299:
262:. Registrability can be understood as a continuum, with "inherently distinctive" marks at one end, "generic" and "descriptive" marks with no distinctive character at the other end, and "suggestive" and "arbitrary" marks lying between these two points. "Descriptive" marks must acquire distinctiveness through secondary meaning—consumers have come to recognize the mark as a source indicator—to be protectable. "Generic" terms are used to refer to the product or service itself and cannot be used as trademarks.
689:, and defines "Shepardizing on a web page as "the process of looking up citations" in "a series of books called Shepard's Citations." Such efforts may or may not be successful in preventing genericism in the long run, which depends less on the mark owner's efforts and more on how the public actually perceives and uses the mark. In fact, legally it is more important that the trademark holder visibly and actively seems to attempt to prevent its trademark from becoming generic, regardless of real success.
168:
1383:
66:
607:
range (e.g. for passing off), this does not mean that trademark law prevents the use of that mark by the general public. A common word, phrase, or other sign can only be removed from the public domain to the extent that a trademark owner is able to maintain exclusive rights over that sign in relation to certain products or services, assuming there are no other trademark objections. For a case study in both concepts, see
25:
540:, that consumers in the marketplace exclusively associate the mark, as used on the identified goods or in connection with the identified services, with a particular commercial origin or source (i.e. the trademark owner). "Use" may include authorized use by a licensee or other party. If the trade mark office is satisfied that the evidence demonstrates that a mark has "acquired" distinctive character
435:
services of other businesses, and therefore cannot be afforded any legal protection. This is because there has to be some term which may generally be used by anyone—including other manufacturers—to refer to a product without using some organization's proprietary trademark. Marks which become generic after losing distinctive character are known as
555:
associate an otherwise non-distinctive mark with the trademark owner and its products or services. Generally, evidence of use may only be acceptable or relevant if it covers a certain period of time (e.g. three years prior to the filing date of the trademark application) and originates from within the jurisdiction where registration is sought.
524:
inherently distinctive and registrable without proof of acquired distinctiveness. Although these categories are most easily applied in relation to trademarks comprising words, the same general principles are applied in relation to all kinds of trademarks. For example, a pine tree shape is descriptive when used on pine-scented products.
439:. Marks which are a misspelling of a generic term (e.g., the elimination of a space) do not change the generic significance of the term. Aspirin tablet is a registered trademark by Bayer AG. Aspirin is a generic word in the United States for the pain reliever acetylsalicylic acid (also known as ASA). Another example is the term "
652:
for adhesive bandages are both trademarks which are at risk of losing their trademark status by becoming declared generic in certain countries, something that the respective trademark owners actively seek to prevent. In order to prevent marks becoming generic, trademark owners often contact those who
554:
The nature and extent of acceptable evidence of use varies between jurisdictions, although the most useful evidence usually includes sales figures, details of advertising and promotional expenditure, and examples of promotional material. Consumer surveys may also help establish that consumers chiefly
606:
Trademark rights generally arise out of the use and/or registration (see below) of a mark in connection only with a specific type or range of products or services. Although it may sometimes be possible to take legal action to prevent the use of a mark in relation to products or services outside this
492:
A general method for assessing the distinctive character of a mark is to consider a consumer's reaction to a mark. The mark may only be inherently registrable if the consumer has never encountered the mark before. On the other hand, the mark is unlikely to be inherently registrable if it informs him
684:
customers to mean any blended coffee beverage, though employees are instructed to only say "frappuccino blended coffee" or "frappuccino blended cream" when referring to such drinks. This rule is not hard-and-fast, however; for example, Lexis-Nexis has a U.S. trademark registration for "Shepardize,"
504:
might find that the name "Houston ice cream" is denied trademark protection on the grounds that the word
Houston is merely descriptive. However, they might have better luck with the name "North Pole ice cream". In the latter case, although North Pole is a geographical location, the ice cream is not
598:
The essential function of a trademark is to exclusively identify the commercial source or origin of products or services, such that a trademark, properly called, indicates source or serves as a badge of origin. The use of a trademark in this way is known as trademark use. Certain exclusive rights
488:
marks on the other. This is because suggestive marks, like fanciful and arbitrary marks, are presumed to be entitled to trademark protection, while descriptive marks are entitled to protection if they have become known as representing the producer of the goods, and generic marks can never receive
434:
is the common name for the products or services in connection with which it is used, such as "salt" when used in connection with sodium chloride. A generic term is not capable of serving the essential trademark function of distinguishing the products or services of a business from the products or
523:
Primary consideration in the selection and use of trademarks should be given to marks which are inherently distinctive, as they possess the strongest distinctive character and do not require evidence of use to establish acquired distinctiveness. A fanciful, arbitrary, or suggestive term can be
676:" telling them that they should only use the term "modified by Adobe® Photoshop® software." Xerox has also purchased print advertisements declaring that "you cannot 'xerox' a document, but you can copy it on a Xerox Brand copying on machine." Another popular example is the use of the word "
369:
mark tends to indicate the nature, quality, or a characteristic of the products or services in relation to which it is used, but does not describe this characteristic, and requires imagination on the part of the consumer to identify the characteristic. Suggestive marks invoke the consumer’s
345:" for computers). Such marks consist of words or images which have some dictionary meaning before being adopted as trademarks, but which are used in connection with products or services unrelated to that dictionary meaning. Arbitrary marks are also immediately eligible for registration.
586:). In the U.S., if a trademark has been used for a continuous period of at least five years after the date of registration, the right to use the mark and the registration may become "incontestable" (e.g. invulnerable to cancellation for non-use, but not for becoming
625:" through common use (such that the mark no longer performs the essential trademark function and the average consumer no longer considers that exclusive rights attach to it), the corresponding registration may also be ruled invalid.
402:
used in connection with saltine crackers or anchovies. Such terms are not registrable unless it attains a 'secondary meaning', such that the mark is so distinctive that people associated it with specific brand name in the
463:
for use outside games. Trademark right is generally country specific. Thus, a mark that become generic in one country, such as the example of
Aspirin, can still be used and recognized as a trademark in another country.
594:
checks and confirms whether the request for incontestability meets formality requirements, but whether a registration is incontestable at law can only be determined during legal proceedings involving the registration.
493:
about any characteristic of the relevant products or services (e.g. whether they are delicious, large, spicy, black, or sweet, in the case of fruit). In any other case the mark may not be registrable.
599:
attach to a registered mark, which can be enforced by way of an action for trademark infringement, while unregistered trademark rights may be enforced pursuant to the common law tort of
1412:
282:
of trademark distinctiveness in the US, breaking trademarks into classes which are accorded differing degrees of protection. Courts often speak of marks falling along the following "
489:
protection. It can be seen from the examples above that the distinctive character of a term is closely related to the products or services in relation to which the term is used.
1397:
1517:
1109:
1473:
1204:
520:
for use by anyone. For example, a generic term such as "apple", or descriptive terms such as "red" or "juicy" could not be registered in relation to apples.
1018:
703:
1710:
536:
unregistrable. However, most jurisdictions may still allow such marks to be registered if the trademark owner can demonstrate, typically by reference to
496:
Another example of a descriptive mark would be a geographical word or phrase that merely indicates the origin of the product or service. For example,
1639:
398:
mark is a term with a dictionary meaning which is used in connection with products or services directly related to that meaning. An example might be
321:" had no meaning before it was adopted and used as a trademark in relation to goods, whether photographic goods or otherwise. Invented marks are
178:
1586:
1427:
653:
appear to be using the trademark incorrectly, from web page authors to dictionary editors, and request that they cease the improper usage.
1700:
796:
275:
1078:
A century of trade marks : a commentary on the work and history of the Trade Marks
Registry, which celebrates its centenary in 1976
130:
83:
38:
102:
1705:
1417:
591:
1690:
1259:
109:
810:
1782:
1720:
875:
1846:
1767:
1458:
116:
1695:
1117:
814:
708:
1872:
98:
1085:
772:
230:
212:
149:
52:
1332:
1312:
1715:
1601:
987:
920:
512:
Therefore marks that identify or describe a product or service, or that are in common use, or that are used as
190:
87:
44:
1772:
1493:
1337:
1232:
899:
420:
1581:
1137:
609:
1877:
1777:
1762:
1736:
1498:
1302:
1252:
1043:
271:
1058:
298:
1841:
1611:
1327:
123:
686:
1867:
1443:
1508:
1488:
416:
194:
186:
1184:
1596:
1463:
563:
513:
76:
973:
668:, though for certain trademarks, use as nouns and, less commonly, verbs is common. For example,
1882:
1836:
1823:
1808:
1540:
1478:
1453:
1448:
1322:
1245:
961:
743:
532:
A trademark with no distinctive character (i.e. a mark which is not inherently distinctive) is
287:
834:
1483:
1357:
622:
587:
509:, and no reasonable person would assume that the phrase North Pole is literally descriptive.
1571:
1525:
1468:
1422:
1317:
1019:"ASPIRIN Brand or Aspirin Tablets? Avoiding the "Genericide" Headache in the United States"
637:
8:
1741:
1576:
1342:
1138:"Always Use a Trademark as an Adjective, Followed by the Appropriate Noun Descriptor(s)"
636:" has been ruled generic in the United States, so other companies may use that name for
1803:
1798:
1624:
1561:
1372:
1287:
738:
733:
444:
1619:
1292:
1091:
1081:
992:
881:
871:
778:
768:
436:
1746:
1629:
1402:
938:
718:
374:, a new technology of high-capacity data storage that utilizes a "blue" (actually
317:
registrable, and comprises an entirely invented or "fanciful" sign. For example, "
1818:
1813:
1644:
1634:
1407:
1367:
472:
In trademark litigation, courts are most frequently asked to distinguish between
349:
would be an arbitrary mark if used in connection with e.g. telephones such as in
341:
trademark is usually a common word which is used in a meaningless context (e.g. "
1566:
1362:
1347:
1307:
575:
559:
497:
456:
448:
375:
1861:
1352:
885:
713:
669:
579:
517:
424:
782:
1530:
1095:
723:
673:
371:
251:
1535:
1297:
728:
677:
600:
533:
404:
314:
1591:
1162:
765:
Trademark & copyright disputes : litigation forms and analysis
698:
506:
460:
452:
342:
326:
1268:
1080:. Moorby, R. L., Myall, D. G. A., Dyer, F. J. Ward. London: H.M.S.O.
997:
681:
657:
571:
567:
501:
440:
322:
247:
65:
1545:
649:
543:
279:
516:, generally cannot be registered as trademarks, and remain in the
988:"The Witcher studio assuages concerns over 'Cyberpunk' trademark"
633:
547:, then the mark may be accepted for registration on the basis of
1237:
1665:
641:
558:
The terminology of acquired distinctiveness is accepted in the
383:
386:, an aerospace corporation manufacturing commercial aircraft.
1660:
1075:
921:"'NETENTERPRISE' Generic For An Internet Business, Says TTAB"
645:
629:
455:
for "games and online gaming services" (particularly for the
379:
318:
1670:
665:
661:
443:", which in the United States is a registered trademark by
354:
258:, if it performs the essential trademark function, and has
370:
perceptive imagination. Examples of a suggestive mark are
656:
The proper use of a trademark means using the mark as an
835:"Abercrombie Classification Law & Legal Definition"
1057:
Waters, Baldwin
Shelston; Angela Sutton (July 2001).
767:. Grimes, Charles W. New York, NY: Aspen Publishers.
762:
1056:
415:"Generic term" redirects here. For other uses, see
357:" has no particular connection with such products.
254:. A trademark may be eligible for registration, or
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
868:Intellectual property rights : Text and cases
265:
865:
672:sent e-mails to many web authors using the term "
325:which will not previously have been found in any
1859:
900:"In re NetEnterprise, Inc., Serial No. 76219917"
1182:
870:. Balasubramanian, S. New Delhi: Excel Books.
621:If a court rules that a trademark has become "
616:
1428:Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy
1253:
976:- European Union Intellectual Property Office
640:as well (although it is still a trademark in
246:is an important concept in the law governing
175:The examples and perspective in this article
1044:"Spectrum of Distinctiveness for Trademarks"
797:Abercrombie & Fitch Co. v. Hunting World
467:
276:Abercrombie & Fitch Co. v. Hunting World
939:"Aspirin: Health benefits, uses, and risks"
527:
278:537 F.2d 4 (2nd Cir. 1976) established the
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1260:
1246:
290:classification" or "Abercrombie factors":
578:, and the common law jurisdiction of the
231:Learn how and when to remove this message
213:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
1205:"Farewell to Zimmerman's Research Guide"
297:
1860:
1163:"Permissions and trademark guidelines"
1076:Great Britain. Patent Office. (1976).
1041:
1241:
985:
704:Glossary of legal terms in technology
1110:"How Do I Use a Trademark Properly?"
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
389:
286:," also known within the US as the "
161:
88:adding citations to reliable sources
59:
18:
1696:International Trademark Association
1118:International Trademark Association
1042:Miller, Matthew (August 13, 2020).
815:International Trademark Association
709:International Trademark Association
480:marks on the one hand, and between
457:video game adaptation of the former
360:
13:
332:
14:
1894:
1267:
1225:
1185:"A Guide to Proper Trademark Use"
848:
451:and within the European Union by
293:
34:This article has multiple issues.
1381:
410:
166:
64:
23:
1716:Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt
1602:Protected designation of origin
1197:
1176:
1155:
1130:
1102:
1069:
1050:
1035:
1011:
986:Frank, Allegra (6 April 2017).
979:
967:
266:The spectrum of distinctiveness
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
1114:Information and Publishing FAQ
955:
931:
913:
892:
827:
811:"Trademarks vs. Generic Terms"
803:
789:
763:Battersby, Gregory J. (2003).
756:
1:
1747:Unregistered trademark symbol
1582:Electronic registration marks
962:CYBERPUNK - Trademark Details
749:
610:Apple Corps v Apple Computer
7:
1737:Registered trademark symbol
692:
617:Maintaining distinctiveness
284:spectrum of distinctiveness
272:United States trademark law
189:, discuss the issue on the
99:"Trademark distinctiveness"
10:
1899:
1328:Initial interest confusion
866:Radhakrishnan, R. (2008).
800:537 F.2d 4 (2nd Cir. 1976)
582:(which also uses the term
449:tabletop role-playing game
414:
1873:Intellectual property law
1832:
1791:
1755:
1729:
1683:
1653:
1610:
1554:
1516:
1507:
1436:
1390:
1379:
1275:
468:Assessing distinctiveness
244:Trademark distinctiveness
1059:"Trading on a good name"
943:www.medicalnewstoday.com
549:acquired distinctiveness
528:Acquired distinctiveness
514:geographical indications
16:Concept in trademark law
1597:Geographical indication
1231:Canadian Trademark Law
445:R. Talsorian Games Inc.
1837:Category:Trademark law
1824:World Trademark Review
1809:Trademark infringement
1541:Unregistered trademark
1323:Functionality doctrine
744:Unregistered trademark
566:jurisdictions such as
311:inherently distinctive
302:
1572:Collective trademarks
1358:Reputation parasitism
1313:Coexistence agreement
1142:Trademarks and Brands
648:for photocopiers and
632:company's trademark "
590:). In such cases the
505:actually made at the
301:
260:distinctive character
1577:Defensive trademarks
1526:Registered trademark
1423:Community Trade Mark
1373:Well-known trademark
1318:Confusing similarity
1183:Pullum, Geoffrey K.
638:acetylsalicylic acid
195:create a new article
187:improve this article
177:may not represent a
84:improve this article
1783:Washington Redskins
1742:Service mark symbol
1625:Hologram trademarks
1562:Certification marks
1343:Secondary liability
1333:Good faith doctrine
1878:Product management
1804:Trademark examiner
1799:Trademark attorney
1209:www.lexisnexis.com
739:Trademark dilution
734:Trademark attorney
437:generic trademarks
303:
1855:
1854:
1847:WP:MOS/Trademarks
1679:
1678:
1630:Motion trademarks
1620:Colour trademarks
1293:Generic trademark
877:978-81-7446-609-9
628:For example, the
584:secondary meaning
390:Descriptive marks
241:
240:
233:
223:
222:
215:
197:, as appropriate.
160:
159:
152:
134:
57:
1890:
1868:Brand management
1645:Sound trademarks
1640:Shape trademarks
1635:Scent trademarks
1612:Non-conventional
1514:
1513:
1418:Singapore Treaty
1403:Madrid Agreement
1398:Paris Convention
1385:
1384:
1262:
1255:
1248:
1239:
1238:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1004:
983:
977:
971:
965:
959:
953:
952:
950:
949:
935:
929:
928:
917:
911:
910:
904:
896:
890:
889:
863:
846:
845:
843:
842:
831:
825:
824:
822:
821:
807:
801:
793:
787:
786:
760:
719:Proper adjective
687:Reg. No. 1743711
361:Suggestive marks
351:Salty Telephones
236:
229:
218:
211:
207:
204:
198:
170:
169:
162:
155:
148:
144:
141:
135:
133:
92:
68:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1828:
1819:Trademark troll
1814:Trademark share
1787:
1751:
1725:
1675:
1649:
1606:
1567:Chartered marks
1550:
1503:
1432:
1408:Madrid Protocol
1386:
1382:
1377:
1368:Parallel import
1283:Distinctiveness
1271:
1266:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1213:
1211:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1189:
1187:
1181:
1177:
1168:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1147:
1145:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1122:
1120:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1088:
1074:
1070:
1055:
1051:
1040:
1036:
1027:
1025:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1002:
1000:
984:
980:
972:
968:
960:
956:
947:
945:
937:
936:
932:
919:
918:
914:
902:
898:
897:
893:
878:
864:
849:
840:
838:
837:. US Legal, Inc
833:
832:
828:
819:
817:
809:
808:
804:
794:
790:
775:
761:
757:
752:
695:
619:
538:evidence of use
530:
470:
428:
413:
392:
363:
353:, as the term "
335:
333:Arbitrary marks
296:
268:
237:
226:
225:
224:
219:
208:
202:
199:
184:
171:
167:
156:
145:
139:
136:
93:
91:
81:
69:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1896:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1768:Debian–Mozilla
1765:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1616:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1587:Font trademark
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1522:
1520:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1494:United Kingdom
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1459:European Union
1456:
1451:
1446:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1363:Cybersquatting
1360:
1355:
1350:
1348:Nominative use
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1308:Priority right
1305:
1303:Concurrent use
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1227:
1226:External links
1224:
1221:
1220:
1196:
1175:
1154:
1129:
1101:
1086:
1068:
1049:
1034:
1010:
978:
966:
954:
930:
912:
891:
876:
847:
826:
802:
788:
773:
754:
753:
751:
748:
747:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
694:
691:
618:
615:
576:United Kingdom
560:European Union
544:matter of fact
529:
526:
469:
466:
412:
409:
391:
388:
362:
359:
334:
331:
295:
294:Fanciful marks
292:
267:
264:
239:
238:
221:
220:
181:of the subject
179:worldwide view
174:
172:
165:
158:
157:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1895:
1884:
1883:Trademark law
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1499:United States
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1353:Disparagement
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1269:Trademark law
1263:
1258:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1186:
1179:
1164:
1158:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1087:0-11-511719-9
1083:
1079:
1072:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1045:
1038:
1024:
1020:
1014:
999:
995:
994:
989:
982:
975:
970:
963:
958:
944:
940:
934:
927:. 2005-05-17.
926:
922:
916:
909:. 2005-04-20.
908:
901:
895:
887:
883:
879:
873:
869:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
836:
830:
816:
812:
806:
799:
798:
792:
784:
780:
776:
774:0-7355-3515-9
770:
766:
759:
755:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
724:Service marks
722:
720:
717:
715:
714:Madrid system
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
696:
690:
688:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
654:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
626:
624:
614:
613:
611:
604:
602:
596:
593:
589:
585:
581:
580:United States
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
556:
552:
550:
546:
545:
539:
535:
525:
521:
519:
518:public domain
515:
510:
508:
503:
499:
494:
490:
487:
483:
479:
475:
465:
462:
458:
454:
453:CD Projekt SA
450:
446:
442:
438:
433:
426:
425:Umbrella term
422:
418:
411:Generic terms
408:
406:
401:
397:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
313:trademark is
312:
308:
300:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
263:
261:
257:
253:
252:service marks
249:
245:
235:
232:
217:
214:
206:
203:November 2011
196:
192:
188:
182:
180:
173:
164:
163:
154:
151:
143:
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101: –
100:
96:
95:Find sources:
89:
85:
79:
78:
73:This article
71:
67:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
1555:Non-standard
1531:Service mark
1282:
1212:. Retrieved
1208:
1199:
1188:. Retrieved
1178:
1167:. Retrieved
1157:
1146:. Retrieved
1144:. 3Com Legal
1141:
1132:
1121:. Retrieved
1113:
1104:
1077:
1071:
1062:
1052:
1037:
1026:. Retrieved
1023:www.inta.org
1022:
1013:
1001:. Retrieved
991:
981:
969:
957:
946:. Retrieved
942:
933:
924:
915:
906:
894:
867:
839:. Retrieved
829:
818:. Retrieved
805:
795:
791:
764:
758:
674:photoshopped
655:
627:
620:
608:
605:
597:
583:
564:Commonwealth
557:
553:
548:
541:
537:
531:
522:
511:
495:
491:
485:
481:
477:
473:
471:
432:generic term
431:
429:
421:Generic name
399:
395:
393:
366:
364:
350:
346:
338:
336:
310:
306:
304:
283:
269:
259:
255:
243:
242:
227:
209:
200:
176:
146:
137:
127:
120:
113:
106:
94:
82:Please help
77:verification
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
1773:Stolichnaya
1592:Ghost marks
1536:Trade dress
1489:Philippines
1298:Passing off
729:Trade dress
699:Ghost marks
678:frappuccino
660:, not as a
601:passing off
534:prima facie
482:descriptive
478:descriptive
405:marketplace
396:descriptive
315:prima facie
288:Abercrombie
256:registrable
1862:Categories
1214:2019-09-12
1190:2006-12-05
1169:2006-09-03
1148:2006-09-03
1123:2006-09-03
1028:2020-04-12
948:2020-04-12
841:2013-01-23
820:2013-01-23
750:References
507:North Pole
474:suggestive
461:Sony Music
367:suggestive
327:dictionary
323:neologisms
248:trademarks
110:newspapers
39:improve it
1842:Case laws
1778:Ugg boots
1763:Budweiser
1464:Hong Kong
1444:Australia
998:Vox Media
974:CYBERPUNK
886:769888924
682:Starbucks
658:adjective
572:Hong Kong
568:Australia
502:ice cream
459:) and by
441:cyberpunk
339:arbitrary
191:talk page
45:talk page
1756:Disputes
1546:Wordmark
1518:Standard
1391:Treaties
1338:Fair use
1288:Dilution
1276:Concepts
964:- Justia
783:51098248
693:See also
650:Band-Aid
574:and the
447:for its
307:fanciful
280:spectrum
185:You may
140:May 2010
1792:Related
1730:Symbols
1654:Related
1474:Ireland
1437:Country
1165:. Adobe
1096:2647046
1063:Findlaw
993:Polygon
925:TTABlog
634:Aspirin
623:generic
588:generic
498:Houston
486:generic
417:Generic
372:Blu-ray
124:scholar
1684:Bodies
1666:Emblem
1449:Canada
1094:
1084:
1003:14 May
884:
874:
781:
771:
642:Canada
500:based
423:, and
384:Airbus
376:violet
126:
119:
112:
105:
97:
1711:ICANN
1706:USPTO
1701:EUIPO
1661:Brand
1509:Types
1479:Japan
1469:India
1454:China
1413:TRIPS
907:USPTO
903:(PDF)
680:" by
670:Adobe
664:or a
646:Xerox
630:Bayer
592:USPTO
542:as a
400:Salty
380:laser
347:Salty
343:Apple
319:Kodak
193:, or
131:JSTOR
117:books
1721:CIPO
1691:WIPO
1671:Logo
1484:Oman
1092:OCLC
1082:ISBN
1005:2020
882:OCLC
872:ISBN
779:OCLC
769:ISBN
666:verb
662:noun
562:and
484:and
476:and
382:and
355:salt
250:and
103:news
1233:FAQ
644:).
337:An
270:In
86:by
1864::
1207:.
1140:.
1116:.
1112:.
1090:.
1061:.
1021:.
996:.
990:.
941:.
923:.
905:.
880:.
850:^
813:.
777:.
603:.
570:,
551:.
430:A
419:,
407:.
394:A
378:)
365:A
329:.
309:/
305:A
274:,
48:.
1261:e
1254:t
1247:v
1217:.
1193:.
1172:.
1151:.
1126:.
1098:.
1065:.
1046:.
1031:.
1007:.
951:.
888:.
844:.
823:.
785:.
612:.
427:.
234:)
228:(
216:)
210:(
205:)
201:(
183:.
153:)
147:(
142:)
138:(
128:·
121:·
114:·
107:·
80:.
55:)
51:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg)