919:(NIOSH) conducted a risk assessment using animal and other toxicological data relevant to assessing the potential non-malignant adverse respiratory effects of CNT and proposed an OEL of 1 μg/m elemental carbon as a respirable mass 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) concentration. Several individual authors have also performed similar risk assessments using animal toxicity data and have established inhalation exposure limits ranging from 2.5 to 50 ug/m. One such risk assessment used two data from two different types of exposures to work toward an OEL as part of an adaptive management where there is an expectation that recommendations will be reevaluated as more data become available.
625:
903:
expected in humans upon sufficient exposure. In addition to animal studies, human cell studies were reviewed and determined that harmful effects were expressed. Ultimately, the risk assessment found the most relevant data upon which to calculate the REL were animal studies. Corrections for inter-species differences, and updates to reflect advancing technologies in sampling methods and detection capabilities were considered as a part of the risk assessment. The resultant REL is several orders of magnitude smaller than those of other carbonaceous particulate matters of concern, graphite and carbon black.
852:
are being incorporated into composite materials for their ability to strengthen materials while not adding significant weight, the manufacture of CNTs and composites or hybrids including CNTs, the subsequent processing of the articles and equipment made from the composites, and end of life processes such as recycling or incineration all represent potential sources of exposure. The potential for exposure to the end user is not as likely, however as CNTs are being incorporated into new products there may be more research needed.
860:
cutting process with measurements taken at the source and in the breathing zone. The composites tested varied by method of manufacture and components. One was graphite and epoxy layered with CNTs aligned within and the other was a woven alumina with aligned CNTs on the surface. Dry cutting of both proved to be of concern regarding concentrations measured at the breathing zone, while wet cutting, a preferred method, showed a much better method of controlling potential exposures during this type of processing.
407:
419:
27:
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health effects was conducted to determine associations of biomarkers in relation to measured CNT exposure. While no effect on lung function due to exposure was found, the study did observe some indications of early signs of effects to biomarkers associated with exposure to MWCNTs. Additionally, some results were contradictory to earlier in vitro studies making further studies necessary to further define effects.
119:
134:
683:-like pathogenicity". This was not an inhalation study, though there have been several performed in the past, therefore it is premature to conclude that nanotubes should be considered to have a toxicological profile similar to asbestos. Conversely, and perhaps illustrative of how the various classes of molecules which fall under the general term fullerene cover a wide range of properties, Sayes
192:
864:
composites industry. The highest mean exposures found in breathing zone samples were found in the secondary manufactures of electronics, then composites and hybrid sites, while the lowest mean exposures were found at the primary manufacturers sites. Relatively few of the samples returned results higher than the recommended exposure level as published by NIOSH.
944:. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has also published a document titled "Current Intelligence Bulletin 65: Occupational Exposure to Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers" describes strategies for controlling workplace exposures and implementing a medical surveillance program. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration has published a
902:
NIOSH has undertaken a risk assessment based on available studies to determine appropriate recommendations of exposure levels. Their review found that while human health effects had not been directly observed, there were animal studies that showed potential for health effects that could reasonably be
881:
Currently, there is a lack of epidemiological evidence linking exposure to CNT to human health effects. To date, there have been only a handful of published epidemiological studies that have solely examined the health effects related to the exposure of CNT, while several other studies are currently
851:
Exposure scenarios are important to consider when trying to determine toxicity and the risks associated with these diverse and difficult to study materials. Exposure studies have been conducted over the past several years in an effort to determine where and how likely exposures will be. Since CNTs
859:
Processing composite materials presents potential for exposure during cutting, drilling, or abrasion. Two different composite types were laboratory tested during processing under differing conditions to determine potential releases. Samples were machined using one dry cutting process and one wet
893:
Epidemiology studies of nanomaterials thus far have considered a variety of nanomaterials. Few have been specific to CNTs and each has considered a small sample size. These studies have found some relationships between biological markers and MWCNT exposure. One cross-sectional study to evaluate
863:
Another study provided breathing zone and area sampling results from fourteen sites working with CNTs in a variety of manners for potential exposure assessment. These sites included the manufacture of CNTs, hybrid producers/users, and secondary manufacturers in either the electronics industry or
724:
The toxicity of carbon nanotubes has been an important question in nanotechnology. As of 2007, such research had just begun. The data is still fragmentary and subject to criticism. Preliminary results highlight the difficulties in evaluating the toxicity of this heterogeneous material. Parameters
855:
One study performed personal and area sampling at seven different plants mostly involving the manufacture of MWCNTs. This study found that the work processes that prompt nanoparticle, not necessarily just CNT release, include "spraying, CNT preparation, ultrasonic dispersion, wafer heating, and
838:
This is of considerable importance, because research and business communities continue to invest heavily in carbon nanotubes for a wide range of products under the assumption that they are no more hazardous than graphite. Our results suggest the need for further research and great caution before
867:
While there are developing strategies for the use of CNTs in a variety of products, potentials for exposures thus far appear to be low in most occupational settings. This may change as new products and manufacturing methods or secondary processing advances; therefore risk assessments should be
771:
The
Working Group concluded that there was sufficient evidence for the specific MWCNT type "MWCNT-7", limited evidence for the two other types of MWCNTs with dimensions similar to MWCNT-7, and inadequate evidence for SWCNTs. Therefore, it was agreed to specifically classify MWCNT-7 as possibly
927:
Occupational exposures that could potentially allow the inhalation of CNT is of the greatest concern, especially in situations where the CNT is handled in powder form which can easily be aerosolized and inhaled. Also of concern are any high-energy processes that are applied to various CNT
502:), functional groups used to water-solubilize these nanoparticles (e.g., OH, COOH), and method of administration (e.g., intravenous, intraperitoneal). The authors recommended that the pharmacology of each fullerene- or metallofullerene-based complex be assessed as a different compound.
715:
A 2016 study reported on workers in a large-scale MWCNT manufacturing facility in Russia with relatively high occupational exposure levels, finding that exposure to MWCNTs caused significant increase in several inflammatory cytokines and other biomarkers for interstitial lung disease.
882:
underway and yet to be published. With the limited amount of human data, scientists are more reliant on the results of current animal toxicity studies to predict adverse health effects, as well as applying what is already known about exposures to other fibrous materials such as
611:
to nanotubes or vice versa, as they range from insoluble materials in either hydrophilic or lipophilic media, to hydrophilic, lipophilic, or even amphiphilic molecules, and with other varying physical and chemical properties. A quantitative structural analysis relationship
745:
of carbon nanotubes. However, available data clearly show that, under some conditions, nanotubes can cross membrane barriers, which suggests that, if raw materials reach the organs, they can induce harmful effects such as inflammatory and fibrotic reactions.
939:
has also published guidance titled "Safe
Handling and use of Carbon Nanotubes" which describes two approaches to managing the risks that include risk management with detailed hazard analysis and exposure assessment as well as risk management by using
557:, a prolonged lifespan to almost double the normal lifespan of the rats was seen and significant toxicity was not observed. An investigator for this study, Professor Moussa, generalized from its findings in a video interview and stated that pure C
928:
preparations such as the mixing or sonication of CNT in liquids as well as processes that cut or drill into CNT based composites in downstream products. These types of high-energy processes will aerosolize CNT which can then be inhaled.
890:. This limitation of human data has led to the use of the precautionary principle, which urges workplaces to limit exposure levels to CNT as low as possibly achievable in the absence of known health effects data.
703:
in rats gave no effect, whereas in comparison quartz particles produced an inflammatory response under the same conditions. As stated above, nanotubes are quite different in chemical and physical properties to
1666:
Poland, CA, Duffin R, Kinloch I, Maynard A, Wallace WA, Seaton A, et al. (2008). "Carbon nanotubes introduced into the abdominal cavity of mice show asbestos-like pathogenicity in a pilot study".
843:
Although further research is required, the available data suggest that under certain conditions, especially those involving chronic exposure, carbon nanotubes can pose a serious risk to human health.
830:
lining of the body cavity of mice to long multiwalled carbon nanotubes and observed asbestos-like, length-dependent, pathogenic behavior that included inflammation and formation of lesions known as
1814:
Bello, Dhimiter; Wardle, Brian L.; Yamamoto, Namiko; deVilloria, Roberto Guzman; Garcia, Enrique J.; Hart, Anastasios J.; Ahn, Kwangseog; Ellenbecker, Michael J.; Hallock, Marilyn (2009-01-01).
856:
opening the water bath cover." The exposure concentrations for both personal and area sampling indicated most workers' exposure was well below that set by the ACGIH for carbon black.
799:, and biochemical/toxicological changes in the lungs. Comparative toxicity studies in which mice were given equal weights of test materials showed that SWCNTs were more toxic than
762:
of CNTs, including SWCNTs and MWCNTs. No human epidemiologic or cancer data was available to the IARC Working Group at the time, so the evaluation focused on the results of
596:
crystallites; and nanotubes, which are generally much larger (in terms of molecular weight and size) molecules, and are different in shape to the spheroidal fullerenes C
990:
935:
titled "Using nanomaterials at work
Including carbon nanotubes and other bio-persistent high aspect ratio nanomaterials" and the "Risk Management of Carbon Nanotubes"
1947:
Lee JS, Choi YC, Shin JH, Lee JH, Lee Y, Park SY, et al. (18 August 2015). "Health surveillance study of workers who manufacture multi-walled carbon nanotubes".
787:
collectively show that regardless of the process by which CNTs were synthesized and the types and amounts of metals they contained, CNTs were capable of producing
708:, i.e., molecular weight, shape, size, physical properties (such as solubility) all are very different, so from a toxicological standpoint, different results for C
776:) while the other forms of CNT, namely SWCNT and other types of MWCNT, excluding MWCNT-7, were considered not classifiable as to their carcinogenicity to humans (
989:
G. Lalwani and B. Sitharaman, Multifunctional fullerene and metallofullerene based nanobiomaterials, NanoLIFE 08/2013; 3:1342003. DOI: 10.1142/S1793984413420038
955:
which is a system used in industry to minimize or eliminate exposure to hazards. The hazard controls in the hierarchy are, in order of decreasing effectiveness:
826:, a cancer of the lining of the abdomen (both caused by exposure to asbestos). A recently published pilot study supports this prediction. Scientists exposed the
155:
916:
637:
1082:
Gharbi N, Pressac, M., Hadchouel M, Szwarc H, Wilson SR, Moussa F (2005). "fullerene is a powerful antioxidant in vivo with no acute or subacute toxicity".
931:
Guidance for minimizing exposure and risk to CNT have been published by several international agencies which includes several documents from the
British
679:
With reference to nanotubes, a 2008 study on carbon nanotubes introduced into the abdominal cavity of mice led the authors to suggest comparisons to "
37:
1771:
Lee, Ji Hyun; Lee, Seung-Bok; Bae, Gwi Nam; Jeon, Ki Soo; Yoon, Jin Uk; Ji, Jun Ho; Sung, Jae Hyuck; Lee, Byung Gyu; Lee, Jong Han (2010-04-01).
98:
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Poland C, Duffin, R. (2008). "Carbon nanotubes introduced into the abdominal cavity of mice show asbestos-like pathogenicity in a pilot study".
70:
1128:
2285:
564:
When considering toxicological data, care must be taken to distinguish as necessary between what are normally referred to as fullerenes: (C
1037:
Mori T, Takada, H. (2006). "Preclinical studies on safety of fullerene upon acute oral administration and evaluation for no mutagenesis".
77:
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by aligning lengthwise with the airways; the nanotubes will often combine with metals. The needle-like fiber shape of CNTs is similar to
755:
533:
mixtures after oral administration of a dose of 2 g/kg body weight and did not observe evidence of genotoxic or mutagenic potential
1853:
Dahm, Matthew M.; Schubauer-Berigan, Mary K.; Evans, Douglas E.; Birch, M. Eileen; Fernback, Joseph E.; Deddens, James A. (2015-07-01).
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suspensions failing to produce acute or subacute toxicity in rodents could also protect their livers in a dose-dependent manner against
228:
142:
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or other fullerenes with covalently bonded chemical groups; fullerene complexes (e.g., water-solubilized with surfactants, such as C
84:
1701:
Porter A, Gass M, Muller K, Skepper JN, Midgley PA, Welland M (2007). "Direct imaging of single-walled carbon nanotubes in cells".
521:
administration of large doses. No evidence of toxicity was found and the mice tolerated a dose of 5 g/kg of body weight. Mori
1743:
Nowack, Bernd; David, Raymond M.; Fissan, Heinz; Morris, Howard; Shatkin, Jo Anne; Stintz, Michael; Zepp, Richard; Brouwer, Derk.
2315:
449:
223:
66:
1509:
1427:
616:) study can analyze on how close the molecules under consideration are in physical and chemical properties, which can help.
607:
The molecules above are all fullerenes (close-caged all-carbon molecules) but it is unreliable to extrapolate results from C
2130:
1874:
1835:
1792:
1816:"Exposure to nanoscale particles and fibers during machining of hybrid advanced composites containing carbon nanotubes"
2109:
Liou, Saou-Hsing; Tsai, Candace S. J.; Pelclova, Daniela; Schubauer-Berigan, Mary K.; Schulte, Paul A. (2015-10-01).
1574:
1558:"Approaches to Safe Nanotechnology: Managing the Health and Safety Concerns Associated with Engineered Nanomaterials"
773:
56:
777:
91:
340:
2063:
Schulte PA, Kuempel ED, Zumwalde RD, Geraci CL, Schubauer-Berigan MK, Castranova V, et al. (1 May 2012).
1575:"A review of carbon nanotube toxicity and assessment of potential occupational and environmental health risks"
1340:
Fatkhutdinova LM, Khaliullin TO, Vasil'yeva OL, Zalyalov RR, Mustafin IG, Kisin ER, et al. (2016-05-15).
915:(OEL) to reduce the risk of any possible human health effects associated with workplace exposures to CNT. The
1169:
971:
803:, which is considered a serious occupational health hazard when chronically inhaled. As a control, ultrafine
360:
208:
1295:
Water
Suspensions in Rats: Few Differences in Fullerene Toxicity in Vivo in Contrast to in Vitro Profiles".
52:
1002:
Moussa F, Trivin, F., Céolin R, Hadchouel M, Sizaret PY, Greugny V, et al. (1996). "Early effects of C
300:
233:
952:
932:
912:
640:
was not aware of any reports of adverse health effects in workers using or producing carbon nanotubes or
442:
1890:
Fatkhutdinova LM, Khaliullin TO, Vasil'yeva OL, Zalyalov RR, Mustafin IG, Kisin ER, et al. (2016).
1291:
Sayes C, Marchione, A. A., Reed KL, Warheit DB (2007). "Comparative
Pulmonary Toxicity Assessments of C
2122:
1866:
1827:
1784:
1756:
784:
315:
213:
45:
1129:"The prolongation of the lifespan of rats by repeated oral administration of [60] fullerene"
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of 54 laboratory animal studies indicated that they could cause adverse pulmonary effects including
537:. Other studies could not establish the toxicity of fullerenes: on the contrary, the work of Gharbi
393:
345:
911:
To date, several international government agencies, as well as individual authors, have developed
2293:
2148:"Exposure Limits for Nanoparticles: Report of an International Workshop on Nano Reference Values"
823:
335:
147:
41:
2343:
NIOSH Current
Intelligence Bulletin 65: Occupational Exposure to Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers
742:
726:
435:
2110:
1815:
1510:"Carcinogenicity of fluoro-edenite, silicon carbide fibres and whiskers, and carbon nanotubes"
1411:
1402:
968:
Administrative
Controls including training, policies, written procedures, work schedules, etc.
486:
is toxic. The toxicity of these carbon nanoparticles varies with dose, duration, type (e.g., C
1772:
1256:
1190:
1163:
350:
2208:
2011:
1903:
1854:
1710:
1560:. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH (DHHS) Publication 2009-125.
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1039:
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388:
310:
271:
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1220:
Current
Intelligence Bulletin 65: Occupational Exposure to Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers
1127:
Baati T, Bourasset F, Gharbi N, Njim L, Abderrabba M, Kerkeni A, et al. (June 2012).
8:
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Nakanishi J, Morimoto Y, Ogura I, Kobayashi N, Naya M, Ema M, et al. (2015-10-01).
2015:
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1222:(Report). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. April 2013. pp. v
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1452:
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A review of works on fullerene toxicity by
Lalwani et al. found little evidence that C
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1984:
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2035:
2019:
1956:
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1911:
1855:"Carbon Nanotube and Nanofiber Exposure Assessments: An Analysis of 14 Site Visits"
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1415:
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1361:
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1019:
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1998:
Liou SH, Tsai CS, Pelclova D, Schubauer-Berigan MK, Schulte PA (19 October 2015).
1451:
Corredor C, Hou W, Klein S, Moghadam B, Goryll M, Doudrick K, et al. (2013).
1960:
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1419:
941:
815:
199:
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Broekhuizen PV, Veelen WV, Streekstra WH, Schulte P, Reijnders L (1 July 2012).
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629:
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1023:
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These guidance documents generally advocate instituting the principles of the
768:
animal studies assessing the carcinogenicity of SWCNTs and MWCNTs in rodents.
2351:
2228:
2173:
2111:"Assessing the first wave of epidemiological studies of nanomaterial workers"
2088:
2031:
2000:"Assessing the first wave of epidemiological studies of nanomaterial workers"
1968:
1889:
1339:
1232:
948:
for use as guidance in addition to a webpage hosting a variety of resources.
839:
introducing such products into the market if long-term harm is to be avoided.
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183:
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1870:
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2181:
2096:
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1976:
1933:
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1647:
1622:"The significance of nano particles in particle-induced pulmonary fibrosis"
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1383:
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1297:
1277:
1269:
1219:
1113:
1084:
1068:
965:
Engineering Controls such as ventilation systems, shielding, or enclosures.
887:
818:. This raises the idea that widespread use of carbon nanotubes may lead to
804:
788:
738:
730:
673:
649:
585:
553:
suspension administered to rats by intra-peritoneal administration or oral
546:
281:
2133:
1877:
1838:
1795:
1155:
660:, which were of similar or greater potency when compared with other known
1410:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 620. pp.
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295:
741:
state as well as purity of the samples, have considerable impact on the
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2080:
1534:
831:
759:
665:
518:
55:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
1318:
1105:
406:
1745:"Potential release scenarios for carbon nanotubes used in composites"
792:
712:
and nanotubes are not suggestive of any discrepancy in the findings.
653:
588:), where the fullerene is supermolecular bound to another molecule; C
467:
242:
2064:
883:
796:
680:
669:
661:
463:
383:
2145:
418:
2316:"Safe handling and use of carbon nanotubes - Safe Work Australia"
1997:
1773:"Exposure assessment of carbon nanotube manufacturing workplaces"
1006:
Administration in Swiss Mice: A Preliminary Account for In Vivo C
819:
764:
1290:
1081:
604:, as well as having different chemical and physical properties.
133:
2194:
1001:
800:
554:
1665:
1189:(Television production). Paris: Loera, C60.NET. Archived from
1126:
1573:
Lam CW, James JT, McCluskey R, Arepalli S, Hunter RL (2006).
592:
nanoparticles, which are extended solid-phase aggregates of C
2062:
613:
191:
1619:
1572:
1453:"Disruption of model cell membranes by carbon nanotubes"
1450:
1700:
962:
Substitution with a less hazardous chemical or process.
822:
mesothelioma, a cancer of the lining of the lungs, or
1399:
917:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
638:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2065:"Focused actions to protect carbon nanotube workers"
946:"OSHA Fact Sheet, Working Safety with Nanomaterials"
871:
549:
damage. In a 2012 primary study of an olive oil / C
462:Toxicology of carbon nanomaterials is the study of
1892:"Fibrosis biomarkers in workers exposed to MWCNTs"
1401:
1342:"Fibrosis biomarkers in workers exposed to MWCNTs"
876:
756:International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
922:
2349:
1253:
897:
2286:"Risk management basics - Nanotechnology - HSE"
1556:Zumwalde, Ralph and Laura Hodson (March 2009).
868:integral to any planning for new applications.
525:(2006) could not find toxicity in rodents for C
2197:"Risk Assessment of the Carbon Nanotube Group"
1946:
1036:
51:Please review the contents of the article and
16:Overview of toxicology of carbon nanomaterials
807:was shown to produce minimal lung responses.
443:
983:
846:
1183:Moussa, Loera (Director) (8 October 2012).
1158:. Archived from the original on 2013-09-07.
749:
1186:Full Interview With Professor Fathi Moussa
450:
436:
2236:
2163:
2039:
1923:
1637:
1533:
1484:
1373:
1231:
628:A multiwalled carbon nanotube pierces an
1400:Kolosnjaj J, Szwarc H, Moussa F (2007).
623:
158:of all important aspects of the article.
2069:American Journal of Industrial Medicine
1661:
1659:
1657:
1568:
1566:
1395:
1393:
2350:
1507:
1403:"Toxicity Studies of Carbon Nanotubes"
780:) due to a lack of coherent evidence.
154:Please consider expanding the lead to
1849:
1847:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
584:; host–guest complexes, such as with
1694:
1654:
1620:James D Byrne, John A Baugh (2008).
1563:
1390:
959:Elimination of a potential exposure.
127:
67:"Toxicology of carbon nanomaterials"
20:
1896:Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
619:
13:
2336:
1859:The Annals of Occupational Hygiene
1844:
1205:
1148:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.03.036
906:
14:
2374:
1408:Bio-Applications of Nanoparticles
834:. Authors of the study conclude:
2115:Journal of Nanoparticle Research
2004:Journal of Nanoparticle Research
1820:Journal of Nanoparticle Research
1012:Fullerene Science and Technology
872:Epidemiology and Risk Management
810:Carbon nanotubes deposit in the
572:, ...); fullerene derivatives: C
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405:
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132:
117:
25:
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1991:
1940:
1883:
1808:
1765:
1737:
1613:
1550:
1501:
1444:
1333:
877:Summary of Epidemiology Studies
541:(2005) suggested that aqueous C
178:Part of a series of articles on
146:may be too short to adequately
2152:Annals of Occupational Hygiene
1284:
1247:
1176:
1120:
1075:
1030:
995:
923:Safety and Exposure Prevention
636:As of 2013, the United States
156:provide an accessible overview
53:add the appropriate references
1:
2261:"Using nanomaterials at work"
1526:10.1016/S1470-2045(14)71109-X
977:
972:Personal Protective Equipment
898:NIOSH Risk Assessment Summary
477:
466:in carbon nanomaterials like
2320:www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au
1961:10.3109/17435390.2014.978404
1761:10.1016/j.envint.2013.04.003
1508:Grosse Y (30 October 2014).
1477:10.1016/j.carbon.2013.03.057
1420:10.1007/978-0-387-76713-0_14
913:occupational exposure limits
7:
953:Hierarchy of Hazard Control
933:Health and Safety Executive
719:
38:reliable medical references
10:
2379:
1916:10.1016/j.taap.2016.02.016
1626:McGill Journal of Medicine
1366:10.1016/j.taap.2016.02.016
754:In 2014, experts from the
2127:10.1007/s11051-015-3219-7
2024:10.1007/s11051-015-3219-7
1832:10.1007/s11051-008-9499-4
1789:10.3109/08958370903367359
1749:Environment International
1591:10.1080/10408440600570233
1168:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1061:10.1016/j.tox.2006.05.001
1024:10.1080/10641229608001534
847:Exposure Characterization
44:or relies too heavily on
1233:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2013145
772:carcinogenic to humans (
750:Effects Characterization
725:such as structure, size
630:alveolar epithelial cell
394:Nanocrystalline material
370:Nanostructured materials
886:or fine and ultra-fine
824:peritoneal mesothelioma
795:(microscopic nodules),
1723:10.1038/nnano.2007.347
1680:10.1038/nnano.2008.111
1346:Toxicol Appl Pharmacol
1270:10.1038/nnano.2008.111
841:
793:epithelioid granulomas
633:
509:(1996–97) studied the
2165:10.1093/annhyg/mes043
1871:10.1093/annhyg/mev020
1777:Inhalation Toxicology
1703:Nature Nanotechnology
1668:Nature Nanotechnology
1257:Nature Nanotechnology
836:
733:, surface chemistry,
627:
424:Technology portal
219:Mechanical properties
389:Nanoporous materials
252:Buckminsterfullerene
2213:2015RiskA..35.1940N
2016:2015JNR....17..413L
1908:2016ToxAP.299..125F
1715:2007NatNa...2..713P
1514:The Lancet Oncology
1469:2013Carbo..60...67C
1358:2016ToxAP.299..125F
1311:2007NanoL...7.2399S
1193:on 22 February 2013
1098:2005NanoL...5.2578G
1053:2006Toxgy.225...48M
937:Safe Work Australia
291:Carbon quantum dots
2221:10.1111/risa.12394
2081:10.1002/ajim.22028
664:materials such as
658:pulmonary fibrosis
634:
412:Science portal
224:Optical properties
2207:(10): 1940–1956.
1520:(13): 1427–1428.
1429:978-0-387-76712-3
1319:10.1021/nl0710710
1142:(19): 4936–4946.
1106:10.1021/nl051866b
646:systematic review
642:carbon nanofibers
460:
459:
272:Carbon allotropes
173:
172:
126:
125:
102:
2370:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2292:. Archived from
2282:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2240:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2167:
2143:
2137:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2043:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1927:
1887:
1881:
1851:
1842:
1812:
1806:
1769:
1763:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1663:
1652:
1651:
1641:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1579:Crit Rev Toxicol
1570:
1561:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1537:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1488:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1405:
1397:
1388:
1387:
1377:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1235:
1216:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1167:
1159:
1133:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1034:
1028:
1027:
999:
993:
987:
672:, and ultrafine
620:Carbon nanotubes
472:carbon nanotubes
452:
445:
438:
422:
421:
410:
409:
361:Titanium dioxide
200:Carbon nanotubes
194:
175:
174:
168:
165:
159:
136:
128:
121:
120:
112:
109:
103:
101:
60:
29:
28:
21:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2348:
2347:
2339:
2337:Further reading
2334:
2324:
2322:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2299:
2297:
2296:on 6 March 2016
2284:
2283:
2279:
2269:
2267:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2193:
2189:
2144:
2140:
2108:
2104:
2061:
2057:
1996:
1992:
1945:
1941:
1888:
1884:
1852:
1845:
1813:
1809:
1770:
1766:
1742:
1738:
1699:
1695:
1664:
1655:
1618:
1614:
1571:
1564:
1555:
1551:
1506:
1502:
1449:
1445:
1430:
1398:
1391:
1338:
1334:
1305:(8): 2399–406.
1294:
1289:
1285:
1252:
1248:
1238:
1236:
1218:
1217:
1206:
1196:
1194:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1161:
1160:
1131:
1125:
1121:
1092:(12): 2578–85.
1080:
1076:
1035:
1031:
1009:
1005:
1000:
996:
988:
984:
980:
942:Control Banding
925:
909:
907:Risk Management
900:
879:
874:
849:
816:asbestos fibers
760:carcinogenicity
752:
722:
711:
707:
702:
698:
694:
691:inhalation of C
622:
610:
603:
599:
595:
591:
579:
575:
571:
567:
560:
552:
544:
532:
528:
516:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
480:
456:
416:
404:
301:Aluminium oxide
169:
163:
160:
153:
141:This article's
137:
122:
118:
113:
107:
104:
61:
50:
46:primary sources
30:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2376:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2346:
2345:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2307:
2290:www.hse.gov.uk
2277:
2265:www.hse.gov.uk
2252:
2187:
2158:(5): 515–524.
2138:
2102:
2075:(5): 395–411.
2055:
1990:
1955:(6): 802–811.
1949:Nanotoxicology
1939:
1882:
1865:(6): 705–723.
1843:
1826:(1): 231–249.
1807:
1783:(5): 369–381.
1764:
1736:
1693:
1653:
1612:
1585:(3): 189–217.
1562:
1549:
1500:
1443:
1428:
1389:
1332:
1292:
1283:
1246:
1204:
1175:
1119:
1074:
1029:
1007:
1003:
994:
981:
979:
976:
975:
974:
969:
966:
963:
960:
924:
921:
908:
905:
899:
896:
878:
875:
873:
870:
848:
845:
812:alveolar ducts
785:rodent studies
751:
748:
735:surface charge
721:
718:
709:
705:
700:
696:
692:
621:
618:
608:
601:
597:
593:
589:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:is not toxic.
558:
550:
542:
530:
526:
514:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
476:
458:
457:
455:
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399:
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366:
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328:
323:
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308:
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231:
226:
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216:
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203:
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196:
195:
187:
186:
180:
179:
171:
170:
150:the key points
140:
138:
131:
124:
123:
116:
114:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2375:
2364:
2361:
2359:
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2355:
2353:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2295:
2291:
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2281:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2201:Risk Analysis
2198:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1848:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1709:(11): 713–7.
1708:
1704:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1567:
1559:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1396:
1394:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1287:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1250:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1179:
1171:
1165:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1078:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1033:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
998:
992:
991:Full Text PDF
986:
982:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
957:
956:
954:
949:
947:
943:
938:
934:
929:
920:
918:
914:
904:
895:
891:
889:
885:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
844:
840:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
781:
779:
775:
769:
767:
766:
761:
758:assessed the
757:
747:
744:
740:
739:agglomeration
736:
732:
728:
717:
713:
690:
686:
682:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
631:
626:
617:
615:
605:
587:
583:
562:
556:
548:
540:
536:
524:
520:
513:toxicity of C
512:
508:
503:
475:
473:
469:
465:
453:
448:
446:
441:
439:
434:
433:
431:
430:
425:
420:
415:
413:
408:
403:
402:
401:
400:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
379:Nanocomposite
377:
376:
375:
374:
371:
368:
367:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
341:Iron–platinum
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
288:
287:
286:
283:
282:nanoparticles
279:
278:
273:
270:
268:
267:Health impact
265:
263:
260:
258:
257:C70 fullerene
255:
253:
250:
249:
248:
247:
244:
241:
240:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
206:
205:
204:
201:
198:
197:
193:
189:
188:
185:
184:Nanomaterials
182:
181:
177:
176:
167:
157:
151:
149:
144:
139:
135:
130:
129:
115:
111:
100:
97:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69: –
68:
64:
63:Find sources:
58:
54:
48:
47:
43:
39:
34:This article
32:
23:
22:
19:
2323:. Retrieved
2319:
2310:
2298:. Retrieved
2294:the original
2289:
2280:
2268:. Retrieved
2264:
2255:
2204:
2200:
2190:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2118:
2114:
2105:
2072:
2068:
2058:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1862:
1858:
1823:
1819:
1810:
1780:
1776:
1767:
1752:
1748:
1739:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1674:(7): 423–8.
1671:
1667:
1632:(1): 43–50.
1629:
1625:
1615:
1582:
1578:
1552:
1517:
1513:
1503:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1407:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1302:
1298:Nano Letters
1296:
1286:
1264:(7): 423–8.
1261:
1255:
1249:
1237:. Retrieved
1223:
1195:. Retrieved
1191:the original
1185:
1178:
1164:cite journal
1139:
1136:Biomaterials
1135:
1122:
1089:
1085:Nano Letters
1083:
1077:
1047:(1): 48–54.
1044:
1038:
1032:
1015:
1011:
997:
985:
950:
930:
926:
910:
901:
892:
888:particulates
880:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
842:
837:
809:
805:carbon black
789:inflammation
782:
770:
763:
753:
731:surface area
727:distribution
723:
714:
688:
684:
678:
674:carbon black
650:inflammation
644:. However a
635:
606:
586:cyclodextrin
563:
547:free-radical
538:
534:
522:
517:after intra-
510:
506:
504:
481:
461:
316:Cobalt oxide
296:Quantum dots
266:
229:Applications
161:
145:
143:lead section
105:
95:
88:
81:
74:
62:
42:verification
35:
18:
2325:21 February
2300:21 February
2270:21 February
2121:(10): 413.
2010:(10): 413.
1902:: 125–131.
1535:2318/156828
1239:21 February
1010:Toxicity".
828:mesothelial
783:Results of
687:found that
36:needs more
2363:Toxicology
2358:Fullerenes
2352:Categories
1352:: 125–31.
1040:Toxicology
978:References
832:granulomas
743:reactivity
699:and nano-C
662:fibrogenic
654:granulomas
519:peritoneal
478:Fullerenes
468:fullerenes
336:Iron oxide
243:Fullerenes
164:April 2017
78:newspapers
2229:1539-6924
2174:0003-4878
2134:1388-0764
2089:1097-0274
2032:1388-0764
1969:1743-5390
1878:0003-4878
1839:1388-0764
1796:0895-8378
1463:: 67–75.
1018:: 21–29.
306:Cellulose
262:Chemistry
214:Chemistry
209:Synthesis
148:summarize
108:July 2016
2247:25943334
2182:22752096
2097:22392774
2050:26635494
1985:32586035
1977:25395166
1934:26902652
1803:20121582
1755:: 1–11.
1731:18654411
1688:18654567
1648:18523535
1607:26459595
1599:16686422
1544:25499275
1495:31007268
1438:18217344
1384:26902652
1327:17630811
1278:18654567
1114:16351219
1069:16782258
884:asbestos
797:fibrosis
774:Group 2B
720:Toxicity
681:asbestos
670:asbestos
535:in vitro
464:toxicity
384:Nanofoam
351:Platinum
234:Timeline
2238:4736668
2209:Bibcode
2041:4666542
2012:Bibcode
1925:5370553
1904:Bibcode
1711:Bibcode
1639:2322933
1486:6474754
1465:Bibcode
1412:181–204
1375:5370553
1354:Bibcode
1307:Bibcode
1197:14 July
1156:2249829
1094:Bibcode
1049:Bibcode
820:pleural
778:Group 3
765:in vivo
689:in vivo
511:in vivo
505:Moussa
311:Ceramic
92:scholar
57:removed
2245:
2235:
2227:
2180:
2172:
2095:
2087:
2048:
2038:
2030:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1932:
1922:
1729:
1686:
1646:
1636:
1605:
1597:
1542:
1493:
1483:
1457:Carbon
1436:
1426:
1382:
1372:
1325:
1276:
1154:
1112:
1067:
801:quartz
737:, and
685:et al.
666:silica
656:, and
555:gavage
539:et al.
523:et al.
507:et al.
356:Silver
321:Copper
280:Other
94:
87:
80:
73:
65:
1981:S2CID
1603:S2CID
1224:et al
1132:(PDF)
600:and C
529:and C
498:, M@C
494:, M@C
346:Lipid
99:JSTOR
85:books
2327:2016
2302:2016
2272:2016
2243:PMID
2225:ISSN
2178:PMID
2170:ISSN
2131:ISSN
2093:PMID
2085:ISSN
2046:PMID
2028:ISSN
1973:PMID
1965:ISSN
1930:PMID
1875:ISSN
1836:ISSN
1800:PMID
1793:ISSN
1727:PMID
1684:PMID
1644:PMID
1595:PMID
1540:PMID
1491:PMID
1434:PMID
1424:ISBN
1380:PMID
1323:PMID
1274:PMID
1241:2016
1199:2016
1170:link
1152:PMID
1110:PMID
1065:PMID
695:(OH)
614:QSAR
470:and
331:Iron
326:Gold
71:news
40:for
2233:PMC
2217:doi
2160:doi
2123:doi
2077:doi
2036:PMC
2020:doi
1957:doi
1920:PMC
1912:doi
1900:299
1867:doi
1828:doi
1785:doi
1757:doi
1719:doi
1676:doi
1634:PMC
1587:doi
1530:hdl
1522:doi
1481:PMC
1473:doi
1416:doi
1370:PMC
1362:doi
1350:299
1315:doi
1266:doi
1228:doi
1144:doi
1102:doi
1057:doi
1045:225
1020:doi
582:PVP
568:, C
490:, C
2354::
2318:.
2288:.
2263:.
2241:.
2231:.
2223:.
2215:.
2205:35
2203:.
2199:.
2176:.
2168:.
2156:56
2154:.
2150:.
2129:.
2119:17
2117:.
2113:.
2091:.
2083:.
2073:55
2071:.
2067:.
2044:.
2034:.
2026:.
2018:.
2008:17
2006:.
2002:.
1979:.
1971:.
1963:.
1951:.
1928:.
1918:.
1910:.
1898:.
1894:.
1873:.
1863:59
1861:.
1857:.
1846:^
1834:.
1824:11
1822:.
1818:.
1798:.
1791:.
1781:22
1779:.
1775:.
1753:59
1751:.
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