940:
1228:
these scenarios, it would have been better for the third party voters if their candidate had not run at all (spoiler effect), or if they had voted dishonestly, ranking their favourite second rather than first (favourite betrayal). This is the same bracketing effect exploited by
Robinette and Tideman in their research on strategic campaigning, where a candidate alters their campaign to cause a change in voter honest choice, resulting in the elimination of a candidate who nevertheless remains more preferred by voters.
7832:
1975:
75:
1077:
915:
1786:, which excludes all but the top-two candidates after the first round, rather than gradually eliminating candidates over a series of rounds. Eliminations can occur with or without allowing and applying preference votes to choose the final two candidates. A second round of voting or counting is only necessary if no candidate receives an overall majority of votes. This method is used in Mali, France and the Finnish and Slovenian presidential election.
3497:
1224:
of the same principles, since that candidate has a much greater chance of being elected and a vote for the marginal candidate will not result in the marginal candidate's election. An IRV method reduces this problem, since the voter can rank the marginal candidate first and the mainstream candidate second; in the likely event that the fringe candidate is eliminated, the vote is not wasted but is transferred to the second preference.
927:
2312:
2137:
1800:
1705:
1996:", and some jurisdictions accept a single box marked with an "X" (as opposed to a numeral "1") as valid for the first preference. This may result in exhausted ballots, where all of a voter's preferences are eliminated before a candidate is elected, such that the "majority" in the final round may only constitute a minority fraction of all ballots cast. Optional preferential voting is used for elections for the
1399:(STV) method is applied to a single-winner election, it becomes IRV; the government of Ireland has called IRV "proportional representation" based on the fact that the same ballot form is used to elect its president by IRV and parliamentary seats by proportional representation (STV), but IRV is a non-proportional winner-take-all (single-winner) election method, while STV elects multiple winners. State law in
2927:
2899:
2868:
2834:
2797:
2757:
2505:
1259:(50%+1). Like all winner-take-all voting methods, IRV tends to exaggerate the number of seats won by the largest parties; small parties without majority support in any given constituency are unlikely to earn seats in a legislature, although their supporters will be more likely to be part of the final choice between the two strongest candidates. A simulation of IRV in the
1235:, if the Republican candidate who lost in the final instant runoff had not run, the Democratic candidate would have defeated the winning Progressive candidate. In that sense, the Republican candidate was a spoilerâalbeit for an opposing Democrat, rather than some political allyâeven though leading in first choice support. This also occurred in the
6609:. Anhörung zum Entwurf eines Gesetzes zur Abschaffung der FĂŒnf-Prozent-Sperrklausel bei Landtagswahlen in Schleswig-Holstein [Hearing on the draft law to abolish the five percent threshold in state elections in Schleswig-Holstein (Discussion paper)] (Report) (in German). Piratenfraktion im Schleswig-Holsteinischen Landtag. (Drs. 18/385).
6034:
In San
Francisco, ranked-choice voting is sometimes called 'instant run-off voting.' The Department of Elections generally uses the term ranked-choice voting, because it describes the voting methodâvoters are directed to rank their first-, second- and third-choice candidates. The Department also uses
1364:
have tended to use the term "ranked-choice voting" in their laws. The San
Francisco Department of Elections claimed the word "instant" in the term "instant-runoff voting" could confuse voters into expecting results to be immediately available. As a result of American influence, the term ranked-choice
1110:
However, this is an implementation detail, and does not mean candidates are supported by most voters. Note that without early stopping, IRV eventually reassigns all active votes to the winner, creating the appearance of unanimity (which is clearly impossible). It is possible for a candidate to win an
2114:
criterion states that "if an absolute majority of voters prefer every member of a group of candidates to every candidate not in that group, then one of the preferred group must win". Note that this is satisfied because when all but one candidate that a mutual majority prefer is eliminated, the votes
2217:
elections. The
California cities of Oakland, San Francisco and San Leandro in 2010 provide an example; there were a total of four elections in which the plurality-voting leader in first-choice rankings was defeated, and in each case the IRV winner was the Condorcet winner, including a San Francisco
2090:
against every other candidate, then that candidate must not win the overall election". IRV (like all voting methods with a final runoff round) meets this criterion, since the
Condorcet loser cannot win a runoff. However, IRV can still elect the "second-worst" candidate when the two worst candidates
1765:
is derived from the name of a class of voting methods called runoff voting. In runoff voting voters do not rank candidates in order of preference on a single ballot. Instead a similar effect is achieved by using multiple rounds of voting. All multi-round runoff voting methods allow voters to change
1227:
However, when the third-party candidate is more competitive, they can still act as a spoiler under IRV, by taking away first-choice votes from the more mainstream candidate until that candidate is eliminated, and then that candidate's second-choice votes helping a more-disliked candidate to win. In
1223:
Proponents of IRV claim that IRV eliminates the spoiler effect, since IRV makes it safe to vote honestly for marginal parties: Under a plurality method, voters who sympathize most strongly with a marginal candidate are strongly encouraged to instead vote for a more popular candidate who shares some
2372:
states that the first- and last-place candidates should switch places if every ballot is reversed. In other words, it should not matter whether voters rank candidates from best-to-worst and select the best candidate, or whether they rank them worst-to-best and then select the least-bad candidate.
2297:
says that candidates should not lose as a result of having "too many voters"âa set of ballots that all rank A>B should not switch the election winner from B to A. IRV fails this criterion: about 50 percent of elections where IRV elects a different candidate from plurality involve participation
1910:
Some jurisdictions that hold runoff elections allow absentee (only) voters to submit IRV ballots, because the interval between votes is too short for a second round of absentee voting. IRV ballots enable absentee votes to count in the second (general) election round if their first choice does not
1868:, also known as "top-two IRV", is the same as IRV, except that if no candidate achieves a majority in the first round of counting, all but the two candidates with the most votes are eliminated, and the second preferences for those ballots are counted. As in IRV, there is only one round of voting.
1197:
how they should assign their lower preferences, or provide them with a prepared ballot. This is especially common in
Australia, where voters must rank all candidates to cast a valid ballot. Preference deals between parties (where one party's voters agree to place another party's voters second, in
1179:
A 2015 study of four local US elections that used IRV found that inactive ballots occurred often enough in each of them that the winner of each election did not receive a majority of votes cast in the first round. The rate of inactive ballots in each election ranged from a low of 9.6 percent to a
1084:
In instant-runoff voting, as with other ranked election methods, each voter orders candidates from first to last. On their ballot, voters mark a "1" beside their first-round vote; a "2" beside their alternative, who receives their vote if the first candidate is eliminated; a "3" beside their next
4968:
In
Highest median, Ranked Pairs, and Schulze voting, there is always a regret-free, semi-honest ballot for any voter, holding all other ballots constant and assuming they know enough about how others will vote. Under such circumstances, there is always at least one way for a voter to participate
6244:
is returned automatically for whichever constituency s/he was elected if they wish to seek re-election, reducing the number of seats contested in that constituency by one. (In that case, should the Ceann
Comhairle be from a three-seater, only two seats are contested in the general election from
1940:
for elections by mail and requiring a majority of cast votes to elect a winner. For in-person elections, they recommend repeated balloting until one candidate receives an absolute majority of all votes cast; if candidates drop out as soon as it becomes clear they cannot win, this procedure will
1890:
While similar to "sequential-elimination" IRV, top-two can produce different results. Excluding more than one candidate after the first count might eliminate a candidate who would have won under sequential elimination IRV. Restricting voters to a maximum number of preferences is more likely to
1171:
Because the ballot marking is more complex than X voting, there can be an increase in spoiled ballots. In
Australia, voters are required to write a number beside every candidate. Since Australia has compulsory voting, however, it is difficult to tell how many ballots are deliberately spoiled.
1102:
Sometimes, this algorithm is described with an early-stopping rule, which elects a candidate as soon as their score exceeds half the remaining votes. This is because when a candidate has over half the votes, it is no longer mathematically possible for another candidate to defeat them (see
1673:
but recommend against runoff-based rules because they often prevent the emergence of a consensus candidate with broad support. The book instead recommends repeated balloting until some candidate manages to win a majority of votes. Two other books on
American parliamentary procedure,
6976:
Although the Democrat was the Condorcet winner (a majority of voters preferred him in all two way contests), he received the fewest first-place votes and so was eliminated ... 2009 mayoral election in Burlington, VT, which illustrates the key features of an upward monotonicity
1035:
IRV is counted in steps. In each step, IRV looks at every ballot's top non-eliminated candidate and eliminates the candidate with the fewest top rankings. It falls into the plurality-with-elimination family of voting systems, alongside first-past-the-post and systems based on
1596:
use IRV to select the state winner. In Maine, 2 electors are allocated to the winner and the others (currently 2) are allocated by congressional district, while in Alaska, the winner gets all electors of the state in the Electoral College system (as Alaska has only one
1320:
based in Washington, D. C., said it may increase turnout by attracting more and more diverse candidates, but the impact would be realized most significantly by getting rid of the need for primaries. The overall impact on diversity of candidates is difficult to detect.
1779:âone candidate is eliminated after each round, and many rounds of voting are used, rather than just two. Because holding many rounds of voting on separate days is generally expensive, the exhaustive ballot is not used for large-scale, public elections.
2020:", in which some voters simply choose candidates at random or in top-to-bottom order, or a voter may order his or her preferred candidates and then fill in the remainder on a donkey basis. Full preferential voting is used for elections to the
2276:
says that ranking a candidate higher on your ballot should not cause them to lose. The exact probability of a monotonicity failure depends on the circumstances, but with 3 major candidates, the probabilities range from 14.5 percent under the
1163:
All forms of ranked-choice voting reduce to plurality when all ballots rank only one candidate. By extension, ballots for which all candidates ranked are eliminated are equivalent to votes for any non-winner in plurality, and considered
1336:
Britons and New Zealanders generally call IRV the "alternative vote" (AV). Australians, who use IRV for most single winner elections, call IRV "preferential voting". While this term is widely used by Australians, it is somewhat of a
2376:
IRV fails this criterion: it is possible to construct an election where reversing the order of every ballot does not alter the final winner; that is, the first- and last-place finishers, according to IRV, are the same candidate.
2102:
criterion states that "if a voter alters the order of candidates lower in his/her preference (e.g. swapping the second and third preferences), then that does not affect the chances of the most preferred candidate being elected".
2061:
Many of the mathematical criteria by which voting methods are compared were formulated for voters with ordinal preferences. If voters vote according to the same ordinal preferences in both rounds, criteria can be applied to
1407:
use "instant runoff" to describe the practice of having certain categories of absentee voters cast ranked-choice ballots before the first round of an election and counting those ballots in any subsequent runoff elections.
7968:
1175:
Most jurisdictions with IRV do not require complete rankings and may use columns to indicate preference instead of numbers. In American elections with IRV, more than 99 percent of voters typically cast a valid ballot.
6823:
We waited to bring in the signatures because we didn't want this to be about Kurt Wright losing after being ahead, or Andy Montroll who had more first and second place votes and didn't win. We wanted this to be about
2432:. After the first count, Lenihan had the largest share of first-choice rankings. Currie had the fewest votes and was eliminated. After this, Robinson received 82 percent of Currie's votes, thereby overtaking Lenihan.
1333:, except that voters do not need to turn out several times to vote. It is also known as the alternative vote, transferable vote, ranked-choice voting (RCV), single-seat ranked-choice voting, or preferential voting.
5662:
With instant runoff voting ... The strategy for the liberal voter is the same as for plurality voting: Her favorite candidate cannot win, so she casts her vote for her favorite candidate with a realistic chance of
2011:
In a full-preferential voting method, voters are required to mark a preference for every candidate standing. Ballots that do not contain a complete ordering of all candidates are in some jurisdictions considered
2250:: whether or not a candidate decides to run at all can affect the result even if the new candidate cannot themselves win. This is less likely to happen than under plurality, but much more likely than under
1129:
or majority winner as one who would defeat any one of their opponents in a one-on-one majority vote. Instant-runoff voting does not always elect the majority-preferred candidate in this sense either (see
5564:
IRV is excellent for preventing classic spoilers-minor candidates who irrationally tip the election from one major candidate to another. It is not so good when the 'spoiler' has a real chance of winning
4990:
A randomly chosen ballot determines winner. This and closely related methods are of mathematical interest and included here to demonstrate that even unreasonable methods can pass voting method criteria.
2225:
can exclude voters outside the mutual majority from the vote, essentially becoming an election between the mutual majority. IRV demonstrates this exclusion of up to 50 percent of voters, notably in the
7963:
8289:
1985:
A number of IRV methods, varying as to ballot design and as to whether or not voters are obliged to provide a full list of preferences, are in use in different countries and local governments.
1369:
has promoted the terminology "ranked-choice voting" to refer to IRV, a choice that has caused controversy and accusations that the organization is attempting to obscure the existence of other
4954:
Majority Judgment fails the mutual majority criterion, but satisfies the criterion if the majority ranks the mutually favored set above a given absolute grade and all others below that grade.
2234:: if a mutual majority exists within the mutual majority, then the majority becomes a collegiate over the minority, and the inner mutual majority solely decides the votes of this collegiate.
2580:
candidate Neil Pharaoh with the help of 31 voters who placed him in 6th place (third-to-last), despite losing the first five rounds of voting. In the 7th round, Hibbins narrowly defeated
1857:
3180:
Under Burlington, Vermont's second-ever IRV mayoral election in 2009, the winner, Bob Kiss, was elected over the more popular Andy Montroll as a result of a first-round spoiler effect.
898:
7040:
a majority of voters liked the centrist candidate Montroll better than Kiss, and a majority of voters liked Montroll better than Wright ... yet Montroll was tossed in the first round.
2050:, which describe desirable features of a method. No ranked-preference method can meet all of the criteria, because some of them are mutually exclusive, as shown by statements such as
8029:
1236:
1112:
6590:
This format allows a voter to select a first-choice candidate in the first column, a second-choice candidate in the second column, and a third-choice candidate in the third column.
6050:
8307:
8251:
1966:
seats (or 90 percent) were won by the candidate who led on first preferences. The other 15 seats (10 percent) were won by the candidate who placed second on first preferences.
7973:
582:
6035:
the term ranked-choice voting because the word 'instant' might create an expectation that final results will be available immediately after the polls close on election night.
1267:
concluded that the election would have altered the balance of seats among the three main parties, but the number of seats won by minor parties would have remained unchanged.
1111:
instant-runoff election despite no support (i.e. complete opposition) from more than half of voters, even when there is an alternative majority-approved candidate, as in the
8282:
5530:
Candidates C and D spoiled the election for B ... With them in the running, A won, whereas without them in the running, B would have won. ... Instant runoff voting ... does
2206:
against every other candidate, then that candidate must win the overall election". It is incompatible with the later-no-harm criterion, so IRV does not meet this criterion.
6942:
Ornstein, Joseph T.; Norman, Robert Z. (1 October 2014). "Frequency of monotonicity failure under Instant Runoff Voting: estimates based on a spatial model of elections".
5492:
6853:
successfully prevented the election of the candidate who would likely have won under plurality rules, but would have lost to either of the other top finishers in a runoff
601:
4945:
Majority Judgment may elect a candidate uniquely least-preferred by over half of voters, but it never elects the candidate uniquely bottom-rated by over half of voters.
7132:
2025:
1119:
if they do not support any of the candidates in the final round. In practice, most close IRV races do not elect a majority-approved candidate because of this effect.
6225:
En effet, lorsqu'il y a plus de trois concurrents, le vĂ©ritable vĆu de la pluralitĂ© peut ĂȘtre pour un candidat qui n'ait eu aucune des voix dans le premier scrutin.
8275:
7942:
1107:), allowing the process to be stopped early without counting the remaining votes. As a result, IRV is often mistakenly referred to as electing "majority winners".
5331:
Chamberlin, John R.; Cohen, Michael D. (1978). "Toward Applicable Social Choice Theory: A Comparison of Social Choice Functions under Spatial Model Assumptions".
8331:
7933:
1933:
IRV elections that require a majority of cast ballots but not that voters rank all candidates may require more than a single IRV ballot due to exhausted ballots.
5967:
5457:
Burnett, Craig M.; Kogan, Vladimir (March 2015). "Ballot (and voter) 'exhaustion' under Instant Runoff Voting: An examination of four ranked-choice elections".
2267:
1243:, who lost in the final instant runoff, had not run, the more centrist Republican candidate, Nick Begich, would have defeated the winning Democratic candidate,
8194:
6117:
6342:
4936:. For this to hold, in some elections, some voters must use less than their full voting power despite having meaningful preferences among viable candidates.
6744:
6264:
6989:
Bristow-Johnson, Robert (2023). "The failure of Instant Runoff to accomplish the purpose for which it was adopted: a case study from Burlington Vermont".
2098:
states that "the election outcome remains the same even if an identical candidate who is equally preferred decides to run". IRV meets this criterion. The
2070:
as they relate to automatic elimination of trailing candidates. Partial results exist for other models of voter behavior in the two-round method: see the
5724:
1304:
had the highest proportion of winners who would not have won under first past the postâwith only 14 out of 125 seats not won by the plurality candidate.
968:
805:
3215:
advocates branded the election a failure after Kiss was elected, despite 54 percent of voters voting for Montroll over Kiss, violating the principle of
8034:
7908:
7875:
7865:
7159:
6421:
8319:"At present, the UK uses the âfirst past the postâ system to elect MPs to the House of Commons. Should the âalternative voteâ system be used instead?"
7781:
6807:
3617:
8041:
7913:
6927:
A display of non-monotonicity under the Alternative Vote method was reported recently, for the March 2009 mayoral election in Burlington, Vermont.
5128:
1455:
1284:
and Representative Bruce Poliquin claimed, ahead of the 2018 primary elections, that IRV would result in "one person, five votes", as opposed to "
8298:
7994:
6007:
4999:
Where a winner is randomly chosen from the candidates, sortition is included to demonstrate that even non-voting methods can pass some criteria.
3186:
touted the 2009 election as one of its major success stories, claiming it helped the city save on costs of a traditional runoff and prevented a
8139:
6548:
4981:
A variant of Minimax that counts only pairwise opposition, not opposition minus support, fails the Condorcet criterion and meets later-no-harm.
6901:
Felsenthal, Dan S.; Tideman, Nicolaus (2014). "Interacting double monotonicity failure with direction of impact under five voting methods".
6216:
5399:
4932:
Approval voting, score voting, and majority judgment satisfy IIA if it is assumed that voters rate candidates independently using their own
8063:
7880:
7870:
7609:
3607:
1676:
5852:
2016:
or invalid, even if there are only two candidates standing. This can become burdensome in elections with many candidates and can lead to "
8256:
8129:
8099:
7377:
5781:
5425:
1766:
their preferences in each round, incorporating the results of the prior round to influence their decision, which is not possible in IRV.
659:
6483:
6058:
6245:
there.) As a result, if the Ceann Comhairle wishes to be in the next DĂĄil, only 165 seats are actually contested in a general election.
2047:
2031:
Other methods only allow marking preferences for a maximum of the voter's top three favourites, a form of partial preferential voting.
1341:: Depending on how "preferential" is defined, the term would either include all voting systems or else would exclude IRV (as it fails
5697:
8720:
8710:
7978:
7505:
7357:
1417:
691:
553:
548:
6647:
8715:
8199:
7604:
7382:
3613:
2243:
1555:
1060:
961:
654:
5993:
1891:
exhaust ballots if voters do not anticipate which candidates will finish in the top two. This can encourage voters to vote more
8006:
7889:
7367:
7152:
6665:
Lepelley, Dominique; Chantreuil, Frederic; Berg, Sven (1996). "The likelihood of monotonicity paradoxes in run-off elections".
6523:
3518:
1611:
336:
5078:
3190:, although later analysis showed that without Wright in the election, Montroll would have defeated Kiss in a one-on-one race.
1296:
Most instant-runoff voting elections are won by the candidate who leads in first-choice rankings, choosing the same winner as
8209:
7774:
6379:
6317:
5310:
Graham-Squire, Adam; McCune, David (6 March 2023). "An Examination of Ranked Choice Voting in the United States, 2004-2022".
5112:
3222:
Locals argued the system was convoluted, turned the election into a "gambling game" by disqualifying Montroll for having won
2034:
A version of instant-runoff voting applying to the ranking of parties was first proposed for elections in Germany in 2013 as
6164:
2230:
where the later rounds became a runoff between the mutual majority of voters favouring Andy Montroll and Bob Kiss. This can
1147:
Compared to a plurality voting system that rewards only the top vote-getter, instant-runoff voting mitigates the problem of
8167:
7928:
7731:
1260:
860:
111:
5833:
2071:
8506:
8455:
7855:
7821:
7414:
5749:
1979:
1963:
1493:
6886:
election where Democratic candidate for mayor was Condorcet winner but finished third behind Republican and 'Progressive
5581:"The failure of Instant Runoff to accomplish the purpose for which it was adopted: a case study from Burlington Vermont"
1949:
by discussion and compromise, or by electing a consensus candidate who might have polled poorly in the initial election.
1898:
Conversely, a practical benefit of 'contingent voting' is expediency and confidence in the result with only two rounds.
8414:
8354:
5675:
Graham-Squire, Adam; McCune, David (2022). "A Mathematical Analysis of the 2022 Alaska Special Election for US House".
1992:
system, voters can give a preference to as many candidates as they wish. They may make only a single choice, known as "
1431:
in 1788, who quickly rejected it after showing it would often eliminate a candidate preferred by a majority of voters.
954:
8204:
7145:
7033:
5941:
5557:
5523:
3544:
2391:
2355:
2282:
2180:
2055:
1843:
1748:
1377:
855:
17:
3526:
2337:
2162:
1825:
1730:
8450:
8374:
8162:
8157:
7999:
7767:
7599:
7545:
2964:
2397:
2227:
2095:
2051:
1959:
1435:
1301:
1288:". Federal judge Lance Walker rejected these claims, and the 1st circuit court denied Poliquin's emergency appeal.
1232:
845:
595:
566:
506:
5808:
1329:
Instant-runoff voting derives its name from the way the ballot count simulates a series of runoffs, similar to an
7923:
7726:
7397:
6837:
3486:
2110:
states that "if one candidate is preferred by an absolute majority of voters, then that candidate must win". The
1682:
1580:
577:
102:
6752:
6692:
Ray, Depankar (1986). "On the practical possibility of a 'no show paradox' under the single transferable vote".
6603:
5630:"Everything That Can be Counted Does Not Necessarily Count: The Right to Vote and the Choice of a Voting System"
8705:
8230:
8011:
7860:
7749:
7525:
5874:
3522:
2322:
2147:
1810:
1715:
1576:
640:
1884:
704:
7809:
2565:
2561:
1098:
Otherwise, reassign votes held by the eliminated candidate to the highest available choice. Return to step 1.
282:
267:
252:
6432:
6286:
5206:
1923:
adopt this approach. Louisiana uses it only for members of the United States Service or who reside overseas.
8496:
8135:
8078:
8073:
8068:
7568:
7553:
7372:
1989:
1126:
518:
441:
362:
7362:
5229:
8225:
8109:
7918:
7619:
7342:
7332:
7193:
6719:
6014:
3401:
2560:
Another real-life example of IRV producing results different from first-past-the-post can be seen in the
2107:
2021:
883:
330:
312:
153:
5698:"Electoral reform: Alternative vote system would have had minimal impact on outcome of general election"
8511:
8476:
8364:
8235:
7584:
7275:
6099:
5136:
5054:
4915:
4819:
3201:
2627:
2401:
1657:
1381:
1313:
1207:
1152:
774:
757:
724:
488:
476:
446:
247:
205:
138:
8486:
7634:
7589:
7535:
7447:
6778:
3585:
3275:
3024:
2591:
Neil Pharaoh, who likely would have defeated Sam Hibbins by a 3:1 ratio if Newton-Brown had not run.
2222:
2111:
2083:
630:
623:
107:
6552:
6343:"Alaska Ballot Measure 2, Top-Four Ranked-Choice Voting and Campaign Finance Laws Initiative (2020)"
5902:
Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Electronic Voting Technology/Workshop on Trustworthy Elections
4933:
8626:
8384:
8189:
8178:
7624:
7510:
7468:
7387:
7312:
7248:
7206:
7100:
3580:
3507:
3339:
3308:
3114:
3086:
3054:
2915:
2884:
2813:
1539:
1439:
1396:
1264:
684:
612:
464:
451:
434:
411:
389:
352:
342:
31:
8267:
1155:, which is the candidate who would win a direct election against any other candidate in the race.
893:
30:
For the proportional electoral system applying ranked ballots to multi-member constituencies, see
8481:
8409:
8055:
7790:
7649:
7639:
7614:
7430:
7307:
7243:
6486:â Antony Green's Election Blog (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). Retrieved 8 September 2015.
5024:
4911:
4903:
3633:
3511:
3205:
2333:
2294:
2158:
2120:
2099:
1821:
1726:
1013:
810:
664:
347:
7025:
6621:
6190:
779:
8471:
8429:
8379:
8149:
8094:
7938:
7885:
7690:
7629:
7492:
6139:
3628:
3623:
3370:
3223:
2720:
2577:
2429:
2329:
2273:
2154:
1817:
1722:
1621:
Nonpartisan primary system with IRV in the second round (among top four candidates) in Alaska.
1345:, implying ballot markings cannot be reinterpreted as "preferences" in the traditional sense).
1342:
1193:
The complexity of strategy under instant-runoff voting means parties and candidates must often
1122:
1052:
839:
719:
649:
456:
7435:
7128:
7079:
6881:
5432:
5296:
5268:
2268:
Monotonicity criterion § Instant-runoff voting and the two-round system are not monotonic
2123:
criterion states that "the probability of an exact tie must diminish as more votes are cast".
8516:
8424:
8114:
7804:
7594:
7515:
5994:
https://sfgov.org/ccsfgsa/sites/default/files/Voting%20Systems%20Task%20Force/AppendixD__.pdf
5020:
4899:
3663:
3204:
associated with instant-runoff voting, noting that Kiss was elected as a result of 750 votes
2581:
1937:
1920:
1662:
747:
587:
471:
277:
7084:
K was elected even though M was a clear Condorcet winner and W was a clear Plurality winner.
5725:"Opposed To Ranked-Choice Voting, LePage Says He Might Not Certify Primary Election Results"
1879:
in the United Kingdom, voters rank a specified maximum number of candidates. In London, the
1312:
The effect of IRV on voter turnout is difficult to assess. In a 2021 report, researchers at
8543:
8359:
7664:
7233:
5365:
A long-established response to the 'wasted vote' problem is the method advocated by Hare...
4028:
3650:
2773:
2400:
provides a simple example of how instant-runoff voting can produce a different result from
2247:
1997:
1632:
1514:
1443:
1428:
1285:
1056:
878:
865:
833:
97:
1255:
IRV is a single-winner application of the proportional voting system known as STV, with a
8:
8654:
8491:
7644:
7238:
4895:
4240:
4080:
3768:
2199:
1017:
784:
618:
271:
6496:
8172:
7685:
7295:
7253:
7018:
6967:
6651:
5676:
5653:
5603:
5474:
5377:
5356:
5311:
5050:
5030:
4346:
2850:
2066:
of runoffs, and in that case, each of the criteria failed by IRV is also failed by the
944:
815:
426:
210:
8445:
8369:
8119:
7816:
7654:
7563:
7520:
7440:
7285:
7270:
7228:
7075:
7029:
6959:
6918:
6914:
6877:
6705:
6678:
6375:
6241:
5657:
5645:
5607:
5553:
5519:
5348:
5292:
5284:
5249:
5108:
4292:
3976:
3820:
2678:
2623:
2569:
2475:
2409:
2369:
2278:
1946:
1927:
1770:
1531:
1330:
1165:
939:
850:
820:
742:
679:
513:
240:
215:
198:
66:
6971:
6318:"Mainers vote to keep ranked-choice voting, with supporters holding commanding lead"
5897:
5478:
5470:
5245:
5230:"Making wasted votes count: Turnout, transfers, and preferential voting in practice"
1930:
runoff, using rules to leave the desired number of candidates for further balloting.
1655:
In the United States, the sequential elimination method used by IRV is described in
8668:
7695:
7327:
7183:
7168:
7065:
7057:
6998:
6951:
6910:
6701:
6674:
5768:
5637:
5595:
5466:
5340:
5276:
5241:
4556:
4398:
3590:
3216:
3212:
3152:
2588:
2405:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2087:
2067:
2063:
1942:
1783:
1670:
1477:
1297:
1194:
1045:
931:
888:
767:
481:
357:
183:
177:
159:
148:
143:
131:
92:
54:
6265:"Maine became the first state in the country Tuesday to pass ranked-choice voting"
8685:
8601:
8594:
8404:
8394:
7743:
7659:
7500:
7478:
7290:
7211:
7201:
7179:
6237:
5547:
5513:
3715:
3601:
3596:
3226:, and "eliminated the most popular moderate candidate and elected an extremist".
2001:
1892:
1880:
1876:
1865:
1037:
919:
752:
607:
572:
493:
404:
307:
230:
172:
50:
5915:
7558:
7263:
7223:
7002:
5948:. Otago, New Zealand: Otago University Students' Association. 30 September 2017
5599:
5534:
do away with the spoiler problem entirely, although it ... makes it less likely
5184:
4608:
4132:
3924:
3193:
3187:
1916:
1883:
allowed voters to express first and second preferences only. Sri Lankan voters
1400:
1389:
1218:
1116:
789:
729:
714:
525:
394:
369:
220:
6955:
2413:
2246:(see below). In the general case, instant-runoff voting can be susceptible to
2218:
election in which the IRV winner was in third place in first choice rankings.
8699:
8661:
8647:
8501:
8389:
8104:
7302:
6963:
6922:
6634:
although Ware's method cannot return the worst, it may return the next worst.
6072:
5649:
5580:
5352:
5288:
5253:
4907:
4450:
3644:
3638:
3197:
2494:
2452:
2425:
2417:
2017:
1993:
1775:
1370:
1349:
1029:
798:
498:
286:
124:
87:
62:
38:
7831:
1974:
8608:
8587:
8124:
7317:
7258:
6479:
6013:. Department of Elections: City and County of San Francisco. Archived from
5493:"Explained: What are 'preference deals' and how do they influence my vote?"
4661:
4503:
2255:
2251:
1244:
1041:
538:
302:
295:
225:
8419:
7759:
6745:"State Election 2014: Prahran District (Distribution of preference votes)"
6203:
The method was, however, mentioned by Condorcet, but only to be condemned.
5759:(Court Filing), no. 1:18-cv-00465, Docket 1, D.M.E., 13 November 2018
4969:
without grading any less-preferred candidate above any more-preferred one.
74:
37:"Ranked-choice voting" redirects here. For ranked methods in general, see
8399:
7700:
7463:
7402:
7322:
7218:
7070:
7061:
6457:
5280:
4767:
3872:
2674:
2573:
2285:, quickly approaching 100 percent for more than a handful of candidates.
2013:
1385:
1353:
1281:
1256:
1240:
1148:
1104:
1076:
416:
374:
317:
262:
5968:"Liberal plan to change federal voting laws may have crossbench support"
5641:
5549:
Gaming the Vote: Why Elections Aren't Fair (and What We Can Do About It)
2587:
In this race, Newton-Brown spoiled the election for Labor candidate and
914:
8633:
7473:
7409:
6574:
5360:
2242:
Instant-runoff voting is vulnerable to spoiler effects, as it violates
2035:
2005:
1856:
1317:
1025:
5629:
1669:
note that ranked-choice systems (including IRV) are an improvement on
1380:) to differentiate it from other ranked-choice voting methods such as
8640:
7710:
7705:
5681:
5497:
4714:
2970:
Burlington mayoral election, 2009 (round-by-round analysis of votes)
2421:
2231:
1872:
384:
379:
7137:
7052:
Stensholt, Eivind (7 October 2015). "What Happened in Burlington?".
5344:
5207:"Understanding the Limited Preferential Voting system â EMTV Online"
3496:
2340:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
2165:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
2119:, where the majority would be treated as separate small groups. The
2115:
of the majority all flow to the remaining candidate, in contrast to
1828:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1733:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
8297:
7530:
6029:
5316:
3575:
3556:
3280:
3183:
3018:
1912:
1404:
1366:
1338:
635:
5992:
Appendix D, Instant Runoff Voting, San Francisco Charter § 13.102
5877:. House of Commons Select Committee on Procedure. 15 February 2001
7392:
6294:
6140:"South Carolina General Assembly : 116th Session, 2005â2006"
5177:
2568:. In this case, it was the candidate who initially placed third (
1895:, by ranking at least one candidate they think is likely to win.
421:
6217:"On the Constitution and the Functions of Provincial Assemblies"
5515:
Mathematics of Social Choice: Voting, Compensation, and Division
5151:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4879:
1926:
IRV can quickly eliminate weak candidates in early rounds of an
8559:
8252:
List of members of the Australian Parliament who died in office
7680:
6868:
Lewyn, Michael (2012). "Two Cheers for Instant Runoff Voting".
5269:"Realities Mar Instant Runoff Voting Flaws and Benefits of IRV"
1885:
rank up to three candidates to elect the president of Sri Lanka
1589:
1361:
1085:
alternative; and so on, until every candidate has been ranked.
926:
1456:
History and use of instant-runoff voting § Use by country
1275:
1237:
2022 Alaska's at-large congressional district special election
6626:
Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria
6195:
Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria
4876:
1593:
1446:
then proposed applying the system to the single-winner case.
1357:
1095:
If only one candidate remains, elect this candidate and stop.
5898:"Estimating the Margin of Victory for Instant-runoff Voting"
5400:"Informal Voting â Two Ways of Allowing More Votes to Count"
1158:
1137:
6808:"Burlington Residents Seek Repeal of Instant Runoff Voting"
5867:
5426:"Instant Runoff Voting and Its Impact on Racial Minorities"
2116:
2046:
Scholars rate voting methods using mathematically derived
6223:(in French). Vol. 13 (published 1804). p. 243.
5158:
1945:. The use of repeated balloting allows voters to resolve
1773:. In this methodâfamiliar to fans of the television show
6838:"Response to Faulty Analysis of Burlington IRV Election"
5782:"1st Circuit ends Poliquin's efforts to keep House seat"
5053:, voting in mayoral elections now takes place under the
2576:). Hibbins would ultimately go on to defeat center-left
1376:
IRV is occasionally referred to as Hare's method (after
8332:
Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011
7020:
How Not to Be Wrong: The Power of Mathematical Thinking
6524:"Are Queenslanders in danger of 'wasting' their votes?"
5431:. New America Foundation. 1 August 2008. Archived from
2072:
two-round system article's criterion compliance section
6664:
5228:
Endersby, James W.; Towle, Michael J. (1 March 2014).
2584:
candidate Clem Newton-Brown by a margin of 277 votes.
2209:
IRV is more likely to elect the Condorcet winner than
1024:
is generally preferred as it does not run the risk of
6503:. Electoral Commission of Queensland. 28 January 2020
6484:
Preferences, Donkey Votes and the Canning By-Election
6287:"Ranked Choice Voting | Maine Voters Rank Candidates"
4928:
4926:
4924:
3480:
3230:
Burlington mayoral election, 2009 (summary analysis)
3200:
criticized the election results as revealing several
1978:
Example of a full preferential ballot paper from the
1365:
voting is often used in Canada as well. American NGO
1142:
6106:(Fall 2019 ed.) – via plato.stanford.edu.
1953:
6215:Condorcet, Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat (1788).
5922:. British Broadcasting Corporation. 8 February 2012
5674:
5578:
5309:
5023:(AV+), or alternative vote top-up, proposed by the
2958:
2555:
2385:
2086:criterion states that "if a candidate would lose a
1016:where the loser of each round is determined by the
7909:Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives
7017:
6374:(11th ed.). Da Capo Press. pp. 425â428.
6365:
6363:
5339:(4). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 1341â1356.
5107:(11th ed.). Da Capo Press. pp. 425â428.
4921:
2202:criterion states that "if a candidate would win a
6900:
5851:Drutman, Lee; Strano, Maresa (10 November 2021).
4977:
4975:
2404:and prevent some spoiler effects associated with
1906:IRV may also be part of a larger runoff process:
8697:
6551:. Electoral Council of Australia. Archived from
2091:are the only ones remaining in the final round.
1151:. However, it does not ensure the election of a
8299:2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum
6988:
6737:
6604:"Alternative II: EinfĂŒhrung einer Ersatzstimme"
6360:
5380:. Australian Electoral Commission. 28 June 2016
5330:
5096:
6941:
6645:
6008:"Ranked-Choice Voting: A Guide for Candidates"
5574:
5572:
4972:
2301:
1782:A more practical form of runoff voting is the
1092:Eliminate the candidate with the fewest votes.
8283:
7775:
7153:
5850:
5748:
5227:
2193:
1960:Australian federal election in September 2013
1871:Under a variant of contingent voting used in
1198:return for their doing the same) are common.
962:
8064:Chronology of Australian federal parliaments
7610:Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives
7054:NHH Dept. Of Business and Management Science
6396:The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure
5456:
1677:The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure
1208:Tactical voting § Instant runoff voting
1088:The instant-runoff procedure is as follows:
27:Single-winner ranked-choice electoral system
8257:Members of multiple Australian legislatures
8130:List of acts of the Parliament of Australia
7789:
6257:
5627:
5569:
5324:
5121:
3560:Comparison of single-winner voting systems
3525:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1460:
1348:Jurisdictions in the United States such as
1276:Voter confusion and legitimacy of elections
8290:
8276:
7782:
7768:
7160:
7146:
6309:
5942:"Opinion: OUSA Needs the Alternative Vote"
5545:
2288:
1648:
1434:IRV was later independently reinvented by
1291:
1233:2009 Burlington, Vermont, mayoral election
969:
955:
7069:
7051:
7015:
6835:
6214:
5853:"What We Know About Ranked-Choice Voting"
5834:"What We Know About Ranked-Choice Voting"
5680:
5315:
4964:
4962:
4960:
3545:Learn how and when to remove this message
2356:Learn how and when to remove this message
2261:
2181:Learn how and when to remove this message
2041:
1844:Learn how and when to remove this message
1749:Learn how and when to remove this message
1183:
1159:Invalid, incomplete and exhausted ballots
1138:Properties, advantages, and disadvantages
6422:"Initiatives â Pew Center on the States"
5378:"Voting in the House of Representatives"
5187:. International Constitutional Law. 1995
1973:
1901:
1855:
1769:The runoff method closest to IRV is the
1418:History and use of instant-runoff voting
1075:
7605:Independence of irrelevant alternatives
7383:Sequential proportional approval voting
6521:
6315:
6104:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
6045:
6043:
5511:
5185:"Ireland Constitution, Article 12(2.3)"
2281:to 8.5 percent in the case of a strict
2244:independence of irrelevant alternatives
1427:This method was first discussed by the
1061:National Parliament of Papua New Guinea
14:
8698:
6863:
6861:
6776:
6619:
6601:
6407:Riddick & Butcher (1985).
6369:
6188:
6097:
5875:"Second Report: Election of a Speaker"
5826:
5695:
5102:
4957:
2221:Systems which fail Condorcet but pass
1115:. This effect occurs when some voters
8271:
7763:
7167:
7141:
7094:
7092:
6937:
6935:
6867:
6801:
6799:
6772:
6770:
6720:"Presidential Election November 1990"
6372:Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised
6230:
6005:
5806:
5722:
5105:Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised
4948:
3234:
2126:
2077:
1875:, and formerly for the elections for
1658:Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised
1572:
1510:
1373:methods that could compete with IRV.
1188:
1066:
7098:
6613:
6522:Stevens, Bronwyn (27 January 2015).
6191:"Methods of election: Ware's Method"
6182:
6040:
5895:
5266:
3523:adding citations to reliable sources
3490:
2305:
2130:
1793:
1698:
1665:that can be used to elect officers.
8456:Official Monster Raving Loony Party
7415:Indirect single transferable voting
6858:
6829:
6691:
6579:Registrar of Voters, Alameda County
6459:IRV for Louisiana's Overseas Voters
5539:
5505:
1980:Australian House of Representatives
1601:district, the effect is the same).
24:
8355:Alliance Party of Northern Ireland
7129:"Explainer: Instant runoff voting"
7089:
6932:
6836:Bouricius, Terry (17 March 2009).
6805:
6796:
6767:
6648:"A Survey of Basic Voting Methods"
5844:
5809:"Preferential Voting in Australia"
3481:Comparison to other voting systems
2436:Irish presidential election, 1990
2408:. The three major candidates were
2237:
1789:
1689:
1411:
1250:
1201:
1143:Wasted votes and Condorcet winners
1080:Flowchart of instant-runoff voting
73:
25:
8732:
7122:
7101:"IRV much worse than old runoffs"
7016:Ellenberg, Jordan (29 May 2014).
6602:Breyer, Patrick (November 2013).
5333:American Political Science Review
5260:
5221:
5159:"Australian Electoral Commission"
4865:
4813:
4761:
4708:
4655:
4602:
4550:
4497:
4444:
4392:
4340:
4286:
4234:
4182:
4126:
4074:
4022:
3970:
3918:
3866:
3814:
3762:
3709:
2392:Irish presidential election, 1990
1954:Comparison to first-past-the-post
1212:
1020:. In academic contexts, the term
8451:Socialist Party of Great Britain
8375:Green Party of England and Wales
7830:
7056:. Discussion Paper No. 2015/26.
6991:Constitutional Political Economy
6915:10.1016/j.mathsocsci.2013.08.001
6462:(web page), FairVote IRV America
3495:
2965:2009 Burlington mayoral election
2959:2009 Burlington mayoral election
2925:
2897:
2866:
2832:
2795:
2755:
2556:2014 Prahran election (Victoria)
2503:
2398:1990 Irish presidential election
2386:1990 Irish presidential election
2310:
2228:2009 Burlington mayoral election
2135:
2096:independence of clones criterion
1798:
1703:
1694:
1307:
938:
925:
913:
861:McKelveyâSchofield chaos theorem
507:Semi-proportional representation
139:First preference plurality (FPP)
8721:Single-winner electoral systems
8711:Non-monotonic electoral systems
7045:
7009:
6982:
6894:
6712:
6685:
6658:
6639:
6595:
6567:
6541:
6515:
6489:
6473:
6450:
6414:
6401:
6394:Sturgis, Alice (2001).
6388:
6335:
6291:Maine Uses Ranked Choice Voting
6279:
6248:
6208:
6157:
6132:
6110:
6091:
6065:
6051:"What is Ranked Choice Voting?"
6006:Arntz, John (2 February 2005).
5999:
5986:
5960:
5934:
5908:
5889:
5800:
5774:
5742:
5716:
5689:
5668:
5621:
5485:
5471:10.1016/j.electstud.2014.11.006
5450:
5418:
5392:
5370:
5246:10.1016/j.electstud.2013.07.001
5043:
4993:
4984:
4939:
3487:Comparison of electoral systems
2562:2014 Victorian general election
8716:Preferential electoral systems
7934:Manager of Opposition Business
7881:Manager of Opposition Business
7871:Manager of Government Business
7526:Mixed ballot transferable vote
6749:Victorian Electoral Commission
6646:Green-Armytage, James (2004).
6316:Russell, Eric (12 June 2018).
6098:Pacuit, Eric (24 June 2019) .
5896:Cary, David (1 January 2011).
5303:
5199:
5135:. 8 April 2005. Archived from
5071:
3208:(ranking Kiss in last place).
1542:(STV), by-elections using IRV
1324:
1113:2022 Alaska's special election
1014:multi-round elimination method
899:Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem
856:Moulin's impossibility theorem
821:Conflicting majorities paradox
13:
1:
6777:Etnier, Carl (6 March 2009).
6118:"Proportional Representation"
6102:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
5916:"BBC News â Alternative vote"
5807:Green, Antony (11 May 2010).
5552:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
5064:
2056:GibbardâSatterthwaite theorem
2052:Arrow's impossibility theorem
2022:Australian federal parliament
2000:as well as some elections in
1969:
1637:Upper chamber of legislature
1616:Lower chamber of legislature
1586:Head of State and Government
1536:Lower chamber of legislature
1498:Lower chamber of legislature
1449:
1131:
725:Frustrated majorities paradox
8497:Green Party Northern Ireland
8079:47th Parliament of Australia
8074:46th Parliament of Australia
8069:45th Parliament of Australia
7727:Comparison of voting systems
7569:Satisfaction approval voting
7554:Single non-transferable vote
7373:Proportional approval voting
7099:Dopp, Kathy (10 June 2009).
6903:Mathematical Social Sciences
6779:"Instant runoff was success"
6706:10.1016/0165-4896(86)90024-7
6694:Mathematical Social Sciences
6679:10.1016/0165-4896(95)00804-7
6667:Mathematical Social Sciences
6409:Riddick's Rules of Procedure
6120:. Citizens Information Board
5696:Travis, Alan (10 May 2010).
5628:O'Neill, Jeffrey C. (2006).
5579:Bristow-Johnson, R. (2023).
5546:Poundstone, William (2009).
1990:optional preferential voting
1683:Riddick's Rules of Procedure
1270:
1127:majority-preferred candidate
894:Condorcet dominance theorems
834:Social and collective choice
7:
8226:Parliament House, Melbourne
8110:Matter of public importance
7969:Represented multiple states
7333:Graduated majority judgment
6221:Complete Works of Condorcet
5723:Leary, Mal (12 June 2018).
5512:Borgers, Christoph (2010).
5083:www.electoral-reform.org.uk
5014:
2380:
2370:reversal symmetry criterion
2336:the claims made and adding
2302:Reversal symmetry criterion
2161:the claims made and adding
1824:the claims made and adding
1729:the claims made and adding
1028:the method with methods of
560:By mechanism of combination
331:Proportional representation
10:
8737:
8512:Traditional Unionist Voice
8365:Christian Peoples Alliance
8236:Parliament House, Canberra
8183:House of Representatives:
7585:Condorcet winner criterion
7276:First-past-the-post voting
7003:10.1007/s10602-023-09393-1
5600:10.1007/s10602-023-09393-1
4873:
3484:
2962:
2402:first-past-the-post voting
2389:
2265:
2194:Condorcet winner criterion
1936:Robert's Rules recommends
1453:
1422:
1415:
1216:
1205:
1071:
1018:first-past-the-post method
758:Multiple districts paradox
489:Fractional approval voting
477:Interactive representation
36:
29:
8682:
8618:
8579:
8572:
8552:
8536:
8529:
8487:Democratic Unionist Party
8464:
8438:
8347:
8340:
8324:
8314:
8305:
8244:
8218:
8210:Court of Disputed Returns
8148:
8087:
8054:
8020:
7987:
7956:
7899:
7848:
7839:
7828:
7797:
7740:
7732:Voting systems by country
7719:
7673:
7635:Mutual majority criterion
7590:Condorcet loser criterion
7577:
7544:
7536:Vote linkage mixed system
7491:
7456:
7448:Largest remainders method
7423:
7350:
7341:
7192:
7175:
6956:10.1007/s11127-013-0118-2
5634:SSRN Working Paper Series
5267:Dopp, Kathy Anne (2011).
5129:"Types of Voting Systems"
4898:is incompatible with the
3457:
3257:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3237:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2934:
2906:
2875:
2841:
2804:
2764:
2617:
2599:
2512:
2446:
2443:
1686:, take a similar stance.
1618:
1551:
1489:
1484:
1481:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
705:Paradoxes and pathologies
554:Mixed-member proportional
549:Mixed-member majoritarian
544:By results of combination
435:Approval-based committees
8190:Two-party-preferred vote
8179:Single transferable vote
7929:Leader of the Opposition
7876:Leader of the Opposition
7866:Leader of the Government
7822:House of Representatives
7625:Majority loser criterion
7511:Additional member system
7469:Hagenbach-Bischoff quota
7388:Single transferable vote
7313:Positional voting system
7249:Minimax Condorcet method
7207:Combined approval voting
7133:MIT Election Science Lab
5036:
2204:head-to-head competition
2088:head-to-head competition
1964:House of Representatives
1612:House of Representatives
1540:Single transferable vote
1494:House of Representatives
1461:National level elections
1440:single transferable vote
1397:single transferable vote
1331:exhaustive ballot system
1265:Electoral Reform Society
1261:2010 UK general election
1040:. It contrasts with the
884:Condorcet's jury theorem
685:Double simultaneous vote
660:Ruralâurban proportional
655:Dual-member proportional
617:
606:
573:Parallel (superposition)
465:Fractional social choice
452:Expanding approvals rule
281:
266:
251:
182:
171:
147:
32:single transferable vote
8537:Advocating a "Yes" vote
8410:Scottish National Party
7856:President of the Senate
7791:Parliament of Australia
7650:Resolvability criterion
7640:Participation criterion
7615:Later-no-harm criterion
7431:Highest averages method
5273:SSRN Electronic Journal
2295:participation criterion
2289:Participation criterion
2279:impartial culture model
1650:Robert's Rules of Order
1560:Unicameral legislature
1474:Type of body or office
1343:positive responsiveness
1292:Similarity to plurality
1123:Social choice theorists
811:Tyranny of the majority
588:Fusion (majority bonus)
405:Quota-remainder methods
8553:Advocating a "No" vote
8472:British National Party
8095:Speech from the throne
7691:First-preference votes
7630:Monotonicity criterion
7600:Independence of clones
7303:Simple majoritarianism
6620:Nanson, E. J. (1882).
6575:"Ranked-Choice Voting"
6370:Robert, Henry (2011).
6189:Nanson, E. J. (1882).
5103:Robert, Henry (2011).
2274:monotonicity criterion
2262:Monotonicity criterion
2074:for more information.
2048:voting method criteria
2042:Voting method criteria
1982:
1861:
1382:majority-choice voting
1184:Resistance to strategy
1180:high of 27.1 percent.
1117:truncate their ballots
1081:
945:Mathematics portal
851:Majority impossibility
840:Impossibility theorems
636:Negative vote transfer
457:Method of equal shares
78:
8706:Instant-runoff voting
8517:Ulster Unionist Party
8185:Instant-runoff voting
7964:Served in both houses
7595:Consistency criterion
7516:Alternative vote plus
7281:Instant-runoff voting
6622:"Methods of election"
6322:Portland Press Herald
5021:Alternative vote plus
4896:Condorcet's criterion
2883:Steve Stefanopoulos (
2266:Further information:
1977:
1962:, 135 out of the 150
1921:Springfield, Illinois
1902:Larger runoff process
1859:
1763:instant-runoff voting
1302:1972 federal election
1079:
1046:majority-rule methods
1022:instant-runoff voting
982:Instant-runoff voting
748:Best-is-worst paradox
737:Pathological response
472:Direct representation
125:Single-winner methods
77:
8544:YES! To Fairer Votes
8231:Old Parliament House
8205:Caretaker government
7808:(represented by the
7665:Seats-to-votes ratio
7436:Webster/Sainte-Laguë
7062:10.2139/ssrn.2670462
6724:ElectionsIreland.org
6482:(8 September 2015).
6061:on 26 February 2018.
5281:10.2139/ssrn.1858374
3651:No favorite betrayal
3519:improve this section
2248:strategic nomination
1998:President of Ireland
1663:ranked-choice voting
1444:Henry Richmond Droop
1429:Marquis de Condorcet
1300:. In Australia, the
1286:one person, one vote
1231:For example, in the
1057:president of Ireland
990:ranked-choice voting
932:Economics portal
879:Median voter theorem
98:Comparative politics
8655:The Daily Telegraph
8492:England First Party
8315:Referendum question
7924:Leader of the House
7645:Plurality criterion
7244:KemenyâYoung method
7024:. Penguin. p.
6549:"Electoral Systems"
5642:10.2139/ssrn.883058
5055:first-past-the-post
4820:Tideman alternative
3561:
3231:
2971:
2437:
2283:leftâright spectrum
1938:preferential voting
1604:7 EVs (out of 538)
1556:National Parliament
1438:in the form of the
1125:generally define a
998:preferential voting
920:Politics portal
631:Vote linkage system
602:Seat linkage system
189:Ranked-choice (RCV)
8482:Conservative Party
8173:Double dissolution
7686:Election threshold
7620:Majority criterion
7296:Supplementary vote
6501:www.ecq.qld.gov.au
6267:. 10 November 2016
6169:Arkleg.state.ar.us
6165:"Bill Information"
6020:on 2 December 2008
5974:. 11 December 2020
5788:. 22 December 2018
5406:. 28 February 2011
5079:"Alternative Vote"
5051:Elections Act 2022
5031:Write-in candidate
5025:Jenkins Commission
3559:
3229:
2969:
2772:Eleonora Gullone (
2520:Exhausted ballots
2435:
2321:possibly contains
2215:traditional runoff
2146:possibly contains
2127:Pathologies of IRV
2108:majority criterion
2078:Satisfied criteria
1983:
1881:supplementary vote
1862:
1809:possibly contains
1714:possibly contains
1189:Party strategizing
1082:
1067:Election procedure
1051:IRV has been used
816:Discursive dilemma
775:Lesser evil voting
650:Supermixed systems
353:Largest remainders
211:Round-robin voting
79:
8693:
8692:
8678:
8677:
8568:
8567:
8525:
8524:
8430:Libertarian Party
8380:Liberal Democrats
8370:English Democrats
8265:
8264:
8115:Readings of bills
8050:
8049:
8038:
8003:
7952:
7951:
7813:
7757:
7756:
7655:Reversal symmetry
7564:Cumulative voting
7546:Semi-proportional
7521:Mixed single vote
7487:
7486:
7363:Mixed single vote
7271:Exhaustive ballot
7234:Copeland's method
7229:Condorcet methods
7169:Electoral systems
6381:978-0-306-82020-5
5946:Critic â Te Arohi
5904:. EVT/WOTE'11: 3.
5786:Bangor Daily News
5459:Electoral Studies
5234:Electoral Studies
5114:978-0-306-82020-5
5007:
5006:
3555:
3554:
3547:
3478:
3477:
3261:First round votes
3178:
3177:
2956:
2955:
2812:Jason Goldsmith (
2624:Clem Newton-Brown
2553:
2552:
2366:
2365:
2358:
2323:original research
2191:
2190:
2183:
2148:original research
2064:two-round systems
2026:state parliaments
1928:exhaustive ballot
1911:make the runoff.
1854:
1853:
1846:
1811:original research
1771:exhaustive ballot
1759:
1758:
1751:
1716:original research
1661:as an example of
1646:
1645:
1581:Electoral College
1552:Papua New Guinea
1195:explain to voters
1166:exhausted ballots
988:), also known as
979:
978:
866:Gibbard's theorem
806:Dominance paradox
743:Perverse response
447:Phragmen's method
313:Majority judgment
241:Positional voting
199:Condorcet methods
67:electoral systems
18:Transferable vote
16:(Redirected from
8728:
8669:Evening Standard
8580:For a "Yes" vote
8577:
8576:
8534:
8533:
8348:For a "Yes" vote
8345:
8344:
8292:
8285:
8278:
8269:
8268:
8032:
7997:
7985:
7984:
7846:
7845:
7834:
7810:Governor-General
7807:
7784:
7777:
7770:
7761:
7760:
7696:Liquid democracy
7348:
7347:
7328:Two-round system
7239:Dodgson's method
7162:
7155:
7148:
7139:
7138:
7116:
7115:
7113:
7111:
7096:
7087:
7086:
7073:
7049:
7043:
7042:
7023:
7013:
7007:
7006:
6986:
6980:
6979:
6939:
6930:
6929:
6898:
6892:
6891:
6889:
6865:
6856:
6855:
6850:
6848:
6833:
6827:
6826:
6820:
6818:
6803:
6794:
6793:
6791:
6789:
6774:
6765:
6764:
6762:
6760:
6751:. Archived from
6741:
6735:
6734:
6732:
6730:
6716:
6710:
6709:
6689:
6683:
6682:
6662:
6656:
6655:
6650:. Archived from
6643:
6637:
6636:
6617:
6611:
6610:
6608:
6599:
6593:
6592:
6587:
6585:
6571:
6565:
6564:
6562:
6560:
6545:
6539:
6538:
6536:
6534:
6528:The Conversation
6519:
6513:
6512:
6510:
6508:
6493:
6487:
6477:
6471:
6470:
6469:
6467:
6454:
6448:
6447:
6445:
6443:
6437:
6431:. Archived from
6429:Electionline.org
6426:
6418:
6412:
6405:
6399:
6392:
6386:
6385:
6367:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6353:
6339:
6333:
6332:
6330:
6328:
6313:
6307:
6306:
6304:
6302:
6293:. Archived from
6283:
6277:
6276:
6274:
6272:
6261:
6255:
6252:
6246:
6234:
6228:
6227:
6212:
6206:
6205:
6186:
6180:
6179:
6177:
6175:
6161:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6150:
6144:Scstatehouse.gov
6136:
6130:
6129:
6127:
6125:
6114:
6108:
6107:
6100:"Voting Methods"
6095:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6084:
6079:. 17 August 2019
6069:
6063:
6062:
6057:. Archived from
6047:
6038:
6037:
6027:
6025:
6019:
6012:
6003:
5997:
5990:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5979:
5964:
5958:
5957:
5955:
5953:
5938:
5932:
5931:
5929:
5927:
5912:
5906:
5905:
5893:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5882:
5871:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5860:
5848:
5842:
5841:
5830:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5819:
5804:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5778:
5772:
5771:
5766:
5764:
5754:
5746:
5740:
5739:
5737:
5735:
5720:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5709:
5693:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5672:
5666:
5665:
5625:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5614:
5588:Const Polit Econ
5585:
5576:
5567:
5566:
5543:
5537:
5536:
5509:
5503:
5502:
5489:
5483:
5482:
5454:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5443:
5437:
5430:
5422:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5411:
5396:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5374:
5368:
5367:
5328:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5307:
5301:
5300:
5264:
5258:
5257:
5225:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5203:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5192:
5181:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5155:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5144:
5125:
5119:
5118:
5100:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5075:
5058:
5047:
5000:
4997:
4991:
4988:
4982:
4979:
4970:
4966:
4955:
4952:
4946:
4943:
4937:
4930:
4919:
4916:sincere favorite
4893:
4717:
4688:
4644:
4539:
4453:
4332:
4307:
4171:
4161:
4145:
4141:
3763:Approvals
3742:
3653:
3647:
3641:
3624:Cloneproof
3620:
3610:
3604:
3593:
3591:Condorcet winner
3562:
3558:
3550:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3530:
3499:
3491:
3473:
3470:
3458:Exhausted votes
3452:
3449:
3424:
3421:
3393:
3390:
3362:
3359:
3331:
3328:
3300:
3297:
3265:
3262:
3232:
3228:
3213:electoral reform
3206:cast against him
3198:voting theorists
2972:
2968:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2594:
2593:
2589:Condorcet winner
2578:Australian Labor
2510:
2507:
2506:
2438:
2434:
2406:plurality voting
2361:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2341:
2338:inline citations
2314:
2313:
2306:
2211:plurality voting
2200:Condorcet winner
2186:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2166:
2163:inline citations
2139:
2138:
2131:
2068:two-round system
1947:Condorcet cycles
1943:Condorcet winner
1849:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1829:
1826:inline citations
1802:
1801:
1794:
1784:two-round system
1754:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1734:
1731:inline citations
1707:
1706:
1699:
1671:simple plurality
1478:Electoral system
1465:
1464:
1298:plurality voting
1239:. If Republican
1153:Condorcet winner
1038:runoff elections
1006:alternative vote
971:
964:
957:
943:
942:
930:
929:
918:
917:
873:Positive results
768:Strategic voting
665:Majority jackpot
622:
611:
482:Liquid democracy
358:National remnant
348:Highest averages
285:
270:
255:
187:
178:Alternative vote
176:
160:Partisan primary
152:
93:Mechanism design
46:
45:
21:
8736:
8735:
8731:
8730:
8729:
8727:
8726:
8725:
8696:
8695:
8694:
8689:
8686:Politics Portal
8674:
8619:For a "No" vote
8614:
8602:Financial Times
8595:The Independent
8564:
8548:
8530:Advocacy groups
8521:
8507:Socialist Party
8477:Communist Party
8465:For a "No" vote
8460:
8434:
8405:Scottish Greens
8395:Pirate Party UK
8360:Christian Party
8336:
8320:
8310:
8301:
8296:
8266:
8261:
8240:
8214:
8144:
8083:
8046:
8023:Representatives
8022:
8016:
7983:
7974:Longest service
7948:
7902:Representatives
7901:
7895:
7841:
7835:
7826:
7793:
7788:
7758:
7753:
7736:
7715:
7669:
7660:Smith criterion
7573:
7540:
7501:Parallel voting
7483:
7479:Imperiali quota
7452:
7419:
7337:
7291:Contingent vote
7254:Nanson's method
7212:Unified primary
7202:Approval voting
7188:
7171:
7166:
7125:
7120:
7119:
7109:
7107:
7105:The Aspen Times
7097:
7090:
7050:
7046:
7036:
7014:
7010:
6987:
6983:
6940:
6933:
6899:
6895:
6887:
6866:
6859:
6846:
6844:
6834:
6830:
6816:
6814:
6804:
6797:
6787:
6785:
6775:
6768:
6758:
6756:
6755:on 25 July 2018
6743:
6742:
6738:
6728:
6726:
6718:
6717:
6713:
6690:
6686:
6663:
6659:
6654:on 3 June 2013.
6644:
6640:
6618:
6614:
6606:
6600:
6596:
6583:
6581:
6573:
6572:
6568:
6558:
6556:
6555:on 9 March 2008
6547:
6546:
6542:
6532:
6530:
6520:
6516:
6506:
6504:
6497:"Voting system"
6495:
6494:
6490:
6478:
6474:
6465:
6463:
6456:
6455:
6451:
6441:
6439:
6435:
6424:
6420:
6419:
6415:
6406:
6402:
6393:
6389:
6382:
6368:
6361:
6351:
6349:
6341:
6340:
6336:
6326:
6324:
6314:
6310:
6300:
6298:
6297:on 4 April 2018
6285:
6284:
6280:
6270:
6268:
6263:
6262:
6258:
6254:electoral votes
6253:
6249:
6238:Ceann Comhairle
6235:
6231:
6213:
6209:
6187:
6183:
6173:
6171:
6163:
6162:
6158:
6148:
6146:
6138:
6137:
6133:
6123:
6121:
6116:
6115:
6111:
6096:
6092:
6082:
6080:
6073:"How RCV Works"
6071:
6070:
6066:
6049:
6048:
6041:
6023:
6021:
6017:
6010:
6004:
6000:
5991:
5987:
5977:
5975:
5966:
5965:
5961:
5951:
5949:
5940:
5939:
5935:
5925:
5923:
5914:
5913:
5909:
5894:
5890:
5880:
5878:
5873:
5872:
5868:
5858:
5856:
5849:
5845:
5832:
5831:
5827:
5817:
5815:
5805:
5801:
5791:
5789:
5780:
5779:
5775:
5762:
5760:
5757:Baber v. Dunlap
5752:
5747:
5743:
5733:
5731:
5721:
5717:
5707:
5705:
5694:
5690:
5673:
5669:
5626:
5622:
5612:
5610:
5583:
5577:
5570:
5560:
5544:
5540:
5526:
5510:
5506:
5491:
5490:
5486:
5455:
5451:
5441:
5439:
5438:on 15 June 2011
5435:
5428:
5424:
5423:
5419:
5409:
5407:
5398:
5397:
5393:
5383:
5381:
5376:
5375:
5371:
5345:10.2307/1954543
5329:
5325:
5308:
5304:
5265:
5261:
5226:
5222:
5212:
5210:
5209:. 10 April 2017
5205:
5204:
5200:
5190:
5188:
5183:
5182:
5178:
5168:
5166:
5165:. 23 April 2014
5157:
5156:
5152:
5142:
5140:
5127:
5126:
5122:
5115:
5101:
5097:
5087:
5085:
5077:
5076:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5061:
5048:
5044:
5039:
5017:
5011:
5009:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4994:
4989:
4985:
4980:
4973:
4967:
4958:
4953:
4949:
4944:
4940:
4931:
4922:
4894:
4877:
3657:
3597:Condorcet loser
3586:Mutual majority
3572:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3551:
3540:
3534:
3531:
3516:
3500:
3489:
3483:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3252:
3247:
3242:
2967:
2961:
2930:
2926:
2902:
2898:
2871:
2867:
2837:
2833:
2800:
2796:
2760:
2756:
2558:
2508:
2504:
2394:
2388:
2383:
2362:
2351:
2345:
2342:
2327:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2291:
2270:
2264:
2240:
2238:Spoiler effects
2223:mutual majority
2196:
2187:
2176:
2170:
2167:
2152:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2112:mutual majority
2084:Condorcet loser
2080:
2044:
2002:New South Wales
1972:
1956:
1941:always elect a
1904:
1877:Mayor of London
1866:contingent vote
1850:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1815:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1790:Contingent vote
1755:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1720:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1692:
1690:Similar methods
1653:
1640:4 (out of 100)
1625:3 (out of 435)
1471:Body or office
1463:
1458:
1452:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1412:History and use
1327:
1310:
1294:
1278:
1273:
1253:
1251:Proportionality
1221:
1215:
1210:
1204:
1202:Tactical voting
1191:
1186:
1161:
1145:
1140:
1074:
1069:
975:
937:
936:
924:
912:
904:
903:
870:
846:Arrow's theorem
836:
826:
825:
794:
764:
753:No-show paradox
734:
720:Cloning paradox
710:Spoiler effects
707:
697:
696:
671:
558:
541:
531:
530:
503:
494:Maximal lottery
461:
442:Thiele's method
431:
401:
333:
323:
322:
308:Approval voting
296:Cardinal voting
292:
237:
231:Maximal lottery
195:
127:
117:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8734:
8724:
8723:
8718:
8713:
8708:
8691:
8690:
8683:
8680:
8679:
8676:
8675:
8673:
8672:
8665:
8658:
8651:
8644:
8637:
8630:
8622:
8620:
8616:
8615:
8613:
8612:
8605:
8598:
8591:
8583:
8581:
8574:
8570:
8569:
8566:
8565:
8563:
8562:
8556:
8554:
8550:
8549:
8547:
8546:
8540:
8538:
8531:
8527:
8526:
8523:
8522:
8520:
8519:
8514:
8509:
8504:
8499:
8494:
8489:
8484:
8479:
8474:
8468:
8466:
8462:
8461:
8459:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8442:
8440:
8436:
8435:
8433:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8351:
8349:
8342:
8338:
8337:
8335:
8334:
8328:
8326:
8322:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8312:
8311:
8306:
8303:
8302:
8295:
8294:
8287:
8280:
8272:
8263:
8262:
8260:
8259:
8254:
8248:
8246:
8242:
8241:
8239:
8238:
8233:
8228:
8222:
8220:
8216:
8215:
8213:
8212:
8207:
8202:
8197:
8192:
8187:
8181:
8175:
8170:
8165:
8160:
8154:
8152:
8146:
8145:
8143:
8142:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8120:King's Consent
8117:
8112:
8107:
8102:
8100:Joint meetings
8097:
8091:
8089:
8085:
8084:
8082:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8060:
8058:
8052:
8051:
8048:
8047:
8045:
8044:
8039:
8026:
8024:
8018:
8017:
8015:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7991:
7989:
7982:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7960:
7958:
7954:
7953:
7950:
7949:
7947:
7946:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7919:Prime Minister
7916:
7911:
7905:
7903:
7897:
7896:
7894:
7893:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7852:
7850:
7843:
7837:
7836:
7829:
7827:
7825:
7824:
7819:
7814:
7801:
7799:
7795:
7794:
7787:
7786:
7779:
7772:
7764:
7755:
7754:
7741:
7738:
7737:
7735:
7734:
7729:
7723:
7721:
7717:
7716:
7714:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7677:
7675:
7671:
7670:
7668:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7581:
7579:
7575:
7574:
7572:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7559:Limited voting
7556:
7550:
7548:
7542:
7541:
7539:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7497:
7495:
7489:
7488:
7485:
7484:
7482:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7460:
7458:
7454:
7453:
7451:
7450:
7445:
7444:
7443:
7438:
7427:
7425:
7421:
7420:
7418:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7406:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7354:
7352:
7345:
7339:
7338:
7336:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7299:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7286:Coombs' method
7278:
7273:
7268:
7267:
7266:
7264:Schulze method
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7226:
7224:Bucklin voting
7221:
7216:
7215:
7214:
7209:
7198:
7196:
7190:
7189:
7176:
7173:
7172:
7165:
7164:
7157:
7150:
7142:
7136:
7135:
7124:
7123:External links
7121:
7118:
7117:
7088:
7044:
7034:
7008:
6997:(3): 378â389.
6981:
6931:
6893:
6870:Phoenix L. Rev
6857:
6828:
6806:Totten, Shay.
6795:
6783:Rutland Herald
6766:
6736:
6711:
6700:(2): 183â189.
6684:
6673:(3): 133â146.
6657:
6638:
6612:
6594:
6566:
6540:
6514:
6488:
6472:
6449:
6438:on 16 May 2008
6413:
6400:
6387:
6380:
6359:
6334:
6308:
6278:
6256:
6247:
6240:or Speaker of
6229:
6207:
6181:
6156:
6131:
6109:
6090:
6064:
6055:City of London
6039:
5998:
5985:
5959:
5933:
5907:
5888:
5866:
5843:
5825:
5813:www.abc.net.au
5799:
5773:
5741:
5715:
5688:
5667:
5620:
5594:(3): 378â389.
5568:
5558:
5538:
5524:
5504:
5501:. 20 May 2022.
5484:
5449:
5417:
5391:
5369:
5323:
5302:
5259:
5220:
5198:
5176:
5150:
5139:on 8 July 2006
5120:
5113:
5095:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5060:
5059:
5049:Following the
5041:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5028:
5016:
5013:
5005:
5004:
5002:
5001:
4992:
4983:
4971:
4956:
4947:
4938:
4934:absolute scale
4920:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4867:
4866:Ranking
4864:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4852:
4849:
4846:
4843:
4840:
4837:
4834:
4831:
4828:
4825:
4822:
4816:
4815:
4812:
4809:
4806:
4803:
4800:
4797:
4794:
4791:
4788:
4785:
4782:
4779:
4776:
4773:
4770:
4764:
4763:
4760:
4757:
4754:
4751:
4748:
4745:
4742:
4739:
4736:
4733:
4730:
4727:
4724:
4721:
4718:
4711:
4710:
4707:
4704:
4701:
4698:
4695:
4692:
4689:
4685:
4682:
4679:
4676:
4673:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4656:Ranking
4654:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4641:
4638:
4635:
4632:
4629:
4626:
4623:
4620:
4617:
4614:
4611:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4592:
4589:
4586:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4574:
4571:
4568:
4565:
4562:
4559:
4553:
4552:
4551:Ranking
4549:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4536:
4533:
4530:
4527:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4515:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4500:
4499:
4496:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4431:
4428:
4425:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4413:
4410:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4393:Ranking
4391:
4388:
4385:
4382:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4370:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4349:
4343:
4342:
4341:Ranking
4339:
4336:
4333:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4320:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4287:Ranking
4285:
4282:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4270:
4267:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4235:Ranking
4233:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4215:
4212:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4194:
4191:
4189:Instant-runoff
4185:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4175:
4172:
4168:
4165:
4162:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4149:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4135:
4133:Highest median
4129:
4128:
4127:Ranking
4125:
4122:
4119:
4116:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4101:
4098:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4075:Ranking
4073:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4061:
4058:
4055:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4040:
4037:
4034:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4023:Ranking
4021:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3971:Ranking
3969:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3919:Ranking
3917:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3867:Ranking
3865:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3815:Ranking
3813:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3664:Anti-plurality
3660:
3659:
3654:
3648:
3642:
3636:
3631:
3629:Monotone
3626:
3621:
3611:
3605:
3599:
3594:
3588:
3583:
3581:Majority loser
3578:
3573:
3568:
3565:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3535:September 2024
3503:
3501:
3494:
3485:Main article:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3406:James Simpson
3404:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3344:Andy Montroll
3342:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3264:Transfer votes
3256:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3236:
3224:too many votes
3194:Mathematicians
3188:spoiler effect
3176:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3084:
3083:Andy Montroll
3080:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3065:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3022:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2922:
2919:
2914:Alan Menadue (
2911:
2910:
2905:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2724:
2719:Neil Pharaoh (
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2631:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2500:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2364:
2363:
2318:
2316:
2309:
2303:
2300:
2290:
2287:
2263:
2260:
2239:
2236:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2171:September 2024
2143:
2141:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2079:
2076:
2043:
2040:
1971:
1968:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1934:
1931:
1924:
1917:South Carolina
1903:
1900:
1852:
1851:
1806:
1804:
1797:
1791:
1788:
1757:
1756:
1711:
1709:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1667:Robert's Rules
1652:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1587:
1584:
1574:
1573:United States
1570:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:Head of State
1517:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1454:Main article:
1451:
1448:
1424:
1421:
1416:Main article:
1413:
1410:
1401:South Carolina
1326:
1323:
1309:
1306:
1293:
1290:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1252:
1249:
1219:Spoiler effect
1217:Main article:
1214:
1213:Spoiler effect
1211:
1203:
1200:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1160:
1157:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1059:, and for the
1048:of elections.
977:
976:
974:
973:
966:
959:
951:
948:
947:
935:
934:
922:
909:
906:
905:
902:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
869:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
837:
832:
831:
828:
827:
824:
823:
818:
813:
808:
793:
792:
790:Turkey-raising
787:
782:
777:
763:
762:
761:
760:
750:
745:
733:
732:
730:Center squeeze
727:
722:
717:
715:Spoiler effect
708:
703:
702:
699:
698:
695:
694:
689:
688:
687:
674:By ballot type
670:
669:
668:
667:
662:
657:
647:
646:
645:
644:
643:
638:
628:
627:
626:
615:
592:
591:
590:
585:
580:
575:
557:
556:
551:
542:
537:
536:
533:
532:
529:
528:
526:Limited voting
523:
522:
521:
502:
501:
496:
491:
486:
485:
484:
479:
460:
459:
454:
449:
444:
430:
429:
424:
419:
414:
400:
399:
398:
397:
395:Localized list
392:
387:
382:
377:
367:
366:
365:
363:Biproportional
360:
355:
350:
334:
329:
328:
325:
324:
321:
320:
315:
310:
305:
291:
290:
275:
260:
236:
235:
234:
233:
228:
223:
218:
208:
194:
193:
192:
191:
180:
167:Instant-runoff
164:
163:
162:
154:Jungle primary
141:
130:Single vote -
128:
123:
122:
119:
118:
116:
115:
105:
100:
95:
90:
84:
81:
80:
70:
69:
59:
58:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8733:
8722:
8719:
8717:
8714:
8712:
8709:
8707:
8704:
8703:
8701:
8688:
8687:
8681:
8671:
8670:
8666:
8664:
8663:
8662:The Economist
8659:
8657:
8656:
8652:
8650:
8649:
8648:Daily Express
8645:
8643:
8642:
8638:
8636:
8635:
8631:
8629:
8628:
8624:
8623:
8621:
8617:
8611:
8610:
8606:
8604:
8603:
8599:
8597:
8596:
8592:
8590:
8589:
8585:
8584:
8582:
8578:
8575:
8571:
8561:
8558:
8557:
8555:
8551:
8545:
8542:
8541:
8539:
8535:
8532:
8528:
8518:
8515:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8503:
8502:Respect Party
8500:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8490:
8488:
8485:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8475:
8473:
8470:
8469:
8467:
8463:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8443:
8441:
8439:Neutral/split
8437:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8390:Mebyon Kernow
8388:
8386:
8385:Liberal Party
8383:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8352:
8350:
8346:
8343:
8339:
8333:
8330:
8329:
8327:
8323:
8317:
8313:
8309:
8304:
8300:
8293:
8288:
8286:
8281:
8279:
8274:
8273:
8270:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8249:
8247:
8243:
8237:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8223:
8221:
8217:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8203:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8182:
8180:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8155:
8153:
8151:
8147:
8141:
8140:House of Reps
8138: |
8137:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8105:Question time
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8092:
8090:
8086:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8061:
8059:
8057:
8053:
8043:
8040:
8036:
8031:
8028:
8027:
8025:
8019:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8001:
7996:
7993:
7992:
7990:
7986:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7961:
7959:
7955:
7944:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7906:
7904:
7898:
7891:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7853:
7851:
7847:
7844:
7840:Parliamentary
7838:
7833:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7811:
7806:
7803:
7802:
7800:
7796:
7792:
7785:
7780:
7778:
7773:
7771:
7766:
7765:
7762:
7752:
7751:
7746:
7745:
7739:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7724:
7722:
7718:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7678:
7676:
7672:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7582:
7580:
7576:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7551:
7549:
7547:
7543:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7498:
7496:
7494:
7490:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7461:
7459:
7455:
7449:
7446:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7433:
7432:
7429:
7428:
7426:
7422:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7390:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7355:
7353:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7340:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7283:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7231:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7204:
7203:
7200:
7199:
7197:
7195:
7194:Single-winner
7191:
7187:
7185:
7181:
7174:
7170:
7163:
7158:
7156:
7151:
7149:
7144:
7143:
7140:
7134:
7130:
7127:
7126:
7106:
7102:
7095:
7093:
7085:
7081:
7077:
7072:
7071:11250/2356264
7067:
7063:
7059:
7055:
7048:
7041:
7037:
7035:9780698163843
7031:
7027:
7022:
7021:
7012:
7004:
7000:
6996:
6992:
6985:
6978:
6973:
6969:
6965:
6961:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6944:Public Choice
6938:
6936:
6928:
6924:
6920:
6916:
6912:
6908:
6904:
6897:
6890:
6883:
6879:
6875:
6871:
6864:
6862:
6854:
6843:
6839:
6832:
6825:
6813:
6809:
6802:
6800:
6784:
6780:
6773:
6771:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6740:
6725:
6721:
6715:
6707:
6703:
6699:
6695:
6688:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6661:
6653:
6649:
6642:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6623:
6616:
6605:
6598:
6591:
6580:
6576:
6570:
6554:
6550:
6544:
6529:
6525:
6518:
6502:
6498:
6492:
6485:
6481:
6476:
6461:
6460:
6453:
6434:
6430:
6423:
6417:
6410:
6404:
6397:
6391:
6383:
6377:
6373:
6366:
6364:
6348:
6344:
6338:
6323:
6319:
6312:
6296:
6292:
6288:
6282:
6266:
6260:
6251:
6243:
6239:
6233:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6211:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6185:
6170:
6166:
6160:
6145:
6141:
6135:
6119:
6113:
6105:
6101:
6094:
6078:
6074:
6068:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6046:
6044:
6036:
6031:
6016:
6009:
6002:
5995:
5989:
5973:
5969:
5963:
5947:
5943:
5937:
5921:
5917:
5911:
5903:
5899:
5892:
5876:
5870:
5855:. New America
5854:
5847:
5839:
5835:
5829:
5814:
5810:
5803:
5787:
5783:
5777:
5770:
5758:
5751:
5745:
5730:
5726:
5719:
5703:
5699:
5692:
5683:
5678:
5671:
5664:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5624:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5582:
5575:
5573:
5565:
5561:
5559:9781429957649
5555:
5551:
5550:
5542:
5535:
5533:
5527:
5525:9780898716955
5521:
5517:
5516:
5508:
5500:
5499:
5494:
5488:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5453:
5434:
5427:
5421:
5405:
5404:ABC Elections
5401:
5395:
5379:
5373:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5327:
5318:
5313:
5306:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5263:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5224:
5208:
5202:
5186:
5180:
5164:
5160:
5154:
5138:
5134:
5133:Mtholyoke.edu
5130:
5124:
5116:
5110:
5106:
5099:
5084:
5080:
5074:
5070:
5056:
5052:
5046:
5042:
5032:
5029:
5026:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5012:
4996:
4987:
4978:
4976:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4951:
4942:
4935:
4929:
4927:
4925:
4917:
4913:
4912:later-no-help
4909:
4908:later-no-harm
4905:
4904:participation
4901:
4897:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4869:
4862:
4859:
4856:
4853:
4850:
4847:
4844:
4841:
4838:
4835:
4832:
4829:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4810:
4807:
4804:
4801:
4798:
4795:
4792:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4758:
4755:
4752:
4749:
4746:
4743:
4740:
4737:
4734:
4731:
4728:
4725:
4722:
4719:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4705:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4693:
4690:
4686:
4683:
4680:
4677:
4674:
4671:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4652:
4649:
4646:
4642:
4639:
4636:
4633:
4630:
4627:
4624:
4621:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4590:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4547:
4544:
4541:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4516:
4513:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4494:
4491:
4488:
4485:
4482:
4479:
4476:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4451:Random ballot
4449:
4448:
4441:
4438:
4435:
4432:
4429:
4426:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4414:
4411:
4408:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4368:
4365:
4362:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4337:
4334:
4330:
4327:
4324:
4321:
4318:
4315:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4283:
4280:
4277:
4274:
4271:
4268:
4265:
4262:
4259:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4231:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4219:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4169:
4166:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4071:
4068:
4065:
4062:
4059:
4056:
4053:
4050:
4047:
4044:
4041:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4019:
4016:
4013:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3655:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3645:Later-no-help
3643:
3640:
3639:Later-no-harm
3637:
3635:
3634:Participation
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3564:
3563:
3549:
3546:
3538:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3504:This section
3502:
3498:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3258:Maximum votes
3233:
3227:
3225:
3220:
3218:
3217:majority rule
3214:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2973:
2966:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:Alan Walker (
2848:
2847:
2844:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2495:Austin Currie
2493:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2476:Brian Lenihan
2474:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2453:Mary Robinson
2451:
2450:
2440:
2439:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2426:Mary Robinson
2423:
2419:
2418:Austin Currie
2415:
2411:
2410:Brian Lenihan
2407:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2360:
2357:
2349:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2319:This section
2317:
2308:
2307:
2299:
2296:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2185:
2182:
2174:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2144:This section
2142:
2133:
2132:
2124:
2122:
2121:resolvability
2118:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2101:
2100:later-no-harm
2097:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2037:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:and for most
2023:
2019:
2018:donkey voting
2015:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1994:bullet voting
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1858:
1848:
1845:
1837:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1807:This section
1805:
1796:
1795:
1787:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1776:American Idol
1772:
1767:
1764:
1753:
1750:
1742:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1712:This section
1710:
1701:
1700:
1695:Runoff voting
1687:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1678:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1651:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:IRV in Maine
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1479:
1466:
1457:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1419:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1371:ranked-choice
1368:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1350:San Francisco
1346:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1332:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1308:Participation
1305:
1303:
1299:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1209:
1199:
1196:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1135:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1106:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1078:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1030:ranked voting
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
972:
967:
965:
960:
958:
953:
952:
950:
949:
946:
941:
933:
928:
923:
921:
916:
911:
910:
908:
907:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
889:May's theorem
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
876:
875:
874:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
843:
842:
841:
835:
830:
829:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
803:
802:
801:
800:
799:majority rule
797:Paradoxes of
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
772:
771:
770:
769:
759:
756:
755:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
740:
739:
738:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
712:
711:
706:
701:
700:
693:
690:
686:
683:
682:
681:
678:
677:
676:
675:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
652:
651:
648:
642:
639:
637:
634:
633:
632:
629:
625:
620:
616:
614:
609:
605:
604:
603:
600:
599:
598:
597:
593:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
570:
569:
568:
563:
562:
561:
555:
552:
550:
547:
546:
545:
540:
539:Mixed systems
535:
534:
527:
524:
520:
517:
516:
515:
512:
511:
510:
509:
508:
500:
499:Random ballot
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
483:
480:
478:
475:
474:
473:
470:
469:
468:
467:
466:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
439:
438:
437:
436:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
409:
408:
407:
406:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
372:
371:
368:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
345:
344:
343:Apportionment
341:
340:
339:
338:
332:
327:
326:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
300:
299:
298:
297:
288:
284:
279:
278:Antiplurality
276:
273:
269:
264:
261:
258:
254:
249:
246:
245:
244:
243:
242:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
213:
212:
209:
207:
206:Condorcet-IRV
204:
203:
202:
201:
200:
190:
185:
181:
179:
174:
170:
169:
168:
165:
161:
158:
157:
155:
150:
145:
142:
140:
137:
136:
135:
133:
126:
121:
120:
113:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
88:Social choice
86:
85:
83:
82:
76:
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:Social choice
61:
60:
56:
52:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:ranked voting
33:
19:
8684:
8667:
8660:
8653:
8646:
8639:
8632:
8625:
8609:Daily Mirror
8607:
8600:
8593:
8588:The Guardian
8586:
8446:Labour Party
8200:By-elections
8184:
8134:Committees:
8125:Royal assent
7979:Independents
7748:
7742:
7358:Mixed-member
7343:Proportional
7318:Score voting
7280:
7259:Ranked pairs
7178:Part of the
7177:
7108:. Retrieved
7104:
7083:
7053:
7047:
7039:
7019:
7011:
6994:
6990:
6984:
6975:
6950:(1â2): 1â9.
6947:
6943:
6926:
6906:
6902:
6896:
6885:
6873:
6869:
6852:
6845:. Retrieved
6842:FairVote.org
6841:
6831:
6822:
6815:. Retrieved
6811:
6786:. Retrieved
6782:
6757:. Retrieved
6753:the original
6748:
6739:
6727:. Retrieved
6723:
6714:
6697:
6693:
6687:
6670:
6666:
6660:
6652:the original
6641:
6633:
6629:
6625:
6615:
6597:
6589:
6582:. Retrieved
6578:
6569:
6557:. Retrieved
6553:the original
6543:
6531:. Retrieved
6527:
6517:
6505:. Retrieved
6500:
6491:
6480:Antony Green
6475:
6464:, retrieved
6458:
6452:
6440:. Retrieved
6433:the original
6428:
6416:
6408:
6403:
6395:
6390:
6371:
6350:. Retrieved
6346:
6337:
6325:. Retrieved
6321:
6311:
6299:. Retrieved
6295:the original
6290:
6281:
6269:. Retrieved
6259:
6250:
6242:DĂĄil Ăireann
6232:
6224:
6220:
6210:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6184:
6172:. Retrieved
6168:
6159:
6147:. Retrieved
6143:
6134:
6122:. Retrieved
6112:
6103:
6093:
6081:. Retrieved
6076:
6067:
6059:the original
6054:
6033:
6028:– via
6022:. Retrieved
6015:the original
6001:
5988:
5976:. Retrieved
5972:The Guardian
5971:
5962:
5950:. Retrieved
5945:
5936:
5924:. Retrieved
5919:
5910:
5901:
5891:
5879:. Retrieved
5869:
5857:. Retrieved
5846:
5837:
5828:
5816:. Retrieved
5812:
5802:
5790:. Retrieved
5785:
5776:
5767:– via
5761:, retrieved
5756:
5744:
5732:. Retrieved
5729:Maine Public
5728:
5718:
5706:. Retrieved
5702:The Guardian
5701:
5691:
5682:2209.04764v1
5670:
5661:
5633:
5623:
5611:. Retrieved
5591:
5587:
5563:
5548:
5541:
5531:
5529:
5514:
5507:
5496:
5487:
5462:
5458:
5452:
5440:. Retrieved
5433:the original
5420:
5408:. Retrieved
5403:
5394:
5382:. Retrieved
5372:
5364:
5336:
5332:
5326:
5305:
5272:
5262:
5237:
5233:
5223:
5211:. Retrieved
5201:
5189:. Retrieved
5179:
5167:. Retrieved
5162:
5153:
5141:. Retrieved
5137:the original
5132:
5123:
5104:
5098:
5086:. Retrieved
5082:
5073:
5045:
5010:
4995:
4986:
4950:
4941:
4871:Table Notes
4603:Single mark
4504:Ranked pairs
4498:Single mark
4445:Single mark
4241:KemenyâYoung
4188:
3710:Single mark
3541:
3532:
3517:Please help
3505:
3313:Kurt Wright
3266:
3221:
3210:
3192:
3182:
3179:
3067:
3059:
3051:Kurt Wright
3041:
3017:
2989:
2950:
2945:
2935:
2907:
2876:
2842:
2805:
2765:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2586:
2559:
2513:
2468:
2463:
2430:Labour Party
2395:
2375:
2367:
2352:
2343:
2320:
2292:
2271:
2256:score voting
2252:ranked pairs
2241:
2220:
2208:
2197:
2177:
2168:
2145:
2105:
2093:
2081:
2060:
2045:
2033:
2030:
2010:
1987:
1984:
1957:
1905:
1897:
1889:
1870:
1863:
1840:
1831:
1808:
1781:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1760:
1745:
1736:
1713:
1681:
1675:
1666:
1656:
1654:
1649:
1620:
1598:
1532:DĂĄil Ăireann
1482:Total seats
1433:
1426:
1394:
1375:
1347:
1335:
1328:
1311:
1295:
1279:
1254:
1245:Mary Peltola
1230:
1226:
1222:
1192:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1149:wasted votes
1146:
1121:
1109:
1101:
1087:
1083:
1053:in Australia
1050:
1042:rated voting
1034:
1032:in general.
1021:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
980:
872:
871:
838:
796:
795:
780:Exaggeration
766:
765:
736:
735:
709:
673:
672:
641:Mixed ballot
596:Compensatory
594:
567:compensatory
564:
559:
543:
505:
504:
463:
462:
433:
432:
403:
402:
390:List-free PR
335:
303:Score voting
294:
293:
256:
239:
238:
226:Ranked pairs
197:
196:
188:
166:
129:
43:
8573:Print media
8400:Plaid Cymru
8325:Legislation
8195:Electorates
8056:Parliaments
7701:Spoilt vote
7464:Droop quota
7403:Schulze STV
7378:Ruralâurban
7323:STAR voting
7219:Borda count
6729:23 November
6632:: 207â208.
6584:15 December
6559:15 February
6533:28 November
6507:17 November
6411:, 1985 ed.
6352:17 November
6347:Ballotpedia
6271:10 November
5978:13 February
5881:18 February
5859:28 February
5838:New America
5750:"Complaint"
5240:: 144â152.
5213:18 February
5191:15 February
4900:consistency
3371:Independent
3276:Progressive
3202:pathologies
3115:Independent
3025:Progressive
2975:Candidates
2675:Sam Hibbins
2574:Sam Hibbins
2414:Fianna FĂĄil
2346:August 2024
1860:Top-two IRV
1834:August 2024
1739:August 2024
1436:Thomas Hare
1378:Thomas Hare
1354:Minneapolis
1325:Terminology
1314:New America
1282:Paul LePage
1257:Droop quota
1241:Sarah Palin
1105:Droop quota
680:Single vote
583:Conditional
578:Coexistence
427:Quota Borda
417:Schulze STV
375:Closed list
318:STAR voting
263:Borda count
8700:Categories
8634:Daily Mail
8007:Appointees
7798:Components
7720:Comparison
7474:Hare quota
7424:Allocation
7410:Spare vote
7398:Hare-Clark
7368:Party-list
6812:Seven Days
6398:, 4th ed.
6174:28 January
5818:1 November
5763:13 January
5734:14 January
5384:9 December
5317:2301.12075
5163:Aec.gov.au
5065:References
4529:LIIA Only
4266:LIIA Only
3375:Dan Smith
3340:Democratic
3309:Republican
3238:Candidate
3111:Dan Smith
3055:Republican
2984:3rd round
2981:2nd round
2978:1st round
2963:See also:
2936:Eliminated
2908:Eliminated
2877:Eliminated
2843:Eliminated
2806:Eliminated
2766:Eliminated
2597:Candidate
2572:candidate
2546:1,584,095
2540:1,584,095
2514:Eliminated
2441:Candidate
2390:See also:
2330:improve it
2298:failures.
2155:improve it
2036:spare vote
2006:Queensland
1970:Variations
1893:tactically
1818:improve it
1723:improve it
1490:Australia
1450:Global use
1318:think tank
1206:See also:
1055:, for the
1026:conflating
1004:), or the
785:Truncation
514:Cumulative
337:Party-list
112:By country
103:Comparison
8641:The Times
8420:Sinn FĂ©in
8219:Locations
8150:Elections
8088:Procedure
7711:Unseating
7706:Sortition
7308:Plurality
7184:Economics
6964:0048-5829
6923:0165-4896
6909:: 57â66.
6847:1 October
6124:17 August
6083:17 August
6024:25 August
5952:9 October
5926:9 October
5792:17 August
5658:155750146
5650:1556-5068
5613:9 January
5608:255657135
5465:: 41â49.
5442:15 August
5410:15 August
5353:0003-0554
5289:1556-5068
5254:0261-3794
5027:in the UK
4918:criteria.
4715:Sortition
4399:Plurality
3608:Smith-IIA
3566:Criterion
3506:does not
3432:Write-in
3153:Exhausted
2990:Candidate
2582:Coalition
2422:Fine Gael
2334:verifying
2159:verifying
1873:Sri Lanka
1822:verifying
1761:The term
1727:verifying
1577:President
1515:President
1395:When the
1280:Governor
1271:Criticism
1132:#Examples
692:Dual-vote
385:Panachage
380:Open list
370:List type
248:Plurality
144:Two-round
132:plurality
55:Economics
8245:See also
8177:Senate:
8035:previous
8021:House of
8000:previous
7900:House of
7842:officers
7578:Criteria
7531:Scorporo
7180:politics
7110:17 March
6972:30833409
6817:17 March
6788:17 March
6077:FairVote
6030:FairVote
5704:. London
5518:. SIAM.
5479:11159132
5169:30 April
5015:See also
4029:Copeland
3716:Approval
3576:Majority
3281:Bob Kiss
3251:Share in
3211:Several
3184:FairVote
3087:Democrat
3019:Bob Kiss
2499:267,902
2486:731,273
2480:694,484
2457:612,265
2447:Round 2
2444:Round 1
2381:Examples
2054:and the
1913:Arkansas
1599:at-large
1511:Ireland
1468:Country
1405:Arkansas
1367:FairVote
1339:misnomer
1012:), is a
412:Hare STV
51:Politics
49:A joint
8627:The Sun
8341:Parties
8308:Results
8030:Current
7995:Current
7957:Members
7750:Project
7441:D'Hondt
7393:CPO-STV
7351:Systems
7080:2670462
6977:failure
6882:2276015
6876:: 117.
6759:25 July
6466:16 June
6327:13 June
6301:8 April
6201:: 206.
6149:1 March
5920:bbc.com
5708:1 April
5663:winning
5636:: 340.
5361:1954543
5297:1858374
5057:system.
4814:Scores
4709:Scores
4609:Schulze
4293:Minimax
4183:Scores
4081:Dodgson
3925:Bucklin
3769:Baldwin
3656:Ballot
3527:removed
3512:sources
3472:
3469:
3451:
3448:
3423:
3420:
3392:
3389:
3361:
3358:
3330:
3327:
3299:
3296:
3253:maximum
3246:Maximum
3241:Maximum
3133:Others
2666:18,363
2566:Prahran
2529:34,992
2464:817,830
2428:of the
2328:Please
2232:recurse
2153:Please
1958:In the
1816:Please
1721:Please
1423:History
1390:Bucklin
1263:by the
1072:Process
422:CPO-STV
272:Baldwin
221:Schulze
216:Minimax
134:methods
8560:NOtoAV
8136:Senate
7988:Senate
7849:Senate
7817:Senate
7744:Portal
7681:Ballot
7457:Quotas
7186:series
7078:
7032:
6970:
6962:
6921:
6880:
6378:
5656:
5648:
5606:
5556:
5522:
5477:
5359:
5351:
5295:
5287:
5252:
5111:
5088:30 May
4914:, and
4557:Runoff
4347:Nanson
3977:Coombs
3571:Method
3384:14.5%
3381:1,306
3353:28.4%
3350:2,554
3322:45.2%
3319:4,061
3291:48.0%
3288:4,313
3255:round
3248:votes
3243:round
3235:Party
3128:â1306
3122:+1306
3106:â2554
3094:+2063
3064:+2951
3046:+1332
3032:+2585
3009:Votes
3003:Votes
2997:Votes
2994:Party
2951:37,003
2942:Total
2726:25.9%
2708:18,640
2699:9,403
2696:9,310
2693:9,218
2690:9,171
2687:9,160
2684:24.8%
2669:49.6%
2662:17,076
2657:16,843
2652:16,726
2647:16,644
2642:16,592
2637:16,582
2633:44.8%
2537:Total
2523:9,444
2489:46.2%
2483:43.8%
2460:38.9%
2424:, and
2014:spoilt
1988:In an
1633:Senate
1590:Alaska
1485:Notes
1388:, and
1362:Alaska
1360:, and
287:Coombs
57:series
8042:Women
8012:Women
7939:Whips
7914:Clerk
7886:Whips
7861:Clerk
7674:Other
7493:Mixed
6968:S2CID
6888:'
6607:(PDF)
6442:6 May
6436:(PDF)
6425:(PDF)
6018:(PDF)
6011:(PDF)
5769:Recap
5753:(PDF)
5677:arXiv
5654:S2CID
5604:S2CID
5584:(PDF)
5498:9News
5475:S2CID
5436:(PDF)
5429:(PDF)
5357:JSTOR
5312:arXiv
5143:6 May
5037:Notes
4762:None
4662:Score
3873:Borda
3821:Black
3658:type
3602:Smith
3464:6.7%
3443:0.4%
3415:0.4%
3402:Green
3174:+455
3168:+147
3119:1306
3100:+491
3097:2554
3091:2063
3078:+767
3075:4061
3072:+343
3038:+396
3035:2981
3029:2585
2921:0.2%
2890:0.6%
2856:0.8%
2819:0.7%
2779:2.3%
2754:9,948
2750:9,758
2745:9,690
2740:9,639
2735:9,593
2730:9,586
2713:50.4%
2703:9,979
2570:Green
2549:100%
2543:100%
2532:2.2%
2526:0.6%
2502:16.9%
2469:51.6%
1594:Maine
1579:(via
1386:Borda
1358:Maine
624:'MMP'
613:'AMS'
8425:UKIP
8415:SDLP
8168:List
8163:Next
8158:Last
7943:list
7890:list
7805:King
7182:and
7112:2018
7076:SSRN
7030:ISBN
6960:ISSN
6919:ISSN
6878:SSRN
6849:2017
6824:IRV.
6819:2018
6790:2018
6761:2018
6731:2009
6586:2016
6561:2008
6535:2020
6509:2020
6468:2013
6444:2010
6376:ISBN
6354:2020
6329:2018
6303:2018
6273:2016
6236:The
6176:2015
6151:2015
6126:2019
6085:2018
6026:2009
5980:2021
5954:2019
5928:2019
5883:2008
5861:2023
5820:2020
5794:2019
5765:2019
5736:2019
5710:2011
5646:ISSN
5615:2024
5554:ISBN
5520:ISBN
5444:2011
5412:2011
5386:2018
5349:ISSN
5293:SSRN
5285:ISSN
5250:ISSN
5215:2021
5193:2008
5171:2014
5145:2010
5109:ISBN
5090:2019
4848:Yes
4842:Yes
4839:Yes
4836:Yes
4833:Yes
4830:Yes
4827:Yes
4824:Yes
4799:Yes
4784:Yes
4775:Yes
4768:STAR
4759:Yes
4756:Yes
4753:Yes
4750:Yes
4747:Yes
4741:Yes
4706:Yes
4703:Yes
4697:Yes
4694:Yes
4691:Yes
4640:Yes
4637:Yes
4631:Yes
4628:Yes
4625:Yes
4622:Yes
4619:Yes
4616:Yes
4613:Yes
4597:Yes
4594:Yes
4573:Yes
4564:Yes
4561:Yes
4535:Yes
4532:Yes
4526:Yes
4523:Yes
4520:Yes
4517:Yes
4514:Yes
4511:Yes
4508:Yes
4495:Yes
4492:Yes
4489:Yes
4486:Yes
4483:Yes
4480:Yes
4477:Yes
4439:Yes
4436:Yes
4433:Yes
4430:Yes
4403:Yes
4366:Yes
4363:Yes
4360:Yes
4357:Yes
4354:Yes
4351:Yes
4325:Yes
4297:Yes
4272:Yes
4263:Yes
4260:Yes
4257:Yes
4254:Yes
4251:Yes
4248:Yes
4245:Yes
4229:Yes
4226:Yes
4217:Yes
4205:Yes
4199:Yes
4196:Yes
4193:Yes
4180:Yes
4177:Yes
4167:Yes
4164:Yes
4137:Yes
4094:Yes
4085:Yes
4060:Yes
4051:Yes
4048:Yes
4045:Yes
4042:Yes
4039:Yes
4036:Yes
4033:Yes
4020:Yes
3993:Yes
3987:Yes
3984:Yes
3981:Yes
3965:Yes
3956:Yes
3935:Yes
3932:Yes
3929:Yes
3913:Yes
3907:Yes
3904:Yes
3889:Yes
3880:Yes
3852:Yes
3837:Yes
3834:Yes
3828:Yes
3825:Yes
3788:Yes
3785:Yes
3782:Yes
3779:Yes
3776:Yes
3773:Yes
3760:Yes
3757:Yes
3751:Yes
3748:Yes
3745:Yes
3720:Yes
3707:Yes
3698:Yes
3695:Yes
3671:Yes
3618:LIIA
3510:any
3508:cite
3461:606
3196:and
3171:606
3165:151
3147:â71
3141:+71
3068:3294
3060:2951
3042:4313
2946:100%
2893:227
2862:283
2859:282
2828:316
2825:263
2822:247
2791:928
2788:891
2785:860
2782:837
2618:7th
2615:6th
2612:5th
2609:4th
2606:3rd
2603:2nd
2600:1st
2396:The
2368:The
2293:The
2272:The
2213:and
2198:The
2117:FPTP
2106:The
2094:The
2082:The
2004:and
1919:and
1864:The
1680:and
1592:and
1566:109
1563:IRV
1545:158
1522:IRV
1504:151
1501:IRV
1403:and
1316:, a
1044:and
565:Non-
519:SNTV
108:List
65:and
53:and
7506:MMP
7131:by
7066:hdl
7058:doi
7026:385
6999:doi
6952:doi
6948:161
6911:doi
6702:doi
6675:doi
5638:doi
5596:doi
5532:not
5467:doi
5341:doi
5277:doi
5242:doi
4863:No
4860:No
4857:No
4854:No
4851:No
4845:No
4811:No
4808:No
4805:No
4802:No
4796:No
4793:No
4790:No
4787:No
4781:No
4778:No
4772:No
4744:No
4738:No
4735:No
4732:No
4729:No
4726:No
4723:No
4720:No
4700:No
4687:Yes
4684:No
4681:No
4678:No
4675:No
4672:No
4669:No
4666:No
4653:No
4650:No
4647:No
4634:No
4600:No
4591:No
4588:No
4585:No
4582:No
4579:No
4576:No
4570:No
4567:No
4548:No
4545:No
4542:No
4474:No
4471:No
4468:No
4465:No
4462:No
4459:No
4456:No
4442:No
4427:No
4424:No
4421:No
4418:No
4415:No
4412:No
4409:No
4406:No
4390:No
4387:No
4384:No
4381:No
4378:No
4375:No
4372:No
4369:No
4338:No
4335:No
4328:No
4322:No
4319:No
4316:No
4313:No
4310:No
4306:Yes
4303:No
4300:No
4284:No
4281:No
4278:No
4275:No
4269:No
4232:No
4223:No
4220:No
4214:No
4211:No
4208:No
4202:No
4174:No
4160:Yes
4157:No
4154:No
4151:No
4148:No
4140:Yes
4124:No
4121:No
4118:No
4115:No
4112:No
4109:No
4106:No
4103:No
4100:No
4097:No
4091:No
4088:No
4072:No
4069:No
4066:No
4063:No
4057:No
4054:No
4017:No
4014:No
4011:No
4008:No
4005:No
4002:No
3999:No
3996:No
3990:No
3968:No
3962:No
3959:No
3953:No
3950:No
3947:No
3944:No
3941:No
3938:No
3916:No
3910:No
3901:No
3898:No
3895:No
3892:No
3886:No
3883:No
3877:No
3864:No
3861:No
3858:No
3855:No
3849:No
3846:No
3843:No
3840:No
3831:No
3812:No
3809:No
3806:No
3803:No
3800:No
3797:No
3794:No
3791:No
3754:No
3741:Yes
3738:No
3735:No
3732:No
3729:No
3726:No
3723:No
3704:No
3701:No
3692:No
3689:No
3686:No
3683:No
3680:No
3677:No
3674:No
3668:No
3614:IIA
3521:by
3440:36
3412:35
3162:+4
3138:71
2916:IND
2896:241
2885:IND
2865:295
2851:FFP
2831:349
2814:IND
2794:999
2774:AJP
2721:ALP
2679:GRN
2628:LIB
2564:in
2420:of
2412:of
2332:by
2254:or
2157:by
1820:by
1725:by
1134:).
1063:.
996:),
994:RCV
986:IRV
283:el.
268:el.
257:IRV
253:el.
8702::
7747:â
7103:.
7091:^
7082:.
7074:.
7064:.
7038:.
7028:.
6995:34
6993:.
6974:.
6966:.
6958:.
6946:.
6934:^
6925:.
6917:.
6907:67
6905:.
6884:.
6872:.
6860:^
6851:.
6840:.
6821:.
6810:.
6798:^
6781:.
6769:^
6747:.
6722:.
6698:11
6696:.
6671:31
6669:.
6630:19
6628:.
6624:.
6588:.
6577:.
6526:.
6499:.
6427:.
6362:^
6345:.
6320:.
6289:.
6219:.
6199:17
6197:.
6193:.
6167:.
6142:.
6075:.
6053:.
6042:^
6032:.
5970:.
5944:.
5918:.
5900:.
5836:.
5811:.
5784:.
5755:,
5727:.
5700:.
5660:.
5652:.
5644:.
5632:.
5602:.
5592:34
5590:.
5586:.
5571:^
5562:.
5528:.
5495:.
5473:.
5463:37
5461:.
5402:.
5363:.
5355:.
5347:.
5337:72
5335:.
5291:.
5283:.
5275:.
5271:.
5248:.
5238:33
5236:.
5232:.
5161:.
5131:.
5081:.
4974:^
4959:^
4923:^
4910:,
4906:,
4902:,
4878:^
4643:No
4538:No
4331:No
4170:No
4144:No
3437:1
3409:1
3378:1
3347:2
3316:3
3285:3
3219:.
3159:4
3144:0
3125:0
3103:0
3012:±
3006:±
3000:±
2924:82
2918:)
2887:)
2853:)
2816:)
2776:)
2723:)
2681:)
2630:)
2416:,
2258:.
2058:.
2038:.
2028:.
2008:.
1915:,
1887:.
1583:)
1442:.
1392:.
1384:,
1356:,
1352:,
1247:.
1168:.
1010:AV
1002:PV
619:NZ
608:UK
184:US
173:UK
156:)
149:US
8291:e
8284:t
8277:v
8037:)
8033:(
8002:)
7998:(
7945:)
7941:(
7892:)
7888:(
7812:)
7783:e
7776:t
7769:v
7161:e
7154:t
7147:v
7114:.
7068::
7060::
7005:.
7001::
6954::
6913::
6874:6
6792:.
6763:.
6733:.
6708:.
6704::
6681:.
6677::
6563:.
6537:.
6511:.
6446:.
6384:.
6356:.
6331:.
6305:.
6275:.
6178:.
6153:.
6128:.
6087:.
5996:.
5982:.
5956:.
5930:.
5885:.
5863:.
5840:.
5822:.
5796:.
5738:.
5712:.
5685:.
5679::
5640::
5617:.
5598::
5481:.
5469::
5446:.
5414:.
5388:.
5343::
5320:.
5314::
5299:.
5279::
5256:.
5244::
5217:.
5195:.
5173:.
5147:.
5117:.
5092:.
3616:/
3548:)
3542:(
3537:)
3533:(
3529:.
3515:.
2931:N
2903:N
2872:N
2838:N
2801:N
2761:N
2677:(
2626:(
2509:N
2359:)
2353:(
2348:)
2344:(
2326:.
2184:)
2178:(
2173:)
2169:(
2151:.
1847:)
1841:(
1836:)
1832:(
1814:.
1752:)
1746:(
1741:)
1737:(
1719:.
1008:(
1000:(
992:(
984:(
970:e
963:t
956:v
621::
610::
289:)
280:(
274:)
265:(
259:)
250:(
186::
175::
151::
146:(
114:)
110:(
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.