1545:, etc.) inside the tubes. Efficient energy transfer occurs between the encapsulated dye and nanotube — light is efficiently absorbed by the dye and without significant loss is transferred to the SWNT. Thus potentially, optical properties of a carbon nanotube can be controlled by encapsulating certain molecule inside it. Besides, encapsulation allows isolation and characterization of organic molecules which are unstable under ambient conditions. For example, Raman spectra are extremely difficult to measure from dyes because of their strong PL (efficiency close to 100%). However, encapsulation of dye molecules inside SWNTs completely quenches dye PL, thus allowing measurement and analysis of their Raman spectra.
433:
1428:. In particular, D mode is forbidden in the ideal nanotube and requires a structural defect, providing a phonon of certain angular momentum, to be induced. In contrast, G' mode involves a "self-annihilating" pair of phonons and thus does not require defects. The spectral position of G' mode depends on diameter, so it can be used roughly to estimate the SWNT diameter. In particular, G' mode is a doublet in double-wall carbon nanotubes, but the doublet is often unresolved due to line broadening.
251:
263:
1556:(CL) — light emission excited by electron beam — is a process commonly observed in TV screens. An electron beam can be finely focused and scanned across the studied material. This technique is widely used to study defects in semiconductors and nanostructures with nanometer-scale spatial resolution. It would be beneficial to apply this technique to carbon nanotubes. However, no reliable CL, i.e. sharp peaks assignable to certain (
861:
819:
673:
622:
632:
36:
666:
993:) were grown by the super-growth CVD method to about 10 μm height. Two factors could contribute to strong light absorption by these structures: (i) a distribution of CNT chiralities resulted in various bandgaps for individual CNTs. Thus a compound material was formed with broadband absorption. (ii) Light might be trapped in those forests due to multiple reflections.
1289:
1106:
1500:
Photoluminescence is used for characterization purposes to measure the quantities of semiconducting nanotube species in a sample. Nanotubes are isolated (dispersed) using an appropriate chemical agent ("dispersant") to reduce the intertube quenching. Then PL is measured, scanning both the excitation
1296:
Raman spectroscopy has good spatial resolution (~0.5 micrometers) and sensitivity (single nanotubes); it requires only minimal sample preparation and is rather informative. Consequently, Raman spectroscopy is probably the most popular technique of carbon nanotube characterization. Raman scattering in
1423:
The name of this mode is misleading: it is given because in graphite, this mode is usually the second strongest after the G mode. However, it is actually the second overtone of the defect-induced D mode (and thus should logically be named D'). Its intensity is stronger than that of the D mode due to
1443:
scattering. As mentioned above, Raman scattering from CNTs is resonant in nature, i.e. only tubes whose band gap energy is similar to the laser energy are excited. The difference between those two energies, and thus the band gap of individual tubes, can be estimated from the intensity ratio of the
953:
The spectrum is analyzed in terms of intensities of nanotube-related peaks, background and pi-carbon peak; the latter two mostly originate from non-nanotube carbon in contaminated samples. However, it has been recently shown that by aggregating nearly single chirality semiconducting nanotubes into
1386:
Another very important mode is the G mode (G from graphite). This mode corresponds to planar vibrations of carbon atoms and is present in most graphite-like materials. G band in SWNT is shifted to lower frequencies relative to graphite (1580 cm) and is split into several peaks. The splitting
1226:
PL efficiency was first found to be low (~0.01%), but later studies measured much higher quantum yields. By improving the structural quality and isolation of nanotubes, emission efficiency increased. A quantum yield of 1% was reported in nanotubes sorted by diameter and length through gradient
372:
Apart from direct applications, the optical properties of carbon nanotubes can be very useful in their manufacture and application to other fields. Spectroscopic methods offer the possibility of quick and non-destructive characterization of relatively large amounts of carbon nanotubes, yielding
340:
are unique "one-dimensional" materials, whose hollow fibers (tubes) have a unique and highly ordered atomic and electronic structure, and can be made in a wide range of dimension. The diameter typically varies from 0.4 to 40 nm (i.e., a range of ~100 times). However, the length can reach
946:
Interactions between nanotubes, such as bundling, broaden optical lines. While bundling strongly affects photoluminescence, it has much weaker effect on optical absorption and Raman scattering. Consequently, sample preparation for the latter two techniques is relatively simple.
838:
to rationalize experimental findings. A Kataura plot relates the nanotube diameter and its bandgap energies for all nanotubes in a diameter range. The oscillating shape of every branch of the
Kataura plot reflects the intrinsic strong dependence of the SWNT properties on the
1597:. They are difficult to study because their properties are determined by contributions and interactions of all individual shells, which have different structures. Moreover, the methods used to synthesize them are poorly selective and result in higher incidence of defects.
871:
in carbon nanotubes differs from absorption in conventional 3D materials by presence of sharp peaks (1D nanotubes) instead of an absorption threshold followed by an absorption increase (most 3D solids). Absorption in nanotubes originates from electronic transitions from the
795:
The energies between the Van Hove singularities depend on the nanotube structure. Thus by varying this structure, one can tune the optoelectronic properties of carbon nanotube. Such fine tuning has been experimentally demonstrated using UV illumination of polymer-dispersed
1206:
No excitonic luminescence can be produced in metallic tubes. Their electrons can be excited, thus resulting in optical absorption, but the holes are immediately filled by other electrons out of the many available in the metal. Therefore, no excitons are produced.
1309:) indices. Contrary to PL, Raman mapping detects not only semiconducting but also metallic tubes, and it is less sensitive to nanotube bundling than PL. However, requirement of a tunable laser and a dedicated spectrometer is a strong technical impediment.
341:
55.5 cm (21.9 in), implying a length-to-diameter ratio as high as 132,000,000:1; which is unequaled by any other material. Consequently, all the electronic, optical, electrochemical and mechanical properties of the carbon nanotubes are extremely
1471:
Another manifestation of
Rayleigh scattering is the "antenna effect", an array of nanotubes standing on a substrate has specific angular and spectral distributions of reflected light, and both those distributions depend on the nanotube length.
1236:
Interaction between nanotubes or between a nanotube and another material may quench or increase PL. No PL is observed in multi-walled carbon nanotubes. PL from double-wall carbon nanotubes strongly depends on the preparation method:
1245:
into SWNTs and annealing show PL only from the outer shells. Isolated SWNTs lying on the substrate show extremely weak PL which has been detected in few studies only. Detachment of the tubes from the substrate drastically increases
1387:
pattern and intensity depend on the tube structure and excitation energy; they can be used, though with much lower accuracy compared to RBM mode, to estimate the tube diameter and whether the tube is metallic or semiconducting.
928:
energies, and thus significant overlap occurs in absorption spectra. This overlap is avoided in photoluminescence mapping measurements (see below), which instead of a combination of overlapped transitions identifies individual
648:
The optical properties of carbon nanotubes are largely determined by their unique electronic structure. The rolling up of the graphene lattice affects that structure in ways that depend strongly on the geometric structure type
356:
are still less developed than in other fields. Some properties that may lead to practical use include tuneability and wavelength selectivity. Potential applications that have been demonstrated include light emitting diodes
1577:(EL). Electroluminescent devices have been produced from single nanotubes and their macroscopic assemblies. Recombination appears to proceed via triplet-triplet annihilation giving distinct peaks corresponding to E
1216:
Photoluminescence from SWNT, as well as optical absorption and Raman scattering, is linearly polarized along the tube axis. This allows monitoring of the SWNTs orientation without direct microscopic observation.
1572:
If appropriate electrical contacts are attached to a nanotube, electron-hole pairs (excitons) can be generated by injecting electrons and holes from the contacts. Subsequent exciton recombination results in
1406:
modes is conventionally used to quantify the structural quality of carbon nanotubes. High-quality nanotubes have this ratio significantly higher than 100. At a lower functionalisation of the nanotube, the
847:) index rather than on its diameter. For example, (10, 1) and (8, 3) tubes have almost the same diameter, but very different properties: the former is a metal, but the latter is a semiconductor.
1300:
Similar to photoluminescence mapping, the energy of the excitation light can be scanned in Raman measurements, thus producing Raman maps. Those maps also contain oval-shaped features uniquely identifying
914:) levels, etc. The transitions are relatively sharp and can be used to identify nanotube types. Note that the sharpness deteriorates with increasing energy, and that many nanotubes have very similar
1297:
SWNTs is resonant, i.e., only those tubes are probed which have one of the bandgaps equal to the exciting laser energy. Several scattering modes dominate the SWNT spectrum, as discussed below.
1233:
Excitons are apparently delocalized over several nanotubes in single chirality bundles as the photoluminescence spectrum displays a splitting consistent with intertube exciton tunneling.
3237:
R. B. Weisman & S. M. Bachilo (2003). "Dependence of
Optical Transition Energies on Structure for Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Aqueous Suspension: An Empirical Kataura Plot".
1448:), which is often miscalculated – a focused laser beam is used in the measurement, which can locally heat the nanotubes without changing the overall temperature of the studied sample.
3274:
Paul
Cherukuri; Sergei M. Bachilo; Silvio H. Litovsky & R. Bruce Weisman (2004). "Near-Infrared Fluorescence Microscopy of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Phagocytic Cells".
1339:+ B (where A and B are constants dependent on the environment in which the nanotube is present. For example, B=0 for individual nanotubes.) (in nanometers) and can be estimated as
1366:
for DWNT, which is very useful in deducing the CNT diameter from the RBM position. Typical RBM range is 100–350 cm. If RBM intensity is particularly strong, its weak second
1431:
Other overtones, such as a combination of RBM+G mode at ~1750 cm, are frequently seen in CNT Raman spectra. However, they are less important and are not considered here.
492:
of that frame are the displacements from atom 1 to atoms 3 and 5, respectively. Those two vectors have the same length, and their directions are 60 degrees apart. The vector
373:
detailed measurements of non-tubular carbon content, tube type and chirality, structural defects, and many other properties that are relevant to those other applications.
436:
A "sliced and unrolled" representation of a carbon nanotube as a strip of a graphene molecule, overlaid on a diagram of the full molecule (faint background). The vector
614:=0 (chiral angle = 0°) "zigzag". These tubes have mirror symmetry, and can be viewed as stacks of simple closed paths ("zigzag" and "armchair" paths, respectively).
1488:
based on a single nanotube have been produced in the lab. Their unique feature is not the efficiency, which is yet relatively low, but the narrow selectivity in the
400:) rolled and joined into a seamless cylinder. The structure of the nanotube can be characterized by the width of this hypothetical strip (that is, the circumference
366:
2029:
Y. Miyauchi; et al. (2006). "Cross-Polarized
Optical Absorption of Single-Walled Nanotubes Probed by Polarized Photoluminescence Excitation Spectroscopy".
2876:
C. Fantini; et al. (2004). "Optical
Transition Energies for Carbon Nanotubes from Resonant Raman Spectroscopy: Environment and Temperature Effects".
954:
closely packed Van der Waals bundles the absorption background can be attributed to free carrier transition originating from intertube charge transfer.
1593:
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) may consist of several nested single-walled tubes, or of a single graphene strip rolled up multiple times, like a
801:
Optical transitions are rather sharp (~10 meV) and strong. Consequently, it is relatively easy to selectively excite nanotubes having certain (
684:(DOS) is not a continuous function of energy, but it descends gradually and then increases in a discontinuous spike. These sharp peaks are called
3317:
2413:
3527:
Y. Saito; et al. (2006). "Vibrational
Analysis of Organic Molecules Encapsulated in Carbon Nanotubes by Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy".
1657:
2325:
Jared J. Crochet; et al. (2011). "Electrodynamic and
Excitonic Intertube Interactions in Semiconducting Carbon Nanotube Aggregates".
1683:
Xueshen Wang; et al. (2009). "Fabrication of
Ultralong and Electrically Uniform Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on Clean Substrates".
1230:
The spectral range of PL is rather wide. Emission wavelength can vary between 0.8 and 2.1 micrometers depending on the nanotube structure.
3107:
Y. Wang; et al. (2004). "Receiving and
Transmitting Light-Like Radio Waves: Antenna Effect in Arrays of Aligned Carbon Nanotubes".
1647:
72:
1637:
62:
1468:) by straight CNTs has anisotropic angular dependence, and from its spectrum, the band gaps of individual nanotubes can be deduced.
3492:
3276:
3044:
Y. Wu; et al. (2007). "Variable Electron-Phonon Coupling in Isolated Metallic Carbon Nanotubes Observed by Raman Scattering".
2834:
2686:
S-Y Ju; et al. (2009). "Brightly Fluorescent Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes via an Oxygen-Excluding Surfactant Organization".
2651:
2287:
3440:
2785:
2250:
2199:
2085:
293:
3757:
3484:
2285:
M. E. Itkis; et al. (2005). "Comparison of Analytical Techniques for Purity Evaluation of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes".
1265:) PL peaks depends slightly (within 2%) on the nanotube environment (air, dispersant, etc.). However, the shift depends on the (
2362:
Zu-Po Yang; et al. (2008). "Experimental Observation of an Extremely Dark Material Made By a Low-Density Nanotube Array".
1227:
centrifugation, and it was further increased to 20% by optimizing the procedure of isolating individual nanotubes in solution.
2129:
2926:
A. G. Souza Filho; et al. (2004). "Stokes and Anti-Stokes Raman Spectra of Small-Diameter Isolated Carbon Nanotubes".
2604:
F. Wang; et al. (2004). "Time-Resolved Fluorescence of Carbon Nanotubes and Its Implication for Radiative Lifetimes".
1138:
Semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes emit near-infrared light upon photoexcitation, described interchangeably as
3529:
2739:
B. C. Satishkumar; et al. (2007). "Reversible fluorescence quenching in carbon nanotubes for biomolecular sensing".
3686:
D. Janas; et al. (2014). "Direct evidence of delayed electroluminescence from carbon nanotubes on the macroscale".
2649:
Jared Crochet; et al. (2007). "Quantum Yield Heterogeneities of Aqueous Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Suspensions".
1822:
M. E. Itkis; et al. (2006). "Bolometric Infrared Photoresponse of Suspended Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Films".
1492:
of emission and detection of light and the possibility of its fine tuning through the nanotube structure. In addition,
110:
2469:
1622:
868:
1378:
The bundling mode is a special form of RBM supposedly originating from collective vibration in a bundle of SWNTs.
1317:
Radial breathing mode (RBM) corresponds to radial expansion-contraction of the nanotube. Therefore, its frequency
2258:
2207:
1398:
mode is present in all graphite-like carbons and originates from structural defects. Therefore, the ratio of the
822:
In this Kataura plot, the energy of an electronic transition decreases as the diameter of the nanotube increases.
3147:
J. Chen; et al. (2005). "Bright Infrared Emission from Electrically Induced Excitons in Carbon Nanotubes".
1726:
R. Zhang; et al. (2013). "Growth of Half-Meter Long Carbon Nanotubes Based on Schulz–Flory Distribution".
1528:
Nanotube fluorescence has been investigated for the purposes of imaging and sensing in biomedical applications.
184:
3313:"Deep-tissue anatomical imaging of mice using carbon nanotube fluorophores in the second near-infrared window"
416:
graphene lattice. This angle, which may vary from 0 to 30 degrees, is called the "chiral angle" of the tube.
1146:(PL). The excitation of PL usually occurs as follows: an electron in a nanotube absorbs excitation light via
516:
is then interpreted as the circumference of the unrolled tube on the graphene lattice; it relates each point
204:
52:
1117:) indexes identify certain semiconducting nanotubes. Note that PL measurements do not detect nanotubes with
834:) indexes can be easily calculated. A theoretical graph based on these calculations was designed in 1999 by
1652:
144:
77:
3649:
D. Janas; et al. (2013). "Electroluminescence from carbon nanotube films resistively heated in air".
3572:
S. J. Pennycook; et al. (1980). "Observation of Cathodoluminescence at Single Dislocations by STEM".
978:. Vertically aligned "forests" of single-wall carbon nanotubes can have absorbances of 0.98–0.99 from the
286:
1766:
J. A. Misewich; et al. (2003). "Electrically Induced Optical Emission from a Carbon Nanotube FET".
3779:
1241:
grown DWCNTs show emission both from inner and outer shells. However, DWCNTs produced by encapsulating
570:
The type also determines the electronic structure of the tube. Specifically, the tube behaves like a
3774:
1496:
and optoelectronic memory devices have been realised on ensembles of single-walled carbon nanotubes.
1238:
315:
159:
57:
2000:
P. C. Eklund; et al. (1995). "Vibrational Modes of Carbon Nanotubes; Spectroscopy and Theory".
1918:
S. B. Sinnott & R. Andreys (2001). "Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications".
1440:
790:
and thus are extremely weak, but they were possibly observed using cross-polarized optical geometry.
564:
3574:
2158:
472:) that describe the width and direction of that hypothetical strip as coordinates in a fundamental
237:
189:
1523:) index of a tube. The data of Weisman and Bachilo are conventionally used for the identification.
691:
Van Hove singularities result in the following remarkable optical properties of carbon nanotubes:
3688:
3651:
3609:
M. Freitag; et al. (2004). "Hot Carrier Electroluminescence from a Single Carbon Nanotube".
3273:
3109:
3046:
2878:
2606:
2093:
2086:"Midgap Luminescence Centers in Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes Created by Ultraviolet Illumination"
1415:
ratio remains almost unchanged. This ratio gives an idea of the functionalisation of a nanotube.
319:
179:
1537:
Optical properties, including the PL efficiency, can be modified by encapsulating organic dyes (
1273:) index, and thus the whole PL map not only shifts, but also warps upon changing the CNT medium.
1461:
676:
A bulk 3D material (blue) has continuous DOS, but a 1D wire (green) has Van Hove singularities.
524:
on the other edge that will be identified with it as the strip is rolled up. The chiral angle
279:
3381:
2741:
2251:"Optical Characterization of Double-wall Carbon Nanotubes: Evidence for Inner Tube Shielding"
194:
3724:
1460:, i.e., their length is much larger than their diameter. Consequently, as expected from the
3697:
3660:
3620:
3583:
3538:
3457:
3397:
3336:
3248:
3211:
3158:
3118:
3065:
3000:
2937:
2887:
2802:
2750:
2697:
2615:
2555:
2486:
2470:"Water-Assisted Highly Efficient Synthesis of Impurity-Free Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes"
2422:
2373:
2102:
2050:
1927:
1889:
1833:
1777:
1692:
1607:
685:
382:
232:
154:
115:
95:
442:(large blue arrow) connects corresponding positions on the two edges of the strip. Since
8:
2964:
1961:
1574:
1553:
1465:
950:
Optical absorption is routinely used to quantify quality of the carbon nanotube powders.
787:
199:
164:
105:
3701:
3664:
3624:
3587:
3542:
3461:
3401:
3340:
3252:
3215:
3162:
3122:
3069:
3004:
2941:
2891:
2806:
2754:
2701:
2619:
2559:
2490:
2426:
2377:
2133:
2106:
2054:
1931:
1893:
1837:
1781:
1696:
723:, etc., states of semiconducting or metallic nanotubes and are traditionally labeled as
3554:
3421:
3359:
3326:
3312:
3182:
3089:
3055:
3026:
2721:
2578:
2543:
2510:
2445:
2408:
2200:"IR-Extended Photoluminescence Mapping of Single-Wall and Double-Wall Carbon Nanotubes"
2066:
2040:
1943:
1857:
1801:
1283:
331:
134:
2987:"Probing Electronic Transitions in Individual Carbon Nanotubes by Rayleigh Scattering"
2830:"Crystal Plane Dependent Growth of Aligned Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on Sapphire"
2179:
567:, such as diameter, chiral angle, and symmetries, can be computed from these indices.
3751:
3558:
3509:
3448:
3413:
3364:
3293:
3174:
3149:
3081:
3018:
2991:
2928:
2903:
2851:
2793:
2766:
2713:
2688:
2668:
2631:
2583:
2502:
2477:
2450:
2389:
2344:
2304:
2224:
2031:
2015:
1979:
1849:
1824:
1793:
1768:
1743:
1708:
1632:
1143:
835:
681:
413:
323:
311:
267:
174:
3425:
3186:
3093:
2725:
2514:
2070:
1947:
1805:
3705:
3668:
3628:
3591:
3546:
3501:
3465:
3405:
3388:
3354:
3344:
3285:
3256:
3219:
3166:
3126:
3073:
3030:
3008:
2945:
2895:
2843:
2829:
2810:
2758:
2705:
2660:
2623:
2573:
2563:
2494:
2440:
2430:
2381:
2336:
2296:
2267:
2216:
2175:
2166:
2110:
2058:
2011:
2002:
1975:
1966:
1935:
1897:
1861:
1841:
1785:
1735:
1700:
1501:
and emission energies and thereby producing a PL map. The ovals in the map define (
1445:
680:
A characteristic feature of one-dimensional crystals is that their distribution of
3077:
2899:
2627:
1444:
Stokes/anti-Stokes lines. This estimate however relies on the temperature factor (
3386:(2005). "Near-infrared optical sensors based on single-walled carbon nanotubes".
1617:
1425:
979:
473:
337:
43:
3747:
Selection of free-download articles on carbon nanotubes (New Journal of Physics)
3200:
M. Freitag; et al. (2003). "Photoconductivity of Single Carbon Nanotubes".
3469:
3383:
2949:
2814:
2062:
255:
169:
3746:
3595:
2786:"Photoluminescence Quenching in Peapod-Derived Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes"
2409:"A black body absorber from vertically aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes"
3768:
583:
432:
222:
213:
149:
100:
27:
3349:
3170:
3013:
2986:
2709:
2568:
2498:
2435:
1845:
1789:
744:, etc., or, if the "conductivity" of the tube is unknown or unimportant, as
3611:
3513:
3417:
3368:
3297:
3239:
3202:
3178:
3085:
3022:
2907:
2855:
2770:
2762:
2717:
2672:
2635:
2587:
2518:
2506:
2454:
2393:
2364:
2348:
2308:
2228:
1939:
1880:
1853:
1797:
1747:
1712:
1457:
1139:
983:
327:
125:
809:) indices, as well as to detect optical signals from individual nanotubes.
3550:
3310:
2045:
477:
392:
A single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) can be envisioned as strip of a
342:
139:
1878:
A. Star; et al. (2004). "Nanotube Optoelectronic Memory Devices".
1662:
1642:
1612:
1489:
1485:
1242:
1220:
990:
974:
of 1.0, which is difficult to attain in practice, especially in a wide
971:
967:
963:
864:
Optical absorption spectrum from dispersed single-wall carbon nanotubes
480:
of the graphene are numbered sequentially from 1 to 6, the two vectors
3709:
3672:
3632:
3505:
3289:
3260:
3223:
3130:
2847:
2664:
2385:
2340:
2300:
2271:
2220:
2114:
1901:
1739:
1704:
464:
Alternatively, the structure can be described by two integer indices (
250:
3409:
1493:
362:
353:
86:
1665:, a substance produced in 2014; one of the blackest substances known
2327:
1627:
1542:
1538:
1367:
975:
397:
393:
227:
3331:
3060:
262:
3485:"Photosensitive Function of Encapsulated Dye in Carbon Nanotubes"
3441:"Light-Harvesting Function of β-Carotene Inside Carbon Nanotubes"
1154:
688:. In contrast, three-dimensional materials have continuous DOS.
860:
1594:
1158:
349:
818:
672:
621:
571:
631:
551:) that describe distinct tube structures are those with 0 ≤
3311:
Kevin Welsher; Sarah P. Sherlock & Hongjie Dai (2011).
1288:
476:
of the graphene lattice. If the atoms around any 6-member
318:
is unique in many respects, as evidenced by their peculiar
35:
3236:
1109:
Photoluminescence map from single-wall carbon nanotubes. (
610:(chiral angle = 30°) are called "armchair" and those with
3725:"MIT engineers develop "blackest black" material to date"
1481:
1105:
665:
358:
1564:) indices, has been detected from carbon nanotubes yet.
3382:
Paul W. Barone; Seunghyun Baik; Daniel A. Heller &
1917:
826:
The band structure of carbon nanotubes having certain (
412:
of the strip relative to the main symmetry axes of the
2130:"Shigeo Maruyama's Fullerene and Carbon Nanotube Site"
1920:
Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences
1964:; et al. (1995). "Physics of Carbon Nanotubes".
2159:"Optical Properties of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes"
1219:
PL is quick: relaxation typically occurs within 100
1189:
states, respectively. Then they recombine through a
1133:
957:
1439:All the above Raman modes can be observed both as
2925:
2738:
1960:
3766:
3758:Carbon Nanotube Black Body (AIST nano tech 2009)
2965:"Bundle Effects of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes"
2324:
1588:
3571:
3318:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2548:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2414:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2248:
2197:
2083:
1765:
1658:Selective chemistry of single-walled nanotubes
1292:Raman spectrum of single-wall carbon nanotubes
2648:
1157:). Both electron and hole rapidly relax (via
287:
3722:
1999:
1682:
1153:transition, creating an electron-hole pair (
589:
2984:
2827:
2284:
2028:
1821:
3608:
3199:
2962:
2875:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2783:
2361:
2156:
2152:
2150:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1913:
1911:
1873:
1871:
1817:
1815:
1648:Potential applications of carbon nanotubes
294:
280:
3482:
3438:
3358:
3348:
3330:
3267:
3059:
3012:
2577:
2567:
2541:
2444:
2434:
2406:
2044:
1638:Mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes
1434:
1324:(in cm) depends on the nanotube diameter
660:
314:. The way those materials interact with
3685:
3648:
3526:
3493:Journal of the American Chemical Society
3277:Journal of the American Chemical Society
2921:
2919:
2917:
2835:Journal of the American Chemical Society
2652:Journal of the American Chemical Society
2599:
2597:
2288:Journal of the American Chemical Society
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2193:
2191:
2189:
1725:
1312:
1287:
1203:transition resulting in light emission.
1104:
859:
817:
671:
630:
620:
431:
3304:
3230:
3146:
3142:
3140:
3106:
2862:
2603:
2467:
2147:
2127:
1986:
1954:
1908:
1877:
1868:
1812:
1719:
643:
460:, the tube is said to be of type (3,1).
345:(directionally dependent) and tunable.
3767:
3644:
3642:
3375:
2685:
2320:
2318:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1676:
1567:
1548:
1451:
695:Optical transitions occur between the
520:on one edge of the strip to the point
376:
308:optical properties of carbon nanotubes
3754:— many of older ones are downloadable
3043:
2914:
2594:
2249:K. Iakoubovskii; et al. (2008).
2235:
2198:K. Iakoubovskii; et al. (2006).
2186:
2084:K. Iakoubovskii; et al. (2006).
1370:can be observed at double frequency.
1210:
855:
850:
419:
3137:
2642:
2077:
348:Applications of carbon nanotubes in
3723:Jennifer Chu (September 12, 2019).
3679:
3639:
3530:Japanese Journal of Applied Physics
2315:
1754:
1277:
13:
664:
16:Optical properties of the material
14:
3791:
3740:
2985:M. Y. Sfeir; et al. (2004).
2828:N. Ishigami; et al. (2008).
1623:Carbon nanotubes in photovoltaics
1456:Carbon nanotubes have very large
582:| is a multiple of 3, and like a
2963:H. Kataura; et al. (2000).
2784:T. Okazaki; et al. (2006).
2157:H. Kataura; et al. (1999).
1532:
1515:) pairs, which unique identify (
1462:classical electromagnetic theory
1373:
1134:Photoluminescence (fluorescence)
958:Carbon nanotubes as a black body
565:geometric properties of the tube
383:Carbon nanotube § Structure
261:
249:
34:
3716:
3602:
3565:
3520:
3483:K. Yanagi; et al. (2007).
3476:
3439:K. Yanagi; et al. (2006).
3432:
3193:
3100:
3037:
2978:
2956:
2821:
2777:
2732:
2679:
2542:L. Mizuno; et al. (2009).
2535:
2461:
2407:K. Mizuno; et al. (2009).
2400:
2355:
2278:
2259:Journal of Physical Chemistry C
2208:Journal of Physical Chemistry B
2121:
1475:
1464:, elastic light scattering (or
1100:
813:
387:
22:Part of a series of articles on
2022:
1:
3078:10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.027402
2974:. Vol. 544. p. 262.
2900:10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.147406
2628:10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.177401
2468:K. Hata; et al. (2004).
2180:10.1016/S0379-6779(98)00278-1
1670:
1589:Multi-walled carbon nanotubes
758:, etc. Crossover transitions
2016:10.1016/0008-6223(95)00035-C
1980:10.1016/0008-6223(95)00017-8
1653:Resonance Raman spectroscopy
396:molecule (a single sheet of
7:
1600:
1060:White reflectance standard
995:
408:of the tube) and the angle
10:
3796:
3752:Publications of H. Kataura
3470:10.1103/PhysRevB.74.155420
2972:AIP Conference Proceedings
2950:10.1103/PhysRevB.69.115428
2815:10.1103/PhysRevB.74.153404
2063:10.1103/PhysRevB.74.205440
1418:
1281:
1161:-assisted processes) from
1049:Hemispherical-directional
1046:Hemispherical-directional
528:is then the angle between
380:
3596:10.1080/01418618008239335
1390:
1381:
997:Reflectance measurements
590:Zigzag and armchair tubes
316:electromagnetic radiation
3575:Philosophical Magazine A
2544:"Supporting Information"
310:are highly relevant for
238:Nanocrystalline material
214:Nanostructured materials
3689:Applied Physics Letters
3652:Applied Physics Letters
3350:10.1073/pnas.1014501108
3171:10.1126/science.1119177
3110:Applied Physics Letters
3047:Physical Review Letters
3014:10.1126/science.1103294
2879:Physical Review Letters
2710:10.1126/science.1166265
2607:Physical Review Letters
2569:10.1073/pnas.0900155106
2499:10.1126/science.1104962
2436:10.1073/pnas.0900155106
2094:Applied Physics Letters
1846:10.1126/science.1125695
1790:10.1126/science.1081294
1480:Light emitting diodes (
2763:10.1038/nnano.2007.261
1940:10.1080/20014091104189
1441:Stokes and anti-Stokes
1435:Anti-Stokes scattering
1293:
1130:
986:(200 μm) wavelengths.
865:
823:
686:Van Hove singularities
677:
669:
661:Van Hove singularities
636:
626:
461:
2742:Nature Nanotechnology
1313:Radial breathing mode
1291:
1108:
863:
821:
675:
668:
634:
624:
435:
367:optoelectronic memory
268:Technology portal
63:Mechanical properties
3551:10.1143/JJAP.45.9286
1608:Allotropes of carbon
1071:Average reflectance
989:These SWNT forests (
644:Electronic structure
233:Nanoporous materials
96:Buckminsterfullerene
3702:2014ApPhL.104z1107J
3665:2013ApPhL.102r1104J
3625:2004NanoL...4.1063F
3588:1980PMagA..41..589P
3543:2006JaJAP..45.9286S
3462:2006PhRvB..74o5420Y
3402:2005NatMa...4...86B
3341:2011PNAS..108.8943W
3284:(48): 15638–15639.
3253:2003NanoL...3.1235W
3216:2003NanoL...3.1067F
3163:2005Sci...310.1171C
3157:(5751): 1171–1174.
3123:2004ApPhL..85.2607W
3070:2007PhRvL..99b7402W
3005:2004Sci...306.1540S
2999:(5701): 1540–1543.
2942:2004PhRvB..69k5428S
2892:2004PhRvL..93n7406F
2807:2006PhRvB..74o3404O
2755:2007NatNa...2..560S
2702:2009Sci...323.1319J
2696:(5919): 1319–1323.
2620:2004PhRvL..92q7401W
2560:2009PNAS..106.6044M
2491:2004Sci...306.1362H
2485:(5700): 1362–1364.
2427:2009PNAS..106.6044M
2378:2008NanoL...8..446Y
2266:(30): 11194–11198.
2215:(35): 17420–17424.
2107:2006ApPhL..89q3108I
2055:2006PhRvB..74t5440M
1932:2001CRSSM..26..145S
1894:2004NanoL...4.1587S
1838:2006Sci...312..413I
1782:2003Sci...300..783M
1697:2009NanoL...9.3137W
1575:electroluminescence
1568:Electroluminescence
1554:Cathodoluminescence
1549:Cathodoluminescence
1466:Rayleigh scattering
1452:Rayleigh scattering
1085:Standard deviation
998:
377:Geometric structure
135:Carbon quantum dots
2174:(1–3): 2555–2558.
1294:
1284:Raman spectroscopy
1211:Salient properties
1131:
1029:Incident angle, °
996:
869:Optical absorption
866:
856:Optical absorption
851:Optical properties
824:
678:
670:
637:
627:
462:
256:Science portal
68:Optical properties
3780:Optical materials
3710:10.1063/1.4886800
3673:10.1063/1.4804296
3633:10.1021/nl049607u
3537:(12): 9286–9289.
3506:10.1021/ja067351j
3500:(16): 4992–4997.
3449:Physical Review B
3384:Michael S. Strano
3325:(22): 8943–8948.
3290:10.1021/ja0466311
3261:10.1021/nl034428i
3224:10.1021/nl034313e
3131:10.1063/1.1797559
3117:(13): 2607–2609.
2929:Physical Review B
2848:10.1021/ja8024752
2842:(30): 9918–9924.
2794:Physical Review B
2665:10.1021/ja071553d
2421:(15): 6044–6077.
2386:10.1021/nl072369t
2341:10.1021/nn200427r
2301:10.1021/ja043061w
2272:10.1021/jp8018414
2221:10.1021/jp062653t
2115:10.1063/1.2364157
2032:Physical Review B
1962:M. S. Dresselhaus
1902:10.1021/nl049337f
1832:(5772): 413–416.
1776:(5620): 783–786.
1740:10.1021/nn401995z
1705:10.1021/nl901260b
1633:Hiromichi Kataura
1251:Position of the (
1144:photoluminescence
1098:
1097:
982:(200 nm) to
836:Hiromichi Kataura
682:density of states
641:
640:
625:Armchair nanotube
324:photoluminescence
312:materials science
304:
303:
116:Carbon allotropes
3787:
3775:Carbon nanotubes
3735:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3646:
3637:
3636:
3619:(6): 1063–1066.
3606:
3600:
3599:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3489:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3445:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3410:10.1038/nmat1276
3389:Nature Materials
3379:
3373:
3372:
3362:
3352:
3334:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3247:(9): 1235–1238.
3234:
3228:
3227:
3210:(8): 1067–1071.
3197:
3191:
3190:
3144:
3135:
3134:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3063:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3016:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2969:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2923:
2912:
2911:
2873:
2860:
2859:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2790:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2659:(26): 8058–805.
2646:
2640:
2639:
2601:
2592:
2591:
2581:
2571:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2523:
2517:. Archived from
2474:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2448:
2438:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2335:(4): 2611–2618.
2322:
2313:
2312:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2255:
2246:
2233:
2232:
2204:
2195:
2184:
2183:
2167:Synthetic Metals
2163:
2154:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2132:. Archived from
2125:
2119:
2118:
2090:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2048:
2046:cond-mat/0608073
2026:
2020:
2019:
1997:
1984:
1983:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1915:
1906:
1905:
1888:(9): 1587–1591.
1875:
1866:
1865:
1819:
1810:
1809:
1763:
1752:
1751:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1680:
1446:Boltzmann factor
1365:
1352:
1278:Raman scattering
1066:Aluminum mirror
999:
788:dipole-forbidden
617:
616:
338:Carbon nanotubes
296:
289:
282:
266:
265:
254:
253:
205:Titanium dioxide
44:Carbon nanotubes
38:
19:
18:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3765:
3764:
3743:
3738:
3729:
3727:
3721:
3717:
3684:
3680:
3647:
3640:
3607:
3603:
3570:
3566:
3525:
3521:
3487:
3481:
3477:
3443:
3437:
3433:
3380:
3376:
3309:
3305:
3272:
3268:
3235:
3231:
3198:
3194:
3145:
3138:
3105:
3101:
3042:
3038:
2983:
2979:
2967:
2961:
2957:
2924:
2915:
2874:
2863:
2826:
2822:
2788:
2782:
2778:
2737:
2733:
2684:
2680:
2647:
2643:
2602:
2595:
2540:
2536:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2472:
2466:
2462:
2405:
2401:
2360:
2356:
2323:
2316:
2295:(10): 3439–48.
2283:
2279:
2253:
2247:
2236:
2202:
2196:
2187:
2161:
2155:
2148:
2139:
2137:
2126:
2122:
2088:
2082:
2078:
2027:
2023:
1998:
1987:
1959:
1955:
1916:
1909:
1876:
1869:
1820:
1813:
1764:
1755:
1724:
1720:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1618:Carbon nanotube
1603:
1591:
1584:
1580:
1570:
1551:
1535:
1514:
1507:
1486:photo-detectors
1478:
1454:
1437:
1426:selection rules
1421:
1393:
1384:
1376:
1360:
1354:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1323:
1315:
1286:
1280:
1264:
1257:
1213:
1202:
1195:
1188:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1152:
1136:
1103:
1015:Wavelength, μm
1007:Near-to-mid IR
980:far-ultraviolet
960:
942:
935:
927:
920:
913:
906:
899:
892:
885:
878:
858:
853:
816:
785:
778:
771:
764:
757:
750:
743:
736:
729:
722:
715:
708:
701:
663:
646:
635:Zigzag nanotube
594:Tubes of type (
592:
474:reference frame
430:
390:
385:
379:
300:
260:
248:
145:Aluminium oxide
17:
12:
11:
5:
3793:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3749:
3742:
3741:External links
3739:
3737:
3736:
3715:
3696:(26): 261107.
3678:
3659:(18): 181104.
3638:
3601:
3582:(4): 589–600.
3564:
3519:
3475:
3456:(15): 155420.
3431:
3374:
3303:
3266:
3229:
3192:
3136:
3099:
3036:
2977:
2955:
2936:(11): 115428.
2913:
2886:(14): 147406.
2861:
2820:
2801:(15): 153404.
2776:
2749:(9): 560–564.
2731:
2678:
2641:
2614:(17): 177401.
2593:
2554:(15): 6044–7.
2534:
2460:
2399:
2372:(2): 446–451.
2354:
2314:
2277:
2234:
2185:
2146:
2120:
2101:(17): 173108.
2076:
2039:(20): 205440.
2021:
2010:(7): 959–972.
1985:
1974:(7): 883–891.
1953:
1926:(3): 145–249.
1907:
1867:
1811:
1753:
1734:(7): 6156–61.
1718:
1691:(9): 3137–41.
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1590:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1569:
1566:
1550:
1547:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1512:
1505:
1477:
1474:
1453:
1450:
1436:
1433:
1420:
1417:
1392:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1372:
1358:
1344:
1332:
1321:
1314:
1311:
1282:Main article:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1262:
1255:
1248:
1247:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1217:
1212:
1209:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1150:
1135:
1132:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1010:Mid-to-far IR
1008:
1005:
1004:UV-to-near IR
1002:
976:spectral range
959:
956:
940:
933:
925:
918:
911:
904:
897:
890:
883:
876:
857:
854:
852:
849:
815:
812:
811:
810:
798:
797:
792:
791:
783:
776:
769:
762:
755:
748:
741:
734:
727:
720:
713:
706:
699:
662:
659:
645:
642:
639:
638:
628:
591:
588:
429:
418:
389:
386:
381:Main article:
378:
375:
302:
301:
299:
298:
291:
284:
276:
273:
272:
271:
270:
258:
243:
242:
241:
240:
235:
230:
225:
217:
216:
210:
209:
208:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
129:
128:
121:
120:
119:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
90:
89:
83:
82:
81:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
47:
46:
40:
39:
31:
30:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3792:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3726:
3719:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3690:
3682:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3653:
3645:
3643:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3605:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3568:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3523:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3494:
3486:
3479:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3442:
3435:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3378:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3307:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3270:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3233:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3196:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3151:
3143:
3141:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3103:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3054:(2): 027402.
3053:
3049:
3048:
3040:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2981:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2824:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2787:
2780:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2735:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2682:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2645:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2600:
2598:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2524:on 2014-05-13
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2471:
2464:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2403:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2358:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2321:
2319:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2281:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2252:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2201:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2160:
2153:
2151:
2136:on 2012-12-20
2135:
2131:
2128:S. Maruyama.
2124:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2087:
2080:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2004:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1912:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1874:
1872:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1818:
1816:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1675:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1598:
1596:
1586:
1585:transitions.
1576:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1533:Sensitization
1527:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1504:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1449:
1447:
1442:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1388:
1379:
1374:Bundling mode
1371:
1369:
1364:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1338:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1290:
1285:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1196: −
1192:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1001:
1000:
994:
992:
987:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
955:
951:
948:
944:
939:
932:
924:
917:
910:
903:
896:
889:
882:
875:
870:
862:
848:
846:
842:
837:
833:
829:
820:
808:
804:
800:
799:
794:
793:
789:
782:
779: −
775:
768:
765: −
761:
754:
747:
740:
733:
726:
719:
716: −
712:
705:
702: −
698:
694:
693:
692:
689:
687:
683:
674:
667:
658:
656:
652:
633:
629:
623:
619:
618:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
587:
585:
584:semiconductor
581:
577:
573:
568:
566:
563:> 0. All
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
541:
539:
538:
533:
532:
527:
523:
519:
515:
514:
510:
506:
505:
501:
497:
496:
491:
490:
485:
484:
479:
475:
471:
467:
459:
458:
453:
452:
447:
446:
441:
440:
434:
427:
423:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
384:
374:
370:
368:
364:
360:
355:
351:
346:
344:
339:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
297:
292:
290:
285:
283:
278:
277:
275:
274:
269:
264:
259:
257:
252:
247:
246:
245:
244:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
223:Nanocomposite
221:
220:
219:
218:
215:
212:
211:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
185:Iron–platinum
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
132:
131:
130:
127:
126:nanoparticles
123:
122:
117:
114:
112:
111:Health impact
109:
107:
104:
102:
101:C70 fullerene
99:
97:
94:
93:
92:
91:
88:
85:
84:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
56:
54:
51:
50:
49:
48:
45:
42:
41:
37:
33:
32:
29:
28:Nanomaterials
26:
25:
21:
20:
3762:
3728:. Retrieved
3718:
3693:
3687:
3681:
3656:
3650:
3616:
3612:Nano Letters
3610:
3604:
3579:
3573:
3567:
3534:
3528:
3522:
3497:
3491:
3478:
3453:
3447:
3434:
3396:(1): 86–92.
3393:
3387:
3377:
3322:
3316:
3306:
3281:
3275:
3269:
3244:
3240:Nano Letters
3238:
3232:
3207:
3203:Nano Letters
3201:
3195:
3154:
3148:
3114:
3108:
3102:
3051:
3045:
3039:
2996:
2990:
2980:
2971:
2958:
2933:
2927:
2883:
2877:
2839:
2833:
2823:
2798:
2792:
2779:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2611:
2605:
2551:
2547:
2537:
2526:. Retrieved
2519:the original
2482:
2476:
2463:
2418:
2412:
2402:
2369:
2365:Nano Letters
2363:
2357:
2332:
2326:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2263:
2257:
2212:
2206:
2171:
2165:
2138:. Retrieved
2134:the original
2123:
2098:
2092:
2079:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2007:
2001:
1971:
1965:
1956:
1923:
1919:
1885:
1881:Nano Letters
1879:
1829:
1823:
1773:
1767:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1688:
1685:Nano Letters
1684:
1678:
1592:
1571:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1536:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1479:
1476:Applications
1470:
1458:aspect ratio
1455:
1438:
1430:
1422:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1385:
1377:
1362:
1355:
1353:for SWNT or
1348:
1341:
1336:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1316:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1252:
1205:
1197:
1190:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1162:
1147:
1140:fluorescence
1137:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1101:Luminescence
1063:Gold mirror
988:
984:far-infrared
966:should have
961:
952:
949:
945:
937:
930:
922:
915:
908:
901:
894:
887:
880:
873:
867:
844:
840:
831:
827:
825:
814:Kataura plot
806:
802:
786:, etc., are
780:
773:
766:
759:
752:
745:
738:
731:
724:
717:
710:
703:
696:
690:
679:
654:
650:
647:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
593:
579:
575:
569:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
542:
536:
535:
530:
529:
525:
521:
517:
512:
511:
508:
503:
502:
499:
494:
493:
488:
487:
482:
481:
469:
465:
463:
456:
455:
450:
449:
444:
443:
438:
437:
425:
421:
409:
405:
404:or diameter
401:
391:
388:Chiral angle
371:
347:
336:
328:fluorescence
307:
305:
160:Cobalt oxide
140:Quantum dots
73:Applications
67:
1221:picoseconds
1043:Reflection
586:otherwise.
543:The pairs (
343:anisotropic
3769:Categories
3730:2019-12-04
2528:2013-03-05
2140:2008-12-08
1671:References
1663:Vantablack
1643:Nanoflower
1613:Buckypaper
1490:wavelength
1424:different
1243:fullerenes
1057:Reference
991:buckypaper
972:absorbance
968:emissivity
964:black body
428:) notation
363:bolometers
320:absorption
180:Iron oxide
87:Fullerenes
3559:122152101
3332:1105.3536
3061:0705.3986
1494:bolometer
1175:and from
1052:Specular
962:An ideal
943:) pairs.
414:hexagonal
354:photonics
334:spectra.
150:Cellulose
106:Chemistry
58:Chemistry
53:Synthesis
3514:17402730
3426:43558342
3418:15592477
3369:21576494
3298:15571374
3187:21960183
3179:16293757
3094:15090006
3086:17678258
3023:15514117
2908:15524844
2856:18597459
2771:18654368
2726:25110300
2718:19265015
2673:17552526
2636:15169189
2588:19339498
2515:34377168
2507:15550668
2455:19339498
2394:18181658
2349:21391554
2328:ACS Nano
2309:15755163
2229:16942079
2071:16144784
1948:95444574
1854:16627739
1806:36336745
1798:12730598
1748:23806050
1728:ACS Nano
1713:19650638
1628:Graphene
1601:See also
1543:lycopene
1539:carotene
1368:overtone
886:(energy
398:graphite
394:graphene
228:Nanofoam
195:Platinum
78:Timeline
3698:Bibcode
3661:Bibcode
3621:Bibcode
3584:Bibcode
3539:Bibcode
3458:Bibcode
3398:Bibcode
3360:3107273
3337:Bibcode
3249:Bibcode
3212:Bibcode
3159:Bibcode
3150:Science
3119:Bibcode
3066:Bibcode
3031:7515760
3001:Bibcode
2992:Science
2938:Bibcode
2888:Bibcode
2803:Bibcode
2751:Bibcode
2698:Bibcode
2689:Science
2616:Bibcode
2579:2669394
2556:Bibcode
2487:Bibcode
2478:Science
2446:2669394
2423:Bibcode
2374:Bibcode
2103:Bibcode
2051:Bibcode
1928:Bibcode
1890:Bibcode
1862:8365578
1834:Bibcode
1825:Science
1778:Bibcode
1769:Science
1693:Bibcode
1560:,
1519:,
1508:,
1419:G' mode
1305:,
1269:,
1258:,
1155:exciton
1113:,
1094:0.0027
1091:0.0041
1088:0.0048
1080:0.0017
1077:0.0097
1074:0.0160
1024:25–200
936:,
843:,
830:,
805:,
602:) with
330:), and
155:Ceramic
3557:
3512:
3424:
3416:
3367:
3357:
3296:
3185:
3177:
3092:
3084:
3029:
3021:
2906:
2854:
2769:
2724:
2716:
2671:
2634:
2586:
2576:
2513:
2505:
2453:
2443:
2392:
2347:
2307:
2227:
2069:
2003:Carbon
1967:Carbon
1946:
1860:
1852:
1804:
1796:
1746:
1711:
1595:scroll
1484:) and
1391:D mode
1382:G mode
1361:= 248/
1347:= 234/
1159:phonon
1018:0.2-2
350:optics
200:Silver
165:Copper
124:Other
3555:S2CID
3488:(PDF)
3444:(PDF)
3422:S2CID
3327:arXiv
3183:S2CID
3090:S2CID
3056:arXiv
3027:S2CID
2968:(PDF)
2789:(PDF)
2722:S2CID
2522:(PDF)
2511:S2CID
2473:(PDF)
2254:(PDF)
2203:(PDF)
2162:(PDF)
2089:(PDF)
2067:S2CID
2041:arXiv
1944:S2CID
1858:S2CID
1802:S2CID
1581:and E
1328:as,
1021:2–20
893:) or
796:CNTs.
572:metal
420:The (
332:Raman
190:Lipid
3510:PMID
3414:PMID
3365:PMID
3294:PMID
3175:PMID
3082:PMID
3019:PMID
2904:PMID
2852:PMID
2767:PMID
2714:PMID
2669:PMID
2632:PMID
2584:PMID
2503:PMID
2451:PMID
2390:PMID
2345:PMID
2305:PMID
2225:PMID
1850:PMID
1794:PMID
1744:PMID
1709:PMID
1482:LEDs
1351:+ 10
1335:= A/
1129:= 0.
574:if |
559:and
534:and
486:and
478:ring
365:and
359:LEDs
352:and
306:The
175:Iron
170:Gold
3706:doi
3694:104
3669:doi
3657:102
3629:doi
3592:doi
3547:doi
3502:doi
3498:129
3466:doi
3406:doi
3355:PMC
3345:doi
3323:108
3286:doi
3282:126
3257:doi
3220:doi
3167:doi
3155:310
3127:doi
3074:doi
3009:doi
2997:306
2946:doi
2896:doi
2844:doi
2840:130
2811:doi
2759:doi
2706:doi
2694:323
2661:doi
2657:129
2624:doi
2574:PMC
2564:doi
2552:106
2495:doi
2483:306
2441:PMC
2431:doi
2419:106
2382:doi
2337:doi
2297:doi
2293:127
2268:doi
2264:112
2217:doi
2213:110
2176:doi
2172:103
2111:doi
2059:doi
2012:doi
1976:doi
1936:doi
1898:doi
1842:doi
1830:312
1786:doi
1774:300
1736:doi
1701:doi
1359:RBM
1345:RBM
1333:RBM
1322:RBM
1246:PL.
1239:CVD
1182:to
1168:to
1142:or
1125:or
1038:10
970:or
921:or
900:to
879:to
657:).
540:.
454:+ 1
448:= 3
361:),
3771::
3704:.
3692:.
3667:.
3655:.
3641:^
3627:.
3615:.
3590:.
3580:41
3578:.
3553:.
3545:.
3535:45
3533:.
3508:.
3496:.
3490:.
3464:.
3454:74
3452:.
3446:.
3420:.
3412:.
3404:.
3392:.
3363:.
3353:.
3343:.
3335:.
3321:.
3315:.
3292:.
3280:.
3255:.
3243:.
3218:.
3206:.
3181:.
3173:.
3165:.
3153:.
3139:^
3125:.
3115:85
3113:.
3088:.
3080:.
3072:.
3064:.
3052:99
3050:.
3025:.
3017:.
3007:.
2995:.
2989:.
2970:.
2944:.
2934:69
2932:.
2916:^
2902:.
2894:.
2884:93
2882:.
2864:^
2850:.
2838:.
2832:.
2809:.
2799:74
2797:.
2791:.
2765:.
2757:.
2745:.
2720:.
2712:.
2704:.
2692:.
2667:.
2655:.
2630:.
2622:.
2612:92
2610:.
2596:^
2582:.
2572:.
2562:.
2550:.
2546:.
2509:.
2501:.
2493:.
2481:.
2475:.
2449:.
2439:.
2429:.
2417:.
2411:.
2388:.
2380:.
2368:.
2343:.
2331:.
2317:^
2303:.
2291:.
2262:.
2256:.
2237:^
2223:.
2211:.
2205:.
2188:^
2170:.
2164:.
2149:^
2109:.
2099:89
2097:.
2091:.
2065:.
2057:.
2049:.
2037:74
2035:.
2008:33
2006:.
1988:^
1972:33
1970:.
1942:.
1934:.
1924:26
1922:.
1910:^
1896:.
1884:.
1870:^
1856:.
1848:.
1840:.
1828:.
1814:^
1800:.
1792:.
1784:.
1772:.
1756:^
1742:.
1730:.
1707:.
1699:.
1687:.
1583:22
1579:11
1541:,
1513:11
1506:22
1263:11
1256:22
1151:22
1121:=
1035:5
1032:8
941:11
934:22
926:11
919:22
912:11
891:22
772:,
756:22
751:,
749:11
742:11
737:,
735:22
730:,
728:11
709:,
555:≤
522:A2
518:A1
507:+
498:=
369:.
322:,
3733:.
3712:.
3708::
3700::
3675:.
3671::
3663::
3635:.
3631::
3623::
3617:4
3598:.
3594::
3586::
3561:.
3549::
3541::
3516:.
3504::
3472:.
3468::
3460::
3428:.
3408::
3400::
3394:4
3371:.
3347::
3339::
3329::
3300:.
3288::
3263:.
3259::
3251::
3245:3
3226:.
3222::
3214::
3208:3
3189:.
3169::
3161::
3133:.
3129::
3121::
3096:.
3076::
3068::
3058::
3033:.
3011::
3003::
2952:.
2948::
2940::
2910:.
2898::
2890::
2858:.
2846::
2817:.
2813::
2805::
2773:.
2761::
2753::
2747:2
2728:.
2708::
2700::
2675:.
2663::
2638:.
2626::
2618::
2590:.
2566::
2558::
2531:.
2497::
2489::
2457:.
2433::
2425::
2396:.
2384::
2376::
2370:8
2351:.
2339::
2333:5
2311:.
2299::
2274:.
2270::
2231:.
2219::
2182:.
2178::
2143:.
2117:.
2113::
2105::
2073:.
2061::
2053::
2043::
2018:.
2014::
1982:.
1978::
1950:.
1938::
1930::
1904:.
1900::
1892::
1886:4
1864:.
1844::
1836::
1808:.
1788::
1780::
1750:.
1738::
1732:7
1715:.
1703::
1695::
1689:9
1562:m
1558:n
1521:m
1517:n
1510:S
1503:S
1413:D
1411:/
1409:G
1404:D
1402:/
1400:G
1396:D
1363:d
1356:ν
1349:d
1342:ν
1337:d
1330:ν
1326:d
1319:ν
1307:m
1303:n
1301:(
1271:m
1267:n
1260:S
1253:S
1223:.
1201:1
1198:v
1194:1
1191:c
1187:1
1184:v
1180:2
1177:v
1173:1
1170:c
1166:2
1163:c
1148:S
1127:m
1123:m
1119:n
1115:m
1111:n
938:E
931:E
929:(
923:E
916:E
909:E
907:(
905:1
902:c
898:1
895:v
888:E
884:2
881:c
877:2
874:v
845:m
841:n
839:(
832:m
828:n
807:m
803:n
784:1
781:v
777:2
774:c
770:2
767:v
763:1
760:c
753:E
746:E
739:M
732:S
725:S
721:2
718:c
714:2
711:v
707:1
704:c
700:1
697:v
655:m
653:,
651:n
649:(
612:m
608:m
606:=
604:n
600:m
598:,
596:n
580:n
578:–
576:m
561:n
557:n
553:m
549:m
547:,
545:n
537:w
531:u
526:α
513:v
509:m
504:u
500:n
495:w
489:v
483:u
470:m
468:,
466:n
457:v
451:u
445:w
439:w
426:m
424:,
422:n
410:α
406:d
402:c
357:(
326:(
295:e
288:t
281:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
