220:) believed in a number of sun gods. According to their mythology, Earth and its beings had been created five times in five cosmic eras and were ruled by five different sun gods. When each era or eon had ended and the sun god and its beings had been destroyed, the gods were to choose a new sun God. The four suns that preceded Tonatiuh were called "4 Jaguar", "4 Wind", "4 Water", and "4 Rain." Each of the four eras and its beings had been destroyed by an element simultaneously named after its sun god: the beings in 4 Jaguar (giants) were consumed by jaguars; the beings in 4 Wind (monkeys) were destroyed by great winds; the beings in 4 Water were consumed by water; the being in 4 Rain (turkeys) were killed by rains of fire. The first two eras lasted for 676 years, while the third era lasted for 364 years.
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347:. Tlaltecuhtli is often depicted in Aztec art with an open mouth and a sacrificial knife known as a "flint" representing a tongue. While the inner ring of the stone contains the glyph "4 Movement", it is flanked by four square compartments. These compartments and their glyphs are believed to represent the four cosmic eras prior to Tonatiuh as the fifth sun and the documentation of when each era was destroyed. Some scholars maintain the view that Tlaltecuhtli signifies the destruction of the present or fifth era by earthquakes, a view relevant to the same Aztec belief.
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196:. Tonatiuh's symbolic association with the eagle alludes to the Aztec belief of his journey as the present sun, travelling across the sky each day, where he descended in the west and ascended in the east. It was thought that his journey was sustained by the daily sacrifice of humans. His Nahuatl name can also be translated to "He Who Goes Forth Shining" or "He Who Makes The Day." Tonatiuh was thought to be the central deity on the
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perfect grade both in face and person, that he looked like the Sun, and that he was a
Captain, and in addition to this they brought with them a picture of him with his face very naturally portrayed and from that time forth they gave him the title of Tonatio, which means the Sun or the Child of the Sun, and so they called him ever after.
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relates to the belief that the eagle is a reference to the ascending and descending eagle talons, a visual metaphor for capturing the heart or life force of a person. This particular form of symbolism points to ritual of human sacrifice, which was associated with
Tonatiuh and his devouring of the hearts of victims.
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The ambassadors with whom they were travelling gave an account of their doings to
Montezuma, and he ask them what sort of faces and general appearance had these two Teules who were coming to Mexico, and whether they were Captains, and it seems that they replied that Pedro de Alvarado was of very
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When both of them had been consumed by this great fire, the gods sat down to await the reappearance of
Nanahuatzin; where, they wondered, would he appear. Their waiting was long. Suddenly the sky turned red; everywhere the light of dawn appeared. It is said that the gods then knelt to await the
381:
The iconography of
Tonatiuh's physical appearance provides a visual explanation of his role as a sun deity. In certain depictions, Tonatiuh is painted in the colour red and is seen wearing an eagle feather headdress, holding a shield that could be a solar disc. Tonatiuh's connection to the sun
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as
Tonatiuh. Alvarado was said to be violent and aggressive and had a red beard, reminding them of their sun-god warrior (often painted red) Tonatiuh. In a translation of his writings, the Spanish conquistador
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Tonatiuh's era was known as "the fifth age". In a myth called "The Primal Sun Myth", Tonatiuh's appearance as the fifth and final sun took place in the Pre-Columbian
Mesoamerican city of
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And they say that, even though all the gods died, In truth, still he did not move. (It was) not possible for the Sun, Tonatiuh, To follow his path. In this way,
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which means "4 Movement". Represented as a fierce and warlike god, he is first seen in Early
Postclassic art of the Pre-Columbian civilization known as the
227:. According to the myth, in order for Tonatiuh to rise a substantial sacrifice had to be made. Despite the voluntary self-sacrifices from the Aztec gods
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stood up straight. He grew extremely strong. He ran and blew lightly. Instantly, he moved (the sun). Like so, he follows his path.
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and blew
Tonatiuh into motion. The telling of this version of the creation of the fifth sun was captured in a text that read:
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Read, Kay A. (Spring 1986). "The
Fleeting Moment: Cosmogony, Eschatology, and Ethics in Aztec Religion and Society".
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Read, Kay A. (Spring 1986). "The Fleeting Moment: Cosmogony, Eschatology, and Ethics in Aztec Religion and Society".
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Various accounts of the creation myth portray different narratives. According to an account by Franciscan missionary
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rising of Nanahuatzin as the Sun. All about them they looked, but they were unable to guess where he would appear.
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343:. Various scholarships, however, believe the face at the centre of the stone to be that of the earth monster
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Mesoamerica Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals and Beliefs of Mexico and Central America
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and being accompanied by his men, an encounter which includes a description of Alvarado's features:
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There are several versions of Tonatiuh's birth as a sun deity in the Aztec creation myth. The
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Klein, Cecilia F. (1976). "The Identity of the Central Deity on the Aztec Calendar Stone".
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speaks of the Aztec's reference to Alvarado as "the Sun". Castillo describes Alvarado and
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but is no longer identified as such. In Toltec culture, Tonatiuh is often associated with
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in the sixteenth Century, the Aztecs referred to the Spanish explorer and conquistador
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Early Pre-Columbian scholars have long identified Tonatiuh as the central deity of the
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sacrificed himself. In this particular account, it is said that it was the bravery of
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Graulich, Michel (1988). "Double Immolations in Ancient Mexican Sacrificial Ritual".
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sun deity of the daytime sky who rules the cardinal direction of east. According to
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An Illustrated Dictionary of The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and The Maya
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An Illustrated Dictionary of The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya
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587:. New York: Chelsea House Publications; 2nd ed. edition. pp. 128–129.
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in a great fire, Tonatiuh rose weakly and did not move until the wind god
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Diaz del Castillo, Bernal (2010). Alfred Percival; Genaro Garcia (eds.).
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185:, Tonatiuh was known as "The Fifth Sun" and was given a calendar name of
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became the moon because of his hesitation before sacrificing himself.
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in his manifestation as the morning star aspect of the planet Venus.
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Sun deity of the daytime sky and ruled the cardinal direction of east
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It is also suggested that Tonatiuh is the transfigured version of
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937:. New York: Rizzoli International Publications, INC. p. 99.
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Aztec Thought and Culture: A Study of the Ancient Nahuatl Mind
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512:. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. pp. 39–40.
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Aztec deity of the sun and of the cardinal direction of east
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423:(16th century). The sun glyph of Tonatiuh is joined to him.
1047:
Diaz del Castillo, Bernal (2008). Carrasco, David (ed.).
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This article is about the god. For the conquistador, see
300:. In his recorded writings of the fifth sun's creation,
1051:. Mexico: University of New Mexico Press. p. 469.
694:. New York: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 170.
922:. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 44.
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page 43 depicts Tonatiuh with the canine features of
1076:. England: Ashgate Publishing Company. p. 295.
231:(or Nanahuatzin), a deformed and pimpled deity, and
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897:. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 45.
841:. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 42.
816:. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 41.
612:. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 37.
562:. Austin: University of Texas pRESS. p. 37.
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537:. London: The British Museum Press. p. 33.
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993:. Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks. p. 66.
868:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.
662:. New York: Thames & Hudson. p. 255.
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1074:The True History of the Conquest of New Spain
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991:State and Cosmos in the Art of Tenochtitlan
318:Representations and iconographic depictions
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637:. Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 146.
243:that resulted in Tonatiuh's rise and that
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1113:Windows to The Universe page on Tonatiuh
1049:The History of the Conquest of New Spain
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964:. London: Thames & Hudson. pp.
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724:. London: Thames & Hudson. pp.
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585:South and Meso-American Mythology A to Z
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304:mentions that the gods were waiting for
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893:Brundage, Burr Cartwright (1979).
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812:Brundage, Burr Cartwright (1979).
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608:Brundage, Burr Cartwright (1979).
558:Brundage, Burr Cartwright (1979).
508:Brundage, Burr Cartwright (1979).
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1920:Lienzo de Coixtlahuaca I & II
1165:: Ometēcuthli and Omecihuātl (or
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933:Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo (1989).
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635:The A to Z of Ancient Mesoamerica
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362:page 71 depicts Tonatiuh (left).
2095:Codex Vindobonensis Mexicanus I
1975:Oztoticpac Lands Map of Texcoco
1925:Lienzo de Santa María Nativitas
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1935:Lienzo de Zacatepec I & II
918:Leon-Portilla, Miguel (1982).
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487:10.1080/00043079.1976.10787237
386:Belief in Alvarado as Tonatiuh
254:, following the sacrifices of
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419:The death of Alvarado in the
177:"Movement of the Sun") is an
62:Tōnatiuh as depicted in the
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2070:Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca
1930:Lienzo de Santiago Ihuitlan
787:Journal of Religious Ethics
760:Journal of Religious Ethics
658:Miller, Mary Ellen (2012).
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2030:Codex Santa Maria Asunción
1810:Boban Aztec Calendar Wheel
989:Townsend, Richard (1979).
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2045:Codex Telleriano-Remensis
1835:Mapas de Cuauhtinchan 1-4
1805:Codices Becker I & II
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862:Read, Kay Almere (2002).
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421:Codex Telleriano-Remensis
407:meeting the Aztec ruler,
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1985:Plano en papel de maguey
1795:Codices Azoyú I & II
401:Bernal Díaz del Castillo
1780:Aubin Manuscript no. 20
633:Palka, Joel W. (2010).
1915:Lienzo Antonio de León
660:The Art of Mesoamerica
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2075:Codex Totomixtlahuaca
2015:Relación de Michoacán
1965:Códice Maya de México
1950:Matrícula de Tributos
1875:Codex Fejérváry-Mayer
1320:Tlāhuizcalpantecuhtli
583:Bingham, Ann (2010).
449:List of solar deities
418:
413:
369:
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310:
308:to appear as the sun:
302:Bernardino de Sahagún
282:
252:Bernardino de Sahagún
2105:Codex Zouche-Nuttall
2055:Anales de Tlatelolco
1945:Codex Magliabechiano
1195:(Four Tezcatlipocas)
1109:at Wikimedia Commons
1006:History of Religions
535:Aztec and Maya Myths
533:Taube, Karl (1993).
439:Aztec calendar stone
341:Aztec calendar stone
323:Aztec calendar stone
274:Ehecatl-Quetzalcoatl
198:Aztec calendar stone
156:Mesoamerican culture
34:. For the star, see
1995:Codex Porfirio Díaz
1990:Primeros Memoriales
1905:Codex Ixtlilxochitl
1900:Humboldt fragment 1
1890:Códice de Huichapan
1800:Badianus Manuscript
1754:The Stinking Corpse
351:Physical appearance
216:(also known as the
174:[toːˈnatiʍ]
1960:Crónica Mexicayotl
1845:Codex Chimalpopoca
1434:Itzpapalotlcihuatl
1414:Huitztlampaehecatl
1275:Tezcatlipoca (see
1241:Lords of the Night
425:
379:
364:
337:
2113:
2112:
2090:Codex Vaticanus B
2050:Tira de Tepechpan
1895:Codex Huexotzinco
1840:Codex Chimalpahin
1759:Use of entheogens
1726:Tlillan-Tlapallan
1620:Centzon Tōtōchtin
1615:Centzonhuītznāhua
1341:Acuecueyotl (see
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1105:Media related to
1083:978-1-4094-1390-5
975:978-0-500-27928-1
944:978-0-8478-1091-8
904:978-0-292-72427-3
848:978-0-292-72427-3
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735:978-0-500-27928-1
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644:978-0-8108-7566-1
619:978-0-292-72427-3
569:978-0-292-72427-3
544:978-0-7141-1742-3
519:978-0-292-72427-3
396:Pedro de Alvarado
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32:Pedro de Alvarado
16:(Redirected from
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1880:Codex Florentine
1820:Codex Borbonicus
1790:Codex Azcatitlan
1785:Aubin Tonalamatl
1716:Thirteen Heavens
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1039:
1018:10.1086/463129
1012:(4): 393–404.
996:
981:
974:
950:
943:
925:
910:
903:
885:
879:978-0195149098
878:
854:
847:
829:
822:
804:
777:
766:(1): 116–117.
741:
734:
707:
701:978-0806125367
700:
675:
668:
650:
643:
625:
618:
600:
594:978-1604134148
593:
575:
568:
550:
543:
525:
518:
500:
464:
463:
461:
458:
457:
456:
451:
446:
441:
434:
431:
387:
384:
352:
349:
324:
321:
319:
316:
288:did his work.
209:
208:Creation myths
206:
150:
149:
146:
142:
141:
138:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
119:
118:
108:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
80:
76:
75:
72:
68:
67:
61:
53:
52:
49:
46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2148:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2040:Mapa Sigüenza
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2005:Codex Ramírez
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1865:Codex Dresden
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1640:Ehecatotontli
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1459:Macuilxochitl
1457:
1455:
1454:Macuiltochtli
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1424:Ilamatecuhtli
1422:
1420:
1419:Huixtocihuatl
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1384:Cihuatecayotl
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1338:
1337:Acolnahuacatl
1335:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1172:
1171:Tōnacācihuātl
1168:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1085:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1060:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1000:
992:
985:
977:
971:
967:
963:
962:
954:
946:
940:
936:
929:
921:
914:
906:
900:
896:
895:The Fifth Sun
889:
881:
875:
871:
867:
866:
858:
850:
844:
840:
839:The Fifth Sun
833:
825:
819:
815:
814:The Fifth Sun
808:
800:
796:
792:
788:
781:
773:
769:
765:
761:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
737:
731:
727:
723:
722:
714:
712:
703:
697:
693:
686:
684:
682:
680:
671:
665:
661:
654:
646:
640:
636:
629:
621:
615:
611:
610:The Fifth Sun
604:
596:
590:
586:
579:
571:
565:
561:
560:The Fifth Sun
554:
546:
540:
536:
529:
521:
515:
511:
504:
496:
492:
488:
484:
481:(1). CAA: 3.
480:
476:
469:
465:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
436:
429:
422:
417:
412:
410:
406:
405:Hernán Cortés
402:
397:
393:
383:
376:
372:
368:
361:
357:
348:
346:
342:
334:
329:
314:
309:
307:
303:
299:
293:
291:
287:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
262:Teucciztecatl
259:
258:
253:
248:
246:
245:Teucciztecatl
242:
238:
234:
233:Teucciztecatl
230:
226:
221:
219:
215:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
190:
184:
180:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
157:
147:
143:
139:
135:
132:
129:
125:
120:
116:
112:
109:
105:
102:
99:
95:
92:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
59:
54:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
2100:Codex Xolotl
2080:Codex Tudela
2065:Mapa Tloztin
1940:Codex Madrid
1825:Codex Borgia
1815:Codex Bodley
1740:Beliefs and
1699:
1655:Xiuhtotontli
1584:Yacatecuhtli
1564:Xōchiquetzal
1524:Tlacotzontli
1514:Temazcalteci
1509:Tēcciztēcatl
1409:Huēhuecoyōtl
1399:Coyolxāuhqui
1369:Chicomecōātl
1342:
1329:
1325:Tlaltecuhtli
1293:Xiuhtecuhtli
1277:Creator gods
1276:
1213:Tezcatlipoca
1208:Quetzalcoatl
1191:Creator gods
1073:
1067:
1048:
1042:
1009:
1005:
999:
990:
984:
960:
953:
934:
928:
919:
913:
894:
888:
864:
857:
838:
832:
813:
807:
790:
786:
780:
763:
759:
720:
691:
659:
653:
634:
628:
609:
603:
584:
578:
559:
553:
534:
528:
509:
503:
478:
474:
468:
426:
409:Moctezuma II
389:
380:
371:Codex Borgia
360:Codex Borgia
345:Tlaltecuhtli
338:
311:
295:
283:
270:Quetzalcoatl
255:
249:
222:
211:
202:Quetzalcoatl
188:
186:
168:
167:
159:
153:
131:Quetzalcoatl
107:Ethnic group
64:Codex Borgia
2035:Selden Roll
2010:Codex Reese
1980:Paris Codex
1970:Codex Osuna
1870:Codex Durán
1855:Codex Cospi
1775:Aubin Codex
1711:Teotihuacan
1686:Chicomoztoc
1645:Tiānquiztli
1589:Zacatzontli
1569:Xochitlicue
1529:Tlalocayotl
1519:Tepoztēcatl
1429:Ītzpāpālōtl
1315:Nanahuatzin
1288:Tlazōlteōtl
1271:Tepēyōllōtl
1156:Primordials
390:During the
276:) executed
225:Teotihuacan
101:Mesoamerica
2131:Solar gods
2126:Aztec gods
2120:Categories
2020:Codex Ríos
1910:Codex Laud
1706:Tamoanchan
1700:Underworld
1681:Cemanahuac
1650:Tzitzimitl
1630:Cihuateteo
1605:Ahuiateteo
1559:Xōchipilli
1389:Cipactonal
1379:Cihuacōātl
1305:Citlālicue
1218:Xipe Totec
935:The Aztecs
793:(1): 116.
460:References
272:or called
82:Sun, Eagle
1749:Five Suns
1635:Civateteo
1549:Tonantzin
1544:Toltecatl
1449:Ixtlilton
1394:Cōātlīcue
1034:162158641
692:Aztec Art
444:Five Suns
306:Nanahuatl
298:Nanahuatl
257:Nanahuatl
241:Nanahuatl
229:Nanahuatl
187:naui olin
122:Genealogy
36:HD 104985
1742:practice
1721:Tlālōcān
1625:Cintēteo
1504:Patecatl
1489:Opochtli
1484:Mixcoatl
1469:Mayahuel
1374:Chīmalmā
1364:Chantico
1354:Atlacoya
1330:Tōnatiuh
1256:Cinteotl
1246:Centeōtl
1222:Camaxtle
1163:Ōmeteōtl
1107:Tonatiuh
799:40015027
772:40015027
433:See also
169:Tōnatiuh
160:Tonatiuh
145:Children
127:Siblings
44:Tonatiuh
18:Tonatiuh
1768:Codices
1696:Mictlān
1671:Anahuac
1554:Xilonen
1534:Tlilhua
1494:Oxomoco
1474:Metztli
1404:Ehecatl
1349:Atlahua
1233:Deities
1026:1062213
495:3049459
290:Ehecatl
286:Ehecatl
266:Ehecatl
164:Nahuatl
137:Consort
91:Agender
1731:Tōllān
1676:Aztlán
1664:Places
1598:Groups
1579:Xolotl
1574:Xocotl
1499:Painal
1283:Tláloc
1080:
1055:
1032:
1024:
972:
941:
901:
876:
845:
820:
797:
770:
732:
698:
666:
641:
616:
591:
566:
541:
516:
493:
375:Xolotl
278:Xolotl
237:Xolotl
218:Mexica
214:Aztecs
194:Toltec
97:Region
87:Gender
79:Symbol
1698:(The
1030:S2CID
1022:JSTOR
795:JSTOR
768:JSTOR
491:JSTOR
179:Aztec
115:Nahua
111:Aztec
71:Abode
1539:Toci
1220:(or
1169:and
1078:ISBN
1053:ISBN
970:ISBN
939:ISBN
899:ISBN
874:ISBN
843:ISBN
818:ISBN
730:ISBN
696:ISBN
664:ISBN
639:ISBN
614:ISBN
589:ISBN
564:ISBN
539:ISBN
514:ISBN
331:The
260:and
148:None
140:None
1014:doi
966:167
870:104
726:172
483:doi
154:In
74:Sky
2122::
1028:.
1020:.
1010:27
1008:.
968:.
872:.
791:14
789:.
764:14
762:.
744:^
728:.
710:^
678:^
489:.
479:58
477:.
166::
158:,
1702:)
1345:)
1279:)
1224:)
1173:)
1141:e
1134:t
1127:v
1086:.
1061:.
1036:.
1016::
978:.
947:.
907:.
882:.
851:.
826:.
801:.
774:.
738:.
704:.
672:.
647:.
622:.
597:.
572:.
547:.
522:.
497:.
485::
377:.
335:.
189:,
162:(
117:)
113:(
38:.
20:)
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