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animation could do to solve it. Using a two-dimensional still of an animated farmhouse at night, Disney demonstrated that zooming in on the scene, using traditional animation techniques of the time, increased the size of the moon. In real-life experience, the moon would not increase in size as a viewer approached a farmhouse. Multiplane animation solved this problem by separating the moon, farmhouse, and farmland into separate planes, with the moon being farthest away from the camera. To create the zoom effect, the first two planes were moved closer to the camera during filming, while the plane with the moon remained at its original distance. This provided a depth and fullness to the scene that was closer in resemblance to real life, which was a prominent goal for many animation studios at the time.
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is on the table, the plate no longer moves, although the person continues to move as they draw their arm away from the plate. In this example, after the person puts the plate down, the plate can then be drawn on a separate cel from them. Further frames feature new cels of the person, but the plate does not have to be redrawn as it is not moving; the same cel of the plate can be used in each remaining frame that it is still upon the table. The cel paints were actually manufactured in shaded versions of each color to compensate for the extra layer of cel added between the image and the camera; in this example, the still plate would be painted slightly brighter to compensate for being moved one layer down.
583:. An animatic typically consists of pictures of the storyboard timed and cut together with the soundtrack. This allows the animators and directors to work out any script and timing issues that may exist with the current storyboard. The storyboard and soundtrack are amended if necessary, and a new animatic may be created and reviewed with the director until the storyboard meets the users' requirements. Editing the film at the animatic stage prevents the animation of scenes that would be edited out of the film. Creating scenes that will eventually be edited out of the completed cartoon is avoided.
1144:, made to complete the background instead of making the foreground, and was invented to deal with the sketchy appearance of xeroxed drawings. The background was first painted as shapes and figures in flat colors, containing rather few details. Next, a cel with detailed black lines was laid directly over it, each line is drawn to add more information to the underlying shape or figure and give the background the complexity it needed. In this way, the visual style of the background will match that of the xeroxed character cels. As the xerographic process evolved, line overlay was left behind.
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plane. The order in which the planes are placed, and the distance between them, is determined by what element of the scene is on the plane as well as the entire scene's intended depth. A camera, mounted above or in front of the planes, moves its focus toward or away from the planes during the capture of the individual animation frames. In some devices, the individual planes can be moved toward or away from the camera. This gives the viewer the impression that they are moving through the separate layers of art as though in a three-dimensional space.
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1177:(1914), the entire frame, including the background and all characters and items, were drawn on a single sheet of paper, then photographed. Everything had to be redrawn for each frame containing movements. This led to a "jittery" appearance; imagine seeing a sequence of drawings of a mountain, each one slightly different from the one preceding it. The pre-cel animation was later improved by using techniques like the slash and tear system invented by
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2377:"Hanna-Barbera's Superstars 10: The Complete Film Collection Blu-ray (Yogi's Great Escape / Scooby-Doo Meets the Boo Brothers / The Jetsons Meet the Flintstones / Yogi Bear and the Magical Flight of the Spruce Goose / Top Cat and the Beverly Hills Cats / The Good, the Bad, and Huckleberry Hound / Rockin' with Judy Jetson / Scooby-Doo and the Ghoul School / Scooby-Doo and the Reluctant Werewolf / Yogi and the Invasion of the Space Bears"
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then filmed as required for the animated scene by moving the model, the camera, or a combination of both, in real-time or using stop-motion animation. The film frames were then printed on paper, showing a model made up of the painted black lines. After the artists had added details to the object not present in the live-action photography of the model, it was xeroxed onto cels. A notable example is
Cruella de Vil's car in Disney's
312:
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682:, which on most high-budget productions are done in separate departments. Often, each major character will have an animator or group of animators solely dedicated to drawing that character. The group will be made up of one supervising animator, a small group of key animators, and a larger group of assistant animators. Effects animators animate anything that moves and are not a character, including props, vehicles,
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1587:. The process of transferring 3D objects to cels was greatly improved in the 1980s when computer graphics advanced enough to allow the creation of 3D computer-generated objects that could be manipulated in any way the animators wanted, and then printed as outlines on paper before being copied onto cels using Xerography or the APT process. This technique was used in Disney films such as
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aesthetic appeal of the non-computerized cel for their projects. Many animated television series were still animated in other countries by using the traditionally inked-and-painted cel process as late as 2004, though most of them switched over to the digital process at some point during their run. The last major feature film to use traditional ink and paint was
888:). As the cost of both inking and painting new cels for animated films and TV programs and the repeated usage of older cels for newer animated TV programs and films went up and the cost of doing the same thing digitally went down, eventually, the digital ink-and-paint process became the standard for future animated movies and TV programs.
1045:, which remained stalwart with the technique until September 29, 2013, when it switched to fully digital animation on October 6, 2013. Prior to this, the series adopted digital animation solely for its opening credits in 2009, but retained the use of traditional cels for the main content of each episode. Minor productions, such as
839:, where they are colored and processed using one or more of a variety of software packages. The resulting drawings are composited in the computer over their respective backgrounds, which have also been scanned into the computer (if not digitally painted), and the computer outputs the final film by either exporting a digital
1804:(2007) represented Disney's first project based on the paperless technology available today. Some of the advantages are the possibility and potential of controlling the size of the drawings while working on them, drawing directly on a multiplane background and eliminating the need for photographing line tests and scanning.
1507:, the APT (Animation Photo Transfer) process was a technique for transferring the animators' art onto cels. Basically, the process was a modification of a repro-photographic process; the artists' work was photographed on high-contrast "litho" film, and the image on the resulting negative was then transferred to a
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December 1991 Although 3D graphics debuted in earlier Disney animations, Beauty and the Beast is the first in which hand-drawn characters appear in a 3D background. Every frame of the film is scanned, created, or composited within Disney's computer animation production system (CAPS) co-developed with
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is a labor-saving technique for animating repetitive motions, such as a character walking or a breeze blowing through the trees. In the case of walking, the character is animated taking a step with its right foot, then a step with its left foot. The loop is created so that, when the sequence repeats,
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is an important innovation to traditional animation, as it allows some parts of each frame to be repeated from frame to frame, thus saving labor. A simple example would be a scene with two characters on screen, one of which is talking and the other standing silently. Since the latter character is not
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for any characters and props that appear in the film; and these are used to help standardize appearance, poses, and gestures. The model sheets will often include "turnarounds" which show how a character or object looks in three-dimensions along with standardized special poses and expressions so that
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in 1915, in which animation is "traced" over actual film footage of actors and scenery. Traditionally, the live-action will be printed out frame by frame and registered. Another piece of paper is then placed over the live-action printouts and the action is traced frame by frame using a lightbox. The
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In TV and other low-budget productions, cels were often "cycled" (i.e., a sequence of cels was repeated several times), and even archived and reused in other episodes. After the film was completed, the cels were either thrown out or, especially in the early days of animation, washed clean and reused
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For a more complex example, consider a sequence in which a person sets a plate upon a table. The table stays still for the entire sequence, so it can be drawn as part of the background. The plate can be drawn along with the character as the character places it on the table. However, after the plate
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When an entire sequence has been transferred to cels, the photography process begins. Each cel involved in a frame of a sequence is laid on top of each other, with the background at the bottom of the stack. A piece of glass is lowered onto the artwork in order to flatten any irregularities, and the
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or a similar type of paint is used on the reverse sides of the cels to add colors in the appropriate shades. The transparent quality of the cel allows for each character or object in a frame to be animated on different cels, as the cel of one character can be seen underneath the cel of another; and
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A method related to conventional rotoscoping was later invented for the animation of solid inanimate objects, such as cars, boats, or doors. A small live-action model of the required object was built and painted white, while the edges of the model were painted with thin black lines. The object was
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The spread and development of multiplane animation helped animators tackle problems with motion tracking and scene depth, and reduced production times and costs for animated works. In a 1957 recording, Walt Disney explained why motion tracking was an issue for animators, as well as what multiplane
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to two-dimensional animated films. To use this technique in traditional animation, the artwork is painted or placed onto separate layers called planes. These planes, typically constructed of planes of transparent glass or plexiglass, are then aligned and placed with specific distances between each
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of a second. While
Plympton uses near-constant three-frame holds, sometimes animation that simply averages eight drawings per second is also termed "on threes" and is usually done to meet budget constraints, along with other cost-cutting measures, like holding the same drawing of a character for a
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of the scene. A pencil test is a much rougher version of the final animated scene (often devoid of many character details and color); the pencil drawings are quickly photographed or scanned and synced with the necessary soundtracks. This allows the animation to be reviewed and improved upon before
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Computers and digital video cameras can also be used as tools in traditional cel animation without affecting the film directly, assisting the animators in their work and making the whole process faster and easier. Doing the layouts on a computer is much more effective than doing it by traditional
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moves into the animation studio, and the outline drawings are usually scanned into the computer and filled with digital paint instead of being transferred to cels and then colored by hand. The drawings are composited in a computer program on many transparent "layers" much the same way as they are
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Similar to the computer animation and traditional animation hybrids described above, occasionally a production will combine both live-action and animated footage. The live-action parts of these productions are usually filmed first, the actors pretending that they are interacting with the animated
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allowed the drawings to be copied directly onto the cels, eliminating much of the "inking" portion of the ink-and-paint process. This saved time and money, and it also made it possible to put in more details and to control the size of the xeroxed objects and characters. At first, it resulted in a
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In lower-budget productions, shortcuts available through the cel technique are used extensively. For example, in a scene in which a person is sitting in a chair and talking, the chair and the body of the person may be the same in every frame; only their head is redrawn, or perhaps even their head
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begins after the designs are completed and approved by the director. It is here that the background layout artists determine the camera angles, camera paths, lighting, and shading of the scene. Character layout artists will determine the major poses for the characters in the scene and will make a
1356:, is a vertical, top-down camera crane that shot scenes painted on multiple, individually adjustable glass planes. The movable planes allowed for changeable depth within individual animated scenes. In later years Disney Studios would adopt this technology for their own uses. Designed in 1937 by
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small holes along the top or bottom edge of the cel, which allow the cel to be placed on corresponding peg bars before the camera to ensure that each cel aligns with the one before it; if the cels are not aligned in such a manner, the animation, when played at full speed, will appear "jittery."
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Among the most common types of animation rostrum cameras was the
Oxberry. Such cameras were always made of black anodized aluminum, and commonly had 2 peg bars, 1 at the top and 1 at the bottom of the lightbox. The Oxberry Master Series had 4 peg bars, 2 above and 2 below, and sometimes used a
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Over time, many studios switched over to digital ink and paint, though many television projects took longer. Many filmmakers and studios did not want to shift to the digital ink-and-paint process because they felt that the digitally colored animation would look too synthetic and would lose the
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Moving characters are often shot "on twos". One drawing is shown for every two frames of film (which usually runs at 24 frames per second), meaning there are only 12 drawings per second. Even though the image update rate is low, the fluidity is satisfactory for most subjects. However, when a
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In the later years of the animation rostrum camera, stepper motors controlled by computers were attached to the various axes of movement of the camera, thus saving many hours of hand cranking by human operators. Gradually, motion control techniques were adopted throughout the industry.
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Sometimes, frames may need to be photographed more than once, in order to implement superimpositions and other camera effects. Pans are created by either moving the cels or backgrounds 1 step at a time over a succession of frames (the camera does not pan; it only zooms in and out).
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led the Hanna-Barbera
Animation Laboratory from 1980 to 1983, developing an ink-and-paint system that was used in roughly a third of Hanna-Barbera's domestic production, starting in 1984 and continuing until replaced with third-party software in 1996. It was first tested in the
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As the scenes come out of final photography, they are spliced into the animatic or leica reel, taking the place of the pencil animation. Once every sequence in the production has been photographed, the final film is sent for development and processing, while the final music and
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characters, props, or scenery; animation will then be added into the footage later to make it appear as if it has always been there. Like rotoscoping, this method is rarely used, but when it is, it can be done to terrific effect, immersing the audience in a fantasy world where
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to the soundtrack. Given the slow manner in which traditional animation is produced, it is almost always easier to synchronize animation to a preexisting soundtrack than it is to synchronize a soundtrack to pre-existing animation. A completed cartoon soundtrack will feature
2019:, an illustration of Gusteau (in his cookbook), speaks to Remy (who, in that scene, was lost in the sewers of Paris) as a figment of Remy's imagination; this scene is also considered an example of cel-shading in an animated feature. More recently, animated shorts such as
652:. The clean-up animators take the lead and assistant animators' drawings and trace them onto a new sheet of paper, making sure to include all of the details present on the original model sheets, so that the film maintains a cohesiveness and consistency in art style. The
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for the next film. In some cases, some of the cels were put into the "archive" to be used again and again for future purposes in order to save money. Some studios saved a portion of the cels and either sold them in studio stores or presented them as gifts to visitors.
951:. The CAPS system allowed the Disney artists to make use of colored ink-line techniques mostly lost during the xerography era, as well as multiplane effects, blended shading, and easier integration with 3D CGI backgrounds (as in the ballroom sequence in the 1991 film
2046:"floating peg bar" as well. The height of the column on which the camera was mounted determined the amount of zoom achievable on a piece of artwork. Such cameras were massive mechanical affairs that might weigh close to a ton and take hours to break down or set up.
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methods. Additionally, video cameras give the opportunity to see a "preview" of the scenes and how they will look when finished, enabling the animators to correct and improve upon them without having to complete them first. This can be considered a digital form of
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drawing to indicate each pose. For short films, character layouts are often the responsibility of the director. The layout drawings and storyboards are then spliced, along with the audio and an animatic is formed (not to be confused with its predecessor, the
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character is required to perform a quick movement, it is usually necessary to revert to animating "on ones", as "twos" are too slow to convey the motion adequately. A blend of the two techniques keeps the eye fooled without unnecessary production costs.
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is derived. A storyboard has an appearance somewhat similar to comic book panels, and is a shot by shot breakdown of the staging, acting and any camera moves that will be present in the film. The images allow the animation team to plan the flow of the
563:. Background artists follow very closely the work of the background layout artists and color stylists (which is usually compiled into a workbook for their use) so that the resulting backgrounds are harmonious in tone with the character designs.
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Besides traditionally animated characters, objects, and backgrounds, many other techniques are used to create special elements such as smoke, lightning and "magic", and to give the animation, in general, a distinct visual appearance. Today
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using a high-resolution output device. Use of computers allows for easier exchange of artwork between departments, studios, and even countries and continents (in most low-budget
American animated productions, the bulk of the animation is
1181:; the background and the animated objects were drawn on separate papers. A frame was made by removing all the blank parts of the papers where the objects were drawn before being placed on top of the backgrounds and finally photographed.
2070:, though the work was outsourced as Disney's equipment was inoperative at the time. Usage of the multiplane camera or similar devices declined due to production costs and the rise of digital animation. Beginning largely with the use of
1139:
is a cel with inanimate objects used to give the impression of a foreground when laid on top of a ready frame. This creates the illusion of depth, but not as much as a multiplane camera would. A special version of cel overlay is called
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covered with a layer of light-sensitive dye. The cel was exposed through the negative. Chemicals were then used to remove the unexposed portion. Small and delicate details were still inked by hand if needed. Spencer received an
1253:, where fluidity is sacrificed in lieu of a shift towards complexity in the designs and shading (in contrast with the more functional and optimized designs in the Western tradition); even high-budget theatrical features such as
631:, who will add details and some of the missing frames in the scene. The work of the assistant animators is reviewed, pencil-tested, and corrected until the lead animator is ready to meet with the director and have their scene
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are created by the animators and used by the camera operator to transfer each animation drawing into the number of film frames specified by the animators, typically 1 (1s, ones) or 2 (2s, twos) and sometimes 3 (3s, threes).
1477:(1961). The graphic style of this film was strongly influenced by the process. Some hand inking was still used together with xerography in this and subsequent films when distinct colored lines were needed. Later, colored
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had patented a forerunner of the Xerox process in 1944, where drawings made with a special pencil would be transferred to a cel by pressure, and then fixing it. It is not known if the process was ever used in animation.
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The current process, termed "digital ink and paint", is the same as traditional ink and paint until after the animation drawings are completed; instead of being transferred to cels, the animators' drawings are either
698:. Sometimes, instead of drawings, a number of special processes are used to produce special effects in animated films; rain, for example, has been created in Disney animated films since the late 1930s by filming
424:. The scratch track used during animation typically contains only the voices, any songs to which characters must sing-along, and temporary musical score tracks; the final score and sound effects are added during
1322:, in which Fred and Barney (along with various Hanna-Barbera characters that aired on Cartoon Network), supposedly walking in a house, wonder why they keep passing the same table and vase over and over again.
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placed at various positions within the set. This placement gave the appearance of objects moving in front of and behind the animated characters, and was often referred to as the
Tabletop Method.
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one of
Reiniger's most well-known works. Future multiplane animation devices would generally use the same vertical design as Reiniger's device. One notable exception to this trend was the
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Malczyk, K. (2008-09-01). "Practicing
Modernity: Female Creativity in the Weimar Republic. Edited by Christiane Schonfeld. WĂĽrzburg: Konigshausen & Neumann, 2006. 353 pages. 48,00".
1277:'s 19th-century photos. The animation consists of 8 drawings which are "looped", i.e. repeated over and over. This example is also "shot on twos", i.e. shown at 12 drawings per second.
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was the first
American animation studio to implement a computer animation system for digital ink-and-paint usage. Following a commitment to the technology in 1979, computer scientist
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In the traditional animation process, animators will begin by drawing sequences of animation on sheets of transparent paper perforated to fit the peg bars in their desks, often using
1968:" animation filters or lighting systems to make their full 3D animation appear as though it were drawn in a traditional cel-style. This technique was also used in the animated movie
1257:'s employ the full range: from smooth animation "on ones" in selected shots (usually quick action accents) to common animation "on threes" for regular dialogue and slow-paced shots.
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439:; the soundtrack was recorded after the film elements were finished by watching the film and performing the dialogue, music, and sound effects required. Some studios, most notably
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515:) is created; this is a printed table that breaks down the action, dialogue, and sound frame-by-frame as a guide for the animators. If a film is based more strongly in music, a
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or key drawings in a scene, using the character layouts as a guide. The key animator draws enough of the frames to get across the major poses within a character performance.
1905:
coined the term "tradigital animation" to describe animated films produced by his studio which incorporated elements of traditional and computer animation equally, such as
1039:, all of which switched to digital paint between 2000 and 2004, while the last major animated production overall to abandon cel animation was the television adaptation of
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episodes "Nighty
Nightmares" and "The Pac-Mummy". In addition to a cost savings compared to traditional cel painting of 5 to 1, the Hanna-Barbera system also allowed for
1774:
The methods mentioned above describe the techniques of an animation process that originally depended on cels in its final stages, but painted cels are rare today as the
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This image shows how two transparent cels, each with a different character drawn on them, and an opaque background are photographed together to form the composite image.
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DECEMBER 1991: Beauty and the Beast is the first Disney film with hand-drawn characters in a 3D background. Every frame is scanned, created, or composited within CAPS.
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1055:, have used traditional cels long after the introduction of digital techniques. Most studios today use one of a number of other high-end software packages, such as
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moving, it can be displayed in this scene using only one drawing, on one cel, while multiple drawings on multiple cels are used to animate the speaking character.
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is noted for his style of animation that uses very few in-betweens and sequences that are done "on threes" or "on fours", holding each drawing on the screen from
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Predecessors of this technique and the equipment used to implement it began appearing in the late 19th century. Painted glass panes were often used in
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may be prepared in addition to or instead of an X-sheet. Bar sheets show the relationship between the on-screen action, the dialogue, and the actual
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are mostly done with computers, but earlier they had to be done by hand. To produce these effects, the animators used different techniques, such as
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1209:. The end result does not look very lifelike, but is inexpensive to produce, and therefore allows cartoons to be made on small television budgets.
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The Animator's Survival Kit: A Manual of Methods, Principles, and Formulas for Classical, Computer, Games, Stop Motion, and Internet Animators
443:, continued to post-synch their cartoons through most of the 1930s, which allowed for the presence of the "muttered ad-libs" present in many
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781:. The cels are removed, and the process repeats for the next frame until each frame in the sequence has been photographed. Each cel has
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by hand. The technique was the dominant form of animation, until the final few years of the 20th century, when there was a shift to
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and cel-shaded 3D animation is typically integrated with cel animation in Disney films and in many television shows, such as
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1709:(2007), among many others. The technique has also seen significant use in television commercials, especially for breakfast
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920:(1988). The computer files for these projects were not archived and the shows themselves were printed to videotape, making
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is created after the soundtrack is recorded and before full animation begins. The term "animatic" was originally coined by
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have used a more distinctive style of cel-shaded 3D animation, capturing a look and feel similar to a 'moving painting'.
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prolonged time or panning over a still image, techniques often used in low-budget TV productions. It is also common in
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The Animation Book : A Complete Guide to Animated Filmmaking—From Flip-Books to Sound Cartoons to 3-D Animation
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Once the clean-ups and in-between drawings for a sequence are completed, they are prepared for a process known as
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the sets over which the action of each animated sequence will take place. These backgrounds are generally done in
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943:, which was also the first major feature film to entirely use digital ink and paint), using Disney's proprietary
1560:". In most cases, rotoscoping is mainly used to aid the animation of realistically rendered human beings, as in
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the characters' outlines are gray. White and blue toners were used for special effects, such as snow and water.
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the motion is seamless. In general, they are used only sparingly by productions with moderate or high budgets.
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2074:, digital multiplane cameras would help streamline the process of adding layers and depth to animated scenes.
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Digital ink and paint processes gradually made these traditional animation techniques and equipment obsolete.
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or a similar device, where the outline drawings are done in a similar manner as they would be on paper. The
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Animation production usually begins after a story is converted into an animation film script, from which a
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utilized artwork painted on up to seven separate, movable planes, as well as a vertical, top-down camera.
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footage of water in front of a black background, with the resulting film superimposed over the animation.
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with cels, and made into a sequence of images which may then be transferred onto film or converted to a
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became available, and several distinct line colors could be used, even simultaneously. For instance, in
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and her animation team constructed one of the first multiplane animation structures, a device called a
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937:. All subsequent traditional Disney animated features were digitally inked-and-painted (starting with
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Its top-down, vertical design allowed for overhead adjusting of individual, stationary planes. The
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2958:"How Did the Multiplane Camera Invented for "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" Redefine Animation?"
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that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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and analyze exactly what poses, drawings, and lip movements will be needed on what frames. An
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may be produced so that an animator can see what a character looks like in three dimensions.
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are full-length rotoscoped films. Rotoscoped animation also appears in the music videos for
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Sketch of an animation peg bar, and measurements of three types, Acme being the most common
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end result still looks hand-drawn but the motion will be remarkably lifelike. The films
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At each stage during pencil animation, approved artwork is spliced into the leica reel.
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The final animated film by Disney that featured the use of their multiplane camera was
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will do similar work for any settings and locations present in the storyboard, and the
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Though traditional animation is now commonly done with computers, it is distinct from
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2515:"Toonz Software Used by Studio Ghibli and 'Futurama' Being Made Free and Open Source"
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is an animation tool used in traditional animation to keep the drawings in place. A
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Once the key animation is approved, the lead animator forwards the scene on to the
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and may redraw or "re-board" a sequence many times before it meets final approval.
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Each drawing is transferred from paper to a thin, clear sheet of plastic called a
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1599:(1989). This process has more or less been superseded by the use of cel-shading.
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The multiplane process is a technique primarily used to give a sense of depth or
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It is now also possible for animators to draw directly into a computer using a
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2572:. Momotato Daioh. August 29, 2007. Archived from the original on Feb 24, 2012
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1414:. This device used miniature three-dimensional models of sets, with animated
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Traditional animation and 3D computer animation can be used together, as in
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947:(Computer Animation Production System) technology, developed primarily by
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makes creative use of loops. In addition, a promotional music video from
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live-action footage, in order to achieve a very graphical look, like in
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song "Circles" poked fun at animation loops as they are often seen in
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The xerographic method was first tested by Disney in a few scenes of
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Meta Morphing: Visual Transformation and the Culture of Quick-change
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Disney experienced a setback to its ink-and-paint department due to
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163:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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more sketchy look, but the technique was improved upon over time.
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While working on a scene, a key animator will usually prepare a
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In very early cartoons made before the use of the cel, such as
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2812:"Visual Effects: How Matte Paintings are Composited into Film"
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stays the same while only their mouth moves. This is known as
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The most famous device used for multiplane animation was the
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Thinking animation : bridging the gap between 2D and CG
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since 1989, where it was used for the final rainbow shot in
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the opaque background will be seen beneath all of the cels.
501:(who in many cases will be the main director) will take the
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A camera used for shooting traditional animation. See also
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will determine the art style and color schemes to be used.
88:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
3218:
Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons
1471:, while the first feature entirely using this process was
591:
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1635:
and cartoons co-exist. Early examples include the silent
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and most pre-1930 sound animated cartoons, the sound was
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2732:"Walt Disney's MultiPlane Camera (Filmed Feb. 13, 1957)"
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the other animators' drawings. This procedure is called
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is recorded so that the animation may be more precisely
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1713:
marketed to children to interest them and boost sales.
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2645:
2607:"Sazae-san is Last TV Anime Using Cels, Not Computers"
2179:
2040:
1197:
The process was popularized in theatrical cartoons by
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at the Walt Disney studio during the late 1950s, the
854:
actually done by animators working in other countries
463:
When storyboards are sent to the design departments,
361:
in the industry, specifically 3D computer animation.
2269:
4507:
List of animated television series by episode count
221:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3194:
1501:Invented by Dave Spencer for the 1985 Disney film
1167:(1919), showing characters made from cut-out paper
27:Animation technique in which frames are hand-drawn
2566:"The last one standing in Japanese cel animation"
1527:is a method of traditional animation invented by
7151:
924:difficult due to their lack of high resolution.
4502:List of animated films by box office admissions
3132:. Laguana Hills, CA: Walter Foster Publishing.
3087:Musker, John; Clements, Ron (2010). "Aladdin".
1723:Special effect § Special effects animation
1212:
656:will draw in whatever frames are still missing
3238:
3086:
2933:
2639:
2209:
1378:shots and glass shots, as seen in the work of
1067:, or even consumer-level applications such as
835:or drawn directly onto a computer monitor via
4580:
3326:
2278:
1342:. This device, originally designed by former
458:
2756:"Multi-Plane Animation Basics | Stop Motion"
1766:cels are used, creating a soft pastel look.
1716:
472:the artists have a guide to refer to. Small
369:
2316:"1976 Charles Goodwin Sands Memorial Medal"
1465:and was first fully used in the short film
914:effects evident in H-B productions such as
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4587:
4573:
3333:
3319:
2431:
1897:, have applied both animation techniques.
1602:Related to rotoscoping are the methods of
1360:, the multiplane camera used for the film
1106:The cel animation process was invented by
732:.) The outline of the drawing is inked or
3189:
3074:
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3026:
2985:
2729:
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2400:
2285:. Boston, MA: Thomson Course Technology.
2263:
2221:
2197:
2185:
2173:
927:Digital ink and paint has been in use at
299:Learn how and when to remove this message
281:Learn how and when to remove this message
179:Learn how and when to remove this message
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
3266:
2906:
2320:Computer Graphics at Stanford University
1744:, backlit animation, diffusing screens,
1264:
1151:
1097:
821:
788:
769:composite image is then photographed in
728:was later replaced with the more stable
590:
310:
3168:
3146:
2863:
2845:Harry Ransom Center Digital Collections
2753:
2698:
2651:
2375:III, Randy Miller (February 20, 2024).
2013:. In one scene of the 2007 Pixar movie
1514:Academy Award for Technical Achievement
537:While the animation is being done, the
399:Before animation begins, a preliminary
327:, here placed over the original drawing
14:
7152:
3249:Disney Animation: The Illusion of Life
3215:
2710:
2675:
2338:
2158:
1619:
603:, one picture or "frame" at a time. A
4568:
3314:
3124:
2809:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2512:
2235:"Peg bars, Animation Disk & Desk"
2120:List of animated feature-length films
1879:and western animated series, such as
1325:
720:, a contraction of the material name
4475:Films with live action and animation
3340:
2532:
2506:
2480:
2455:
2368:
2341:"Behind the Screen at Hanna-Barbera"
1769:
1184:
1147:
387:will have regular meetings with the
383:and the composition of the imagery.
219:adding citations to reliable sources
190:
128:
70:
29:
2604:
2448:from the original on Sep 29, 2022.
2417:from the original on Mar 27, 2023.
2374:
2041:Computers and digital video cameras
1939:The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker
24:
6927:List of American independent films
3154:. New York: St. Martin's Griffin.
2946:from the original on May 23, 2015.
2716:
2540:"Gallic cartoon software pro-Euro"
2432:Moltenbrey, Karen (Oct–Nov 2012).
2130:List of animated television series
1490:
1260:
1093:
670:This process is the same for both
394:
319:on the reverse side of an already
25:
7176:
7160:Audiovisual introductions in 1915
3567:Modern TV cable and streaming era
3292:
2968:from the original on Sep 27, 2020
2822:from the original on Nov 17, 2019
2688:from the original on Apr 7, 2023.
2617:from the original on Feb 5, 2024.
2313:
891:
816:
353:technique in which each frame is
45:This article has multiple issues.
7133:
7124:
7123:
4543:
4534:
4533:
3298:
3252:. Los Angeles: Disney Editions.
3201:. New York: Three Rivers Press.
2401:Robertson, Barbara (July 2002).
1920:Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas
1914:Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron
1801:How To Hook Up Your Home Theater
705:
195:
133:
75:
34:
4594:
3152:Animation from Script to Screen
3080:
3004:. July 26, 2008. Archived from
2991:
2950:
2934:freedogshampoo (Jun 29, 2007).
2927:
2907:Sobchack, Vivian Carol (2000).
2900:
2857:
2833:
2803:
2771:
2747:
2669:
2598:
2558:
2425:
2394:
2332:
2307:
1700:The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie
1563:Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
1402:The Adventures of Prince Achmed
1363:Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
753:
206:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
2513:Amidi, Amid (March 19, 2016).
2227:
2159:Sfetcu, Nicolae (7 May 2014).
2152:
1585:One Hundred and One Dalmatians
1519:
1474:One Hundred and One Dalmatians
1205:animation, especially that of
1165:How Animated Cartoons Are Made
1130:
13:
1:
4497:Most expensive animated films
4152:Direct manipulation animation
3803:Barrier-grid and stereography
3276:. London: Faber & Faber.
2810:Maher, Michael (2015-09-30).
2403:"Part 7: Movie Retrospective"
2339:Lewell, John (Mar–Apr 1985).
2241:. 14 May 2011. Archived from
2140:
2125:List of animated short series
1516:for developing this process.
1451:Disney animator and engineer
1430:
1302:National Film Board of Canada
1199:United Productions of America
1082:
929:Walt Disney Animation Studios
813:are added to the soundtrack.
627:passing the work on to their
581:Walt Disney Animation Studios
4043:Non-photorealistic rendering
2145:
1694:Looney Tunes: Back in Action
1641:(begun in 1919) cartoons by
586:
420:, and dialogue performed by
7:
3675:International Animation Day
2684:. Vol. 1, no. 3.
2239:ANIMATO Animation Equipment
2077:
1762:has a fairy sequence where
1399:was used in the filming of
566:
159:the claims made and adding
10:
7181:
6818:Classical Hollywood cinema
6007:Commedia sexy all'italiana
4915:Exploitation film template
4859:Commedia sexy all'italiana
4145:Linear Animation Generator
4048:Physically based animation
3117:
3097:10.5040/9781838710514.0007
3089:100 Animated Feature Films
2730:Ohio Rick (Feb 16, 2010),
2678:"Plympton's Metamorphoses"
2676:Segall, Mark (June 1996).
2640:Thomas & Johnston 1995
2210:Thomas & Johnston 1995
2094:Computer generated imagery
1720:
1623:
1494:
1369:
1312:'s Groovies featuring the
1091:
724:. (The original flammable
459:Design, timing, and layout
364:
7119:
6722:
6640:
6385:German underground horror
6340:Documentary Film Movement
6248:American eccentric cinema
6233:
5479:
4605:
4529:
4398:
4327:
4200:
4125:
4075:
3981:
3933:
3914:
3836:
3793:
3786:
3734:Children's animated films
3683:
3581:
3464:
3356:
3349:
2779:"Cinema: Mouse & Man"
2590:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2420:Pixar. (Premiere: (11/91)
2135:List of animation studios
1865:Atlantis: The Lost Empire
1826:Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius
1717:Special effects animation
1664:The Incredible Mr. Limpet
1626:Live-action animated film
1443:copying technique called
1421:
763:
679:special effects animation
370:Writing and storyboarding
3643:Animation film festivals
3216:Maltin, Leonard (1987).
3175:. U of Minnesota Press.
3169:LaMarre, Thomas (2009).
2913:. U of Minnesota Press.
2754:Howcast (Jan 14, 2014),
2682:Animation World Magazine
2605:Loo, Egan (2024-05-12).
2163:. MultiMedia Publishing.
2161:Animation & Cartoons
2110:Paint-on-glass animation
1435:Applied to animation by
1063:(OpenToonz), Animo, and
431:In the case of Japanese
6320:Cinema of Transgression
5454:Cinema of Transgression
4465:Twelve basic principles
4385:Instructional animation
2936:"The MultiPlane Camera"
2492:Animation World Network
2488:"USAnimation in Action"
2467:Computer Graphics World
2438:Computer Graphics World
2407:Computer Graphics World
1888:Neon Genesis Evangelion
1676:Who Framed Roger Rabbit
1087:
949:Pixar Animation Studios
940:The Rescuers Down Under
845:video cassette recorder
230:"Traditional animation"
6540:The Prague film school
6405:Hollywood on the Tiber
4063:Virtual cinematography
3660:Highest-grossing films
3562:Early TV broadcast era
2279:Jones, Angie. (2007).
1410:developed and used by
1278:
1168:
1103:
1073:Toon Boom Technologies
917:A Pup Named Scooby-Doo
798:
686:and phenomena such as
596:
328:
97:by rewriting it in an
18:Traditionally animated
6395:Grupo Cine LiberaciĂłn
6335:Czechoslovak New Wave
6330:Commedia all'italiana
4677:Commedia all'italiana
4380:Independent animation
4370:Educational animation
3305:Traditional animation
2115:Rubber hose animation
2010:The Fairly OddParents
1908:The Road to El Dorado
1809:3D computer animation
1268:
1163:
1101:
994:SpongeBob SquarePants
822:Digital ink and paint
792:
756:process pioneered by
594:
332:Traditional animation
314:
7165:Animation techniques
6922:Guerrilla filmmaking
6585:Kitchen sink realism
6470:New French Extremity
6380:German Expressionist
6288:Kitchen sink realism
6153:Contemporary Western
5933:Environmental issues
5464:New French Extremity
5422:New French Extremity
5247:Softcore pornography
5242:Hardcore pornography
5109:New French Extremity
4360:Animated documentary
4192:Whiteboard animation
4085:Traditional puppetry
3729:Adult animated films
3638:Biologist simulators
3601:Animation department
3307:at Wikimedia Commons
3065:, pp. 354, 368.
2084:History of animation
1752:. For instance, the
1269:A horse animated by
1224:–nominated animator
1094:§ Ink and paint
954:Beauty and the Beast
347:hand-drawn animation
215:improve this article
6658:Children and family
6632:Yugoslav Black Wave
6505:Nuevo Cine Mexicano
6390:Nigerian Golden Age
6355:European art cinema
6258:Australian New Wave
4433:Character animation
4213:Character animation
3751:Children's animated
2999:"Nice Try, Bill..."
2224:, pp. 302–313.
2212:, pp. 280–281.
2200:, pp. 105–107.
2176:, pp. 202–203.
1620:Live-action hybrids
1344:Walt Disney Studios
1174:Gertie the Dinosaur
1020:The Powerpuff Girls
783:registration holes,
673:character animation
642:clean-up department
629:assistant animators
523:used in the score.
484:Background stylists
465:character designers
336:classical animation
6956:Major film studios
6550:Pure Film Movement
6530:Polish Film School
6430:Italian neorealist
6410:Hong Kong New Wave
6012:Mexican sex comedy
5069:German underground
4460:Creature animation
4390:Virtual newscaster
4335:Abstract animation
4167:Ink-wash animation
4157:Humanoid animation
4140:Audio-Animatronics
3704:Lost or unfinished
3628:Animation database
3606:Animation director
3041:, pp. 30, 67.
2878:10.1353/mon.0.0033
2611:Anime News Network
2100:Computer animation
2067:The Little Mermaid
1903:Jeffrey Katzenberg
1882:Ghost in the Shell
1638:Out of the Inkwell
1596:The Little Mermaid
1590:Oliver and Company
1504:The Black Cauldron
1326:Multiplane process
1279:
1275:Eadweard Muybridge
1213:"Shooting on twos"
1169:
1104:
984:Millennium Actress
934:The Little Mermaid
799:
736:onto the cel, and
646:clean-up animators
597:
540:background artists
385:Storyboard artists
359:computer animation
329:
144:possibly contains
99:encyclopedic style
86:is written like a
7147:
7146:
7086:Socialist realist
6798:Behind-the-scenes
6575:Socialist realist
6570:Spaghetti Western
6560:Romanian New Wave
6435:Japanese New Wave
6101:Sword and sorcery
6017:Nazi exploitation
5599:Mumbai underworld
5355:Planetary romance
4562:
4561:
4323:
4322:
4250:Erasure animation
4071:
4070:
3813:Limited animation
3756:Computer-animated
3694:Computer-animated
3616:Animation studios
3577:
3576:
3303:Media related to
3268:Williams, Richard
3231:978-0-4522-5993-5
3182:978-0-8166-5154-2
3172:The Anime Machine
3130:Cartoon Animation
2348:Computer Pictures
2292:978-1-59863-260-6
1770:Modern techniques
1658:Song of the South
1608:Richard Linklater
1412:Fleischer Studios
1340:multiplane camera
1201:and used in most
1193:limited animation
1185:Limited animation
1161:
1148:Pre-cel animation
1057:Toon Boom Harmony
912:multiplane camera
750:World War II
730:cellulose acetate
726:cellulose nitrate
644:, made up of the
446:Popeye the Sailor
441:Fleischer Studios
309:
308:
301:
291:
290:
283:
265:
189:
188:
181:
146:original research
127:
126:
119:
68:
16:(Redirected from
7172:
7137:
7127:
7126:
7106:Vulgar auteurism
6934:Interstitial art
6912:Hyperlink cinema
6627:Vulgar auteurism
6622:Toronto New Wave
6612:Telefoni Bianchi
6607:Sword-and-sandal
6425:Italian futurist
6420:Iranian New Wave
6283:British New Wave
6096:Sword-and-sandal
5977:Rape and revenge
5918:Mouth of Garbage
5764:Tentacle erotica
5712:Goona-goona epic
5692:Extraterrestrial
5579:Heroic bloodshed
5213:Occult detective
5044:Christmas horror
4896:Sword-and-sandal
4628:Hong Kong action
4623:Heroic bloodshed
4589:
4582:
4575:
4566:
4565:
4547:
4537:
4536:
4517:anime franchises
4492:Cartoon violence
4480:highest grossing
4375:Erotic animation
4350:Animated cartoon
4117:Supermarionation
4090:Digital puppetry
4011:Facial animation
3931:
3930:
3791:
3790:
3664:Opening weekends
3354:
3353:
3335:
3328:
3321:
3312:
3311:
3302:
3287:
3263:
3235:
3212:
3200:
3186:
3165:
3143:
3111:
3110:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2841:"Norman O. Dawn"
2837:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2727:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2589:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2546:. April 25, 1994
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2356:
2350:. Archived from
2345:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2276:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2156:
2089:Animated cartoon
2001:animated series
1755:Nutcracker Suite
1673:(both in 1964),
1613:A Scanner Darkly
1287:animation cycles
1247:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1162:
1010:King of the Hill
837:graphics tablets
775:animation camera
521:musical notation
304:
297:
286:
279:
275:
272:
266:
264:
223:
199:
191:
184:
177:
173:
170:
164:
161:inline citations
137:
136:
129:
122:
115:
111:
108:
102:
79:
78:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
7180:
7179:
7175:
7174:
7173:
7171:
7170:
7169:
7150:
7149:
7148:
7143:
7115:
7056:Semidocumentary
6981:Minimalist film
6971:Message picture
6966:Maximalist film
6860:Database cinema
6843:Computer screen
6803:Black-and-white
6728:
6726:
6724:
6718:
6636:
6592:Soviet parallel
6515:Parallel cinema
6510:Pan-Indian film
6440:Kammerspielfilm
6375:French New Wave
6295:Budapest school
6278:Brighton School
6253:New Objectivity
6235:
6229:
6198:Science fiction
5830:Bruceploitation
5739:Girls with guns
5685:Turksploitation
5559:Gentleman thief
5475:
5310:Science fiction
5156:Minimalist film
5151:Maximalist film
5129:Science fiction
5089:Japanese horror
4886:Social guidance
4601:
4593:
4563:
4558:
4525:
4487:Cartoon physics
4406:Animation music
4394:
4355:Animated sitcom
4345:Adult animation
4319:
4300:Special effects
4196:
4121:
4067:
3977:
3918:
3910:
3832:
3782:
3761:Direct-to-video
3679:
3573:
3460:
3345:
3339:
3295:
3290:
3284:
3260:
3244:Johnston, Ollie
3232:
3209:
3183:
3162:
3148:Culhane, Shamus
3140:
3120:
3115:
3114:
3107:
3085:
3081:
3073:
3069:
3061:
3057:
3049:
3045:
3037:
3033:
3025:
3021:
3011:
3009:
3008:on Oct 16, 2015
2997:
2996:
2992:
2984:
2980:
2971:
2969:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2932:
2928:
2921:
2905:
2901:
2862:
2858:
2849:
2847:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2825:
2823:
2808:
2804:
2795:
2793:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2764:
2762:
2752:
2748:
2740:
2738:
2728:
2717:
2709:
2705:
2697:
2693:
2674:
2670:
2662:
2658:
2650:
2646:
2638:
2634:
2626:
2622:
2603:
2599:
2583:
2582:
2575:
2573:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2549:
2547:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2523:
2521:
2511:
2507:
2497:
2495:
2494:. March 6, 2001
2486:
2485:
2481:
2471:
2469:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2430:
2426:
2399:
2395:
2385:
2383:
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2360:
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2354:
2343:
2337:
2333:
2324:
2322:
2312:
2308:
2293:
2277:
2270:
2262:
2258:
2248:
2246:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2220:
2216:
2208:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2184:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2080:
2043:
1871:Treasure Planet
1788:graphics tablet
1772:
1730:special effects
1725:
1719:
1628:
1622:
1576:Sleeping Beauty
1522:
1499:
1493:
1491:The APT process
1462:Sleeping Beauty
1433:
1424:
1408:Setback Camera,
1372:
1328:
1319:The Flintstones
1310:Cartoon Network
1283:animation loops
1263:
1261:Animation loops
1244:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1215:
1187:
1152:
1150:
1133:
1096:
1090:
1085:
1015:Cartoon Network
894:
847:or printing to
824:
819:
766:
708:
601:colored pencils
589:
569:
499:timing director
461:
426:post-production
397:
395:Voice recording
372:
367:
305:
294:
293:
292:
287:
276:
270:
267:
224:
222:
212:
200:
185:
174:
168:
165:
150:
138:
134:
123:
112:
106:
103:
95:help improve it
92:
80:
76:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7178:
7168:
7167:
7162:
7145:
7144:
7142:
7141:
7131:
7120:
7117:
7116:
7114:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7041:Reverse motion
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6991:Modernist film
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6947:
6946:
6936:
6931:
6930:
6929:
6924:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6883:
6882:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6856:
6855:
6853:midnight movie
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6779:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6743:
6738:
6732:
6730:
6720:
6719:
6717:
6716:
6715:
6714:
6709:
6699:
6698:
6697:
6692:
6682:
6681:
6680:
6675:
6667:
6666:
6665:
6655:
6650:
6644:
6642:
6641:By demographic
6638:
6637:
6635:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6588:
6587:
6580:Social realist
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6535:Poliziotteschi
6532:
6527:
6525:Poetic realist
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6480:New generation
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6455:Modernist film
6452:
6447:
6445:L.A. Rebellion
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6310:Cinéma du look
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6291:
6290:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6239:
6237:
6231:
6230:
6228:
6227:
6226:
6225:
6223:Zapata Western
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6203:Singing cowboy
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6158:Dacoit Western
6155:
6150:
6140:
6139:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6077:
6076:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6039:Shoshimin-eiga
6036:
6035:
6034:
6029:
6027:Nunsploitation
6024:
6022:Pornochanchada
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5968:
5967:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5936:
5935:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5909:
5908:
5907:
5906:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5871:
5870:
5869:
5859:
5858:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5811:
5810:
5805:
5795:
5790:
5789:
5788:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5767:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5735:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5697:Food and drink
5694:
5689:
5688:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5675:Blaxploitation
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5646:
5645:
5640:
5630:
5629:
5628:
5618:
5613:
5612:
5611:
5606:
5604:Poliziotteschi
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5515:
5514:
5509:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5483:
5481:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5473:
5468:
5467:
5466:
5461:
5459:Extreme cinema
5456:
5446:
5445:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5378:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5307:
5306:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5284:
5283:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5257:
5256:
5249:
5244:
5234:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5200:
5199:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5147:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5039:Chinese horror
5036:
5031:
5026:
5016:
5015:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4984:
4983:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4905:
4900:
4899:
4898:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4847:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4812:
4811:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
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4416:Mickey Mousing
4413:
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4400:
4399:Related topics
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4290:Straight ahead
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4272:
4270:Paint-on-glass
4267:
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4230:
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4198:
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4189:
4187:Squigglevision
4184:
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4162:Idle animation
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4021:Motion capture
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3993:
3987:
3985:
3979:
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3973:Onion skinning
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3828:Exposure sheet
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3746:Adult animated
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3699:Feature-length
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3552:The Golden Age
3549:
3543:United States
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3539:United Kingdom
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3294:
3293:External links
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3207:
3191:Laybourne, Kit
3187:
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3126:Blair, Preston
3121:
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3112:
3105:
3079:
3077:, p. 241.
3075:Laybourne 1998
3067:
3063:Laybourne 1998
3055:
3053:, p. 176.
3051:Laybourne 1998
3043:
3039:Laybourne 1998
3031:
3029:, p. 172.
3027:Laybourne 1998
3019:
2990:
2988:, p. 213.
2986:Laybourne 1998
2978:
2949:
2926:
2919:
2899:
2872:(3): 439–440.
2856:
2832:
2802:
2785:. 1937-12-27.
2770:
2746:
2715:
2713:, p. 277.
2703:
2701:, p. 187.
2691:
2668:
2666:, p. 180.
2664:Laybourne 1998
2656:
2654:, p. 212.
2644:
2632:
2630:, p. 168.
2628:Laybourne 1998
2620:
2597:
2557:
2531:
2505:
2479:
2463:"TEN-TON TOON"
2454:
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2393:
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2331:
2306:
2291:
2268:
2266:, p. 233.
2264:Laybourne 1998
2256:
2245:on 14 May 2011
2226:
2222:Laybourne 1998
2214:
2202:
2198:Laybourne 1998
2190:
2186:Laybourne 1998
2178:
2174:Laybourne 1998
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2079:
2076:
2059:pencil testing
2042:
2039:
2034:The Dam Keeper
1771:
1768:
1718:
1715:
1652:Alice Comedies
1624:Main article:
1621:
1618:
1521:
1518:
1495:Main article:
1492:
1489:
1432:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1384:Lotte Reiniger
1371:
1368:
1358:William Garity
1327:
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1211:
1186:
1183:
1149:
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1132:
1129:
1089:
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1084:
1081:
1026:Ed, Edd n Eddy
893:
892:Implementation
890:
843:file, using a
823:
820:
818:
817:Modern process
815:
779:rostrum camera
777:, also called
765:
762:
712:ink and paint.
707:
704:
615:will draw the
588:
585:
568:
565:
508:exposure sheet
492:color stylists
460:
457:
396:
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371:
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315:Painting with
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7036:Postmodernist
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7026:Participatory
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
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7002:
6999:
6997:
6996:Musical short
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6908:
6907:Found footage
6905:
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6890:
6888:
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6813:Cinéma vérité
6811:
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6734:
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6729:or production
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6545:Prussian film
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6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6490:New Nollywood
6488:
6486:
6485:New Hollywood
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6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6305:Cannibal boom
6303:
6301:
6300:Calligrafismo
6298:
6296:
6293:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6268:Berlin School
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6264:
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6256:
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6218:Weird Western
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6072:
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6050:
6049:Slice of life
6047:
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6042:
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6037:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6002:Bavarian porn
6000:
5999:
5998:
5997:Sexploitation
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
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5966:
5963:
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5958:
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5955:Partisan film
5953:
5951:
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5930:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5923:Muslim social
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5905:
5904:Zombie comedy
5902:
5901:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5879:Giant monster
5877:
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5708:
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5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5680:Mexploitation
5678:
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5668:
5666:
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5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5534:Coming-of-age
5532:
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5527:
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5517:
5513:
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5504:
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5478:
5472:
5469:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5450:
5449:Transgressive
5447:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5432:Psychological
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5382:Slice of life
5380:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
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5311:
5308:
5304:
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5299:
5296:
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5279:
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5274:
5273:
5272:
5269:
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5264:
5262:
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5230:
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5211:
5210:
5209:
5206:
5205:
5204:
5201:
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5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5119:Psychological
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5094:Korean horror
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5064:Found footage
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5020:
5017:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
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4995:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4988:
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4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4966:
4963:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4953:Magic realism
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
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4909:
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4897:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4869:Sexploitation
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4855:
4852:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4820:Calligrafismo
4818:
4817:
4816:
4813:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4773:City symphony
4771:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4761:
4757:
4754:
4753:
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4745:
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4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4664:
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4245:Drawn-on-film
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4201:Other methods
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4172:Magic Lantern
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2357:on 2017-07-03
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2314:Levoy, Marc.
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2188:, p. xv.
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1994:American Dad!
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1957:Mirror's Edge
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1933:Viewtiful Joe
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1781:digital video
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1742:grease pencil
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1643:Max Fleischer
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1529:Max Fleischer
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1314:Soul Coughing
1311:
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1303:
1299:
1298:Academy Award
1295:
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1272:
1267:
1258:
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1255:Studio Ghibli
1252:
1227:
1226:Bill Plympton
1223:
1222:Academy Award
1219:
1210:
1208:
1207:Hanna-Barbera
1204:
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1114:in 1915. The
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1053:Bill Plympton
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897:Hanna-Barbera
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811:sound effects
806:
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773:by a special
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713:
706:Ink and paint
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613:lead animator
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578:
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564:
562:
558:
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553:acrylic paint
550:
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541:
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500:
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489:
488:art directors
485:
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418:sound effects
415:
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405:scratch track
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235:
232: –
231:
227:
226:Find sources:
220:
216:
210:
209:
204:This article
202:
198:
193:
192:
183:
180:
172:
162:
158:
154:
148:
147:
142:This article
140:
131:
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100:
96:
90:
89:
84:This article
82:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
6875:Experimental
6870:Ethnofiction
6775:
6617:Third Cinema
6520:Persian Film
6263:Auteur films
6234:By movement
6091:Swashbuckler
5950:Ozploitation
5945:Outlaw biker
5825:Martial arts
5820:Magical girl
5670:Exploitation
5665:Ethnographic
5594:Mafia comedy
5237:Pornographic
5114:Psycho-biddy
5099:Lovecraftian
4933:Contemporary
4914:
4908:Exploitation
4903:Experimental
4783:Mockumentary
4652:Biographical
4512:anime series
4470:Motion comic
4339:visual music
4285:Pose to pose
4260:Inbetweening
4240:Chuckimation
4182:Shadowmation
4135:Animatronics
4036:eye tracking
4016:Morph target
3968:Multi-sketch
3794:
3719:Short series
3633:Art pipeline
3611:Story artist
3557:World War II
3426:South Africa
3283:057-120228-4
3272:
3259:078-686070-7
3247:
3217:
3208:051-788602-2
3196:
3170:
3161:031-205052-6
3151:
3139:156-010084-2
3129:
3088:
3082:
3070:
3058:
3046:
3034:
3022:
3010:. Retrieved
3006:the original
3001:
2993:
2981:
2970:. Retrieved
2961:
2952:
2939:
2929:
2909:
2902:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2848:. Retrieved
2844:
2835:
2824:. Retrieved
2815:
2805:
2794:. Retrieved
2782:
2773:
2763:, retrieved
2759:
2749:
2739:, retrieved
2735:
2706:
2699:LaMarre 2009
2694:
2681:
2671:
2659:
2652:Culhane 1989
2647:
2635:
2623:
2610:
2600:
2574:. Retrieved
2569:
2560:
2548:. Retrieved
2543:
2534:
2522:. Retrieved
2519:Cartoon Brew
2518:
2508:
2496:. Retrieved
2491:
2482:
2470:. Retrieved
2466:
2457:
2449:
2441:
2437:
2427:
2418:
2410:
2406:
2396:
2384:. Retrieved
2380:
2370:
2359:. Retrieved
2352:the original
2347:
2334:
2323:. Retrieved
2319:
2309:
2281:
2259:
2247:. Retrieved
2243:the original
2238:
2229:
2217:
2205:
2193:
2181:
2169:
2160:
2154:
2065:
2063:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2048:
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2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1969:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1894:Cowboy Bebop
1892:
1886:
1880:
1875:Some recent
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1841:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1799:
1785:
1773:
1759:
1753:
1740:, charcoal,
1726:
1704:
1703:(2004), and
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1670:Mary Poppins
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1636:
1629:
1611:
1601:
1594:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1561:
1541:American Pop
1539:
1533:
1523:
1502:
1500:
1484:The Rescuers
1482:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1458:
1453:Bill Justice
1450:
1434:
1425:
1407:
1400:
1394:
1387:
1373:
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1337:
1329:
1317:
1305:
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1216:
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1172:
1170:
1164:
1142:line overlay
1141:
1136:
1134:
1125:
1121:
1105:
1046:
1040:
1036:Dragon Tales
1034:
1024:
1018:
1008:
1004:The Simpsons
1002:
992:
982:
975:
952:
938:
932:
926:
915:
905:
895:
856:, including
825:
807:
800:
795:Aerial image
782:
767:
747:
715:
711:
709:
677:
671:
669:
666:
657:
654:inbetweeners
653:
650:inbetweeners
649:
645:
641:
639:
632:
628:
623:
621:
612:
609:key animator
608:
604:
598:
576:
572:
571:Usually, an
570:
538:
536:
526:
525:
516:
512:
506:
498:
496:
491:
483:
477:
469:model sheets
462:
450:
444:
437:post-synched
436:
430:
422:voice actors
409:synchronized
398:
373:
346:
339:
335:
331:
330:
295:
277:
271:January 2017
268:
258:
251:
244:
237:
225:
213:Please help
208:verification
205:
175:
169:January 2019
166:
143:
113:
107:January 2019
104:
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
7101:Video nasty
7096:Underground
7081:Slow cinema
7051:Sceneggiata
6939:Live action
6917:Independent
6897:Film Ă clef
6865:Docufiction
6833:Compilation
6808:Blockbuster
6776:Traditional
6771:Stop-motion
6707:Chick flick
6565:Slow cinema
6555:Remodernist
6370:Free Cinema
6350:Erra Cinema
6315:Cinema Novo
6193:Revisionist
5702:Gendai-geki
5638:Psychedelic
5626:Apocalyptic
5492:Beach party
5387:Slow cinema
5360:Space opera
5325:Fantastique
5196:Sceneggiata
5186:Musicarello
5059:Fantastique
4938:Fantastique
4881:Educational
4808:Video essay
4763:Documentary
4438:model sheet
4295:Rubber hose
4218:model sheet
3996:Cel shading
3838:Stop motion
3823:Rotoscoping
3795:Traditional
3724:Stop-motion
3670:Outsourcing
3431:South Korea
3411:Philippines
3406:North Korea
3002:A. Film L.A
2866:Monatshefte
2816:RocketStock
2711:Maltin 1987
2570:Canned Dogs
2381:Blu-ray.com
2105:Stop motion
2016:Ratatouille
2004:Invader Zim
1999:Nickelodeon
1966:cel-shading
1928:video games
1758:segment in
1647:Walt Disney
1604:vectorizing
1593:(1988) and
1535:Waking Life
1525:Rotoscoping
1520:Rotoscoping
1497:APT process
1382:. In 1923,
1380:Norman Dawn
1300:-nominated
1294:Ryan Larkin
1271:rotoscoping
1179:Raoul Barre
1137:cel overlay
1131:Cel overlay
1069:Adobe Flash
989:Nickelodeon
979:Satoshi Kon
963:USAnimation
922:remastering
886:Philippines
858:South Korea
802:Dope sheets
771:stop motion
734:photocopied
700:slow-motion
624:pencil test
7154:Categories
7021:Paracinema
7006:Neorealist
7001:Mythopoeia
6986:Mockbuster
6951:Low-budget
6892:Featurette
6725:technique,
6723:By format,
6602:Surrealist
6597:Structural
6475:New German
6465:Neorealist
6460:Mumblecore
6400:Heimatfilm
6360:Film d'art
6325:Cinéma pur
6059:South Seas
6032:Sex report
5298:Paranormal
5261:Propaganda
5161:Mumblecore
4948:Historical
4830:Historical
4719:Remarriage
4709:Mo lei tau
4443:walk cycle
4310:Syncro-Vox
4223:walk cycle
4127:Mechanical
4053:Procedural
3953:PowerPoint
3906:Puppetoons
3901:Pixilation
3866:silhouette
3855:strata-cut
3846:Claymation
3787:Techniques
3776:Television
3547:Silent Era
3479:Bangladesh
3474:Azerbaijan
3361:Bangladesh
3350:By country
2972:2019-09-18
2850:2019-09-17
2826:2019-09-18
2796:2019-09-18
2765:2019-09-17
2741:2019-09-17
2434:"Timeline"
2361:2020-08-20
2325:2020-08-20
2141:References
1988:Family Guy
1901:executive
1899:DreamWorks
1843:Titan A.E.
1811:, such as
1790:such as a
1721:See also:
1682:Cool World
1554:Kanye West
1550:Take On Me
1468:Goliath II
1445:xerography
1431:Xerography
1396:Tricktisch
1389:Tricktisch
1203:television
1092:See also:
1083:Techniques
1051:(2004) by
901:Marc Levoy
884:, and the
754:xerography
696:explosions
658:in-between
634:sweatboxed
617:key frames
577:story reel
557:watercolor
532:leica reel
455:cartoons.
452:Betty Boop
401:soundtrack
376:storyboard
323:animation
241:newspapers
153:improve it
50:improve it
7011:No-budget
6976:Meta-film
6944:animation
6902:Film-poem
6838:Composite
6783:Anthology
6746:Animation
6741:Actuality
6727:approach,
6495:New Queer
6415:Indiewood
6365:Film gris
6236:or period
6213:Spaghetti
6136:Submarine
6116:Vigilante
6081:Superhero
5835:Chopsocky
5781:Jidaigeki
5650:Dystopian
5549:Detective
5507:Buddy cop
5497:Body swap
5427:Political
5407:Financial
5370:Tokusatsu
5365:Steampunk
5281:Bromantic
5253:Malayalam
5232:Crossover
5208:Detective
5176:Backstage
5124:Religious
4980:Tech noir
4975:Pulp noir
4965:Film noir
4840:Melodrama
4778:Docudrama
4751:Cyberpunk
4744:Slapstick
4734:Screwball
4694:Gross out
4657:Christian
4635:Adventure
4453:off-model
4423:Key frame
4280:Pixel art
4275:Pinscreen
4233:off-model
4177:Scanimate
4095:Machinima
3894:Brickfilm
3882:go motion
3808:Flip book
3342:Animation
3246:(1995) .
3012:1 January
2894:142450235
2886:0026-9271
2791:0040-781X
2576:1 January
2301:228168598
2249:1 January
2146:Citations
1997:and both
1971:Appleseed
1838:Don Bluth
1814:Toy Story
1706:Enchanted
1688:Space Jam
1569:Peter Pan
1558:Heartless
1548:'s song "
1437:Ub Iwerks
1354:Ub Iwerks
1281:Creating
1112:John Bray
1108:Earl Hurd
1048:Hair High
1042:Sazae-san
874:Singapore
758:Ub Iwerks
722:celluloid
684:machinery
587:Animation
561:oil paint
517:bar sheet
479:maquettes
476:known as
433:animation
351:animation
343:animation
157:verifying
56:talk page
7129:Category
7016:One-shot
6880:Abstract
6766:Computer
6450:Lettrist
6345:Dogme 95
6273:Bourekas
6243:Absolute
6183:Northern
6178:Meat pie
6131:Euro War
6126:Anti-war
5992:Rumberas
5913:Mountain
5815:Luchador
5771:Homeland
5759:Shotacon
5732:Suburban
5660:Economic
5621:Disaster
5554:Gangster
5529:Colonial
5519:Cannibal
5480:By theme
5437:Romantic
5392:Thriller
5350:New Wave
5345:Military
5303:Thriller
5271:Romantic
5218:Whodunit
5191:Operetta
5171:Arthouse
5139:Splatter
5034:Cannibal
5024:Arthouse
5007:Suburban
4997:Southern
4970:Neo-noir
4874:Thriller
4768:Animated
4756:Japanese
4724:Romantic
4714:Thriller
4640:Survival
4618:Arthouse
4606:By style
4539:Category
4448:lip sync
4328:Variants
4315:Zoetrope
4265:Morphing
4228:lip sync
4208:Blocking
4100:Aniforms
4077:Puppetry
4058:Skeletal
3925:timeline
3916:Computer
3771:Internet
3653:regional
3589:Animator
3582:Industry
3446:Thailand
3416:Portugal
3396:Malaysia
3270:(2002).
3193:(1998).
3150:(1989).
3128:(1994).
2966:Archived
2962:The Take
2944:Archived
2820:Archived
2686:Archived
2615:Archived
2586:cite web
2550:June 23,
2524:June 23,
2498:June 23,
2472:June 23,
2446:Archived
2415:Archived
2386:June 23,
2078:See also
2022:Paperman
1982:Futurama
1930:such as
1853:Hercules
1783:format.
1776:computer
1764:stippled
1760:Fantasia
1738:airbrush
1734:drybrush
1697:(2003),
1691:(1996),
1685:(1992),
1679:(1988),
1661:(1946),
1610:'s film
1351:director
1347:animator
1332:parallax
1296:'s 1969
1077:TV Paint
1031:PBS Kids
833:computer
662:tweening
648:and the
573:animatic
567:Animatic
503:animatic
467:prepare
389:director
349:) is an
7111:Z movie
6887:Feature
6823:Collage
6793:B movie
6761:Cartoon
6500:No wave
6168:Florida
6163:Fantasy
6143:Western
6086:Surfing
6074:Eurospy
6044:Slavery
5894:Vampire
5874:Monster
5845:Kung fu
5786:Samurai
5754:Lolicon
5722:Romance
5569:Gong'an
5539:Concert
5524:Chicano
5487:Animals
5375:Western
5330:Fantasy
5288:Fantasy
5266:Reality
5203:Mystery
5181:Jukebox
5166:Musical
5144:Satanic
5134:Slasher
5104:Natural
5084:Holiday
4992:Romance
4958:Science
4923:Fantasy
4825:Dramedy
4689:Dramedy
4554:Outline
3921:history
3872:Graphic
3818:Masking
3709:Package
3534:Ukraine
3504:Hungary
3466:History
3456:Vietnam
3421:Romania
3381:Estonia
3376:Czechia
3118:Sources
2940:YouTube
2760:YouTube
2736:YouTube
2544:Variety
1832:Ice Age
1746:filters
1711:cereals
1370:History
1306:Walking
1243:⁄
1233:⁄
1013:, both
997:, both
971:Pixibox
907:Pac-Man
831:into a
829:scanned
742:acrylic
738:gouache
605:peg bar
549:gouache
513:X-sheet
474:statues
365:Process
255:scholar
151:Please
93:Please
7139:Portal
7076:Silent
7066:Shinpa
7061:Serial
7046:Satire
7031:Poetry
6961:Masala
6690:ShĹŤnen
6673:Seinen
6188:Ostern
6173:Horror
6106:Travel
6064:Sports
5987:Rubble
5960:Prison
5928:Nature
5899:Zombie
5840:Gun fu
5776:Isekai
5749:Hentai
5717:Gothic
5643:Stoner
5609:Yakuza
5564:GokudĹŤ
5512:Female
5442:Techno
5412:Giallo
5402:Erotic
5397:Comedy
5340:Horror
5335:Gothic
5320:Comedy
5293:Gothic
5276:Comedy
5225:Giallo
5079:Giallo
5049:Comedy
5019:Horror
4987:Gothic
4928:Comedy
4854:Erotic
4845:Korean
4803:Travel
4793:Pseudo
4739:Silent
4704:Parody
4699:Horror
4667:Action
4662:Comedy
4613:Action
4599:genres
4549:Portal
4110:Live2D
4026:facial
3991:T-pose
3889:Object
3862:Cutout
3741:Series
3690:Films
3529:Russia
3499:France
3489:Canada
3484:Brazil
3441:Taiwan
3401:Mexico
3366:Bhutan
3344:topics
3280:
3256:
3228:
3205:
3179:
3158:
3136:
3103:
2917:
2892:
2884:
2789:
2299:
2289:
2031:, and
1991:, and
1962:others
1960:, and
1917:, and
1891:, and
1868:, and
1859:Tarzan
1848:Disney
1829:, and
1798:short
1792:Cintiq
1633:humans
1552:" and
1479:toners
1422:Impact
1304:short
969:, and
878:Mexico
862:Taiwan
764:Camera
694:, and
527:Layout
257:
250:
243:
236:
228:
7091:Sound
7071:Short
6828:Color
6751:Anime
6712:Josei
6702:Women
6695:ShĹŤjo
6663:Anime
6653:Black
6648:Adult
6208:Space
6111:Trial
6054:Snuff
5965:Women
5940:Opera
5889:Mummy
5884:Kaiju
5867:Anime
5862:Mecha
5855:Wuxia
5850:Ninja
5798:LGBTQ
5793:KaitĹŤ
5744:Harem
5727:Space
5707:Ghost
5655:Ecchi
5616:Dance
5589:Mafia
5574:Heist
5544:Crime
5502:Buddy
5471:Trick
5417:Legal
5074:Ghost
5012:Urban
5002:Space
4835:Legal
4815:Drama
4788:Mondo
4672:Black
4365:Anime
4006:Crowd
3948:Flash
3877:Model
3766:Flash
3714:Short
3684:Works
3524:Korea
3519:Japan
3509:India
3494:China
3436:Spain
3391:Japan
3386:India
3371:China
2890:S2CID
2444:(6).
2413:(7).
2355:(PDF)
2344:(PDF)
2096:(CGI)
2028:Feast
1964:use "
1951:ĹŚkami
1926:Many
1877:anime
1820:Shrek
1796:Goofy
1748:, or
1376:matte
1273:from
1251:anime
1065:RETAS
1061:Toonz
967:Toonz
959:Animo
882:India
870:China
866:Japan
841:video
545:paint
543:will
414:music
355:drawn
345:, or
321:inked
262:JSTOR
248:books
6848:Cult
6685:Teen
6678:Stag
6669:Men
6148:Acid
5982:Road
5972:Race
5808:Yuri
5803:Yaoi
5633:Drug
5584:Hood
5029:Body
4943:High
4913:see
4891:Epic
4864:Pink
4798:Semi
4682:Sexy
4596:Film
4305:Sand
3943:2.5D
3621:List
3594:List
3514:Iran
3278:ISBN
3254:ISBN
3226:ISBN
3203:ISBN
3177:ISBN
3156:ISBN
3134:ISBN
3101:ISBN
3014:2017
2915:ISBN
2882:ISSN
2787:ISSN
2783:Time
2592:link
2578:2017
2552:2024
2526:2024
2500:2024
2474:2024
2388:2024
2297:OCLC
2287:ISBN
2251:2017
2072:CAPS
2007:and
1846:and
1750:gels
1645:and
1573:and
1556:'s "
1546:A-ha
1538:and
1416:cels
1110:and
1088:Cels
1075:and
1023:and
1007:and
945:CAPS
849:film
692:rain
688:fire
676:and
511:(or
490:and
449:and
381:plot
334:(or
234:news
6788:Art
6756:Art
6121:War
6069:Spy
5315:Art
5054:Eco
4729:Sex
4647:Art
4428:Cel
4001:CGI
3963:CSS
3958:SVG
3093:doi
2874:doi
2870:100
1979:'s
1977:Fox
1945:Ico
1850:'s
1840:'s
1649:'s
1509:cel
1285:or
1238:to
1116:cel
1017:'s
1001:'s
999:Fox
991:'s
981:'s
717:cel
611:or
575:or
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217:by
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6736:3D
3983:3D
3935:2D
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2271:^
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2061:.
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1954:,
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1942:,
1936:,
1923:.
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1862:,
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