529:
344:
746:, launched their bid to take control of the movement. Their political vision was supported by an attempt to re-define Carlist history as popular social struggle, with genuine Carlists pitted against aristocratic, clerical and conservative aliens who infiltrated into the party; Caylà started to serve as an exemplary case of a genuine, tolerant, humanist, progressist, democratic, proto-socialist, anti-capitalist and popular Carlist. His second biography - also highly hagiographical, though pursuing the opposite vision than the earlier one - was published in 1997 and it fits into this progressist outlook well; also some fiercely anti-capitalist, anti-globalist groupings of Spanish or Catalan extreme Left keep presenting Caylà as their predecessor. Other militantly Left-wing groups keep considering Cayla an enemy;
683:, since he considered it a treason to Traditionalist cause. Confronted with a tragic choice between two bad options he preferred to face whatever the future brings. In early August the Valls committee of Milícies Antifeixistes launched their search of the Carlist leader. Having intercepted Caylà's correspondence they learnt his whereabouts and a dedicated militia detachment was sent to Barcelona on a capture mission. In mid-August Caylà was arrested in his hideout, driven by car to Valls and executed on Plaça del Pati immediately after arrival. According to some accounts, the Republicans staged sort of a feast afterwards with locals forced to pass by his corpse; according to the other, militiamen used his cut off head as a football.
240:
2826:
constituye un grupo excelente por su españolismo decidido”; 2) “Otra parte del carlismo autentico, algo superior en número al anterior, forma el núcleo rebelde. Su jefe provincial es un pobre diablo de Reus llamado Sugrañes pero su jefatura no la acatan mis que en su pueblo y en alguna localidad vecina. Se mueven dentro del
Falcondismo y andan de capa caida” 3) "existe el núcleo que sigue a la trilogia Bau, Sentis, Prat. Los carlistas puros están en contra porque les acusan de haberse vendido al juanismo franquisme tarragona". In another paragraph of the same document Bau is presented as leading “una fracción moderada frente al integrismo del Sr. Caylá de Valls”, quoted after
2949:, p. 52. For the latest sample of this vision see Vallverdú 2010, p. 100 (almost identical wording in Vallverdú 2008, p. 302): “Sus campañas ciudadanas durante el periodo republicano fueron siempre al servicio de intereses populares y destacaron por el sentido federalista y anticapitalista de sus comentarios. Tanto en política como en religión fue un precursor de las corrientes progresistas abiertas al socialismo que se desarrollaría treinta años más tarde en el carlismo con la llegada del príncipe Carlos Hugo”. This vision has recently been elaborated further on in Robert Vallverdú Martí,
306:
2202:“No quiere decir eso que el proyecto de Estatut no tenga puntos aceptables y que constituya un paso hacia el total reconocimiento de los derechos de Cataluña. En este sentido y como táctica de procedimiento, marcada por la mayoría que regenta los destinos de Cataluña, puede aceptarse y votarlo. Lo que no se ha de consentir es que se tome como finalidad última lo que solo es un paso. De hacerlo engañariamos a los catalanes y engañariamos a los ciudadanos de las otras tierras ibéricas. El Estatut será seguramente aprobado, pero el pleito de Cataluña quedará en pie”,
667:, yet regardless of his pacifist outlook Caylà must have approved of the process. During the outbreak of hostilities he was running his daily party business in Barcelona; though he was leading Carlism in its third most important region some authors claim that he learnt of the insurgency from the radio broadcast. He left leadership of the Requeté to Cunill and witnessed failure of the coup in the Catalan capital, in 2 days the Carlist volunteers reduced to total disarray, some killed, some captured, some fleeing and some going into hiding.
491:
2424:
1250:
1427:
presents uns dies de dol, dol que ens arriba al fons del cor, perqué la monarquia tradicional, eminentment popular i democrática, tenia arrels fondissimes en el mode d’esser i governar-se de les terres ibériques”, quoted after
Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 39. The draft of Catalan Autonomy Statute of 1930, possibly influenced by Caylà, envisioned "organic" representation and indeed some Right-wing theorists considered organicism genuine democracy compared to not enough democratic popular voting, see John N. Schumacher,
692:
595:
261:, the periodical was issued in Valls and partially other comarcas of the Tarragona province; its circulation remains unknown. Contemporary scholar classified its political line as conservative, another present-day biographer underlines that it was based on ideas of Christian humanism and justice. Caylà and the co-founders explained their political identity in a clear-cut manifesto, declaring themselves to be first Catholics, then Spaniards, then Catalans, then Traditionalists and finally
487:
such but rather to mock the inefficient and propaganda-embroidered late primoderiverista version. It is not clear to what extent Caylà contributed to the official
Carlist autonomy project revealed in 1930; it was founded on similar highly federative concept, elaborated in more detail and embracing organic elections to the local diet. Following the advent of the Republic Carlism backtracked, prompting defection of some of its most pro-Catalanist members; Caylà was not among them.
3134:
1265:
671:
1518:
204:
preferences apart that he was attached to traditional values; he nurtured the idea of society organized along religious lines and animated by the spirit of harmonious co-operation. Demonstrating vivid interest in social question, he was committed to his vision of social responsibility and promoted the idea when presiding over the proprietors’ association. He is credited for bringing the concept into life when dealing with local vineyard tenants affected by the
134:
796:
635:
1026:
196:
28:
610:, animated its Casa Social and served as its treasurer. He kept encouraging co-operative initiatives like Cooperativa Electrica de Valls, perceived as an alternative to anonymous commercial enterprises. He also encouraged new Christian syndicates of the Tarragona province, Gremios Obreros and Gremios Patronales, confederated in
335:, unlike most Carlists he was not vocal as a monarchist. Demonstrating some accidentalism and what was already becoming his typical conciliatory and non-belligerent tone, he rather advocated common work for Spain, be it a kingdom or a republic, far more important having been a new constitution, centered on traditional values.
2273:“El sindicalisme roig invandint-ho tot trepithava tota justicia. Les masses populars, enlluernades per un fictici sol de llibertat, no veien com els seus predicadors, tot sentat que la propietat era un robatori, anaven fincant-se i adquirint valors com qualsevol borges desocupat”, quoted after Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 40
1913:; Monserrat Cavaller 2001, p. 58-59 claims that when the national Carlist jefe Manuel Fal left the regional Catalan gathering it was Joaquín Bau taking over the presidency; this might be indicative that Caylà was not brilliant during public meetings, though it might also reflect a hagiographical tone of the Bau's biography
2800:
disfrazados de carlistas que se apoyan en nosotros para su medro personal y les exigirá cuentas de sus actos. POR DIOS POR LA PATRIA Y EL REY”, quoted after
Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 217; Guinovart, Caylà's personal secretary, in the 1948 local elections ran against the Falangist candidate and won, Robert Vallverdú Martí,
219:, where he started to study law; he graduated in derecho in 1916 and commenced practicing in his native Valls, gaining anecdotal reputation for his honesty and dedication. Inheriting fervently religious outlook he commenced activities in various lay Catholic organizations; he was co-founder and active member of the local
464:. The regional diet was supposed to have decisive say on administrative, fiscal and economic issues, with diputación forming the Catalan executive and municipalities allowed large degree of their own autonomy. Though all Catalans were obliged to defend the country, according to Caylà Madrid was not allowed conscription.
265:. Caylà emerged as the moving spirit, manager, chief author and organizer of the weekly, which remained sort of his personal tribune for the next 17 years. He contributed under his own name or using various pen-names, most commonly "C.V." and "Almogáver"; his contemporaries admired him for writing ease.
1622:
maximum fine imposed was 2000 pesetars; a typical daily worker's pay was some 10 ptas; the penalty was administered following a 1934 article published on 3rd anniversary of the
Republic, denouncing collapse of public order and stating that in case the anarchy continues, the only thing left is to cry
706:
Caylà was commemorated in a hagiographical booklet published in 1938, presenting him as champion of the
Catholic, national and anti-bolshevik cause. Following the nationalist conquest of Catalonia in 1939 Caylà and other executed or fallen vallencs were re-buried in the newly constructed Panteó dels
486:
and another one claimed that it was not far from endorsing political independence. Also in present-day
Catalanist publications his articles from that period are quoted when referring to unity of Spain as “a parody”, however this particular phrase was intended not to question the Spanish integrity as
1426:
literally “veritable democrácia”, Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 210. It is not clear what exactly was meant, though the reference was not unique and kept coming back in Caylà’s writings, compare “per els que seguim les doctrines tradicionalistes representades per la Comunió legitimista han estat els
326:
Caylà was administratively reinstated as member of the local council and actively resumed his public activities, like staging the
Carlist Fiesta de los Mártires de la Tradición celebrations in 1930. Since Spanish politics seemed dominated by bewilderment, he advocated Catholic principles as general
2969:
written by Caylà's personal secretary of the mid-1930s; the work re-defines also a number of other
Carlist figures, like the claimant Jaime III, presented – in line with the general progressist interpretation – as disposed to tolerance rather than to intransigence, see Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p.
2866:
in 1961 they tried to unveil a commemorative plaque in Valls; it read "Tomás Caylá ejemplo vivo. Con firmeza jamás vencida, el hijo ilustre de Valls, D. Tomás Caylá y Grau, Jefe de los
Carlistas de Cataluña, aqui dio valerosamente la sangre y la vida por los ideales de Dios, Fueros, Patria y Rey".
2825:
document describing Tarragona in the early 1940s divided Carlists into 3 groups: 1) “Una parte bastante considerable está firmemente unida a Falange y la campaña de Carlos VIII ha aumentado bastante la fracción. Son los Tradicionalistas del grupo auténtico que siguió a Caylá. Gente sana y ruda que
543:
he kept discussing the issue on gatherings of the Valls Traditionalists. Acknowledging that “el problema social és el primer problema de l’Estat espanyol”, he approached the question mostly in religious terms, perceiving it as consequence of dechristianisation or at best religious indifference of
363:
editorials Caylà remained cautious and preferred not to jump to conclusions as to the new regime. As a monarchist loyal to the carlist claimant he acknowledged with little enthusiasm that the majority of Spaniards opted for republican solution, though he seemed to respect the choice. He called his
2799:
Carlist anti-Francoist Tarragona groups distributed leaflets aimed against Joaqúin Bau and other collaborative Carlists, reading “El Requeté de los Caylá y de los navarros exige justicia, el Requeté de la Tradición insobornable, el que no admite unificaciones ni pactos, escupe a los politiquillos
203:
Tomàs was brought up in fervently religious ambience; both his parents were profoundly Catholic. Josep Caylà served as president of the local Ateneu Católic and secretary of Germandat de Cristaires in the local parish, apart from performing other minor functions. Nothing is known of his political
658:
and Fal and voiced against the alliance with the rebellious military, but was overruled by the Carlist executive. According to yet another account, Caylà himself conspired with the generals, but he considered insurgent initiatives premature and urged the plotters to step in only as reaction to a
428:
resigned after the February 1936 elections; though some scholars claim that due to his Catalanism Caylà was increasingly alienated within the national Carlist executive, in March it was him nominated the new regional lead and assuming jefatura of probably the third most important Carlist region.
2900:: “ingresaron el el Carlismo grupos de la derecha integrista. Esas minorias, aunque intentaron influir en la ideologia y en la línea del partido, nunca arraiganon en él” (pp. 13-14), also “integrismo infiltrado en sus filas” (p. 23), "la infiltración se iba desarrollando", José Carlos Clemente,
455:
In the 1919 declaration Caylà listed his Catalan identity as third in terms of importance, put after the Catholic and Spanish ones; the statement clearly implied that being Catalan and being Spanish were complementary selves. Supporting various cultural initiatives he also acknowledged Catalan
1987:
Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 32; they often used to refer to the oath, taken in name of the Carlist claimant Carlos VII by his general Rafael Tristany in Olot on 1.10.74, and pledging to defend and respect Catalan fueros, Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 34. For historical overview of Carlism and
184:. He became secretary and then co-owner of the newly created Banc de Valls, growing to its director in 1914; he was also administrator of rural holdings belonging to the local Vaciana and Miguel families. Active in the local business milieu, he co-founded the local landholders’ organization
2418:
an alliance formed also by anti-separatist Lerrouxistas. As Lerroux and his vehemently anti-clerical Radicals have traditionally been Carlist enemies, with history of Carlist-Radical relations marked by violence and bloodshed, the alliance raised many eyebrows; Cayla presented his case in
438:
511:
not as an ultimate solution but rather as a stepping stone towards his vision. Disappointed about final shape assumed by the accepted statute, Caylà was desperate about its practical embodiment and political stance assumed by the Generalitat. Always sympathetic to the conservative
1816:. Joaquín Bau claimed credit for staging the event, noting only that “mis amigos los señores Bru y Caylá, que tan bien me han ayudado y han cooperado a la realización de la gran concentración do Poblet”, Monserrat Cavaller 2001, pp. 57-8; another version in Vallverdú 2008, p. 265
591:. His criticism of laissez-faire has also never amounted to general onslaught on capitalism; considering private property and individual self foundations of civilized society he followed Vatican in its harsh judgment of “capitalisme liberal” and unlimited accumulation of wealth.
396:
Gradually Caylà started to emerge as one of the most dynamic politicians of the Catalan Carlism. In late 1931, already as part of the ongoing unification of three Traditionalist branches, he was nominated the provincial Tarragona jefe and soon took part in re-organization of
2486:, after realizing that the rebellion had taken place in Africa, the night before July 19 he told Cabaní that it would be in the morning. Caylà also showed interest in the organization of Catalan Traditionalists and was hopeful about the coup's success, Joan Sariol Badía,
1922:
Manuel Fal, the national Carlist jefe, was a former Integrist and a fervent Catholic, who attended the mass daily; it is not unikely he easily found common ground with Caylà; Fal was known for his supportive stance towards regional identities, see Manuel Martorell Pérez,
1073:
his mother is quoted as acknowledging his choice as follows: “mucho me satisfaría que Tomás contrajera matrimonio, pero si, corno él dice, manteniéndose soltero puede servir mejor a la causa, estoy muy contenta de que permanezca soltero”, quoted after Tarrago 1978, p.
447:
The national question remained one of key threads of Caylà's writings, perhaps second only to his fierce defense of the Catholic faith. Throughout all public career he vehemently supported Catalan cultural and political ambitions, yet always combined with the Spanish
1660:
served as regional secretary; important provincial leaders were Juan Lavaquial for Lérida leader and Juan María Roma for Gerona; Casimiro de Sangenís served as Carlist MP in the Cortes, the group of leaders completed with the names of Joaquín Bau and José Bru, see
659:
would-be coup attempted by the Left. Finally, the most detailed biographical work claims that in the early summer of 1936 Caylà made a tragic figure, horrified by protorevolutionary turn of the Republic but unwilling to join a conservative rebellion against it.
1192:
who support the Carlist dynasty and stay loyal subjects of Don Jaume de Borbó, Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 31-2. The entire declaration of identity, including its very sequence, almost ideally reflected the traditional Carlist ideario: “Dios, Patria, Fueros,
1547:
Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 110; in May 1936 Caylà represented the opposition Valls councilors in their lawsuit against allegedly illegal decisions of the ayuntamiento, filed before Tribunal Provincial del Contenciós-Administratiu, Josep Santesmases i Ollé,
678:
Caylà himself initially stayed in his usual hotel residence, but following the news of Cunill and other Requeté leaders having been captured he realized the danger and after few days went into hiding by his relatives in Barcelona. He refused to flee the
1757:“descabellada revolució política de la Generalitat de Catalunya ha fet córrer el peril a la nostra terra de presenciar ‘espectacle més inhumá i contrari a la civilizació que pugui registrar la história”, quoted after Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 278
1700:
in terms of number of Traditionalist centres the Tarragona province was 8th in Spain, in terms of Margaritas centres it was 7th, in terms of number of juntas it was 10th, in terms of number of Juventud centres it was 15th, Vallverdú 2008, pp.
662:
During the July 1936 coup the Catalan Requeté organization led by was allegedly prepared to field 3,100 volunteers in the first line and further 15,000 as auxiliaries; mobilisation of Carlist paramilitary was directed by its regional leader
575:. Instead of class warfare it offered a harmonious vision of a society, stemming from Catholic principles and achieved by means of various regulatory bodies. However, none of the sources consulted mentions Caylà as engaged either in typical
2459:“a partir de la victòria del Front d’Esquerres, la Comunión Tradicionalista de Tomàs Caylà va dedicar-se exclusivament a la conspiració contra la República i a donar suport als sectors reaccionaris i posteriorment, a l’alçament feixista”,
653:
electoral victory Caylà threw himself into conspiracy. One day after the anti-republican coup had started in Spanish Morocco, he hoped that the insurrection would succeed. According to another, he confronted the insurgent line promoted by
380:
and later kept denouncing decomposition of local authorities and growing chaos in Valls. Fearing the forthcoming revolution Caylà started to present Traditionalism as the only bulwark which could stop it, with the government controlled by
364:
fellow Carlists not to renounce their vision, suggesting to see whether the Republic would turn into an orderly state or whether the project would fail. In his trademark style he warned that extremism was the key enemy of the new regime.
367:
Militant secularism of the Republic started to turn Caylà into its enemy; he was also increasingly embittered by what he perceived as arrogant Republican-Socialist domination in the Valls council. In 1932 he unsuccessfully ran for the
503:, at best lukewarm about the ultimately prevailing, allegedly integral vision of the Republic. He believed that in the autonomous agreement the Catalan rights should have taken precedence instead of having been subordinated to the
289:
could have only lambasted the new regime for its corrupted political machinery. Things went from bad to worse in 1924, when Caylà and the young Jaimistas attempted to stage Festa dels Veterans and celebrate the 50th anniversary of
750:
is covered by a present-day initiative to purge Catalan public space of fascist heritage. The Traditionalists failed to reclaim the memory of Caylà, though during the transición period of the late 1970s it was the post-Francoist
498:
The turn of Catalan case during the Republic left Caylà hugely disappointed. Enthusiastically supportive about the ongoing talks on autonomous statute, he refused to join the militant anti-Spanish Catalanization wave and opposed
1173:
dedicated to Catalan spirituality, regional rights, language, character, modo d’esser; they supported “autonomia integral” and believed that either Catalonia is Catholic or there is no Catalonia, Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p.
456:
political ambitions, best embodied in the autonomous project; for Caylà, separate regional establishments were rooted in the Carlist vision. His concept embraced Catalonia federated with Castile, the Madrid king ruling as
268:
Freshly graduated, launching his law career and active in the local Circol Jaumista, in 1920 Caylà ran on the Carlist ticket in elections to the municipal council, but was reprimanded by the party leader of the province,
707:
Mártirs on the Valls cemetery. A street in the old town was named after him and it remains so until today. In the 1940s Caylà remained a hero of the Tarragona Carlists, serving as a role model for the branch opposing
1183:“allistats sots les banderes d’un partit de noble história, que ha sapigut formar els seus homes en la oposició i que avui té de lluitar més que amb sos naturals emics”, quoted after Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 31
220:
2133:
1748:
Guinovart i Escarré 1997, pp. 276-278; according to yet another version, his non-belligerent and pacific stance prevented violence and was praised by the Republican authorities, Vallverdú 2008, p. 194
1888:; according to Vallverdú 2008, pp. 300-301, Fal asked the Catalan organization for suggestions; the Barcelona council proposed Caylà, the Girona council proposed a triumvirate composed of Juan Roma,
429:
Given his rather non-belligerent atypical Carlist profile it is not clear what mechanism led to the nomination; probably his fervent religiosity and indeed his Catalanism were not marginal factors.
548:
as primordial source of evil, anti-Christian, anti-fuerista and anti-social, leading to alienation of enslaved proletarian masses. To Caylà the popular movements of the Left, undistinguished into
539:
Caylà inherited social sensitivity from his father, possibly reinforced rather than weakened by the fact that his parent was killed as result of the social conflict. As early as during the late
1871:
allegedly due to the Integrist and Mellist influence, Vallverdú 2010, p. 102, though he gives no sources; the subject is slightly more elaborated in a single paragraph in Vallverdú 2008, p. 128
302:
refused to endorse attempts to institutionalize the regime and rebuked its inefficiency and disregard for genuine representation, in result suffering 5 fines, 2 suspensions and 2 detentions.
273:, who made public that Caylà had not been nominated by the party. Local Carlists responded by claiming that Avellá only intended to favour the candidacy of his own brother, a member of the
1363:
during dictablanda the Valls Ajuntement was re-constructed by incorporating 11 top taxpayers and 10 regidors most voted in 1917, 20 and 22 elections, Gascón Altés, Vallès Serra 1995, p. 68
607:
611:
3260:
2516:“Rodezno y Fal Conde habian vencido a Tomàs Caylà, jefe regional carlista de Cataluña, que se habia manifestado contrario al alzamiento al lado de los militares” Josep Carlos Clemente,
2299:“Dues concepcions contraposades es disputen en la práctica el terreny de les solucions: la concepció solcialista i la concepció cristiana”, quoted after Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 391
2171:
Catalonia „no fuera tradicionalista si defendiera la tesis de la separación, tesis tan bien combatida por el maestro de catalanismo Prat de a Riba”, quoted after Vallverdú 2010, p. 101
738:
the memory of Caylà went into oblivion; he started to figure prominently in the Carlist political discourse some time in the late 1960s. At that time the progressist supporters of
560:
and approached jointly as “red syndicalism”, were deceiving the masses by utopian visions of fictitious liberty and turning the Catalan idea into “branch of the Russian ideology”.
185:
189:
2013:
during the meeting of Carlist Catalan executive of late 1932 he initiated two motions aiming at underlining the role of municipal and comarcal autonomy, Vallverdú 2008, p. 124
142:
2655:
Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 12; already when appointed the regional jefe he realized that in the charged ambience the post might cost him life, see Vallverdú 2008, p. 302
520:
and the Catalan Left, denouncing “el feixisme esquerrá” and what he considered potentially barbarian course of October 1934, though he opposed suspension of the autonomy.
2575:
there were at least 957 acts of violence recorded against the Roman Catholic Church between mid-February and mid-July 1936, Manuel Álvarez Tardío, Roberto Villa García,
424:
in June 1935, with 40,000 people attending. At that point Tarragona Carlism was boasting 30 circulos, 4 periodicals and 400 local councilors. The Catalan Carlist leader
165:
563:
According to Caylà, there were two concepts of tackling the burning social issue: the Socialist one and the Christian one, the latter laid out in papal teachings of
2991:
528:
3120:
2130:
413:. Some sources claim that he prevented the Catalanists from seizing power in Tarragona, other works suggest that his role was marginal. Afterwards he lambasted
606:
and various associations of employers and employees. Though not an entrepreneur, Caylà tried to lead by example; in Valls he set up Carlist social association
2619:"Els traditionalistes catalans eren el grup més importants del carslimo espanyol, després de Navarra i les provincies basques", Vallverdu i Marti 2008, p. 294
2482:
584:
343:
3225:
270:
208:
plague. During unrest triggered by massive strike in the Catalan electricity sector in 1919 he was assassinated on the Valls street in what was probably an
3245:
2140:; even dedicated sub-chapters in specific studies do not clarify what was the role of Cayla in forging the Carlist proposal, see Vallverdú 2008, pp. 41-43
2583:
65 (2013), p. 705; Catalonia was one of the least affected regions, with Andalusia, Valencia and New Castile topping the chart, detailed list pp. 721-762
253:
1453:
Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 209-210; though interesting that he remained firm opponent of a dynastical alliance with the Alfonsinos, Robert Vallverdú,
615:
2471:, Barcelona 1988, p. 1002; in fact, he fathered the idea of organizing contraband of arms from France by sea, in a fishing ship, Vallverdú 2008, p. 305
1949:
dedicated to Catalan spirituality, rights, language, character and “modo d’esser” they supported “autonomia integral”, Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 31
1517:
a provincial Tarragona alliance with Lliga and Partido Republicano Radical, engineered by Caylà himself, Vallverdú 2008, pp. 114, 117; List available
3290:
883:
Nadal Piqué, Martí Henneberg 2012, p. 180; the organisation is also referred to as Federacion Agricola del Alt Camp, see Eduardo Montagut Contreras,
508:
2822:
2450:
and afterwards concluded that one of the reasons for defeat was Carlism “s’avia allunyat del poble treballador”, quoted after Vallverdú 2008, p. 122
720:
3255:
712:
2710:
or Villaroya i Font 1988, p. 1002 However, some sources claim he was shot in the very early hours on August 15, Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 333,
2851:
298:
for 2 weeks and detaining Caylà, who spent 5 days in Tarragona prison and was ordered a month of exile in Lleida. Also during the years to come
580:
227:. Caylà has never married; as he explained to his mother, he intended to dedicate himself entirely to the cause of God served by means of
3143:
389:
line hardened, it became target of administrative sanctions; the periodical was suspended from August to November 1932 with support for
645:
There are conflicting accounts of Caylà's position towards the Carlist anti-Republican buildup during the last few months prior to the
2707:
2184:
of 18.05.32 wrote: “Ha faltado la voz que proclamase bien claro que los derechos de Cataluña son superiores a los del estado integral”
1565:
Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 38, though he denounced fascism as counter-reaction to militant Leftism, see Vallverdú 2008, p. 220-221
3270:
420:
Caylà was busy organizing and speaking at many Carlist meetings in 1934 and 1935, the most impressive having been the gathering in
327:
guidance and prayer, sacraments and mass as 3 ordinary day duties. In terms of political solutions he championed spiritual role of
680:
1990:¿En busca del precedente perdido? Tríptico sobre las complejas relaciones entre carlismo y catalanismo a finales del siglo XIX
3265:
1505:
504:
3275:
192:. In 1894 Josep married Teresa Grau i Torner (1865-1943). The couple had 3 children; two sons died in their early infancy.
3220:
3129:
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1808:, pp. 57-58; other sources claim 25,000 people, with 424 buses, 2 special trains and a number of private vehicles, see
1550:
De les eleccions del 16 de febrer de 1936 a l'entrada dels "nacionals". Notícies de les actes municipals de Vila-rodona
406:
393:
quoted as a justification. Other penalties soon followed, be it either heavy fines, further suspensions or detentions.
1860:
322:
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2765:
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2091:
1719:
1653:
1466:
735:
1813:
1785:
1770:
1681:
1637:
614:. When running for the provincial Catalan parliament he competed in Tarragona as a member of the rightist coalition
3280:
3240:
2715:
2439:
1845:
907:
480:
331:
and papal teaching, which translated into his hostile stance towards Liberalism. Though loyal to the Carlist king
239:
3215:
2153:, Josep Cirera, Josep M. Trias Peitx, Anton Olivares, Francisco Balanyá, Francisco Guarner, Vallverdú 2010, p. 98
1966:; one of the group they supported, Colla Vella, gained fame as ”Colla deis carlins”, see Josep Miralles Climent,
2355:
Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 299-300; the centre focused on mostly on leisure activities, like theatre or sports
655:
472:
3067:
3045:
2909:
2876:
2673:
2563:
2551:
2495:
2193:
he believed that “either Catalonia is Catholic or there is no Catalonia”, Guinovart i Escarré 1997, pp. 31, 418
2079:
2058:
2001:
1805:
1657:
981:
846:
816:
544:
modern societies, which attempted to substitute God with false idols. Ringing a typically Carlist tone he saw
398:
106:
2637:
Cunill and his adjutant Josep Maria Rosell i Calbo were captured on 20 July, Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 321
739:
2480:
according to the account of Josep Cabaní, who was at the time the director of Barcelona's Carlist newspaper
2465:
Inventari simbologia. Subversió per la Llibertat. Fora simbologia espanyola i francesa dels nostres carrers!
507:. Last but not least, Caylà was profoundly unhappy about secular character of the autonomy and accepted the
3250:
373:
557:
1962:
were active as animators of “renaixenca castellera” local Catalan folk and festive tradition of building
602:
Political and social toolset intended to defuse the social conflict was very much dependent on Christian
2389:
2072:
Contra viento y marea. Historia de la evolución ideological del carlismo a través de dos siglos de lucha
1122:
3235:
3190:
3176:
3165:
2409:
Bau claimed he was the founder with Caylà reduced to the approving role, Monserrat Cavaller 2001, p. 78
892:
743:
695:
274:
475:. He retained his juvenile autonomous vision later on, presented in a series of articles published in
3010:
2848:
1910:
1829:
859:
Cambio agrario y paisaje vitivinícola en la Cataluña occidental durante el primer tercio del siglo xx
646:
2368:
2344:
1885:
1689:
1666:
1324:
2601:
Vallverdú 2010, p. 102; somewhat different figures in his earlier work, Vallverdú 2008, pp. 318-319
1632:
Gascón Altés, Vallès Serra 1995, p. 61; in 1934 Caylà intervened with comisario del Orden publico,
414:
2912:, 9788499671697, p. 150. Later and more elaborated versions of this theory in Clemente 2013, p. 28
2802:
La metamorfosi del carlisme català: del "Déu, Pàtria i Rei" a l'Assamblea de Catalunya (1936-1975)
2577:
El impacto de la violencia anticlerical en la primavera de 1936 y la respuesta de las autoridades
2533:, Valencia 2009, p. 217, Caylà “había mostrado sus dudas sobre la oportunidad de la insurrección”
369:
359:
and – clearly against most Carlists – he hoped that it would produce a genuine democracy. In his
356:
169:
2723:
1889:
1155:
and convinced that politics serves religion, never the opposite, Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 30
3109:
3022:
1002:
282:
228:
2951:
La metamorfosi del carlisme català: del Déu, Pàtria i Rei a l’Assemblea de Catalunya (1936-75)
1901:
after Navarre and the Vascongadas; the provincial Tarragona jefatura was ceded to director of
1345:
Vallverdú 2008, p. 15, Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 47, Gascón Altés, Vallès Serra 1995, p. 59
711:
and for those who chose to side with the regime, supporting the claim of self-styled claimant
664:
417:
for launching a potentially most inhuman and uncivilized mayhem that Catalonia has ever seen.
650:
623:
619:
588:
352:
332:
310:
2664:
Valls was a leftist and especially the anarchist stronghold, compare Andrew Charles Durgan,
3210:
3205:
2282:
Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 285; Caylà was hostile to what he considered dictatorships in
1978:
advocated declaring Catalan the only official language of Catalonia, Vallverdú 2010, p. 101
1648:
at that time the leader of Catalan Carlism Miquel Junyent i Rovira, soon to be replaced by
576:
305:
2827:
1127:
La prensa carlista y falangista durante la Segunda República y la Guerra Civil (1931-1937)
141:
Tomàs d'Aquino Caylà i Grau was descendant to a well-off Catalan family. His grandfather,
8:
1649:
540:
533:
425:
1595:
referred to the Republican regime as “new dictatorship”, Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 41
402:
2150:
549:
513:
457:
281:
as one of the most popular candidates. His career did not last long; the coming of the
209:
181:
3230:
3082:
3063:
3041:
2985:
Legitimista Digital. El Carlisme contra la Globalizacio. Mes Societat i menys mercat!
2954:
2942:
2930:
2905:
2893:
2872:
2867:
The event was accompanied by building a castell and dropping leaflets, César Alcalá,
2805:
2761:
2731:
2669:
2559:
2547:
2491:
2087:
2075:
2054:
1997:
1801:
1715:
1501:
1462:
1164:
determined to serve Spain's greatness and prosperity, Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 30
977:
842:
812:
703:
571:
490:
449:
291:
153:
517:
468:
3148:
839:
El Banc de Valls (1881-1979). Esborrany històric amb records i comentaris personals
467:
During dictatorship Caylà kept supporting Catalan ambitions, highly sympathetic to
691:
3124:
2995:
2855:
2518:
Los días fugaces. El Carlismo. De las guerras civiles a la transición democratica
2137:
774:
471:
and highly critical towards governmental measures applied against him after the
285:
dictatorship in 1923 spelled replacement of elected bodies with the appointees;
251:
In 1919 young local activists led by Caylà founded a Valls-based weekly titled
3181:
3170:
3156:
2520:, Cuenca 2013, p. 39, Clemente 1992, p. 370, Pérez-Nievas Borderas 1999, p. 97
1276:
Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 169, Vicenç Gascón Altés, Francesc Vallès Serra,
3199:
2544:
Banderas blancas, boinas rojas: una historia política del carlismo, 1876-1939
565:
277:. Caylà could not get elected. However, in 1922 he ran again and was elected
594:
2287:
1963:
752:
603:
377:
161:
670:
405:. Its revitalized paramilitary section was called into action during the
382:
262:
188:
and represented it on various fora, becoming also president of the local
149:
639:
2529:
Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 319; according to Manuel Martorell Pérez,
769:
734:
Except singular cases of homage on part of intransigent anti-Francoist
545:
500:
278:
205:
133:
2695:
1429:
Integrism. A Study in XIXth Century Spanish politico-religious Thought
634:
410:
355:
monarchy, unlike most of them he did not demonstrate hostility to the
708:
216:
146:
118:
72:
2149:
the splitters were Esteban Ferré i Calviá, Josep M. Ferré i Moragó,
294:
of the province; the regime reacted by closing circulos, suspending
257:. Spanning across modest 4 pages and appearing with the sub-heading
2488:
Petita historia de la guerra civil: vint-i-tres testimonis informen
2308:
Caylà is not mentioned a single time in Jose Luis Orella Martínez,
723:
weekly launched in Tarragona in 1943 was styled as continuation of
390:
328:
177:
1925:
Antonio Arrue, Euskaltzaindiaren suspertzean lagundu zuen karlista
3060:
El Carlisme Català Durant La Segona República Espanyola 1931-1936
2694:
according to his certificate of death, he died on August 14, see
764:
441:
122:
1840:
since 1934, when Junyent resigned, Vallverdú 2010, p. 100, also
437:
2283:
461:
421:
1724:
La tradición recuperada: El requeté carlista y la insurrección
731:
it had little in common with the original Caylà's periodical.
195:
3075:
Catalanisme i carlisme a la Catalunya republicana (1931-1936)
1455:
Catalanisme i carlisme a la Catalunya republicana (1931-1936)
173:
152:. He fought for the liberal side against the Carlists in the
49:
45:
27:
3053:
Tomás Cayla Grau, ejemplo y guía de patriotas. Vida y muerte
2779:
Tomás Cayla Grau, ejemplo y guía de patriotas. Vida y muerte
2388:
compare co-operative efforts of another Carlist politician,
1712:
Combatientes Requetés en la Guerra Civil española, 1936-1939
2869:
D. Mauricio de Sivatte. Una biografía política (1901-1980),
2531:
La continuidad ideológica del carlismo tras la Guerra Civil
1968:
Aspectos de la cultura política del carlismo en el siglo xx
553:
479:
in 1930. A contemporary scholar compared it to the radical
157:
3261:
Spanish people of the Spanish Civil War (National faction)
3159:
they come, in numbers and weapons far greater than our own
3007:
Fora simbologia espanyola i francesa dels nostres carrers!
1278:
La dictadura de Primo de Rivera en la perspectiva de Valls
755:
grouping which hailed Caylà as “la moral del Alzamiento”.
2469:
Violéncia i repressió a la reraguardia catalana 1936-1939
1613:
Caylà denied the charges, Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 44
2507:
Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 12, Vallverdú 2008, p. 310
215:
Following his earlier education in 1911 Tomàs moved to
2556:
El carlismo: dos siglos de contrarrevolución en España
2103:
Clemente Muñoz 1999, p. 80, Clemente Muñoz 1992, p. 80
1336:
like Union Patriotica, Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 36
2832:
El Franquisme des de dins: un informe sobre Tarragona
2836:
Butlletí de la Societat Catalana d'Estudis Històrics
2125:, see Vallverdú 2010, p. 95, for the full text see
1994:
El nacionalismo catalán: mitos y lugares de memoria
1798:
Joaquín Bau Nolla y la restauración de la Monarquía
372:from the Unio Ciutadana list; following triumphant
2051:El carlismo en el novecientos español (1876-1936)
974:El Centre Obrer de Mont-roig del Camp (1911-1925)
3197:
2981:Tomàs Caylà Grau: Catalanismo, la única solución
2698:. There are authors who also indicate this, see
1623:“visca el Rei” Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 48-9
993:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 19, Jaime Tarrago,
3161:- crypto-Catholic vision of the ultimate battle
2554:, 9788496467347, p. 326, Jordi Canal i Morell,
1587:defended the Tortosa Traditionalist periodical
1219:standing for “Carlí Vallenc”, The Valls Carlist
234:
2700:Recordando a D. Tomàs Caylà i Grau (1885-1936)
581:Asociación Católica Nacional de Propagandistas
409:, as Caylà ordered mobilisation of provincial
351:Like many Carlists Caylà welcomed the fall of
2847:see index of Vallencs publications available
2031:Vallverdú 2010, p. 100, Vallverdú 2008, p. 38
857:Francesc Nadal Piqué, Jordi Martí Henneberg,
221:Congregacio Mariana de la Verge de la Candela
3226:People killed by the Second Spanish Republic
2206:15.07.31; see also Vallverdú 2008, pp. 45-56
1722:, p. 842, Julio Aróstegui, Eduardo Calleja,
622:, endorsed by the then Catalan Carlist jefe
3246:Spanish casualties of the Spanish Civil War
3093:La premsa de la ciutat de Valls al segle XX
3079:El catalanisme en el nostre passat nacional
2666:BOC 1930–1936. El Bloque Obrero y Campesino
2467:, s.l. 2008, p. 32, Joan Villaroya i Font,
1459:El catalanisme en el nostre passat nacional
1121:is not listed among Carlist periodicals in
1111:La premsa de la ciutat de Valls al segle XX
1591:, fined by the Republican administration;
1302:Gascón Altés, Vallès Serra 1995, pp. 48-49
742:, grouped around the young Carlist prince
649:. According to one version, following the
587:, or in various political incarnations of
172:; following 1881 graduation he settled in
26:
3291:People executed by Spain by decapitation
2310:El origen del primer católicismo Español
1498:Lliga Catalana: un estudi d'estasiología
863:Ería: Revista cuatrimestral de geografía
837:for details see Francesc Costas i Jové,
690:
669:
633:
593:
527:
489:
436:
342:
320:was euphoric about Primo's fall. During
304:
238:
194:
145:(1810-1888), was member of the emerging
132:
3256:Spanish people of the Spanish Civil War
2902:Breve historia de las guerras carlistas
1880:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 317, also
618:, while Carlists from Barcelona formed
3198:
3130:Cayla at socialist anti-globalist site
2082:, p. 97, Josep Carlos Clemente Muñoz,
1529:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, pp. 107, 109
1354:Gascón Altés, Vallès Serra 1995, p. 67
1327:, also Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 35
1293:Gascón Altés, Vallès Serra 1995, p. 48
385:and serving foreign interests. As the
3110:Tomás Caylá o la Moral del Alzamiento
2758:Carlism and Crisis in Spain 1931-1939
2237:, Guinovart i Escarré 1997, pp. 25-26
1444:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, pp. 39, 110
995:Tomas Caylà o la moral del Alzamiento
376:victory he was forced to walk out of
2790:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 344-348
2040:see Vallverdú 2008, pp. 26-27, 38-40
1381:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, pp. 68, 72
927:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, pp. 16, 23
2890:Historia del Carlismo contemporaneo
2728:El Carlismo En Su Prensa, 1931-1972
2610:Vallverdú i Martí 2008, pp. 312-315
963:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, pp. 15-16
936:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, pp. 15-16
432:
128:
13:
3150:Joventut per la Fe i per la Pàtria
3115:Cayla by progressist historian at
3030:
2235:La qüestió social en nostra ciutat
1974:17 (2005), pp. 147-174; Caylà and
727:; issued in Spanish and subtitled
612:Agrupacion Gremial de Trabajadores
523:
199:Tomàs at his first communion, 1905
156:(1833-1840) and was then mayor of
14:
3302:
3186:; contemporary Carlist propaganda
3103:
2379:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 85-6
2290:, Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 79
2162:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 47-8
516:, he was alarmed by militancy of
347:Republic declared, Barcelona 1931
3172:Catalan requete roll of the dead
3038:Tomàs Caylà, un home de la terra
3015:
3000:
2973:
2963:
2915:
2882:
2860:
2841:
2815:
2793:
2784:
2771:
2750:
2741:
2718:; some even say that on 13, see
2688:
2685:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 327
2679:
2658:
2649:
2646:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 324
2640:
2631:
2622:
2613:
2604:
2595:
2586:
2569:
2536:
2523:
2510:
2501:
2474:
2453:
2444:
2429:
2412:
2403:
2394:
2382:
2373:
2358:
2349:
2333:
2324:
2315:
2302:
2293:
2276:
2267:
2264:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 380
2258:
2249:
2246:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 380
2240:
2227:
2218:
2215:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 261
2209:
2196:
2187:
2174:
2165:
2156:
2143:
2123:Proyecto de Estatuto de Cataluña
2115:
2112:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 407
1574:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 268
1538:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 109
1487:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 211
1417:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 209
1408:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 275
1085:La premsa local en el meu record
809:Tomàs Caylà, un home de la terra
608:Agrupació Social Tradicionalista
460:provided he swears to the local
223:and helped to set up its review
3271:Catalan prisoners and detainees
3021:Tarrago 1978, p. 10, available
2888:compare Josep Carles Clemente,
2628:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 11
2592:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 12
2330:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 76
2321:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 40
2255:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 32
2106:
2097:
2064:
2043:
2034:
2025:
2022:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 33
2016:
2007:
1981:
1952:
1943:
1940:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 30
1934:
1916:
1895:
1874:
1865:
1850:
1834:
1819:
1790:
1775:
1760:
1751:
1742:
1733:
1704:
1694:
1671:
1642:
1626:
1616:
1607:
1604:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 42
1598:
1577:
1568:
1559:
1541:
1532:
1523:
1511:
1490:
1481:
1478:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 38
1472:
1447:
1438:
1420:
1411:
1402:
1399:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 76
1393:
1390:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 83
1384:
1375:
1372:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 36
1366:
1357:
1348:
1339:
1330:
1314:
1311:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 35
1305:
1296:
1287:
1270:
1255:
1240:
1231:
1228:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 29
1222:
1213:
1196:
1186:
1177:
1167:
1158:
1145:
1142:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 25
1136:
1103:
1100:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 30
1094:
1077:
1067:
1064:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 63
1058:
1049:
1040:
1031:
1016:
1013:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 63
1007:
987:
972:Francesc Rom Serra, Martí Rom,
966:
957:
954:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 20
948:
945:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 15
939:
930:
921:
918:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 20
874:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 15
828:Guinovart i Escarré 1997, p. 19
729:Semanario nacional sindicalista
629:
401:, engineered by its new leader
2070:Fermín Pérez-Nievas Borderas,
1992:, Enric Ucelay Da Cal (ed.),
912:
897:
877:
868:
851:
831:
822:
801:
786:
579:initiatives of this era, like
1:
2704:Carlistas. Historia y cultura
2084:Historia general del carlismo
3266:20th-century Spanish lawyers
3135:Cayla by Catalan Carlist at
2049:José Carlos Clemente Muñoz,
1988:Catalanism see Jordi Canal,
1796:Joaquín Monserrat Cavaller,
780:
235:Restoration and dictatorship
168:(1856-1919), studied law in
7:
3276:Spanish publishers (people)
3099:42 (2002), pp. 157–194
2224:Vallverdú 2008, pp. 204-205
1658:Benedicto Torralba de Damas
1001:19.08.78, p. 10, available
758:
338:
186:Sindicato Agrícola de Valls
10:
3307:
3221:Politicians from Catalonia
3073:Robert Vallverdú i Martí,
3058:Robert Vallverdú i Martí,
3036:Joan Guinovart i Escarré,
2937:, p. 307, Jacek Bartyzel,
1500:, vol. 2, Barcelona 1972,
1433:Catholic Historical Review
1202:he also collaborated with
819:, 9788492147670, pp. 15-16
807:Joan Guinovart i Escarré,
740:socialismo autogestionario
190:Asociación de Propietarios
2233:like the lectured titled
1237:Altés i Serra 1993, p. 69
686:
426:Lorenzo Maria Alier Cassi
259:Per la fe i per la pátria
102:
94:
86:
78:
68:
56:
34:
25:
18:
3286:Spanish victims of crime
2726:, Jose Carlos Clemente,
2390:Marcelino Oreja Elósegui
2180:Vallverdú 2010, p. 102;
1905:, José María Bru Jardi,
1435:48/3 (1962), pp. 351-352
1123:Eduardo González Calleja
399:Comunión Tradicionalista
107:Comunión Tradicionalista
3281:Spanish Roman Catholics
3241:Spanish anti-communists
3152:in Premsa Digitalitzada
3009:, s.l. 2008, available
1972:Espacio, Tiempo y Forma
1652:; subjefe regional was
984:, 9788496035348, p. 136
656:Tomás Domínguez Arévalo
407:October 1934 insurgency
170:University of Barcelona
3216:Lawyers from Catalonia
3137:Joventut de l'Alt Camp
2747:Tarrago 1978, pp. 9-10
2542:Jordi Canal i Morell,
2061:, 9788483741535, p. 80
1728:Historia Contemporanea
1046:Tarrago 1978, pp. 9-10
795:09.08.1888, available
699:
675:
642:
599:
536:
495:
444:
348:
314:
248:
200:
138:
3184:Por Dios y por España
3144:Cayla at Carlist site
3091:Laura Vives Solanes,
2838:9 (1998), pp. 152-153
2706:blog 2008, available
1109:Laura Vives Solanes,
891:blog 2011, available
694:
674:Plaça del Pati, Valls
673:
637:
597:
531:
493:
473:Prats de Molló affair
440:
346:
308:
242:
198:
166:Josep Caylà i Miracle
136:
3097:Quaderns de Villaniu
3055:, San Sebastián 1938
2781:, San Sebastián 1938
2714:20.06.36, available
2438:08.11.32, available
2367:18.04.33, available
2343:18.03.33, available
2127:Juventudes Carlistas
1884:07.04.36, available
1859:15.01.42, available
1844:07.04.36, available
1828:20.06.35, available
1812:27.09.99, available
1784:17.05.35, available
1769:20.10.34, available
1688:09.08.34, available
1680:25.11.31, available
1665:18.19.34, available
1636:15.05.34, available
1323:07.07.24, available
1264:14.02.20, available
1249:03.02.20, available
1131:El Argonauta español
1115:Quaderns de Villaniu
1083:Pere Altés i Serra,
1025:10.11.16, available
906:24.12.19, available
638:monument to Catalan
577:Christian-democratic
505:Spanish constitution
494:anti-statute meeting
3251:Spanish monarchists
3077:, L. Duran (ed.),
2987:website, available
2953:, Montserrat 2014,
1909:20.6.35, available
1654:Mauricio de Sivatte
1650:Lorenzo María Alier
1457:, L. Duran (ed.),
1282:Quaderns de Vilaniu
1262:La Crónica de Valls
1208:La Cronica de Valls
1117:42 (2002), p. 173;
1089:Quaderns de Vilaniu
1055:Tarrago 1978, p. 10
1037:Tarrago 1978, p. 10
865:, 88 (2012), p. 180
702:Already during the
143:Tomás Caylá y Sardá
3123:2016-03-03 at the
3117:Diari de Tarragona
3062:, Barcelona 2008,
3051:Juan Soler Janer,
2994:2015-05-18 at the
2927:Umierac ale powoli
2892:, Barcelona 1977,
2854:2016-03-04 at the
2804:, Montserrt 2014,
2777:Juan Soler Janer,
2760:, Cambridge 2008,
2756:Martin Blinkhorn,
2722:service available
2668:, Barcelona 1996,
2490:, Barcelona 1977,
2151:Joan Roca i Caball
2136:2015-05-28 at the
2129:service available
1996:, Barcelona 2005,
1739:Tarrago 1978, p. 9
1583:the first came as
1091:, 24 (1993), p. 68
976:, Barcelona 2003,
889:Historiaideologias
748:carrer Tomàs Caylà
700:
676:
643:
620:Dreta de Catalunya
600:
589:Social-Catholicism
541:Restoration period
537:
496:
458:Comte de Barcelona
445:
370:Catalan parliament
349:
315:
275:Conservative Party
249:
201:
182:Tarragona province
139:
117:(1895-1936) was a
115:Tomàs Caylà i Grau
39:Tomàs Caylà i Grau
20:Tomàs Caylà i Grau
3236:People from Valls
2828:Joan Maria Thomàs
2483:El Correo Catalán
1903:Correo de Tortosa
1710:Julio Aróstegui,
1506:978-84-297-0858-5
1204:El Correo Catalan
585:Juventud Católica
572:Quadragesimo anno
176:, the capital of
154:First Carlist War
112:
111:
3298:
3187:
3173:
3162:
3081:, Solsona 2010,
3025:
3019:
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3004:
2998:
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2941:, Wroclaw 2011,
2923:Bandera Carlista
2921:Jacek Bartyzel,
2919:
2913:
2886:
2880:
2871:Barcelona 2001,
2864:
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2074:, Estella 1999,
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2020:
2014:
2011:
2005:
1985:
1979:
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1931:56 (2011), 858-9
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243:Cayla launching
160:and a friend of
129:Family and youth
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2939:Don Carlos Marx
2929:, Krakow 2006,
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2012:
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804:
798:
794:
789:
785:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
762:
756:
754:
749:
745:
741:
737:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
705:
697:
693:
684:
682:
672:
668:
666:
660:
657:
652:
648:
641:
636:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
596:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
573:
568:
567:
566:Rerum novarum
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
542:
535:
530:
521:
519:
515:
510:
506:
502:
492:
488:
485:
483:
478:
474:
470:
465:
463:
459:
453:
451:
450:raison d’etat
443:
439:
430:
427:
423:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
394:
392:
388:
384:
379:
378:l’Ajuntamient
375:
371:
365:
362:
358:
354:
345:
336:
334:
330:
325:
324:
319:
313:
312:
307:
303:
301:
297:
293:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
266:
264:
260:
256:
255:
246:
241:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
213:
211:
207:
197:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
148:
144:
135:
126:
124:
120:
116:
108:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
74:
71:
67:
59:
55:
51:
47:
37:
33:
29:
24:
17:
3183:
3158:
3149:
3136:
3116:
3096:
3092:
3078:
3074:
3059:
3052:
3037:
3017:
3006:
3002:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2965:
2950:
2938:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2901:
2889:
2884:
2868:
2862:
2843:
2835:
2831:
2821:An internal
2817:
2801:
2795:
2786:
2778:
2773:
2757:
2752:
2743:
2727:
2719:
2711:
2703:
2699:
2690:
2681:
2665:
2660:
2651:
2642:
2633:
2624:
2615:
2606:
2597:
2588:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2555:
2543:
2538:
2530:
2525:
2517:
2512:
2503:
2487:
2481:
2476:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2446:
2435:
2431:
2420:
2414:
2405:
2396:
2384:
2375:
2364:
2360:
2351:
2340:
2335:
2326:
2317:
2309:
2304:
2295:
2288:Soviet Union
2278:
2269:
2260:
2251:
2242:
2234:
2229:
2220:
2211:
2203:
2198:
2189:
2181:
2176:
2167:
2158:
2145:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2108:
2099:
2083:
2071:
2066:
2050:
2045:
2036:
2027:
2018:
2009:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1964:human towers
1959:
1954:
1945:
1936:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1881:
1876:
1867:
1856:
1852:
1841:
1836:
1825:
1821:
1809:
1797:
1792:
1781:
1777:
1766:
1762:
1753:
1744:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1711:
1706:
1696:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1662:
1644:
1633:
1628:
1618:
1609:
1600:
1592:
1589:La Tradición
1588:
1584:
1579:
1570:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1534:
1525:
1513:
1497:
1492:
1483:
1474:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1413:
1404:
1395:
1386:
1377:
1368:
1359:
1350:
1341:
1332:
1320:
1316:
1307:
1298:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1261:
1257:
1246:
1242:
1233:
1224:
1215:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1188:
1179:
1169:
1160:
1152:
1147:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1069:
1060:
1051:
1042:
1033:
1022:
1018:
1009:
999:Fuerza Nueva
998:
994:
989:
973:
968:
959:
950:
941:
932:
923:
914:
903:
899:
888:
884:
879:
870:
862:
858:
853:
838:
833:
824:
808:
803:
792:
788:
753:Fuerza Nueva
747:
733:
728:
724:
716:
701:
677:
661:
644:
630:Final months
604:trade unions
601:
570:
564:
562:
538:
534:primate Goma
497:
481:
476:
466:
454:
446:
419:
395:
386:
366:
360:
350:
321:
317:
316:
309:
299:
295:
286:
267:
258:
252:
250:
244:
224:
214:
202:
162:General Prim
140:
125:politician.
114:
113:
63:Valls, Spain
3211:1936 deaths
3206:1895 births
1554:La Resclosa
744:Carlos Hugo
736:Sivattistas
713:Carlos VIII
665:José Cunill
415:Generalitat
383:freemasonry
323:Dictablanda
263:legitimists
225:Estel Maria
150:bourgeoisie
79:Citizenship
69:Nationality
3200:Categories
3068:8478260803
3046:8492147679
2910:8499671691
2877:8493109797
2720:Cossetania
2674:8475843115
2564:8420639478
2552:8496467341
2496:8472353044
2080:8460589323
2059:8483741539
2002:8497425073
1958:Caylà and
1806:8487863949
1151:guided by
982:8496035344
847:8486083508
817:8492147679
770:Catalanism
546:Liberalism
501:separatism
403:Manuel Fal
391:Sanjuriada
206:phylloxera
98:politician
87:Occupation
2979:see e.g.
2823:Falangist
781:Footnotes
721:Falangist
709:Francoism
704:Civil War
558:Communism
554:Socialism
550:Anarchism
482:La Habana
353:Alfonsist
333:Jaime III
217:Barcelona
210:anarchist
147:Tarragona
90:publisher
3231:Carlists
3121:Archived
2992:Archived
2852:Archived
2812:, p. 110
2768:, p. 260
2498:, p. 115
2463:entry,
2421:Joventut
2286:and the
2204:Joventut
2182:Joventut
2134:Archived
2094:, p. 370
1976:Joventut
1960:Joventut
1593:Joventut
1585:Joventut
1508:, p. 242
1469:, p. 100
1247:Joventut
1133:9 (2012)
1119:Joventut
759:See also
725:Joventut
717:Juventud
640:requetés
518:Companys
477:Joventut
387:Joventut
374:Esquerra
361:Joventut
357:Republic
339:Republic
318:Joventut
300:Joventut
296:Joventut
287:Joventut
254:Joventut
245:Joventud
212:ambush.
3191:YouTube
3177:YouTube
3166:YouTube
2738:, p. 71
2400:in 1935
1929:Euskera
1701:247-260
1684:, also
765:Carlism
624:Junyent
509:statute
484:version
442:castell
411:Requeté
329:Vatican
279:regidor
180:in the
123:Carlist
119:Spanish
82:Spanish
73:Spanish
3139:(1976)
3085:
3066:
3044:
2957:
2945:
2933:
2908:
2896:
2875:
2808:
2764:
2734:
2672:
2562:
2550:
2494:
2423:, see
2284:Mexico
2121:named
2090:
2078:
2057:
2000:
1804:
1718:
1504:
1465:
1321:El Sol
1023:Pàtria
980:
845:
815:
719:, the
698:, 1964
687:Legacy
462:fueros
422:Poblet
247:, 1919
137:father
514:Lliga
469:Macia
174:Valls
50:Spain
46:Valls
3083:ISBN
3064:ISBN
3042:ISBN
3023:here
3011:here
2989:here
2955:ISBN
2943:ISBN
2931:ISBN
2906:ISBN
2894:ISBN
2873:ISBN
2849:here
2806:ISBN
2762:ISBN
2732:ISBN
2724:here
2716:here
2708:here
2696:here
2670:ISBN
2560:ISBN
2548:ISBN
2492:ISBN
2440:here
2425:here
2369:here
2345:here
2131:here
2088:ISBN
2076:ISBN
2055:ISBN
1998:ISBN
1911:here
1886:here
1861:here
1846:here
1830:here
1814:here
1802:ISBN
1786:here
1771:here
1716:ISBN
1690:here
1682:here
1667:here
1638:here
1519:here
1502:ISBN
1463:ISBN
1325:here
1266:here
1251:here
1206:and
1193:Rey”
1027:here
1003:here
978:ISBN
908:here
893:here
843:ISBN
813:ISBN
797:here
583:and
569:and
158:Reus
60:1936
57:Died
42:1895
35:Born
3189:on
3175:on
3164:on
3095:,
2983:,
2925:,
2834:,
2702:,
2579:,
1970:,
1927:,
1857:ABC
1726:,
1552:,
1431:,
1280:,
1129:,
1113:,
1087:,
997:,
887:,
861:,
556:or
3202::
2970:39
2830:,
1656:;
1174:31
1125:,
1074:10
715:.
626:.
552:,
452:.
231:.
48:,
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