985:Hierarchy of roads
2946:Single carriageway
2189:. January 31, 2012
2077:on August 29, 2013
1875:The New York Times
1532:List of toll roads
1273:public authorities
1198:Maryland Route 200
1083:Florida's Turnpike
1013:
998:
955:Collection methods
831:Reggio di Calabria
803:In Italy the only
801:
790:
696:along the street (
681:
622:Acts of Parliament
593:
590:Brooklyn, New York
558:Maryland Route 200
538:
523:
463:grandfather clause
430:Blue Star Turnpike
406:
352:
200:
184:
172:
148:traffic congestion
46:, also known as a
40:
4001:
4000:
3809:Wide outside lane
3635:
3634:
3612:Automotive safety
3493:Road slipperiness
3240:
3239:
3088:Diverging diamond
3035:
3034:
2951:Single-track road
2893:Bicycle boulevard
2583:
2582:
2565:Open road tolling
2401:. 18 August 2004.
2229:978-0-291-39814-7
1901:"BBS.keyhole.com"
1756:"1924 Mile Posts"
1506:Markham, Illinois
1502:Tri-State Tollway
1498:open road tolling
1337:open road tolling
1075:Indiana Toll Road
666:Dartford Crossing
579:COVID-19 pandemic
541:innovations, the
458:Indiana Toll Road
452:in 1957, and the
384:, was devised by
332:Toll gate of the
287:Holy Roman Empire
74:road construction
16:(Redirected from
4036:
3845:Cat's eye (road)
3666:Complete streets
3438:Dead Man's Curve
3401:
3400:
3339:Pavement milling
3254:Asphalt concrete
3197:Quadrant roadway
3138:
3060:
3046:
3045:
3012:Street hierarchy
2660:Elevated highway
2633:
2632:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2587:
2586:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2514:
2513:
2471:
2470:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2351:
2343:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2274:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2249:Chronicle Online
2240:
2234:
2233:
2215:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2128:. Archived from
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2102:. Archived from
2101:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2067:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2013:
2004:
1998:
1987:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1846:. Archived from
1840:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1762:on 12 March 2008
1758:. Archived from
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1731:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1698:
1689:
1688:
1680:
1674:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1610:. Archived from
1600:
1542:Automobile costs
1517:
1493:
1473:
1450:
1424:the Soreang toll
1422:The entrance to
1419:
1169:Washington state
888:Charging methods
575:Illinois Tollway
536:Tolls in the UAE
511:Orlando, Florida
255:was one of many
21:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3979:
3947:
3941:
3912:
3903:Traffic barrier
3863:F-Shape barrier
3818:
3774:Traffic calming
3734:Reversible lane
3724:Pedestrian zone
3709:Motorcycle lane
3671:Contraflow lane
3643:time allocation
3642:
3631:
3627:Underride guard
3595:
3557:
3443:Expansion joint
3405:
3395:
3388:
3374:Stamped asphalt
3236:
3167:Continuous flow
3140:
3136:
3135:
3127:
3061:
3057:grade-separated
3054:
3053:
3031:
2990:Private highway
2963:
2868:
2782:
2664:
2622:
2614:
2584:
2579:
2546:
2541:
2501:Toll Roads News
2480:
2475:
2474:
2451:
2447:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2410:
2406:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2381:
2365:
2361:
2345:
2344:
2336:
2320:
2316:
2295:
2291:
2272:
2266:
2262:
2253:
2251:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2202:
2192:
2190:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2166:
2164:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2133:
2118:
2114:
2106:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2080:
2078:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2042:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2022:
2020:
2015:
2014:
2007:
1992:
1981:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1936:
1934:
1933:on 6 April 2010
1925:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1908:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1882:
1867:
1863:
1853:
1851:
1850:on May 19, 2014
1844:"Lostrivers.ca"
1842:
1841:
1837:
1827:
1825:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1800:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1765:
1763:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1723:
1713:
1711:
1708:The Independent
1699:
1692:
1681:
1677:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1649:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1617:
1615:
1614:on July 2, 2012
1602:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1578:Turnpike trusts
1557:Private highway
1528:
1521:
1518:
1509:
1508:, United States
1494:
1485:
1482:Hermosa, Bataan
1474:
1465:
1451:
1442:
1420:
1411:
1394:dynamic pricing
1378:
1329:
1210:
1063:Kansas Turnpike
978:
964:
957:
896:
890:
776:
770:
764:
747:
724:
718:
686:
618:Turnpike trusts
615:
609:
603:
598:
517:(on right) and
499:
397:member states.
386:Piero Puricelli
323:
311:
295:
249:
243:
235:mountain passes
205:
160:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4042:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4024:Types of roads
4021:
4016:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3951:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3873:Jersey barrier
3870:
3865:
3860:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3804:Unused highway
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3784:Traffic island
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3647:
3645:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3581:Drowsy driving
3578:
3573:
3567:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3463:Level crossing
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3409:
3407:
3398:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3261:
3256:
3250:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3162:Channelization
3159:
3154:
3149:
3147:3-way junction
3143:
3141:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3049:
3043:
3041:Road junctions
3037:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3005:business route
3002:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2935:
2933:Primitive road
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2874:
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2869:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2804:County highway
2801:
2799:Collector road
2796:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2773:United Kingdom
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2708:Czech Republic
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2641:
2639:
2637:Limited-access
2630:
2624:
2623:
2613:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2590:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2572:
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2539:
2532:
2525:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2491:
2486:
2479:
2478:External links
2476:
2473:
2472:
2461:(3): 352–366.
2445:
2431:
2420:(4): 292–301.
2404:
2390:
2379:
2359:
2335:978-0324653847
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2235:
2228:
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2200:
2174:
2143:
2112:
2088:
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2052:
2030:
2005:
1966:
1944:
1918:
1892:
1861:
1835:
1809:
1794:
1782:
1773:
1747:
1721:
1690:
1675:
1672:978-0071747042
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1340:
1328:
1325:
1301:North Carolina
1209:
1206:
1073:, most of the
956:
953:
913:
912:
909:
905:
892:Main article:
889:
886:
873:Autostrada A60
869:Autostrada A59
865:Autostrada A36
807:roads are the
787:Autostrada A57
774:Roads in Italy
766:Main article:
763:
760:
746:
743:
717:
714:
706:Davenport Road
685:
682:
670:Mersey Gateway
642:Watling Street
640:road followed
634:Thomas Telford
613:Turnpike trust
605:Main article:
602:
599:
597:
594:
498:
495:
454:Chicago Skyway
428:in 1947, the
426:Maine Turnpike
322:
319:
310:
307:
294:
291:
245:Main article:
242:
239:
204:
201:
159:
156:
89:motor vehicles
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4041:
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4027:
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3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3883:Noise barrier
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3840:Cable barrier
3838:
3836:
3833:
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3828:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3789:Traffic lanes
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
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3732:
3730:
3729:Refuge island
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3694:Living street
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3661:Climbing lane
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3638:
3628:
3625:
3623:
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3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3563:Human factors
3560:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3528:Traffic light
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3478:Oversize load
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3468:Manhole cover
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
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3414:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3402:
3399:
3397:
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3377:
3375:
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3370:
3367:
3365:
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3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3299:Crushed stone
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3243:
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3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3182:Michigan left
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3134:Intersections
3130:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3083:Directional T
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3058:
3052:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3003:
3001:
3000:special route
2998:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2972:
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2944:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2918:Frontage road
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
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2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
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2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2794:Arterial road
2792:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2778:United States
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
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2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
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2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
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2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2628:Types of road
2625:
2621:
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2611:
2606:
2604:
2599:
2597:
2592:
2591:
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2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2560:Ticket system
2558:
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2552:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2533:
2531:
2526:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2484:Turnpike Info
2482:
2481:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2449:
2441:
2435:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2400:
2394:
2386:
2382:
2380:9781781959787
2376:
2372:
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2327:
2326:
2318:
2311:
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2278:
2271:
2264:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2231:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2208:
2204:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2162:
2158:
2157:Baltimore Sun
2154:
2147:
2131:
2127:
2126:Baltimore Sun
2123:
2116:
2105:
2098:
2092:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2056:
2040:
2034:
2018:
2012:
2010:
2002:
1996:
1991:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1954:
1948:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1911:September 19,
1906:
1902:
1896:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1854:September 19,
1849:
1845:
1839:
1828:September 19,
1823:
1819:
1813:
1805:
1798:
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1318:
1317:West Virginia
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1289:New Hampshire
1286:
1285:Massachusetts
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1258:Massachusetts
1255:
1251:
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1239:
1235:
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1191:
1185:
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1109:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1086:
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1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1067:Ohio Turnpike
1064:
1059:
1056:
1051:
1049:
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1039:
1037:
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1022:
1018:
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987:
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870:
866:
861:
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849:
845:
843:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
823:Autostrada A2
820:
816:
813:(Italian for
812:
811:
806:
799:
798:Autostrada A9
794:
788:
784:
780:
775:
769:
759:
755:
752:
742:
740:
736:
732:
729:19th-century
727:
723:
713:
711:
710:Kingston Road
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
677:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
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643:
639:
635:
629:
627:
623:
619:
614:
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591:
586:
582:
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559:
555:
550:
548:
544:
534:
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528:
520:
516:
512:
508:
503:
494:
492:
488:
485:, Colorado's
484:
480:
474:
472:
468:
464:
459:
455:
451:
448:in 1954, the
447:
443:
440:in 1952, the
439:
436:in 1951, the
435:
432:in 1950, the
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
402:
398:
396:
390:
387:
383:
382:Autostrada A9
379:
378:Autostrada A8
375:
374:Lake Maggiore
371:
367:
363:
362:
357:
349:
345:
341:
337:
336:
330:
326:
318:
316:
306:
304:
300:
290:
288:
283:
281:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
258:
254:
248:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
218:
214:
210:
203:Ancient times
197:
193:
188:
181:
176:
169:
164:
155:
153:
152:air pollution
149:
145:
141:
136:
132:
128:
123:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
96:
94:
90:
86:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
66:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
37:
32:
19:
3908:Traffic cone
3898:Rumble strip
3799:Truck bypass
3754:Shared space
3714:Passing lane
3699:Managed lane
3656:Bicycle lane
3538:Washboarding
3533:Traffic sign
3458:Hairpin turn
3227:Texas U-turn
3157:Box junction
3051:Interchanges
3021:
2995:Route number
2903:Country lane
2645:Bike freeway
2543:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2434:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2393:
2369:
2362:
2324:
2317:
2308:
2299:
2292:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2263:
2252:. Retrieved
2248:
2238:
2219:
2213:
2203:
2191:. Retrieved
2186:
2177:
2165:. Retrieved
2156:
2146:
2134:. Retrieved
2130:the original
2125:
2115:
2104:the original
2097:"407ETR.com"
2091:
2081:February 23,
2079:. Retrieved
2075:the original
2065:
2055:
2043:. Retrieved
2041:(in Italian)
2033:
2021:. Retrieved
2019:(in Italian)
1969:
1957:. Retrieved
1955:(in Italian)
1947:
1935:. Retrieved
1931:the original
1921:
1909:. Retrieved
1895:
1883:. Retrieved
1874:
1864:
1852:. Retrieved
1848:the original
1838:
1826:. Retrieved
1818:"Toronto.ca"
1812:
1803:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1776:
1764:. Retrieved
1760:the original
1750:
1738:. Retrieved
1712:. Retrieved
1706:
1684:
1678:
1662:
1650:. Retrieved
1646:
1637:
1628:
1616:. Retrieved
1612:the original
1598:
1426:gate in the
1385:some of the
1355:
1330:
1322:
1313:Pennsylvania
1270:
1254:Pennsylvania
1211:
1195:
1186:
1134:
1124:
1094:
1087:
1060:
1052:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1025:
1021:transponders
1014:
943:operated by
935:operated by
929:Pennsylvania
914:
897:
894:Road pricing
882:
878:
862:
850:
846:
839:
818:
808:
802:
756:
748:
728:
725:
702:Bloor Street
698:Yonge Street
687:
630:
616:
551:
539:
524:
497:21st century
475:
416:by floating
407:
391:
359:
353:
333:
324:
321:20th century
312:
309:19th century
299:West African
296:
284:
276:
250:
231:Arthashastra
221:
217:Ashurbanipal
206:
178:Toll bar in
131:toll tunnels
127:toll bridges
124:
120:
97:
82:
70:road pricing
63:
51:
47:
43:
41:
34:The 12-lane
18:Toll highway
3946:Performance
3878:Kassel kerb
3835:Botts' dots
3823:Demarcation
3523:Storm drain
3488:Road debris
3413:Aquaplaning
3406:environment
3394:Road safety
3272:Cobblestone
3222:Superstreet
3027:Winter road
2975:Concurrency
2968:Other terms
2959:Sunken lane
2928:Main street
2873:Local roads
2136:February 7,
2045:28 February
2023:28 February
2003:regulations
1993: [
1982: [
1562:Shadow toll
1383:internalize
1381:Tolls help
1242:Mississippi
1218:Philippines
1181:transponder
1173:ExpressToll
1126:Highway 407
1106:in 1989 by
1006:Highway 407
994:Philippines
819:tangenziali
731:plank roads
301:kingdom of
268:Via Imperii
241:Middle Ages
135:maintenance
112:transponder
104:toll houses
100:toll booths
78:maintenance
4029:Toll (fee)
4014:Toll roads
4008:Categories
3948:indicators
3917:Structures
3868:Guard rail
3744:Road verge
3617:Seat belts
3553:Snowsquall
3518:Speed bump
3498:Road train
3319:Glassphalt
3259:Bioasphalt
3232:Turnaround
3207:Roundabout
3137:(at-grade)
3103:Roundabout
3068:Cloverleaf
2923:Green lane
2859:Trunk road
2787:Main roads
2670:By country
2544:Toll roads
2254:2024-01-22
1990:UnipolMove
1652:October 6,
1590:References
1573:Toll house
1567:Shunpiking
1293:New Jersey
1262:New Jersey
1222:California
1165:Good to Go
1161:California
1048:shunpiking
972:Toll house
966:See also:
933:New Jersey
810:autostrade
785:along the
783:Toll plaza
772:See also:
720:See also:
694:toll gates
650:Llangollen
646:Shrewsbury
596:By country
521:(on left).
272:protection
270:, offered
3739:Road diet
3641:Space and
3586:Road rage
3473:Oil spill
3433:Crosswind
3423:Black ice
3418:Avalanche
3344:Permeable
3177:Jughandle
3172:Hook turn
3078:Free-flow
3022:Toll road
2941:Side road
2898:Boulevard
2854:Super two
2849:Ring road
2824:Link road
2723:Hong Kong
2678:Australia
2620:hierarchy
2497:services.
2348:cite book
1885:March 27,
1440:Indonesia
1436:West Java
1398:rush hour
1266:Tennessee
1036:open road
968:Tollbooth
815:motorways
515:tollbooth
370:Lake Como
356:motorways
350:, in 1924
264:Via Regia
223:Aristotle
85:antiquity
44:toll road
3927:Causeway
3764:Shoulder
3600:Vehicles
3548:Whiteout
3508:Rockfall
3503:Roadkill
3428:Bleeding
3404:Road and
3364:Sealcoat
3289:Corduroy
3277:Concrete
3267:Chipseal
3246:Surfaces
3098:Raindrop
2913:Driveway
2908:Dead end
2888:Backroad
2839:2+2 road
2834:2+1 road
2758:Portugal
2748:Pakistan
2570:Vignette
2385:Archived
2340:Archived
2305:Archived
2193:April 7,
2187:WRAL.com
2167:June 19,
2161:Archived
1979:MooneyGo
1975:Telepass
1905:Archived
1879:Archived
1822:Archived
1526:See also
1430:area of
1392:Through
1309:Oklahoma
1297:New York
1281:Maryland
1250:Virginia
1234:Illinois
1226:Delaware
1177:Colorado
1145:Illinois
1116:Telepass
990:Caloocan
941:New York
825:between
672:bridge.
638:Holyhead
560:and the
469:and the
414:freeways
340:motorway
114:or uses
48:turnpike
3830:Bollard
3814:Woonerf
3543:Washout
3483:Pothole
3396:factors
3384:Texture
3354:Plastic
3334:Macadam
3123:Trumpet
3073:Diamond
2844:Parkway
2819:Highway
2733:Ireland
2713:Germany
2703:Croatia
2683:Belgium
1959:5 March
1937:5 March
1766:3 April
1618:May 23,
1584:Freeway
1432:Bandung
1428:Soreang
1409:Gallery
1238:Indiana
1230:Florida
1157:FasTrak
1153:Florida
1149:SunPass
1137:E-ZPass
1130:Ontario
1112:TollTag
1010:Ontario
827:Salerno
690:Toronto
658:M6 Toll
626:Britain
554:E-ZPass
315:A5 road
303:Dahomey
213:Babylon
196:Myanmar
180:Romania
158:History
122:tolls.
56:freeway
52:tollway
3923:Bridge
3607:Airbag
3379:Tarmac
3324:Gravel
3152:Bowtie
3093:Parclo
3017:Stroad
2980:Detour
2955:Street
2883:Avenue
2768:Taiwan
2753:Poland
2718:Greece
2693:Canada
2688:Brazil
2377:
2332:
2283:: 26.
2226:
2060:Basel.
1740:10 May
1714:12 May
1670:
1643:"Toll"
1368:roads.
1315:, and
1277:Kansas
1264:, and
1248:, and
1171:, and
1141:I-Pass
1108:Amtech
1081:, and
1055:ticket
1032:closed
974:, and
923:, and
507:SR 417
489:, and
280:pavage
257:feudal
182:, 1877
3349:Plank
3263:Brick
3113:Stack
2879:Alley
2763:Spain
2743:Nepal
2738:Italy
2728:India
2698:China
2273:(PDF)
2107:(PDF)
2100:(PDF)
1997:]
1986:]
1504:near
1246:Texas
1190:Texas
1110:(see
904:days.
509:near
487:E-470
418:bonds
366:Milan
348:Italy
344:Milan
227:Pliny
192:Bagan
93:axles
3859:Curb
3690:Lane
3453:Ford
3369:Sett
3309:Dirt
2937:Road
2617:Road
2375:ISBN
2354:link
2330:ISBN
2224:ISBN
2195:2012
2169:2015
2138:2011
2083:2012
2047:2024
2025:2024
1961:2024
1939:2024
1913:2014
1887:2010
1856:2014
1830:2014
1768:2006
1742:2022
1716:2022
1668:ISBN
1654:2020
1620:2012
1496:The
1459:I-95
1305:Ohio
1097:RFID
1028:open
931:and
871:and
863:The
842:Anas
835:ANAS
829:and
805:toll
668:and
552:The
456:and
444:and
380:and
372:and
266:and
260:fees
253:toll
225:and
209:Susa
150:and
129:and
76:and
65:toll
62:(or
3513:Rut
3448:Fog
3329:Ice
2463:doi
2422:doi
2310:...
1175:in
1167:in
1159:in
1151:in
1143:in
1050:".
1008:in
988:in
636:'s
368:to
60:fee
50:or
4010::
2459:44
2457:.
2418:11
2416:.
2383:.
2350:}}
2346:{{
2338:.
2281:57
2279:.
2275:.
2247:.
2185:.
2159:.
2155:.
2124:.
2008:^
2001:EU
1995:it
1988:,
1984:it
1977:,
1903:.
1877:.
1873:.
1820:.
1724:^
1705:.
1693:^
1645:.
1606:.
1480:,
1438:,
1434:,
1311:,
1307:,
1303:,
1299:,
1295:,
1291:,
1287:,
1283:,
1279:,
1275:.
1260:,
1256:,
1244:,
1240:,
1236:,
1232:,
1228:,
1224:,
1163:,
1155:,
1077:,
1069:,
1065:,
1043:no
992:,
970:,
919:,
867:,
708:,
704:,
700:,
662:M6
654:A5
581:.
493:.
395:EU
346:,
237:.
154:.
102:,
80:.
42:A
3059:)
3055:(
2609:e
2602:t
2595:v
2536:e
2529:t
2522:v
2469:.
2465::
2428:.
2424::
2356:)
2257:.
2232:.
2197:.
2171:.
2140:.
2085:.
2049:.
2027:.
1963:.
1941:.
1915:.
1889:.
1858:.
1832:.
1770:.
1744:.
1718:.
1656:.
1622:.
1457:(
963:.
211:–
198:)
194:(
20:)
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